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<I>Ornithocercus Magnificus</I>

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<I>Ornithocercus Magnificus</I> THECAL MORPHOLOGY OF ORNITHOCERCUS MAGNIFI- CUS (D1NOFLAGELLATA) WITH NOTES ON RELATED SPECIESl DEAN R. NORRIS Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 ABSTRACT Detailed descriptions of the thecal plates of Omithocercus magnificus are given. Though a few differences in structural detail are disclosed, the number and general arrangement of these plates are the same as those of Omithocercus thumi. Species in the family Ornithocercidae which are rare or previously unreported from the Gulf of Mexico include six in the genus Omithocercus, eight in Histioneis and one in Parahistioneis. Figures are included for all species found. Synonymies and general descriptions are given for those which differ from previously described specimens. INTRODUCTION The identification of many dinoflagellate species is somewhat problem- atic. Armored forms of dinoflagellates have complex thecae which provide several morphological characters valuable in taxonomic studies. The most fundamental taxonomic features are the number and arrangement of the thecal plates. Shape of the body, lists (membranes), spines, and similar characters are of secondary importance (Graham, 1942: 6). Relationships within the group are based on thecal structures, yet relatively few papers are available with a critical analysis of the thecal plates. Little was known of the thecal morphology in the tribe Dinophysoidae until the study of Tai & Skogsberg (1934). They established that it is considerably more complex than was previously assumed. Their work was limited to the family Dinophysidae. According to Tai & Skogsberg (1934: 387-88), several earlier workers (SchUtt, Kofoid, & Calkins) indicated fewer plates than are actually present. Although Schlitt illustrated plates in the sulcal region he did not discuss them. Apparently, little significance was attached to the plate pattern and the thecal morphology in the Dino- physoidae until the study of Tai & Skogsberg. Tai & Skogsberg (1934: 388-89) added the following information about the Dinophysoidae: (1) there are several additional plates, mostly in the sulcus; (2) 17 plates are always present; (3) the plate pattern appears to form a natural foundation for establishment of genera; and (4) there ap- pears to be no similarity between the plate patterns of the Peridinioidae 1 This study was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Oceanography at Texas A&M University. 176 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(1) and those of the Dinophysoidae. One additional paper on thecal mor- phology in the tribe Dinophysoidae is also limited to the family Dino- physidae (Nie & Wang, 1941). The only study of the thecal morphology of another family within the Dinophysoidae is for the Ornithocercidae (Nie, 1943). Nie found that the thecal plates of Ornithocercus thurni differ greatly in shape, size, and struc- ture from those of the genera in Dinophysidae, but the number and ar- rangement of plates are identical. He did not see an apical pore, a seem- ingly ubiquitous character among other Dinophysoidae and the Peri- dinioidae. Relatively little work has been done on the taxonomy of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. Previous studies have been primarily distribu- tional, or ecological, or both. In his review, Graham (1954) pointed out the need for studies of dinoflagellates in the Gulf of Mexico and the neces- sity for analysis of plate patterns in the thecate forms. Only one species from the family Ornithocercidae was noted as occurring in the Gulf of Mexico (King, 1950; Davis, 1954; Graham, 1954; Curl, 1959; Simmons & Thomas, 1962). A study in 1964-65 by Enrique Balech (1967) has added greatly to the knowledge of dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico. None of these papers includes a morphological analysis of thecal plates. The present work adds to the knowledge of the thecal morphology in the family Ornithocercidae. In addition, it contributes to our knowledge of several representatives of this family present in the Gulf of Mexico. Its objectives are: ( 1) to establish the thecal morphology and plate pattern in Ornithocercus magnificus (Stein) Kofoid & Skogsberg (1928), (2) to compare the morphology of this species with that of O. thurni studied by Nie (1943), and (3) to discuss additional representatives of the family Ornithocercidae occurring in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microplankton samples taken aboard the RjV ALA MINOS during July, 1965, were used for this study. Collections were made with a 35p.