Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012
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The Constitution in Congress: Substantive Issues in the First Congress, 1789-1791 David P
The University of Chicago Law Review VOLUME 61 NUMBER 3 SUMMER 1994 of Chicago © 1994 by The University The Constitution in Congress: Substantive Issues in the First Congress, 1789-1791 David P. Curriet Judicial review of legislative and executive action has been such a success in the United States that we tend to look exclu- sively to the courts for guidance in interpreting the Constitution. The stock of judicial precedents is rich, accessible, and familiar, but it does not exhaust the relevant materials. Members of Congress and executive officers, no less than judges, swear to uphold the Constitution, and they interpret it every day in making and applying the law.' Like judges, they often engage in t Edward H. Levi Distinguished Service Professor and Interim Dean, The University of Chicago Law School. The author wishes to thank the Kirkland & Ellis Faculty Research Fund, the Mayer, Brown & Platt Faculty Research Fund, the Morton C. Seeley Fund, the Raymond & Nancy Goodman Feldman Fund, and the Sonnenschein Faculty Research Fund for financial support; Charlene Bangs Bickford, Kenneth R. Bowling, and Helen E. Veit of the First Federal Congress Project for access to hitherto unpublished reports of the debates; Kenneth Bowling, Gerhard Casper, Richard Posner, and Richard Ross for invalu- able advice and encouragement; and Keith Garza for exemplary research assistance. ' "M[T]he whole business of Legislation," said Representative Theodore Sedgwick in 1791, "was a practical construction of the powers of the Legislature. ." Gales & Seaton, eds, 2 Annals of Congress 1960 (1791) ("Annals"). See generally Frank H. Easterbrook, PresidentialReview, 40 Case W Res L Rev 905 (1989-90); Jefferson Powell, ed, Languages of Power: A Source Book of Early American ConstitutionalHistory xi-xii (Carolina Aca- demic Press, 1991). -
Congressional Reoord- House
.950 CONGRESSIONAL _REOORD- _HOUSE. JANUAR~ 11, Asst:- Surg. l\forton W. Bak~r to be a passed assistant sur PHILIPPINE TARIFF. geon in the Navy from the 10th·day of July, -1905, upon the com Mr. PAYNE. -Mr, Speaker, I move that the House resotve pletion of three years' service in his present grade. itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of Asst. Surg. James H. Holloway to be a passed assistant sur the Union for the further consideration of the bill H. R. 3, and geon in the Navy from the 26th day of September, 1905, upon the pending that I ask unanimous consent that general debate on completion of three years' service in his present grade. this bill be closed at the final rising of the committee on SatUr- Gunner Charles B. Babson t-o be a chief gunner in the Navy, day ·of this week. · · from the 27th day of April, 1904, baving completed six years' The SPEAKER. The gentleman from New York asks unani service, in accordance with the provisions of section 12 of the mous consent that general debate on House bill No. 3 be closed "Navy personnel act," approved March 3, 1899, as amended by ·SatUrday next at the adjournment of the House. · the act of April 27, 1904. Mr. UNDERWOOD. Mr. Speaker, I would like to ask the Carpenter Joseph M. Simms to be a chief carpenter in the gentleman from New York as to whether he has consulted with Navy :from the 6th day of June, 1905, upon the completion of Mr. -
Chapter 6: Federalists and Republicans, 1789-1816
Federalists and Republicans 1789–1816 Why It Matters In the first government under the Constitution, important new institutions included the cabinet, a system of federal courts, and a national bank. Political parties gradually developed from the different views of citizens in the Northeast, West, and South. The new government faced special challenges in foreign affairs, including the War of 1812 with Great Britain. The Impact Today During this period, fundamental policies of American government came into being. • Politicians set important precedents for the national government and for relations between the federal and state governments. For example, the idea of a presidential cabinet originated with George Washington and has been followed by every president since that time • President Washington’s caution against foreign involvement powerfully influenced American foreign policy. The American Vision Video The Chapter 6 video, “The Battle of New Orleans,” focuses on this important event of the War of 1812. 