TESEV Democratization Program Media Studies Series - 2

The Political Economy of the Media in Turkey: A Sectoral Analysis

Ceren Sözeri Zeynep Güney

DEMOCRATIZATION PROGRAM The Political Economy of the Media in Turkey: A Sectoral Analysis

Ceren Sözeri Zeynep Güney The Political Economy of the Media in Turkey: A Sectoral Analysis

Türkiye Ekonomik ve Bankalar Cad. Minerva Han Sosyal Etüdler Vakf› No: 2 Kat: 3 Turkish Economic and Karaköy 34420, İstanbul Social Studies Foundation Tel: +90 212 292 89 03 PBX Fax: +90 212 292 90 46 Demokratikleşme Program› [email protected] Democratization Program www.tesev.org.tr

Authors: Production: Myra Ceren Sözeri Publication Identity Design: Rauf Kösemen Zeynep Güney Cover Design: Serhan Baykara Page Layout: Gülderen Rençber Erbaş Prepared for Publication by: Coordination: Sibel Doğan Esra Bakkalbaşıoğlu, Pre-print Coordination: Nergis Korkmaz Mehmet Ekinci Printed by: İmak Ofset Editing: Circulation: 500 copies Josee Lavoie

TESEV PUBLICATIONS

ISBN 978-605-5832-93-3

Copyright © September 2011

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced electronically or mechanically (photocopy, storage of records or information, etc.) without the permission of the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV).

The viewpoints in this report belong to the authors, and they may not necessarily concur partially or wholly with TESEV’s viewpoints as a foundation.

TESEV would like to extend its thanks to European Commission, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Turkey, Open Society Foundation Turkey, and TESEV High Advisory Board for their contributions with regard to the publication and promotion of this book. BİK Abbreviations BYGEM BİAK CHA CSA % CR DHA DB FCC DPP DMC IMD IAB HHI GDP INTERACT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Directorate General of Press Press of General Directorate Directorate General of Press and and Press of General Directorate Audience Research Committee Committee Research Audience Cihan News Agency (Cihan Haber (Cihan Haber Agency News Cihan Superior Audiovisual Council Council Audiovisual Superior Ratio Concentration Doğan News Agency (Doğan (Doğan Agency News Doğan Burda Doğan Federal Communications Communications Federal Market and Planning Magazine MusicCompany Doğan Internet Media Association Association Media Internet Bureau Advertising Interactive Index Hirschman Herfindahl Product Domestic Gross Interactive Agencies Association Association Agencies Interactive Kurumu) İlan (Basın Advertisement Enformasyon Genel Müdürlüğü) Genel Enformasyon Yayın (Basın Information Kurulu) Araştırmaları İzleyici (Basın Ajansı) l’audiovisuel) de (Conseil supérieur Haber Ajansı) Haber ing (Dergi Planlama Pazarlama) Planlama ing (Dergi Commission (İnternet Medyası Derneği) Derneği) Medyası (İnternet (İnteraktif Ajanslar Derneği) Ajanslar (İnteraktif - İSMMMO MEPAŞ RATEM RTÜK OFCOM OECD MDG MÜYAP RPP SCP Paradigm :Structure-Conduct-Perfor Paradigm SCP RVD SGK : : : : : : : : : : : Çukurova Group Media Market Media Group Çukurova Certified of Chamber Istanbul Radio and Television and Radio Broadcast Television and Radio Supreme Communications of Office UK for Economic Organisation (Mutlu Group Magazine Mutlu Industry Turkish Phonographic Advertisers’ Association of of Association Advertisers’ People’s Party Republican Social Security Institution Institution Security Social Müşavirler Odası) Müşavirler Mali Muhasebeci Serbest (İstanbul Accountants Public Kurulu) ve Televizyon Üst (Radyo Council Development and Co-operation Grubu) Dergi Birliği) Meslek Yapımcıları hibi Fonogram Sa Hak (Bağlantılı Society Şirketi) Pazarlama Medya (Çukurovaing Grubu Company Birliği) Birliği) Televizyon Meslek Yayıncıları ve (Radyo Union Professional ers Turkey (Reklamverenler Derneği) Turkey Derneği) (Reklamverenler Partisi) (Cumhuriyet Halk mance Paradigm mance (Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu) Güvenlik (Sosyal - - - -

3 4 TİAK TGNA TİB TMSF TGS : : : : : Television Audience Research Television Research Audience Telecommunication Communica Fund Insurance Deposit Savings Union Turkish Journalists Assembly Turkish National Grand kasyon İletişim Başkanlığı) Başkanlığı) İletişim kasyon Araştırma Kurulu) Araştırma ve İzleme (Televizyon Committee (Telekomüni Presidency tion Fonu) ve Sigorta Mevduatı (Tasarruf Sendikası) Gazeteciler (Türkiye - - ZEDPAŞ TVYD TurkStat TRT : : : : Çukurova Group Advertisement Advertisement Group Çukurova Television Broadcasters’ Television Broadcasters’ Turkish Statistical Institute Institute Turkish Statistical Turkish Television Radio Corpora Grubu Reklam Pazarlama Şirketi) Pazarlama Reklam Grubu (Çukurova Company Marketing Yayıncıları Derneği) Derneği) Yayıncıları (Televizyon Association (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu) İstatistik (Türkiye Kurumu) Televizyon Radyo (Türkiye tion - ABOUT THEAUTHORS,117 ANNEXES REFERENCES, 99 CONCLUSION, 95 SECONDARY SECTORSAFFECTINGTHEMEDIASECTOR, 85 MEDIA SUBSECTORSINTURKEY,51 DISTRIBUTION OFADVERTISINGREVENUES,45 MEDIA SECTORINTHETURKISHECONOMY,39 LABOUR RELATIONSINTHETURKISHMEDIASECTOR,31 LEGAL REGULATIONSAFFECTINGTHEMEDIASECTORINTURKEY,19 INTRODUCTION, 15 PREFACE, 13 TESEV’S PRESENTATION,9 Contents ANNEX 3:WebsitesByNumber ofPageViews,111 ANNEX 2:AverageDailySales NumbersofNewspapers,109 ANNEX 1:WhichMediaGroup OwnsWhichCompanies,2011,105 TV SeriesProductionSector,90 Advertising, 85 Mobile, 80 Internet, 75 Radio Broadcasting,71 Printed Media,56 Television Broadcasting,51 Magazines, 66 Newspapers, 56

5 6 Distribution of Programmes with Highest Rating by Types by Rating Highest with Programmes of Distribution 29: Chart 2010 Agencies, Planning Media of Shares Market 28: Chart Employees Sector for Advertising Income of Distribution 27: Chart Age by Employees Sector Advertising of Distribution 26: Chart Seniority by Employees Sector Advertising of Distribution 25: Chart GSMOperators of Shares Market 24: Chart Revenues Advertising Online of Distribution 23: Chart Revenues Advertising Radio of Distribution 22: Chart (%) Licenses of Distribution 21: Chart Seniority by Broadcasting in Radio Insured Employees of Distribution 20: Chart Gender Age by and Broadcasting in Radio Insured Employees of Distribution 19: Chart Revenue Advertising Magazine of Distribution 18: Chart Cadres and Gender by Employees Magazine of Distribution 17: Chart Newspapers by Revenues Advertising of Distribution 16: Chart Cadres and Gender by Employees Newspaper of Distribution 15: Chart in Television Share Market Broadcasting Groups’ Media 14: Chart (%) Revenues Advertising Licenses’ TV of Distribution 13: Chart in Television Insured Employees of Broadcasting Statuses Seniority 12: Chart in Television Employees Age by of Broadcasting Distribution 11: Chart Channels in All Revenues Advertising from Group Media per Share 10: Chart (%) Channels by Revenues Advertising of Distribution 9: Chart USD) Turkey’s 8: (Million Revenues Chart Advertising Metropoles in Three Total among Journalists Insured Journalists of Ratio 7: Chart Groups Wages in Media of Distribution 6: Chart Seniority by Insured Employees of Distribution 5: Chart Holders Card Press 4: Chart Age by Employees of Distribution 3: Chart Gender by Employees of Distribution 2: Chart Insured Employees of Distribution Sector Private and Public 1: Chart List of Charts Global Advertising Networks / Advertising and Media Planning Agencies in Turkey Agencies Planning Media and /Advertising Networks Advertising Table Global 19: in 2010 Users Table Real Top by 18: Visited Sites 10 Ratings Highest the with Table Channels Radio 17: (Groups) Market Advertisements Magazine in the Levels Concentration Table 16: Ad-TakingTable Most 15: Top in 2010 Magazines 20 Magazines of Numbers Table Sales 14: (Groups) Market Advertisements Newspaper in the Levels Table Concentration 13: for 2010 Advertisements of Number Highest the Table Receiving Top 12: Newspapers 20 in 2010 Advertisement Press of Directorate-General the by Distributed Table Advertisements 11: (Groups) Sales Latest the after Publishing Sector Newspaper in the Levels Concentration Table 10: (Groups) Publishing Sector Newspaper in the Levels Table Concentration 9: (Newspapers) Publishing Sector Newspaper in the Levels Table Concentration 8: Sponsorship Most Table the Receiving Television 7: Channels Advertisements Most Table the Receiving Television 6: Channels (Groups) Sector Broadcasting in TV Levels Table Concentration 5: Table Television of Ratings 4: Channels Basis Channel on Revenues in Advertising Groups Media of Table Shares 3: Ratio GDP and Countries of Expenditures Table Advertising 2: Ratio GDP and Revenues in Advertising Table Growth 1: List of Tables