-mesh microplankton net at each of eight stations (Fig. 38). Samples were pre- served in formalin (10 per cent by volume). Small quantities (approximately 1 ml) of the settled plankton were microscopically examined at a magnification of 100x to determine the species of Ornithocercidae present. This procedure was repeated until no different species appeared in the fraction. The species were tabulated by stations (Table 1). Specimens used for detailed study were transferred via micropipette and examined at magnifications of 450x, lOOOx, and some- times at 1124x. Measurements were made at 450x, using an ocular mi- crometer. The method of measuring Ornithocercus was that of Kofoid & 1969] Norris: Thecal Morphology of Ornithocercus magnificus 177 TABLE 1 LIST OF DINOFLAGELLATES OBSERVED IN THE SOUTHERN PORTION OF THE GULF OF MEXICO, AND RECORD OF OCCURRENCE BY STATIONS (See Fig. 38) -- Stations 2 4 7 14 16 18 20 23 Histioneis dolon + + H. hippoperoides + H. longicollis + + + H. pacifica + + H. panaria + + H. panda + + + H. paulseni + H. variabilis + Ornithocercus carolinae + + + O. heteroporus + + + + O. magnificus + + + + + + + + O. quadratus + + + + + + + O. splendidus + + + ...L O. steini + + + + + I + + O. thurni + + + + + + + + O.sp. +1 +2 Parahistioneis para/ormis + 1 Schizont, probably O. Ihurni (Fig. 16). "Schizont, probably O. magnifierlS (Fig. 17). Skogsberg (1928: 208). Terminology and measurements of Histioneis and Parahistioneis are after Kofoid & Skogsberg (1928: 612). Methods followed in the analysis of the plates of Ornithocercus magni- ficus were those described by Tai & Skogsberg (1934: 385-86) and Graham (1942: 3-4). Briefly these consisted of: the use of glycerin jelly (or glyc- erin) as a temporary mounting medium to facilitate the making of draw- ings; the manipulation of specimens with a microneedle prepared from a piece of spun glass; the staining of some specimens with trypan blue; and dissection by application of a small amount of sodium hypochlorite (5.25 per cent by weight). A little pressure on the cover glass expedited the separation of plates. The terminology used for the plates is that of Tai & Skogsberg as modified by Balech (personal communication). The thecal description closely follows standard form. Figures, made with the aid of a camera lucida, are given for all species of Omithocercidae found in this study. Besides Ornithocercus magnificus, the only species described or discussed are the very rare ones in the genera Parahistioneis and Histioneis. They merit this attention, as little is known concerning their variations. The species of Ornithocercus not described were given an adequate general description by Kofoid & Skogsberg (1928). The principal features of Ornithocercus are illustrated in Figure 1. 178 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(1) 1 ACL--- PC L----- ----fp ---S ,~ ------RSL ---LSL FIGURE 1. Semidiagrammatic figure illustrating principal features of Orni- thocercus, right ventral view. (ACL, anterior cingular list; C, cingulum; E, epitheca; fp, flagellar pore; H, hypotheca; LSL, left sulcal list; PCL, posterior cingular list; RSL, right sulcal list; S, sulcus) THECAL MORPHOLOGY OF Ornithocercus magnificus (STEIN) KOFOID & SKOGSBERG (1928) General Shape.-The body (theca) is relatively small to medium, sub- circular in lateral view and deepest near the middle. In ventral view the body is subelliptical, widest at the middle, well rounded posteriorly and narrowly rounded-conical anteriorly. In apical view, the epitheca appears 1969] Norris: Thecal Morphology of Ornithocercus magnificus 179 subrectangular (Fig. 2); the dorsoventral length is greater than the lateral length. In lateral view, the epitheca is about V:J to 1h as deep as the hypo- theca, slightly convex to flat, and somewhat inclined ventroposteriorly (Figs. 11-13). The cingulum (girdle) is located anteriorly as a result of the nearly flat epitheca. This groove is distinctly wider dorsally than ven- trally. The dorsal width is :14 to % the greatest depth of the body, the ven- tral width is about % to 1f2 the dorsal width. Dorsally the cingulum is slightly concave to slightly convex, ventrally it is usually gently convex to flat. If not compressed laterally, the hypothec a would be almost a perfect hemisphere. The sulcus is about half as long as the hypotheca and some- what impressed. Thecal Plates.-The theca is composed of seventeen plates, as it is in Ornithocercus thurni and in all species studied in the family Dinophysidae. The epitheca is made up of five plates, the cingulum four, the hypotheca four, and the sulcus four. The epithecal plates (Figs. 2-4) are: the left and right dorsal epithecal plates (Ez and Es), the left and right ventral epithecal plates (El and E~), and the pore plate (P). The two dorsal epithecal plates, being relatively large, make up most of the epitheca. They are connected by a zigzag sagittal suture and together are subrectangular in apical view. Ventrally, each dorsal plate has a small notch. The notch of the left plate (E2) is somewhat deeper and is filled by the pore plate and the left ventral epithecal plate. The notch of the right plate (Es) is occupied by the right ventral epithecal plate. Each dor- sal epithecal plate possesses one row of pores and a broad membranous list, the anterior cingular list, along its lateral edge. Each list has several simple main ribs. Distally, one to several incomplete ribs can be seen be- tween the main ribs. Reticulation may be present in the lists. The pore plate (P) is minute, subrectangular to elliptical. It lies in the ventral notch of E2 and also connects with a smalI portion of the suture line of E;{.
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