1804 • Lewis and Clark begin to explore and map 1798 Louisiana Territory 1789 • Alien and Sedition • Washington Acts introduced 1803 elected • Louisiana Purchase doubles president ▲ 1794 size of the nation Washington • Jay’s Treaty signed J. Adams Jefferson 1789–1797 ▲ 1797–1801 ▲ 1801–1809 ▲ ▲ 1790 1797 1804 ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ 1793 1794 1805 • Louis XVI guillotined • Polish rebellion • British navy wins during French suppressed by Battle of Trafalgar Revolution Russians 1800 • Beethoven’s Symphony no. 1 written 208 Painter and President by J.L.G. Ferris 1812 • United States declares 1807 1811 war on Britain • Embargo Act blocks • Battle of Tippecanoe American trade with fought against Tecumseh 1814 Britain and France and his confederacy • Hartford Convention meets HISTORY Madison • Treaty of Ghent signed ▲ 1809–1817 ▲ ▲ ▲ Chapter Overview Visit the American Vision 1811 1818 Web site at tav.glencoe.com and click on Chapter ▼ ▼ ▼ Overviews—Chapter 6 to 1808 preview chapter information. -
Congressional Research Service Annual Report Fiscal Year 2009 2 Message from the Director
Congressional Research Service Annual Report Fiscal Year 2009 Year Fiscal Report Annual Service Research Congressional Congressional Research Service Annual Report Fiscal Year 2009 Washington, DC 20540-7000 Washington, 101 Independence Avenue, SE Avenue, 101 Independence The Library of Congress 2 Message from the Director 42 ServiceDirector’s to MessageCongress 74 ServiceLegislative to CongressSupport 336 ManagementLegislative SupportInitiatives 3928 TechnologyManagement & Information Initiatives Resources 4032 Appendixes 52 New CRS Products in FY2009 Modified Annual Report of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress for Fiscal Year 2009 to the Joint Committee on the Library, United States Congress, pursuant to Section 321 Public Law 91-510 Congressional Research Service Annual Report Fiscal Year 2009 Fiscal year 2009 was an eventful one for the nation and Congress, and so it was for the Congressional Research Service. Director’s Message Director’s As Congress addressed major issues and issues such as the financing of current public users to more easily find products, services, enacted historic legislation, CRS was there programs, potential legislative alternatives, and and experts. CRS implemented its Authoring every step of the way, analyzing problems the role and effectiveness of prevention and and Publishing system, featuring a customized and assessing policy options in support of an wellness programs. Experts prepared analyses authoring tool and an improved process for informed national legislature. of five different -
Chapter 4: Federalists and Republicans, 1789-1816
Unit The Young Republic 1789–1850 CHAPTER 4 Federalists and Republicans 1789–1816 CHAPTER 5 Growth and Division 1816–1832 CHAPTER 6 The Spirit of Reform 1828–1845 CHAPTER 7 Manifest Destiny 1840–1848 Why It Matters Internal improvements and industrial development began to transform the United States in the early 1800s, but these changes also highlighted the growing differences between the North and South and set the stage for civil war. At the same time, Americans fought a war with Mexico and continued to expand west, building a nation that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 150 Winterthur Museum The bustle and excitement of an Election Day in Philadelphia in the early 1800s 151 Chapter FFederalistsederalists andand Republicans 1789–1816 SECTION 1 Washington and Congress SECTION 2 Partisan Politics SECTION 3 Jefferson in Office SECTION 4 The War of 1812 This detail from Jean Leon Gerome Ferris’s painting Washington’s Inauguration at Independence Hall, 1793 shows Washington being greeted by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. 1804 • Lewis and Clark begin to explore the 1789 Louisiana Purchase • Washington Washington J. Adams Jefferson 1797–1801 1801–1809 becomes 1789–1797 1794 1803 president • Jay’s Treaty • Louisiana Purchase is signed doubles size of the nation U.S. PRESIDENTS U.S. EVENTS 1790 1795 1800 WORLD EVENTS 1789 1793 1798 • French • Louis XVI is • Quasi-War between Revolution guillotined during France and the US begins French Revolution begins 152 Chapter 4 Federalists and Republicans MAKING CONNECTIONS Why Do People Form Political Parties? The Constitution does not mention political parties, and the Founders thought they were a bad idea in a democ- racy, yet almost immediately after the federal govern- ment was created, political parties began to take shape. -
Tariffs, Trade Wars, and Protective Barriers: Should Louisianans Be Worried?