7 8 studies, we have played the part of civil society society civil of part we the have played studies, past TESEV’s In all areas. two in these policies state quo status simply follow that proaches ap on than citizenship rather democratic on based apublishing policy pursue to possible was it whether discussed and editors and columnists journalists, correspondents, as such professionals media with together we came Kurdish the Question, and Security of areas in the projects, In recent our principles. ethical corporate and universal to adheres which and be can possibly it as objective and independent is as which hate, encourage or advocate not does that environment in an operates and individuals, vulnerable towards especially sensitive, more freedoms, and rights human of is respectful discourse media the ensure that help to suggestions made has TESEV discourse. media on short, in areas, aforementioned the on reported has media the how on have focused Program Democratization the by conducted studies Past (EU). Union European in the membership in full result to expected are that measures reform the and process democratization in Turkey’s problems main the as identifies it which judiciary the citizenship and cratic demo rights, minority relationship, military civilian- the or reform sector ship, security relation religion-state-society the Question, Kurdish the with dealt has Programme Democratization the In particular, ties. mentali underlying and perceptions social and institutional on years ten for nearly working been has Program Democratization TESEV’s İlhan, Ebru TESEV’s Presentation TESEV Democratization Program Democratization TESEV - - - - enterprises; as such it is a serious economic economic is aserious it such as enterprises; commercial of Turkey composed is also in media the world, the of parts in most As weight. political and social its of awareness full with media, the on perspective broad-based and is aholistic hope we what we present report Analysis” Sectoral in Turkey: Media the of Economy A Political “The In the domain. media the regulate that policies and legislation the and date, to period Republican the throughout ideology official the fed that character state-centred its with in Turkey media of evolution the showed Elmas Esra and Kurban Dilek Project, MEDIADEM the of part as thisaegis under published study first In our countries. European in 14 relationship media-state-citizen the and regulations media policies, media the of evaluation acomparative Union, makes European the of Programme Framework 7th the by is supported which MEDIADEM, project research the of leg Turkish the we undertook Democratization,” and in brief, “Media we call, which project, In thisnew in 2010. area project anew initiated TESEV process, Turkey’s democratization in guiding role amajor play will democracy and media free and independent an between relationship the understanding that Believing actor. apolitical as media the essentially, we have media; the accepted of perception our shaped has reflex civilian This outside. the from it democratize and improve criticize, to endeavours that and consumers its of one as media the treats that actor

9 10 the media by adhering to scientific criteria and and criteria scientific to adhering by media the of economics the study is to society civil of ties responsibili main the of One crushed. be must power. this‘tradition’ that social or We believe have that political society the of segments or persons of activities the exposing at aim they objective, and information-based being than rather Turkey questionable, of sometimes are in ownership media on studies other of findings the that We believe analysis. economic an providing of sake for the solely not media in the relationships capital we have studied Program, Democratization TESEV the Naturally, as considerations. commercial on acting be well may very in Turkey sector media the entering investors future or current that account into taking by actor. We began apolitical just circumstances in all is not media the that we assumed report, this preparing When media. the to identity apolitical may attribute asector as media the of study and acceptance the resisting that aware However, also we are rights. their defending in and organizing problems serious facing are professionals media media; in the conditions labour improve to insufficient are alone criticisms these that aware also are We media. in the conditions working unfair the criticize others unions and trade organizations, professional that We know achallenge. implies for analysis sector media the Singling out in Turkey. sector media the of amap drawing Güney Zeynep and Sözeri Ceren herein, with addressed are possibilities investment and tion competi of future and present the and itself, sector the on economy labour and conditions working sector’s the of sector, effects the media in the relationships ship, state-capital owner Media area. economic an as foremost, media, the examines it and democratization and media of area in the published has TESEV that second is the report present actor. The - - - and content analysis in the media. in the analysis content and discourse as important as becomes sector the of analysis economic the that and media, the on Turkish and society civil TESEV of studies follow-up and monitoring the enrich will report in Turkey. sector media this that We hope the analyze and monitor to organization tal for anon-governmen difficulty the reinforces researchers to disclosed not or haphazardly recorded are organizations, in media rates unionization the to cards press of holders from data, the of many Yet, that eliminated. fact the be will data these accessing to obstacles the revenues, advertising on 30% of cap a put will that Law RTÜK in the provision the of help the with that, We believe relationships. investor of areas grey the and ownership media of structure the on analyses based information- make to impossible it makes shared not hence are and secrets” “trade considered are information of types these That Television (RTÜK). Radio the Council Supreme as such public, the serve to obligation the has that and transparency of principle the adopted has that institution an sector,the through of profitability size the and using measure to on planning we were data main the constituted these of sector. Both in the players between distribution their and revenues advertising on data the to access gain to impossible Turkey in the We foundit sector 2010. of media the out map to in efforts our lenges However, chal many we have encountered society.” of superstructure the call we can which world, cultural and political the on has media the effect powerful the to due is society for civil sectors other than important is more sector media the that fact “The report, this of arbitration academic the undertook who Katırcıoğlu, Erol of words in the it such, put to sector. As in the relationships investment and competition the of understanding ensuring an - - international investments, that is transparent is transparent that investments, international and national to open asector with possible onlybe will media in the democratization report, in the emphasized As maintained. are practices competition sound where pluralism of principles the on based asector create is to domain citizen-oriented and independent afree, media the make way to important an that We believe advocacy. and research its through media, democratic and independent building afree, to contributing and policies and regulation media improving of purpose the with thisroad on off set To TESEV conclude, a healthy economy and politics. politics. and economy a healthy of non qua asine but civilians, by voiced merely is not media democratic and pluralist dent, in Turkey. indepen for afree, call the all, After products media of consumers all sector, to and the regulates that legislation the execute and create that organs executive and legislative to sector, inalso the but players the to only not out call report in the suggestions The tions. condi change in working apositive effect to necessary is also it market, the of structure the with Along hampered. be not will conditions free-market in which and auditable and - -

11 12 becoming smaller in the eyes of the modern modern the of eyes in the smaller becoming is world the of existence physical the While media. the and technologies communication of work the are thisprocess indicating changes the all virtually this, and is exactly “globalization” we call process the that said be It can world. the and is he living in which society the on tion percep and his knowledge and man modern the changes technologies communication of development the And develop. also gies technolo communication the communication, for demand day, the every complex increases more and more life,getting modern the As sectors. communications and water energy, like the Just regulation. public requires that asector been always has media the societies, in modern for thispurpose exactly abused be to is prone it since contrary, the On ignored. be can that something is not interests own their manipulate to atool as media the regarding centres power public or private of possibility the is because This important. becomes also out carried are activities these how and whom by of issue the sectors, other to compared aunique importance carries sector media Since the highlighted. more becomes societies for modern sector media the of importance the asociety, of world intellectual and cultural the with associated are activities these all that we consider When sports. and arts contests, music, programmes, discussion films, commercials, news, including activities of we say“media”,When range awide we think of Katırcıoğlu, Erol Preface Istanbul Bilgi University Bilgi Istanbul - - The learning process of the society requires requires society the of process learning The society. democratic amore of formation in the akey importance has therefore and societies, their and themselves about get informed to people encourages hand, media other the On society. in the for “power” quests the of domain and focus the becomes sector media the and holders, power for some able indispens media the makes society whole the of perceptions and thoughts expectations, the on influence an securing thereby and media the controlling of idea the Therefore, tions. expecta political and economic shaping of the mind in to come to first the is also media wars, and conflicts of in events tool propaganda a mind as to come to first is the media how to Similar people. of values and thoughts tions, percep the shape to power its from particular in stems underline, to trying we are which media, the of importance In the today’s world, racy. democ a“participatory” of notion the raises production”, and “flexible called approach production democratic and anew causes today demands own their to attribute to have started subjects, political and consumers as individuals, that importance the actions, in environmental increase an caused world the mistreating been long has mankind the that awareness the as Just thoughts. and values choices, life,his his own to own importance more attribute to starts man modern the media, the and technologies communication by provided opportunities the to thanks man - - - -

