Major Trends Affecting Families in Central America and the Caribbean Prepared by: Dr. Godfrey St. Bernard The University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago Phone Contacts: 1-868-776-4768 (mobile) 1-868-640-5584 (home) 1-868-662-2002 ext. 2148 (office) E-mail Contacts: [email protected] [email protected] Prepared for: United Nations Division of Social Policy and Development Department of Economic and Social Affairs Program on the Family Date: May 23, 2003 Introduction Though an elusive concept, the family is a social institution that binds two or more individuals into a primary group to the extent that the members of the group are related to one another on the basis of blood relationships, affinity or some other symbolic network of association. It is an essential pillar upon which all societies are built and with such a character, has transcended time and space. Often times, it has been mooted that the most constant thing in life is change, a phenomenon that is characteristic of the family irrespective of space and time. The dynamic character of family structures, - including members’ status, their associated roles, functions and interpersonal relationships, - has an important impact on a host of other social institutional spheres, prospective economic fortunes, political decision-making and sustainable futures. Assuming that the ultimate goal of all societies is to enhance quality of life, the family constitutes a worthy unit of inquiry. Whether from a social or economic standpoint, the family is critical in stimulating the well being of a people. The family has been and will continue to be subjected to myriad social, economic, cultural, political and environmental forces that shape it. In fact, policy makers should consider the impact on families when determining a host of social policies concerning the well being of children, older persons, the development of human capital, the accumulation of national wealth and promotion of sustainable development. This paper is concerned with reviewing important trends affecting families in the region. It focuses on the range of factors associated with five major trends that are known to impact upon family life. These trends may continue to have implications for different forms of family living in the years ahead. The major trends are: (i) Changes in family structure: focusing on smaller size households, delayed marriage and childbearing, increased rates of divorce, and single parenthood, (ii) Increased migration, (iii) Demographic ageing and its social and economic implications, (iv) The HIV/AIDS pandemic, and (v) The impact of globalization on families. Regional Coverage: Central America and the Caribbean Though characterized by different levels of development, the historical legacy of the countries of Central America has spawned relative homogeneity across the region with respect to linguistic traditions, ethnic composition and cultural expression. Belize, despite its British heritage and membership within the Caribbean Community (Caricom), displays many of the vestiges and social artifacts of its Hispanic neighbours and the 1 country may have more in common with its Central American neighbours than its Anglophone partners. Regarding population size, the countries of Central America exhibit considerable differences. The largest country, Mexico has more than 103 million inhabitants. For the other countries population size ranges from 12 million in Guatemala to almost 7 million in Honduras, 6.5 million in El Salvador, 5.4 million in Nicaragua, 4 million in Costa Rica and 3 million in Panama. While the countries of Central America are contiguous mainland nations, the countries of the Caribbean are primarily small island states, the majority having a very small land area and population size. Only Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago have populations in excess of one million and among these five countries, the population sizes are extremely variable, ranging from 1.3 million in Trinidad and Tobago to 12 million in Cuba. Interestingly, Belize is the only country in Central America with a population size that is consistent with those of the majority of Caribbean islands that have populations not exceeding 350,000. Unlike Central America, the Caribbean Sub-Region is much more heterogeneous despite being much smaller. The historical legacy of the islands was varied and the linguistic diversity of the region shows this. The Caribbean boasts four linguistic regions – the Anglophone, Francophone, the Hispanic and the Dutch-speaking - with each region bearing socio-cultural vestiges that are uniquely associated with its colonial past. The ethnic character of populations in Central American countries is comprised mainly of mestizo and Amerindian persons. In several of these countries, there are small sub- populations of African descent, many of whom may have had ancestral origins in Caribbean territories. Though being part of the Caribbean, the populations of the two Hispanic Caribbean countries, namely Cuba and the Dominican Republic, exhibit demographic characteristics that are more like those of Central American countries. With respect to the Anglophone Caribbean, populations are principally of African descent with much smaller sub-populations of East Indian, Mixed, European and Middle Eastern origins. In the Caribbean countries, Trinidad and Tobago is a model of ethnic diversity as persons of East Indian and African origin collectively account for at least 80 per cent of the country’s population, each group accounting for a similar proportion of the total population. Except for Haiti that has an overwhelmingly large proportion of persons of African origin, the Francophone and Dutch-speaking Caribbean generally have substantial populations of European or mixed origins. Religion is a dominant feature in the lives of individuals and its value is usually reinforced within families. Christianity and in particular Catholicism, has been a dominant force throughout Central America and the Caribbean, while Protestant denominations predominate especially in the Anglophone Caribbean. In countries such as Trinidad and Tobago, Hinduism and Islam are major religions that also have profound influences on family life. Generally speaking, these religions are characterized by doctrines and teachings that have profound implications for family life, including the formation of unions, spousal roles, procreation and decisions surrounding the socialization of offspring. 2 Demographics, Social Structure and Quality of Life1 The formation and dissolution of unions and in particular, patterns associated with such life stage events are critical to the process of family formation. In Central America and particularly in the Caribbean, consensual unions have persisted alongside unions characterized by formal marriage. While family formation has been triggered by women’s participation in visiting relationships primarily in young age groups and notably in the twenties, common-law unions and formal marriage continue to be the main platforms upon which procreation and families are formed during women’s lifetime. This pattern has been supported by Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in the 1980s and 1990s in a number of Central American and Caribbean countries.2 Around 1950, there was considerable variation in the proportion of persons in consensual unions relative to all persons in union, such proportions ranging from 10 per cent in Chile, 50 per cent in Panama and almost 75 per cent in Haiti. In the Anglophone Caribbean in the early 1980s, (Mc Kenzie 1993) about two-thirds of all women were in formal marriage or a common-law relationship with the remaining one-third either in visiting unions, no longer in union or never in a union. There was little variation between the patterns observed across the countries, a principal exception being in Trinidad and Tobago where substantially greater proportions of women were involved in formal marriage due mainly to its East Indian sub-population. The 1987 Demographic and Health Surveys in Trinidad and Tobago, found that 41 percent of the women aged 15-49 years were currently married, 13.5 per cent were in common-law unions and 14.3 per cent in visiting unions. Formal marriage and common-law unions have persisted and are likely to be the basis of conjugal unions of women in the Caribbean Sub-Region. For selected Central American and Caribbean countries, Table 2 and Table 3 summarize the distribution of women aged 15-49 years according to marital status for specific periods in the 1980s and 1990s. In general, findings in the various countries support the view that with the exception of teenagers, women are most frequently found either in formal marriage or in consensual unions. Common-law and visiting unions have traditionally been formations associated with individuals from lower socio-economic groups in Caribbean societies. Nonetheless, recent orientations indicate the prevalence of common-law unions has increased among women from middle and higher socio-economic levels (Mc Kenzie, 1993). There used to be an emphasis on respectability and maintenance of the status hierarchy through approved family behaviour, with 1 Notwithstanding the proliferation of typologies to classify union status in Central America and the Caribbean, the paper seeks to combine union and marital status to obtain a profile of the conjugal status of women in the region. Using women as the point of reference to evaluate family structures in Central