Tariffs, Trade Wars, and Protective Barriers: Should Louisianans be Worried? Dr. Albert D. Clark, JD, Professor Southern University – Baton Rouge, College of Business About the Author: - Dr. Clark is a Professor in the Department of Management and Marketing at Southern University (Baton Rouge). He teaches courses in Legal Environment, Employment Law, and Business and Professional Ethics. Abstract: This paper is designed to give an overview as to how Tariffs as proposed and enacted by our current Federal Government came about and why citizens both in the U.S. and in the State of Louisiana might be affected. Introduction The short answer to the question is Yes, both in the short and long term. Doing the recent 2018 G7 Summit held in Quebec, U.S. President Donald Trump held a news conference in which he gave his views on American Foreign Policy as it relates to tariffs, protective barriers, and subsidies. The purpose of the G7 summit was to bring together the G7 countries which include, The United States, Canada, Britain, Germany, France, Italy and Japan. The G7 partners were to discuss mutual ways in which these countries, as allies and trade partners, could benefit each other through good trade practices. Canada, Mexico, and the United States, as part of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), would also be considered in any trade negotiations. President Trump considers current global trade practices to be imbalanced and totally unfair to the U.S. This imbalance has been stacked against U.S. farmers, businesses, and corporations for decades. Agriculture and mid-west farmers are starting to feel the burn and fear that retaliatory tariffs by other countries against them and their products will have an immediate negative impact on their bottom lines. -
Apush Review Packet
APUSH REVIEW PACKET The Exam: • The exam is 3 hours and 5 minutes in length and consists of two sections. In section I, students answer 80 multiple choice questions in 55 minutes. In section II, students are given 15 minutes to plan and 45 minutes to write an essay on the document-based question (DBQ), and 70 minutes to answer two essay questions. Suggested time to be spent on each of the essay questions is 5 minutes planning and 30 minutes writing. Scoring: • The DBQ & two FRE are scored on a scale of 1-9 – Basis of a thesis, argument, and supporting evidence (including documents for DBQ) • The M/C counts for 50%, the Essays 50% – DBQ counts for 22.5%, FRE 27.5% ea. • 180 possible points – [# correct] x 1.125 = _________ MC – # out of 9 x 4.50 = ________ DBQ – # out of 9 x 2.750 = _______ FRE 1 – # out of 9 x 2.750 = _______ FRE 2 DBQ: • Requires you to answer by using documentary evidence AND your outside knowledge • READ QUESTION • BRAINSTORM!! • READ DOCUMENTS – Not statements of FACTS; descriptions, interpretations or opinions; READ THE SOURCE! • WRITE YOUR ESSAY Writing an Essay: • Thesis Paragraph – Addresses the QUESTION!! – Contains Thesis (what is YOUR theme) – Organizational Categories (set up your following paragraphs) • Supporting Paragraphs – Topic sentence – Specific factual information – Interpretive commentary – Documentation (DBQ)* – Clincher sentence • Conclusion – Supports, sums up Level of Questions Level One: questions are the facts of history. They can be answered from the text or other resources Level Two: questions require students to make inferences as to how and why the factual information has an impact in the historical context in which it occurs. -
Chapter 4: Federalists and Republicans, 1789-1816
Unit Planning Guide UNIT PACING CHART Unit 2 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Unit 2 Day 1 Unit Opener Chapter 4 Opener, Chapter 5 Opener, Chapter 6 Opener, Chapter 7 Opener, Wrap-Up/Project, Section 1 Section 1 Section 1 Section 1 Unit Assessment Day 2 Section 2 Section 2 Section 2 Section 2 Day 3 Section 3 Sections 3 & 4 Sections 3 & 4 Section 3 Day 4 Section 4 Chapter Chapter Section 4 Assessment Assessment Day 5 Chapter Chapter Assessment Assessment Manifest Destiny Debate Organize the make sure each student contributes an idea; class into groups of three or four students. the Recorder should write down each idea. Assign members of each group the roles of After three minutes, send each Traveler to Speaker, Recorder, Traveler, and Checker. another group that is defending the same Provide half of the groups this statement: “It is statement. Have him or her listen to the group’s neither the right nor the duty of the United ideas and let him or her share any other ideas States to expand to the Pacific Ocean.” Provide from his/her group. Continue moving the Heather W. Riehl the other half of the groups this statement: “It Travelers from group to group until they have Ewing Township is the right and the duty of the United States to visited all groups. Move the desks into two Public Schools expand to the Pacific Ocean.” groups now facing each other and ask the Ewing, NJ Have the students brainstorm information Speakers to take turns sharing their arguments to support their statement. -
1 Financial Foundations: Public Credit, the National Bank, and Securities Markets Richard Sylla, New York University and NBER Pr
Financial Foundations: Public Credit, the National Bank, and Securities Markets Richard Sylla, New York University and NBER Prepared for NBER Conference on “Founding Choices: American Economic Policy in the 1790s”, Dartmouth College, Hannover, NH, May 7-9, 2009. Revised, August 2009. 1 Financial Foundations: Public Credit, the National Bank, and Securities Markets Richard Sylla The financial foundations of the United States and its federal government were created in three years, 1790-1792. Before 1790, the government was effectively bankrupt. Without tax revenues until late in 1789—after the newly created Treasury Department opened in September of that year, it managed to collect by year end a grand total of $162,200 in custom duties—the U.S. government was in default on almost all of its large domestic debts left over from the Revolution, as well as on most its foreign debts incurred in the struggle. The new nation lacked a national currency, a national bank, a banking system, and regularly functioning securities markets. It had only a couple of dozen business corporations the states had chartered during the 1780s. The financial revolution of 1790-1792 changed all that. In 1793, the government collected almost $4.7 million in tax revenue, more than enough to fund government operations and meet interest payments on the national debt. By 1793, a federally chartered Bank of the United States had opened at Philadelphia with branches in several cities, as had the U.S. Mint to produce silver and gold coins in the newly defined dollar unit of account. Several states had chartered ten more banks to join the first three bank start-ups of the 1780s, one of which operated without a corporate charter until 1791. -