13 14 competitive structure created in the sector by by sector in the created structure competitive the only not analyze authors the framework, in Turkey’s sector media the economy. In this of place the of assessment an provide then and regulations, in these time of course during the occurring developments the and regulations sector-related the address authors The in Turkey. sector media the of characteristics structural Güney, the on Zeynep focuses and and Sözeri Ceren by prepared was study This societies. of processes tion democratiza in the instrument indispensible is an media the Therefore, views. and thoughts social and individual spreading shaping and help and society the of uptake information up the speed subjects various on grammes Pro process. up thislearning speed media the through out carried debates and time, - - in Turkey. mentalities the of development the to butions contri important making mean efforts these that clear is very it And society. the of areas problem other the on shed already has it light the to adds Program Democratization TESEV Güney, and Sözeri by thisstudy By supporting media. the in seen problems the on thoughts our deepen that contributions significant made general in has subsectors, to regard with addressed dimension, This also studies. of thistype into way its finds rarely that asubject conditions, working and relations labour the address also Güney and sector. Sözeri media forming the subsectors the of structures the also in but it, operating groups company and companies the - This trend of becoming holding companies companies holding becoming of trend This area. thisnew toward turn to sectors in other active owners capital and companies; holding becoming toward steps take to magazines and newspapers of publishers led world, the of rest Turkey the with along affected which policies, deregulation and ideas economic Neoliberal 1980s. the of advent the with increased factors economic of effect the 1960s; in the phase In Turkey, industrialization its began media sector. the on have effect an also world in the prevailing policies economic the that clear becomes it perspective, abroader from at looked when policies, government and revenues, advertising on dependence the this area, in invest to required capital of quantity great the as such factors by characterized generally is industry media the While characteristics. unique havevery some operate they in which markets the of conditions the and companies media of structures expenditure and revenue organizations, production structures, product the In addition, firm. other like any just conditions market to subject are that entities for-profit are countries in many companies is in it Turkey, As consequences. media economic and political social, have cultural, all media the make that policies the of tion implementa and formulation the since trolled, is con it whom by and nature—operates very its by society influence to power the has and entertainment and ideas news, produces media—which the environment economic an of kind in what know to It is important Introduction - - 1 size of $500 billion size $500 of a reached almost has which and umbrella its under sector entertainment the taking also by years in recent growing been sector, has which media The pluralism. and democracy on effects and outcomes socio-economic their on debates the to aiming contributing at examined, are markets in these active players the of behaviours the and thisstructure, affecting factors economic/political/cultural the 2010, of in Turkey operates as sector media the which in markets the of In thisstudy, structure the onwards. 2005 from especially increasing, began media in the investors foreign of interest economy, in the the developments positive the with in parallel possession; in its tions organiza media the selling began TMSF 2002, of As Fund (TMSF). Insurance Deposit Savings the to transferred some and market the of out wiped totally becoming them of some with crisis, the by affected particularly were sector financial in the investments with groups media The crisis. 2001 the by affected negatively were wars, promotion with others at up and set had they cartels the with times fore at the to came which strategies competition pursued also mergers, horizontal and vertical through power their increased who groups, Media 1990s. in the broadcasting radio and television private of launch the with momentum gained picture presented in this study is limited to the the to is limited in thisstudy presented picture the Therefore, structure. dynamic a highly ZenithOptimedia data. data. ZenithOptimedia 1 in the global economy, has global in the -

15 16 2 paradigm. performance structure-conduct- the and structure market the as such components drawing on framework in Turkey markets ageneral media the within of in many active groups media those examines sector, media study the affecting ment environ legal and economic the defining After time. short very change in a can sector media rapidly-evolving the regarding in thisreport offered snapshot the in mind that borne be should it Hence, in Turkey. sector media the of outlook 2010 affect the media sector. Cinema, because of its its of because sector. Cinema, media the affect will technologies, new of advance the with emerging markets, new the how discusses and media the of subsectors the on data detailed more some examines study the general, in sector media the of evaluation an After companies. research via have they gathered data the from share could organizations commercial the that data the on solely based concretized were evaluations the study. the Therefore, of subject the were that data the access to impossible been has it secrets, trade of rubric the under included are in particular data market the since and classified, properly be cannot or kept equately ad not are sector the concerning records since in thisarea, conducted researches in encountered frequently As performance. social and economic its on particularly world, in the in Turkey counterparts sector its from media the distinguish which ing conditions, work of effect nefarious the expose to attempt in an included been have also relations labour structure, sectoral the on data the to addition ( Örneği Türkiye ve Ekonomisi Medya study The in Turkey.in sector media the on paradigm this of application the on reference important an is Söylemez Alev by 1998) Vakfı, Eğitim Haberal (Ankara: The Media Economy and the Turkey Example Turkey the and Economy Media The 2 In thisstudy, in - ), ), - - and the outdoor the and structure, operational and ownership different 3 the local media was not addressed below. addressed not was media local the hence time; of considerations and effect wide their to due media mainstream and national the to limited was scope The scope. study the of outside left were channel, advertising an as its communication channels. communication its as stops bus and billboards walls, building uses that advertising of Atype Advertising: Outdoor 3 sector, because it is used only only is used it sector, because First Section

Television Enterprises and Their Broadcasts Broadcasts Their and Television Enterprises and Radio of Establishment the on no. 6112 Law 2011, 3March on hence, Court; Constitutional the by ownership media on articles its of tion cancella the after law, anew create especially to necessary it no. 4756 made Law by in 2002 no. 3984 Law of amendment the and technology advancing rapidly The effect. into came Broadcasts their and Television Enterprises and Radio of Establishment the on no. 3984 Law inThen, 1994, on broadcasting. monopoly public the of basis legal the was which Constitution, the of 133 in article made amendment the in Turkey with enterprises began television and radio private by broadcasting and of lishment estab for the allowed that changes legal The sector. the of formation the concern they that extent the to Internet the and press printed the of area in the regulations the at alook take then we will outlets; other to compared regulations preventive and restrictive more to subject is which broadcasting, television and radio of area the address first we will In thissection, apart. played also has Union, European in the especially countries, between media the on regulations the align to aim the yet in technology, expansion rapid thischange is the behind reason important most The countries. Union in European as monopolization, preventing and competition the protecting broadcasting, commercial regulating on focus now broadcasting service public on focused once had that Regulations arena. international the into expansion its and market the of liberalization the change with in Turkey policies a Media through went Media Sector in Turkey Legal Regulations Affecting the - - technological developments. technological of aresult as occurred that convergence the with broadened that ascope has It also market. the of formation the affect that articles many includes and in thisarea legislation up-to-date most is the it to, as referred widely more In thisstudy, is no. 6112 Law effect. into came which operate on the Internet. the on operate which and on-demand-broadcasters as defined are IPTV, which of launch the after emerging companies media those scope its under covers even and broadcasting radio of regulation includes also Law the Directive, unlike the However, jurisdiction. judicial of limits and tion communica commercial of regulation access, scope, of in terms Directive the with harmony in be to providers), appears service on-demand (such as technologies new of use the with emerging broadcasters the covers also which and no. 3984 Law than comprehensive more law, new is The much which extent. significant a to consideration into taken was Council the of and Parliament European the of 1989 3October dated 89/552/EEC Directive Services Media Law, the Audiovisual preparing the in Therefore, regulations. Union European with comply to desire the was no. 6112 Law of drafting the to led that reasons the Among 4 (11.03.2011). (11.03.2011). Istanbul Düzenlemeleri”) Alanı (“Yayıncılık Broadcasting,” of Area the in “Regulations on workshop TESEV’s Constitution. 1982 the of 133 article of arequirement was situation this said member ARTÜK criticism. receiving are broadcasting television concern mostly that regulations with broadcasting radio regulate to effort the and law the of scope wide This 4

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19 20 6 5 “commercial under communi extensively very regulated are advertising on arrangements is that is striking no. what 6112, Law with introduced changes Taking the at look acloser speech. hate preventing and children at protecting oriented only restrictions thislaw, are in preparing there aguideline as is accepted that Yet,thought. Directive in the of freedom the of restriction maythat allow in principles resulting expressions, ambiguous with mostly way and detailed in arather services broadcasting of principles the define to attempts which 9, article found in its be is to Law the against criticism of point Another law. democratic a it make to enough be would Directive Services Media Audiovisual the with compliance its nor law the of phase preparation the neither condition, current in its that and media, the of diversity and freedom ensuring the of instead broadcasting commercial only regulates law the that consideration, into taken been not had views their that complain to continued in thisfield working organizations mental non-govern and academicians force, some However, coming into after effect. into came it when 2011 3March until (RTÜK) Council Television Radio the of Supreme website the on public the to presented was law draft the and gathered, were broadcasting TV and radio of arena in the active organizations professional law, new the of opinions the preparing When index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/avpolicy/reg/tvwf/ EEC, 89/552/ no. and 1989 3October dated Directive, Services Media Audiovisual Union’s European (11.03.2011). Broadcasting” of Area the in “Regulations on workshop TESEV’s in participating academicians the by GORUSU_2010.pdf gorsel/dosya/1275562046RTUK_TASLAGI__ILEF_ http://ilef.ankara.edu.tr/ Communication: of Faculty University, Ankara the of members academic the of comments the For . 5 , The matter was also raised raised also was matter , The 6 - - cation” in harmony with the Directive. the with in harmony cation” 7 planning and broadcasting licenses. broadcasting and planning frequency on regulations the include which 27, and 26 articles ownership, and media of structure the regulate 20, which and 19 articles of contents the are Directive the by regulated scope the within included not and no. 6112 Law by introduced changes important most The children’s programming. e.g. programmes, for other restriction such is no there ceremonies, religious of broadcasts within spots telemarketing and advertising placing prohibits television and radio on broadcasting commercial and ing advertising regulat law 8in the 8paragraph article While subsectors. all of then and stations, television and radio of first revenues, advertising affect will regulations these that concern is a There minutes. 30 every ing once only advertis with interrupted be can programme children’s the television, programmes), or for cinema produced films grammes, (e.g. minutes 30 pro than news greater is programme the of duration scheduled the if Also, 20%. exceed cannot hour agiven within spots, telemarketing barring spots, advertising any of proportion the arrangement, new the to According Directive. the to conforms in away that described havetions been law. applica new the Their of scope the under included also are placement” “product and “telemarketing” as such sponsorship, concepts and Moreover, advertising to in addition (15.01.2010). (15.01.2010). tasarisi-taslagi-degerlendirme-raporu.html iletisimarastirma.org/haberler/71-rtuk-kanun- http://www. Raporu”), Değerlendirme Taslağı Tasarısı Kanun (“RTÜK Report” Evaluation Law Draft “RTÜK (İLAD), Association Research Communication dimension. service public the ignores and communication commercial on focuses only law new the that criticism caused even regulations comprehensive highly These 7 -

- - - sion organizations may be publicly traded at at traded maypublicly be organizations sion televi and radio Law, the of 19 private article sion organizations. sion televi or owning radio from administrations local and associations co-ops, organizations, unions, professional trade parties, political prevented again once yet broadcasting,” television and engage in radio to permitted be not shall organizations finance and marketing import, export, tion, investment, “produc reading law previous the of provision the repealed it law; previous in the case the was as corporations, to only organizations television and radio establish to gave right the article Said 19. in article regulated are tions organiza television and radio of ratios share and establishment no. the 6112, Law new In the in 2004. cancelled eventually was and President the of application the upon Court Constitutional the by stayed was this matter (d) governing (e) 29 and paragraphs Article of hand, other the On concentration. preventing of function the serve didnot article the hence, 9 8 set was threshold upper reach to difficult sector, avery media in the and tion concentra in preventing acriterion as taken were organizations media of ratings annual the owners; favour media to 4756, tended no. Law no. 4756. Law by in 2002 amended was no. 3984 Law noted, previously As html kanun-tasarisi-taslagi-degerlendirme-raporu. www.iletisimarastirma.org/haberler/71-rtuk- http:// broadcasting, specialized and education making, news prevents communication of faculties on ban broadcasting the that feel some particular, in criticism; receives law, also new the in exist to continues which obstacle, This concentration. against abarrier as function not does and realistic not is limitation the that clear is it 16%, of arating achieves Turkey only in station rated highest the that Considering it. for set limit upper a20% with ratings, viewer/listener the as specified are limitations for criteria the 19, (e) article of paragraph In . 9 With paragraph (ç) of paragraph With 8 (article 29); (article - - - - - market: in the revenues communication commercial all of 30% than more getting from organization amedia prevents arrangement This markets. media in the monopolization preventing and competition for protecting criterion a as sponsorships, other and advertising covering communication, commercial of share the law, accepts previous Unlike thislaw the ownership. for media is introduced licences broadcasting terrestrial on based limitation (d), a law. In previous paragraph the from differs that exchange, aprovision stock the 10 period shall be sentenced to an adminis an to sentenced be shall period granted the within Council Supreme the of decision the of requirements the fulfil to fail who entities legal or Real Council. Supreme the by granted days ninety of aperiod within threshold 30% the below incomes communication commercial total their bring to enterprise provider service media in the shares their transfer shall rate this exceed incomes communication commercial total whose entities year.legal or Real relevant the for sector the of income communication commercial total the of 30% exceed not may shareholding indirect or direct has entity legal or areal where enterprises provider service media of income tion communica commercial total annual the ashareholder, by held providers service media multiple of However, case inthe licenses. broadcasting terrestrial holding providers service media four of in amaximum shareholders indirect or direct become can entities legal or Real d) Broadcasting”, Istanbul (11.03.2011). (11.03.2011). Istanbul Broadcasting”, of Area the in “Regulations on workshop TESEV’s measurement. regular monthly through limit 30% the of measurement allowing hence basis, a as taken be will turnovers their on enterprises television and radio by RTÜK to given share 3% the that stated has member A RTÜK estimated. be to is share this how state not does law The 10 - -

21 22 12 11 thisban. circumvent to used were tactics various economy, occasions some on and in the growth recent the with sector media Turkish in the interest showing begun had who investors foreign those to obstacle significant a However, created prise. thisarrangement enter television and radio in another shares hold cannot enterprise broadcasting television and radio in aprivate is ashareholder who entity foreign legal or areal also, enterprise; an such of up capital paid the of 25% exceed cannot enterprise broadcasting television and radio in aprivate shareholding foreign of ratio the that state law previous the of (h) (ı) 29 and Paragraphs article of enterprise. television and in aradio shareholding foreign of ratio the increases it is that no. 3984, Law from law, new in the differs which introduced ownership media change to major Another sufficient. be would control and ownership on limitations the of implementation effective that stated further They thislimitation. of tion implementa in the arise might problems that Turkey of concerns haveAuthority expressed Competition the and broadcasters television law. and in the Radio vague somewhat is practice into put be will thislimitation How law, said capital limit was raised to 50% and it it and 50% to raised was limit law, capital said new the of (f) paragraph 19 in article Therefore, be determined by the Supreme Council. Supreme the by determined be shall paragraph this of implementation the governing procedures and principles The decision. the of requirements the with comply to failure of month each for Council Supreme the by Turkish Liras thousand hundred four of fine trative Ceren Sözeri, 2009, p. 210. 2009, Sözeri, Ceren (21.04.2011). Istanbul Geleceği”), ve Bugünü sektörün İlişkileri: Rekabet ve Yatırım Sektöründe (“Medya Sector,” the of Future and Present Sector: Media the in Relations Competition and “Investment on workshop TESEV’s 12

11 - - media service provider enterprises: provider service media two inmost at shareholders become could entities legal or real foreign that stated was broadcasts and frequency distribution. In 1995, In 1995, distribution. frequency and broadcasts of interruption and supervision as such in areas authorized was 1994, April 13 on effect coming into Broadcasts Their and Enterprises Television and Radio of Establishment the on no. 3984 Law with established was which Television (RTÜK), Radio Council The Supreme in Turkey.enterprises television and radio private regarding tion distribu frequency of past the recall to useful matter, the be of might it importance the stand To under 26. better in article regulated tion alloca and planning frequency the doubt no is Broadcasts Their and Television Enterprises and Radio of Establishment the on no. 6112 Law in sector media the of structuring the regarding regulations important most the of One prise. enter the of association of articles the in stated clearly be shall matters these for providing Turkey.of arrangements The Republic the of nationals are who persons legal or real by isheld ing companies broadcast the of assemblies general the in vote majority the that Turkey also and of Republic the of citizens be general director the and directors of board the of majority the as well as ing enterprises broadcast such of directors of board the of head acting or head the that obligatory is it partners, indirect become hence and enterprises provider service in media shares hold that in companies participate persons legal or real foreign that event In the enterprises. provider service media two of in amaximum shares hold directly can entity legal or real A foreign up capital. paid the of 50% exceed cannot enterprise provider service in amedia capital foreign total direct of ratio The f) ------reactionist” broadcasts reactionist” and “separatist prevent to introduced was that process), requirement the February 28 (the turbulence political of 1997, in aperiod yet munications Authority. munications Telecom the to given was plans frequency the prepare to duty no. 4756, Law the with 2002, In tenders. the regarding execution the stay to decided [Danıştay] State of Council the yet enterprises, television national with starting tenders, the hold to decided RTÜK the 2001, In Ministry. Prime the by halted was process planning the Consequently chaos. bureaucratic get a National Security Certificate Security get aNational to executives and owners for media mandatory 13 1995. 8December after enterprises radio from and 1995 April 28 after enterprises television from applications licence new any accepting be not would it that announced it four months; within planning frequency assign to in order stations television and radio private from applications frequency accepting stopped RTÜK the complete the planning to date, currently in currently date, to planning the complete 15 14 16 atabek/docs/rtuk1.html http://mediaif.emu.edu.tr/pages/ eleştirisi,” yap(a)madıklarının “RTÜK’ün Atabek, Ümit jsp?ozet=metin&dokid=24410 danistay.gov.tr/kerisim/ozet. http://www. see: please resolution, summary the For media. the of freedom prevent not does and shortcomings, legal of rectification and interest public interests, national security, national ensure to measures includes regulation the in made amendment the that stated decision court the and 2005, in State of Council the of Chamber 13th the by decided was media, the of freedom prevents Ministry, Prime the by given certificate, this that grounds the on initiated lawsuit The (24.01.2005). ihalesi medya/52937-15-yildir-yapilamayan-frekans- http://wwww.bianet.org/bianet/ ihalesi,” frekans yapılamayan yıldır “15 Önderoğlu, Erol (20.06.2002). 88ad-41b9-aa6b-427274bc2671 sayfalar/IcerikGoster.aspx?icerik_id=52259f3c- http://www.rtuk.org.tr/ Planlaması,”, Frekans Yayıncılığı Televizyon ve “Radyo Kılıç, Muhsin 13 The tenders began to be scheduled in scheduled be to began tenders The 16 14 Due to a failure to to afailure to Due . and making it it making and . 15 created created - Professional Union (RATEM)—will be done or or done be (RATEM)—will Union Professional &Television Radio the Broadcasters and (TVYD) Association Television Broadcasters’ the as such organizations professional and non-governmental by watched closely are which of stages thisplanning—all How broadcasting. digital to analog from transition for process atwo-year words, foreseeing in other planning; in frequency abasis as taken be would plan frequency digital the that emphasizes article the 5of Paragraph area. in this have and invested thisfrequency from broadcast currently that enterprises of rights the protect to aims paragraph the wording, tender.” this sorting in the With participate can tender in the bid to Council Supreme the from certificate aqualification obtained have that and specifications tender in the specified year, prerequisites one the fulfil that least for at broadcasting television and radio of field in the have and operated companies broadcasting television and radio as lished estab have that been enterprises provider “media service as reads paragraph the es; enterpris television and radio for private held be will tender asorting that 4states graph Para broadcasts. radio four terrestrial and television four terrestrial make to capacity the for required as (TRT) Television Corporation Turkish for the frequency Radio- of allocation for provides 26 article 2of Paragraph Council. Supreme the to transferred again is once planning 26), frequency (article Law new In the company. licensed existing already an buy is to thisdomain enter to wanting onlyway for investors the hence channels; television terrestrial new of lishment estab the prevents granted are licences new no That given. were they licences temporary the with broadcasting channels television local 212 and regional 16 national, 23 are entity, there Turkey, TRT, the than other is apublic which - - - -