Federalists Vs. Republicans 1
Running head: FEDERALISTS VS. REPUBLICANS 1 Federalists vs. Republicans: The Nature of Man in a Republic 1787-1800 Benjamin J. Barlowe A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Spring 2011 FEDERALISTS VS. REPUBLICANS 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ Samuel Smith, Ph.D. Thesis Chair ______________________________ Homer Blass, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Marybeth Davis, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ James H. Nutter, D.A. Honors Director ______________________________ Date FEDERALISTS VS. REPUBLICANS 3 Abstract During the early years of the American Republic known as the Federalist Era (1787- 1800), a conflict arose which led to America’s first formal political parties and the formation of the two-party system. The parties’ disagreements, characterized most succinctly by the exchanges between the two party leaders, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, involved some of the most basic ideology of the American experiment. The conflicts of the Jeffersonian Republicans and the Hamiltonian Federalists set the precedent of the nature of the political atmosphere of the United States to this day. This thesis examines the basic viewpoint of the two parties in their stand on key issues, the private and public writings of their leaders, and the history of ideas that influenced party ideology. The aim of this thesis is to show from these sources that the underlying difference between the Jeffersonians and Hamiltonians, the most essential ideology that divided them, lay in their philosophy of the common man and his trustworthiness to govern himself in a republic. -
Congressional Record-Senate. 4795
l894. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4795 bill in the interest of fraternal society and college journals-to so-called Des Moines River land grant for the improvement of the Committee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads. the navigation of the Des Moines River, Iowa, the date of such Br. Mr. HERMANN: Memorial from the Chamber of Com entry, etc., a report on this work by Special Agent Robert L. ~erce of Astoria, Oregon, for lighting the entrance to Colum Berner. bia River, iu Oregon-to the Committee on Interstate u.nd For Mr. ALLISON. That is an importa.nt communication loca.lly eign Commerce. to the people of Iowa. I move that the letter of the Secretary By Mr. HARMER: Memorial to Congress adopted by the of the Interior and accompanying papers be printed and referred Preachers' Meeting of the 1\fothodistEpiscopal Churches of Phil to the Committee on Public Lands. adelphia, Pa., in fnvoe of the employment of clergymen to act The motion was agreed to. as chaplains r.t nll army posts whore there is no regular chap lain-to the Commi tteo on Appropriations. FENDERS ON DISTRICT STREET RAILWAYS. By Mr. HOOKER of New York: Remon.strance of Lutheran The VICE-PRESIDENT laid before the Senate a communica churches at Otto and Little Valley, N.Y., against proposed tion !rom the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, in re amendment to preamble of the Constitution-to tho Committee sponse to a resolution of the Senate of the 11th instant, giving on the Judiciary. as their opinion that all street railway companies in the District By Mr. -
President (US)
AP U. S. History Presidential Listing ================================================================== The Young Republic, 1788-1815 1. George Washington, 1789-1797 VP - John Adams Secretary of State - Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury - Alexander Hamilton Major Items: Judiciary Act, 1789 Tariff of 1789 Whiskey Rebellion, 1799 French Revolution - Citizen Genét, 1793 Jay Treaty with England, 1795 Pinckney Treaty with Spain, 1795 Farewell Address, 1796 First Bank of United States , 1791-1811 2. John Adams, 1797-1801 Federalist VP - Thomas Jefferson Major Items: XYZ Affair, 1797 Alien Act, Sedition Act, 1798 Naturalization Act "Midnight Judges," 1801 Kentucky (Jefferson) and Virginia (Madison) Resolutions, 1798 3. Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809 Republican VP - Aaron Burr Secretary of State - James Madison Major Items: Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1805 12th Amendment, 1804 Embargo Act, 1807 Non-Intercourse Act, 1809 4. James Madison, 1809-1817 Republican VP - George Clinton Secretary of State - James Monroe Major Items: Macon Act, 1810 Berlin and Milan Decrees Orders in Council "War Hawks," 1811-1812 War of 1812 Hartford Convention, 1814 First Protective Tariff, 1816 Era of Good Feelings and the Era of the Common Man, 1815-1840 5. James Monroe, 1817-1825 Republican VP - Tompkins Secretary of State - John Quincy Adams Major Items: Marshall's Decisions: McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819; Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819; Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 Acquisition of Florida from Spain, 1819 Transcontinental or Adam-Oñis Treaty, 1819 Missouri Compromise, 1820 Monroe Doctrine, 1823 Sectional Tariff, 1824 Favorite Sons Election [Jackson, J. Q. Adams, Crawford, Clay], 1824 6. John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829 National Republican VP - John C.