23 24 The broadcasting principles are more detailed while principles more the are detailed broadcasting The with the regulations of thewith EU. the regulations freedom of thought are maintained, and that broadcasting of thought maintained, are that and broadcasting freedom types other than commercial broadcasting are further further are broadcasting othercommercial than types restricted. It is clear that It this situation is clear isrestricted. not in conformity ambiguous expressions that have the potential to restrict that have expressions restrict the potentialambiguous to the seriousness of the violation as well as the the as well as violation the of seriousness the that states also law the is repeated; violation the if suspended be to for transmission provide times). five However, of does maximum law the (for a measure administrative an by followed fine initial an by replaced been censorship, has of aform as described be well very can which principles, broadcasting the of violation of in case suspending transmission of threat law, new in the the these, of all to In addition broadcasting. television radio- of area in the achieved havewill been milestone asignificant completed, are process the of phases all when that is clear it short, quite seems broadcasting digital to transition finalizing and process tender the out carrying then and planning frequency the completing for specified period time the although these, all Considering State. of Council the by justified found was and corporation, broadcasting TRT, of apublic impartiality the damage would apractice such that grounds the on State of Council the to applied Haber-Sen when life to brought be not could purpose, similar a with Ministers of Council the of decree the with company, up A.Ş. in 2007 set Anten the that company. However, recalled be should it operating an by operated built and facilities transmitter from or transmitter a single either from broadcasts their make to frequency allocated are who for broadcasters obligatory (8) it makes Law the of such, paragraph As uncertain. remain operated, be will planning the after transmitted be will broadcasts the which from stations transmitter the how 17 of scope the under included is not broadcasting radio although is that here attention draws law. However, previous in the existing what gaps the filling by extensively more regulated is focuses Law the which on broadcasting commercial of area hand, the other the EU. the of On regulations the with conformity in is not thissituation that It is clear restricted. further are broadcasting commercial than other types broadcasting that and maintained, are expression of freedom restrict to potential have that the expressions ambiguous the while detailed more are principles broadcasting the technologies, advancing the EU and the with alignment of process the of consideration in prepared was which Broadcasts, Their and Television and Radio of Enterprises ment Establish the on no. 6112 in Law aresult, As strengthen the local media. local the strengthen to used be would RTÜK to transferred shares these that expressed (BİK) Advertisement Press of General Directorate the and RTÜK by Both 3%. to 5% from dropped incomes) has sponsorship (excepting programme their incomes communication commercial gross Television their and from Council Supreme Radio the to have transfer to companies these that share the is that companies television and radio private of revenues the affects that and law new the by on change brought Another types. sanction same the to subject being from broadcasters local small and groups media large 32), preventing hence (article out meted be to sanctions the determining when ation consider into taken be will area and reached) has (the it environment audience broadcast (06.04.2011). dagitacagiz%E2%80%9D anlastik-kamu-reklamlari-payini-alip-yerele- tbmm%E2%80%99de-%E2%80%9Crtuk-ile- http://www.bik.gov.tr/web/kanun-teklifi- dağıtacağız’”, yerele alıp payını reklamları Kamu anlaştık. ile ‘RTÜK TBMM’de teklifi “Kanun Advertisement, Press of General Directorate 17 - - Press Law also does not contain any provisions provisions any contain not does also Law Press new the in 1950, effect into came that 5680 no. Law Press Like the in 2004. amended was no. 5187, Law which Press is the arrangements media-related addressing law Another interests. economic and political for their them to available using tools from the owners media prevented that obstacles the of removal means sector, also which financial in the operating or tenders in public participating from channels media in other active also were that enterprises media prevented that obstacles the removes Law the In addition, channels. of a multitude in dominant become even or exist to enterprise for amedia possible it makes laws relevant other in or the law new in the either ownership cross- on regulations no are there that fact the planning, frequency of distribution fair and gating ensure entrance and market the enter to opportunity the investors new give to tried has law the although and broadcasting, sion televi and radio of area in the enterprise one than owning more against erected are barriers several although In addition, reduced. be will they how and measured be will shares these how on regulation aclear include not does law However, the monopolization. prevent to order in shares market on focuses that system new law, former a in the brings contained ownership on restrictions the broadens considerably which and enterprises ship commercial onlyof owner media law,on new focuses The which broadcasting. radio of ment develop the of in terms particularly beneficial, more be will areas broadcasting two these of regulation separate that It is considered background. in the is left broadcasting radio of area the characteristics, television’s dominant of because yet, areas; these for regulating responsible RTÜK holds Constitution the of 133 article since areas, broadcasting television the and radio the both regulate to tries law new the guideline, the as accepted Directive the - - - no. 5237, namely Turkish the under included Code Penal crimes the lists first article This Internet. the on casts broad to regard with banned be can access in which cases the defines Law the 8of Article providers. content concerning regulations the are sector media the to relevance highest the with those stipulations, these Among providers. usage collective and domain, access content, of responsibilities and obligations the regulates law in This 2007. effect into came which Internet, the through Committed Crimes against Fight the on and Internet the on Broadcasts of Regulation on no. 5651 is Law in thisarea mayincluded that be law final The country. foreigner’s in the periodicals own to allowed in Turkey Turkish if only so do can are citizens aperiodical wishing own words, to aforeigner in Turkey magazines 5).publish (article In other to wish that entities legal or real foreign for reciprocity of principle the seeks only Law The representative.” authorized the to apply body, also shall it is acorporate owner the if and representative, legal the to tor) apply shall edi responsible of position for the for eligibility 5(conditions article 2of paragraph restricted, or age of years 18 is below aperiodical of owner the “if that states 6which article with lated is regu ownership sector. no. In 5680, Law media in the concentration preventing on 7) Arranging a place or facility for gambling for gambling facility or aplace 7) Arranging 227), (article 6) Prostitution 226), (article 5) Obscenity 4) 3) 2) 1) (article 228), (article 194), (article health to hazardous are that substances delivering or Providing 190), (article drugs depressant/stimulant or addictive of use the Facilitating 1), paragraph 103, (article children of abuse sexual The 84), (article suicide commit to aperson encouraging or Soliciting : - - -

25 26 to submit it for ajudge’s it submit to approval. need further no with executed be can decision TİB the is abroad, provider domain or provider content the where Further,name. in cases domain same that under included content all to access blocks aresult as and name domain the on based done is usually access blocking that terms, ambiguous and in limited couched are providers content to access blocking requiring situations the that complained 19 18 Cyber-Censorship. Day Against World the of occasion the on 2011 Mach 12 on (RSF) Borders Without Reporters by released Report” Internet the of “Enemies the under watchlist the is on and Internet the on information to access restrict that countries Turkey those among listed is even in Turkey access criticism. much block receive to decisions of frequency and content The 4). (paragraph violations aforementioned the against is reached decision the after is implemented content the to access block to decision the abroad, located are providers domain and content Even the if execution. for (TİB) Authority Communication munication Telecom the to is sent access block to decision said of acopy is reached, adecision 2). After (paragraph phase prosecution during the court the by or phase a judge investigation during the by given are publishing, Internet on effect most have which the access, ban to decisions The for banning access. grounds considered are Atatürk Against Committed Crimes on no. 5816 in Law included crimes the as well as kararlar&catid=34:genel-kategori&Itemid=50 cercevesinde-eriim-engelleme- content&view=article&id=77:5651-sayl-kanun- internethukuk.com/index.php?option=com_ http://www. 5651], no. Law the under Ban Access the on [Decisions Kararları” Engelleme Erişim Çerçevesinde Kanun Sayılı “5651 (2011). http://march12.rsf.org/en/ Enemies,” “Internet Borders, Without Reporters 18 Media experts have experts Media 19 . - Media markets that attract interest due due interest that attract markets Media media is currently being prepared. being is currently media Internet on focusing law specifically new a that have announced Information and Press of General Directorate the and Advertisement Press of General Law, Directorate Internet the the of articles relevant the to In addition 20 subject to the regulations of the Competition Competition the of regulations the to subject is also sectors, sector,other media likethe all regulations, legal own having its Besides scale. of economies to than so more or to addition in in regulation, problems the to due been has market in the concentration for the reason the Turkey, as such In countries regulation. sound through only is possible operation healthy their and world, in the everywhere almost structures market monopolist of conditions the under operate scale) of economies of (the effect costs investment high require that and public the influence to potential their to due interest attract that markets Media such as Turkey,such as for the the reason through sound regulation. In countries sound regulation.through In countries the public theirinfluence potentialto healthy operation is possible only almost monopolist structures market of scale)(the of economies effect addition or more to so to than in regulation, the problems to due in economies of scale. economies been inhas theconcentration market high thatand investment require costs everywhere in the world,everywhere their and of the conditions under operate (17.02.2011). hazir.htm haberbiz.com/guncel/internet-medya-yasasi- http://www. Hazır”, Yasası Medya “İnternet 20

21 out carries Advertisement Press of General Directorate The cards. press distributing with tasked authority is the which Information, and Press of General Directorate the of legislation in the changes make to necessary also is it journalism, Internet of area the to specific legislation with thisproblem solve to attempt is an there While cards. get press cannot publishing in Internet working journalists television, and in newspapers colleagues their as job same the virtually do they although another. one example, For contradict can legislations the sometimes that result the with authorities, these between ties official no are However, diverse. and there numerous both are thislegislation implementing authorities sector, the media and the regulating tion legisla above, analyses in the seen be can As legislation. better and supervision effective more implement and develop to in order is needed sector in the operating those of support the that and legislation, the with in conformity ruled, and examined are made applications the of 10% only limelight, in the always is almost that is asector it since that workshop, arelevant at expressed, Head Department Expert and Chairman Committee Authority’s Competition The markets. media concerning decisions many ratified In has Turkey, Authority 4054. Competition the no. Law Competition the of provisions the by governed are which of all position, dominant of abuse and market, in the position dominant a creating practices, competitive of violation of basis the on sector media the concerning tions applica the examines Authority Competition The concentration. prevent to as so Authority Competition the of supervision and Law (21.04.2011). Istanbul Sector”. the of Future and Present Sector: Media the in Relations Competition and “Investment on workshop TESEV’s 21 - - The Competition Chairman The Authority’s and Committee However, is in mind kept here be should what UK. in the competition and broadcasting both of in terms sector communications whole the regulates which organization umbrella an Ofcom, British the or France, l’Audiovisuel de (CSA) in Supérieur Conseil the or USA, in the (FCC) Commission Communications Federal the to similar astructure create to tion coordina of in terms beneficial be undoubtedly It ensured. would be is to institutions various these between coordination is how addressed be to needing issue them,another granted powers the and themselves institutions the no.with 5953). Law Along under employed be should that journalists the of situation (the it upon conferred powers the with media local in the employment supervise can and media local the strengthen to activities Expert Department Head expressed, at arelevant workshop, Head Department Expert What should bekeptin is mind that here the sound operation various areas of the sector (professional of the sector employee and areas various that since that always itis is almost asector in the limelight, these qualities and in particular that cannot act act that cannot in and qualities these particular implement more effective supervision and better legislation. supervision better implement and more effective no doubt create the perception of the censorship. perception no doubt create decisions and practices of such an umbrella organization will of umbrella such an practices and decisions the deepen independently and autonomously will further the open to independent and structure autonomous an operating in the sector is needed in develop order to operating and is in needed the sector with the legislation,conformity of that and those the support only in 10% ruled, and made examined of are the applications existing problems rather than provide rather than existing problems asolution, the and organization obvious thatnot that does umbrella possess an organizations, reader/viewer representatives, academia). It is only bepossible organization can of umbrella such an through -

27 28 an umbrella organization that does not not does that organization umbrella an that It is obvious academia). representatives, reader/viewer organizations, employee and (professional sector the of areas various the to open structure independent and autonomous an through possible be only can organization umbrella an such of operation sound the that tion of censorship. of tion percep the create doubt no will organization umbrella an such of practices and decisions the and asolution, provide than rather problems existing the deepen further will independently and autonomously act cannot that in particular and qualities these possess - Second Section

its power to close down newspapers to the the to newspapers down close to power its transfer to government the asking parliament, in amotion tabled deputies, oppositional Bayar, the of Celal one Party, Democrat the of establishment the before time A short freedom. of environment an in published be to magazines and newspapers war, the İnönü regarding allow didnot İsmet by adopted balance of attitude the and revenues, in drop advertising consequent the and War II World by caused hardships losing power, of economic fear the the both with country) the of politics general the harm may that for publications Ministers of Council the of aresolution with magazines and pers newspa closing down for temporarily allowed that Law Press the of 50 article abrogating (such press as the on control strict the (RPP) softened People’s Party Republican the regime single-party the of end the by Although Profession. Journalism in the Relations ployer Employee-Em the of Regulation the on 5953 no. for Law groundwork the laid it journalism, of profession the performing from Chamber the to registered not banning those and chamber one under organize journalists havingof all idea the on based mainly was and government single-party the of practices the of one was Act Association Press the Although 1938. in effect into came no. 5311 Act Association Press the Law. the of journalists, For scope the from excluded were journalists yet 1936, in effect into came that Law Labour in the out in Turkey set employees of first were rights The the Turkish Media Sector Labour Relations in - - journalists and to the existence of the Directo the of existence the to and journalists of rights the protecting thislaw to reaction serious most and first The no. 5953. Law the within “212,” as favouring journalists known regulations, new added then and government, the of practices distribution advertisement arbitrary the prevent to Advertisement Press of General Directorate the established first Unity National of coup, Committee the 1960 the Following July 1952. 10 on established was Istanbul of Union Journalists’ the a result, 22 Law no. 5953 that came into effect in 1952. effect into came that no. 5953 Law leaves—with and holidays weekly contracts, employment written insurance, to right the with unions—along trade form to right the given even were Journalists press. the with peace in great spent were Party Democrat the of years first The courts. special to given was offenses press over jurisdiction the and cient, suffi considered intent such of declaration with abrogated, was magazines or newspapers issue to permission obtain to requirement Law, Press new the the to According rule. its of year first in the Law Press the and Houses Printing on Law the changed and it of expected was didwhat elections, winning 1950 the by coming power to Party, Democrat The election. subsequent their before even press the of majority the of support the over won Party Democrat the thisattitude, With ness. arbitrari prevent and shortened, a newspaper for issuing process have application the courts, Hıfzı Topuz Hıfzı 2003, p. 194. , 2003, 22 - As As - -

31 32 gradually weakened. In 1996, the Union Union the In 1996, weakened. gradually was union rights coup, of use the 1980 the after and During in 1983. effect into came that Sectors Industrial on Statute the with other each from separated were employees press printing and workers intellectual unions of the on Later 1970s. in the was agreement collective and strike to right the of enjoyment ensuring of in terms period effective most however, (TGS); union’s Union the Journalists’ Turkish name the under in 1963 reorganized Union, and Journalists’ Istanbul name the under in 1952 established union was first 23 Akşam (of bosses media the bosses; media the from came Advertisement Press of General rate vulnerable against the media companies. media the against vulnerable and powerless them left also organize to right journalists’ to obstacles physical The no. 5953. Law on of instead Law Labour the of provisions the of basis the on journalists employing and insurance no with journalists employing as such practices witnessed has sector media the Law, the by years long for many journalists to granted rights However, special the despite media. in the relations labour regulates still and today in effect is still no. 5953 Law DayJournalists. Working of the as celebrated is now amended, was law the January, when support of the Journalists’ Union. The 10 The Union. Journalists’ the of support the 3days with during those Basın called anewspaper issued journalists newspapers’ days. Those for three publish refusing to by developments the protested newspapers) Tercüman Kitabevi, 2004. 2004. Kitabevi, Gazeteci Örgütsüz Medya Tekelci Özsever, Atilla see: please information, detailed For periods. varying for insurance without worked have journalists the of 70% 1995, in (TGS) Turkey of Union Journalists the by commissioned asurvey of results the to According , Cumhuriyet , Vatan Yeni Sabah and , Yeni İstanbul , Dünya , Hürriyet , Ankara: İmge İmge , Ankara: , Milliyet th 23 of of The The , not all of these memberships are active. are memberships these of all not as reliable, are numbers these even saythat to However, is 28.9%. is hard it sector journalism in the unionization of ratio the data, same the to according members; 4550 has Union ists Turkish the today Security, Social Journal and Labour of Ministry the of data the to According journalists. victimized to support sufficient offer to unions failed the that grounds the unions on their through rights their exercise to unwillingness journalists’ and demand, labour low the from originating journalists between enterprises, media in other employment finding from prevented and union membership their to due dismissed be would union employees in which practice the with along owners, media union by the towards reaction adverse the was union rights of enjoyment ensureadequate to failure for the reasons important 27), most the no. (sector journalism of sector industrial the In members. become to employees television and radio enable to Statute in the made changes the despite blood lose to continued 26 25 24 with. working are they media the through even problems voicing their from journalists prevent unemployment of fear the and workforce in the competition today. hand, the exist other the On still ists journal of conditions working the concerning problems the of most 1990s, the since ments develop positive have there been Although . yurekleri-yetmedi-324040h.htm internethaber.com/bu-haberi-vermeye- http://www. (27.01.2011), Yansımadı”, Sayfalarına İnternet ‘Küçülme’ Habertürk’teki ve Grubu Sabah Sarsılırken Çıkarmalarla Toplu İşten “Medya see: please example, an For gizliyoruz’”. işverenden olanları üye ‘Sendikaya Tulgar, “TGS: Ahmet –Istanbul). 21.12.2010 and –Ankara (18.12.2010 İlişkileri”) Çalışma Sektöründe (“Medyada Sector” Media the in Relations “Labour the on workshop TESEV’s 24 the increasing competition competition increasing the 26 In addition to informal informal to In addition 25 - - - 28 27 • • • • • • • • • • NACE in the sector media the under included classifications following the data, SGK the Among no. 5953. Law of scope the under journalists as employed those of number the on data the find to failed and sector media the in employees insured of number the only reach to able were authors the data, using these all TURKSTAT of However, used. were statistics media printed the again and (TURKSTAT) Institute Turkish the of Survey Statistical Force Labour Household (SGK), Institution Security Social the by provided study, data the this of purposes the sector. For media in the numbers employment the on source a reliable find to impossible is also it issues, employment were used: used: were News agency activities. agency News Web portals, activities; broadcasting Television and programming broadcasting; Radio activities; music publishing and recording Sound activities; distribution programme television and video picture, Motion activities; post-production programme television and video picture, Motion activities; production programme television and video picture, Motion magazines and journals of Publication Publishing newspapers; of of comprehensiveness. comprehensiveness. of sake the for broadened were classification the of limits the However, sectors. associated of scope the enter could or here analyzed sector media the of scope the outside fall would classifications these of some that understood It is countries. EU in activities economic of classification statistical for used system the Européennes): Communautés les dans Economiques Activités des Générale (Nomenclature NACE 28

; 27 least eighteen years), 141 of them Free Press years), Free Press them 141 of eighteen least for at Card aPress have who held those only to (issued Cards Press Permanent them of 3957 Cards, Press regular of holders are them of 7566 which of holders Card Press 11,876 total, in are, (BYGEM), there Information currently and Press of General Directorate the from obtained data the to According journalism. of field in the working academics lecturing etc.) Ajansı, and Anadolu the of directors of TRT, of board the of directors members of board the of BİK, of members directors of board or assembly general the of member auditing or member RTÜK, Councils, Municipal or Provincial TGNA, (members the tions of institu public relevant the of members tions, corpora media visual and print of directors of boards of heads and owners to issued be only can card Said work. starting after time ashort Card for aPress eligible become no. 5953 Law of scope the under media visual In Turkey, and in print working journalists sector. private in the employed were them of majority great 22.927. A was areas activity economic tioned aforemen in the working employees of number the 2010, for November data SGK In the Source: SGK data (November 2010) (November data SGK Source: Distribution of Insured Employees Insured of Distribution Sector Private and Public 1: Chart Public 2% Private Sector 98% - - -

33 34 following sections. following in the addressed are subsectors media the in employed those of distribution gender and age the on information Detailed subsectors. the within breakdown in the itself manifests difference The balanced. generally are sector the of areas relevant in the employed those of breakdown gender and age the that said be can it data, SGK the of scope the Within unemployed. themselves find they when thisfacility from sufficiently benefit to able not are journalists that shows duration temporary a of unemployment of in cases journalists to issued Cards Free Press of number low very BYGEM the to the according data, sector. Again Turkish in the no. 5953 Law of media scope the under working journalists of number low the with low.ably It thisis associated is that likely in Turkey sector media the is of consider ees employ insured among ownership Card Press that is clear it Cards, for Press eligible also are who institutions public of employees and academics the consideration into taking and data SGK the with along tion). calculated When regula former the to according Cards Press (Permanent Cards Honour Press them of 212 duration), and atemporary of unemployment of event in the issued (a Card Cards Press Source: SGK data (November 2010) (November data SGK Source: Gender by Employees of Distribution 2: Chart Women 45% Men 55% - - - to labour relations. According to SGK data, a data, SGK to According relations. labour to comes it when policy atransparent pursue to companies media of reluctance the and sector the of rate turnover employee high words, the change jobs, or, to forced frequently in other are journalists that employees, of security social the concerning problems the for thisare reasons foremost The conditions. working on data access to challenging more considerably is another—it one contradict may occasionally data these sources—although various from distribution demographic/geographical their and sector media in the employees of number the on data access to is possible it While male. are Card Press a hold to eligible are who institutions public of employees the of majority the that suggesting also while discourse, and content both in itself manifests frequently which media, the of structure male-dominated the shows situation This is striking. men of dominance the journalists, senior among i.e. Cards, Press nent Perma and Cards Honour Press of ownership to regard with Especially men. the favours heavily men, of which number the and Cards Press holding women of number the between difference is amarked ownership, there Card Press to related data the at Looking Source: SGK data (November 2010) (November data SGK Source: Age by Employees of Distribution 3: Chart 34% 46+ 30-45 37% 29% 29- - sectors included under the media cluster were were cluster media the under included sectors in employees more or 250 of in companies working employees of results this study, survey TURKSTAT. of Survey Force of scope the Under Labour Household 2009 in the professions media regarding results sector-based the to compared when verified also are data These years. 5 than less of seniority have average an sector media in the employees the of majority vast Source: SGK data (November 2010) (November data SGK Source: Source: BYGEM data BYGEM Source: Chart 4: Press Card Holders Card Press 4: Chart Employees by Seniority by Employees Insured of Distribution 5: Chart Number of Press Card 4000 6000 2000 5000 3000 1000 0 5 -10 year 13% +10 year Press Card Press 8% -5 year 79% Permanent Permanent Press Card Press Men monthly salary is TL560. This wage imbalance imbalance wage This is TL560. salary monthly average the TL500, than less of salary monthly for a work employed informally those of 25% is TL1250. While employed formally the among salary monthly average the and month, per TL1000 than for less work employees of 25% Turkish thousand 35 Liras; been has declared salary monthly highest the respondents survey among figures, these to According sector. media in the employees by earned wages the on data include also surveys The average. on aweek hours 40 work basis afull-time on working employees informal the of average;70% on aweek hours 50 work media in the employed formally those surveys, same the of results the to according sector. Similarly, informal in the averages the to comes it when year one to drops in figure Turkey This groups media years. is five in large working those of seniority average the Surveys, Force Labour Household 2009 in Turkey.groups TURKSTAT’s to According media in large conditions working on data concrete more reveal to attempt surveys) in an TURKSTAT in focus the (a100 the of data total Women Press Card Press Freelance Honour Cards Honour Press Press

35 36 Source: TURKSTAT Household Labour Force Surveys (2009) Surveys Force Labour Household TURKSTAT Source: Density Groups Wages of Media in Distribution 6: Chart 10 0 4 8 6 2 0 1000 media. media. the and capital both of centre the as regarded in Istanbul, housed them of majority great a with in big cities, located are work can they where enterprises media public and private the is change that jobs to frequently forced are who and policies wage imbalanced under working journalists of conditions living and working the affecting factor important Another organizing. of issue the as such conditions, working concerning problems serious many of root the constitutes also but peace, labour prevents only not Source: SGK data (November 2010) (November data SGK Source: Metropoles Three in TotalAmong Journalists Journalists Insured of 7:Ratio Chart İzmir 3% 2 0 0 0 Ankara 11% Wage Others 21% 3000 İstanbul 4000 65% 5000 Media enterprises that do not a enterprises make Media pressure on wages in some enterpr in some wages on pressure of exertion in the result and background the to conditions working improving and quality employment increasing as such issues push conditions These owners. their of will sole the on survive frequently too conditions ble economically-sustaina barely under work and aprofit make not do that enterprises media show, will sections subsequent sector. As media the of structure economic in the lems prob the as well as supervision, and lations regu in legal gap is the sector media in the tion distribu in geographical imbalances the and problems organization the conditions, working the of insufficiency the of cause root The 18%. as low as was in 2009 media regional and local of rate circulation total the TURKSTAT’s to According statistics, media print in Turkeymedia for thissituation. is responsible local the of structure underdeveloped The 29 and information come from Istanbul. Istanbul. from come information and news all where information of flow unilateral in a resulting products, media of content the also but conditions working only the not affects situation This in big cities. live to forced are sector media in the work to wish who those manpower; qualified employ to is unable some enterprises. their owners. These conditions push push their conditions owners. These survive frequently on thetoo sole will of barely work under and profit in the exertion of pressure on wages in on wages of in pressure the exertion employment increasing such as issues quality and improving and quality working conditions to the background and result result and the background to conditions conditions economically-sustainable (2009). medya.zul www.tuik.gov.tr/kulturmedyadagitimapp/ http:// Statistics,” Media TURKSTAT, “Print 29 Local media media Local ises. - - - - Third Section

tions. The corporation most dramatically dramatically most corporation The tions. organiza financial the with along TMSF the by over taken were or market the from out wiped either were sector financial in the operating corporations of enterprises crisis, media the sector. With financial the with along crisis 2001 abig in hit the took sector media The 31 30 government. the by granted loans low-interest and subsidies counts, dis customs with in strength grew rapidly sector media economy, in the investing groups general in the instability of periods their for recalled are 1990s the While market. the from out wiped were advertisements sufficient get and costs paper afford to unable were that Subsequently, publications decreased. state the on press the of dependence the ments, advertise private of increase the and capital of development the with newsprint; to granted subventions abandoned government the 1980, January 24 on made decisions the With practice. interest negative on based model amarket cases, and, in many mechanism control aprice system, change rate ex afixed and control strict on based rate exchange an regime, trade foreign protective a on based model amarket by accompanied substitution, import on mainly based model Turkey 1980s, industrialization the an Until had the Turkish Economy Media Sector in 32 enterprises of long journalistic standing. journalistic long of enterprises family by dominated was sector media the Hıfzı Topuz, ibid Hıfzı p. 70. 2008, Eğilmez, Mahfi Ayşen Gür, 1983, p. 146. p. 146. Gür, 1983, Ayşen , p. 329. 30 And until the 1980s, 1980s, the until And 32

31 -

- - - enterprise after the crisis, and established the the established crisis, and the after enterprise asmall Efrom Kanal and Group Çağlar from NTV crisis, bought the before sector magazines in only the Group, operated which Group.The Doğuş the was unharmed crisis the through getting enterprise publishing. Another periodical and newspaper of field in the market the Yayıncılık entering A.Ş. Gazeteciler Bağımsız Group, in the resulting Bilgin the left had who journalists to support distribution printing- and equipment production provided Group. Subsequently, Park Aydın Doğan Turgay to enterprises Ciner’s these leased and TMSF with negotiated Group Group, Bilgin yet Bilgin of enterprises media wounds, for the bid any suffering without crisis 2001 the from recovered who Aydın Doğan, leader sector The dollars. million 500 to dollars 1 billion from 50%, around by dropped revenues tion, were left unemployed, left tion, were Associa Journalists Progressive the from data the to according journalists, 4815 and (TGS), Union Turkish the from data to Journalists according journalists, 3900 in which crisis the TMSF. the to In Group’s Kapital Bank Ceylan of transfer the with CTV and Süzer’s Bank, Kent Mustafa of confiscation the with TV Kent Bank, Bayındır Çörtük’s Kamuran of confiscation the with TMSF, to ferred TV BRT with along trans was Bank İktisat Aksoy’s Erol when sector the of out left Group, was Cine5 Bilgin After Etibank. of confiscation the with ahalt to came partially activities media whose channel, ATV the and newspapers Sabah and Yeniof Asır Group, owner Bilgin was crisis the by affected 33 Atilla Özsever, ibid Özsever, Atilla , p. 186. 33 advertising advertising - -

39 40 Source: Advertisers’ Association Association Advertisers’ Source: before. With the recovery beginning in the first first in the beginning recovery the With before. year the to compared revenues advertising in decrease 50% almost in an resulting in 2001, itself revealed crisis economic the in 2000, time first for the mark dollars 1 billion the After 2000s. the until dollars 1 billion in Turkey revenues Advertising under were crisis. the of barometer the as serving in asense crises, economic from most the suffer to likely sectors the of is one media Thus, revenues. advertising on effect positive a has also which media, print in the numbers circulation ups the power purchase increasing the upturn, ture; of similarly, in periods expendi advertising their increase and profit a turn companies upturn, economic of periods In growth. sector, economic media for the and income of source important most is the which expenditure, advertising between relationship is apositive There in technology. advancement rapid the and revenues in advertising increase the with attractive, become again once in Turkey sector media the has 2002, Following pages. subsequent foundin the be can 2001 of crisis the after in strength grew that holdings their and enterprises media on information Detailed CNBC-E. channel entertainment and finance the and NTV channel news Chart 8: Turkey’s Advertising Revenues (Million USD) (Million Turkey’s Revenues 8: Chart Advertising 2000 3000 2500 1000 1500 500 0 1430 2000 2001 761 2002 957 1178 2003 1287 2004 - 1676 2005 over-heating the sectors, other all with as that, out point sector advertising the of However, experts 36 35 34 advertising revenues compared to 2009. to compared revenues advertising in seen was adollar-basis, on 35% of increase an off, ease to began crisis the of effects the as In 2010, 15%. by dropped revenues advertising and in 2009 continued crisis the of impact The million. TL3,241 to 2.1% by in 2008 dropped in 2007, million TL3,308 were which revenues, advertising revenues; advertising affected also 2007 of half second the of as known itself making began that crisis economic global The 2007. until average on year per 20% by creased in revenues advertising 2002, of quarter nega may growth rapid of areturn as 2011 of (21.04.2011). Istanbul Sector”, the of Future and Present Sector: Media the in Relations Competition and “Investment on workshop TESEV’s (15.03.2011). 2011&CategoryID=101 =MAHF%DD%20E%D0%DDLMEZ&Date=15.03. ?aType=RadikalYazar&ArticleID=1042946&Yazar http://www.radikal.com.tr/Default.aspx growth. potential beyond goes that and resources sound on based not is that growth GDP as economy an of overheating the defines Eğilmez Mahfi 1993-2010”. Raporları, Yatırımları “Reklam Agencies, Advertising of Association Turkish tively affect the media sector. media the affect tively 1926 2006 35 in the economy in the first half half first in the economy in the 2007 2541 2008 2507 2009 1789 36 2408 - 2010 34

Source: Compiled from IMF data and data from the Turkish Association of Advertising Agencies. Advertising of Association Turkish the from data and data IMF from Compiled Source: 37 advertising), on all at money spending no them of portion (with asignificant expenditure for advertising budgets small very allocate still in Turkey companies that shows market the 0,5% in Turkey. as high of level saturation The onlyas recorded while countries, developed in 1% is around market, the of level saturation the shows low. which ratio, This very still (GDP) is Product Domestic Gross to ratio their revenues, in advertising increase the Despite growth potential. potential. growth has market the that indicating also while Growth Economic GDP percapita Turkey /GDP Investments in Advertising GDP Growth (USD) Investment Advertising Turkey Investments in Advertising Turkey Investments in Advertising Table 1: Growth in Advertising Revenues And Gdp Ratio Gdp And Revenues Advertising in Table Growth 1: aspx?CatId=39&Id=43 www.rvd.org.tr/CatDetails. http:// Buluştu” ile Yazarları Ekonomi Gören, Hakan Başkanı ”RVD Association, Advertisers’ see: please information, detailed For companies. 75 by Turkey in are investments advertising Turkey, of of 60% Association Advertisers’ the from obtained data the to According

% USD % USD Billion % USD Million TL Billion

Unit . 266,439 8,168 1430 892 0.5 2000 7

195,545 -46.82 7,747 932 0.4 761 -6 2001 37

232,280 8,224 25.82 1,441 957 0.4 6.2 2002 Association of Advertising Agencies and the IMF. the and Agencies Advertising of Association Turkish ZenithOptimedia, WARC, of data 2005 the from Compiled Source: Denmark Holland Italy Sweden Norway Spain Germany France Japan Austria Greece UK Turkey USA 303,262 Table 2: Advertising Expenditures of Countries and their GDP Ratio GDP their and Countries of Expenditures Table Advertising 2: Country 8,705 1,759 23.11 1178 0.4 5.3 2003 392,206 Advertising Investments Investments Advertising 9,844 1,831 1287 9.27 9.4 0.3 2004 (Million $) (Million 482,685 151,939 40,707 13,902 22,216 23,715 5,042 3,407 2,268 2,589 11,721 1,665 2,192 2,317 9,131 11,006 2,248 30.22 1676 0.4 8.4 2005 529,187 12,107 2,756 14.89 1926 0.4 6.9 2006 GDP (Billion $) (Billion GDP Above Form Above Form Above Form Above Form Above Form Above Form Above Form Above Form Above Form Above Form Above Form 649,125 12,421,875 2,794,478 2,280,061 4,560,671 2,147,495 12,901 1,780,781 1,132,132 3,308 258,096 304,529 482,685 639,579 246,217 302,175 367,162 31.92 2541 0.4 4.7 2007 729,443 13,124 3,241 -1.34 2507 0.7 0.3 2008 Expenditure / GDP (%) /GDP Expenditure 614,470 -28.64 12,466 Advertising Advertising 2,767 1789 -4.7 0.3 0.64 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.74 0.34 0.78 0.79 0.65 1.04 1.12 0.8

0.7 2009 1.2 729,050 13,392 34.63 2408 3,613 0.3 8.5 2010 f

41 42 A significant portion of investers in the media sector are are in sector of the media investers portion A significant share advertisingthe from programme revenues, hence production companies, as well as outdoor companies and and outdoor companies as well production as companies, attracted to television broadcasting, which gets the highest which televisiongets the highest to broadcasting, attracted companies that have proven successful on the Internet. that have provencompanies successful 39 38 2006. and in 2005 level highest their at were transactions in Turkey. sector media in the place These took transactions purchase and mergers tional interna 30 and national 35 2008, and 2002 Between in 2001. crisis the after confiscated were which enterprises media the of process sales during the and sector munications telecom in the place taking privatizations the with started in thisarea dynamism The period. in that agreements license some beyond ments develop any without yet government, the of support the with Turkey 1990s in the began in sector media the towards investors foreign draw to initiatives The investors. foreign especially for investors, attractive sector media the make saturation reached yet not has market the that economy,the fact the and of course positive and stability the with enues rev in advertising continuing increase The dollars. billion 9.5 over reach and 13% by grow will sectors tainment enter and media and 2014, by 12.6% by grow in Turkey media report, the will to According Report. 2008-2012 Outlook Media and ment Entertain Global PricewaterhouseCoopers’ in in Turkey expressed sector media the was of potential growth the about foresight Another sector are attracted to television broadcasting, broadcasting, television to attracted are sector media in the investers of portion A significant Ceren Sözeri, 2009, p. 155. 2009, Sözeri, Ceren 2010. Overview,” Industry 2010–2014 Outlook: Media and Entertainment LLP, “Global PricewaterhouseCoopers 39

38 ------the lack of transparency of the process. the of transparency of lack the from stems thissituation that and countries, in many manner in asimilar investments media steers government the that perceives public the that impression got the report present daunting the investers. the daunting and steering indirect Government’s of sign the as many by is perceived fines, tax the after investments Group’s its downsize to decision indirectly, or Doğan directly either investors, steers government the that suggesting found be could data concrete Even no if in Turkey. observed is being process similar a and country the of officials government the with negotiating require investments Europe, media of those including countries, in many that expressed subject the on held workshop the at Participants requirements. investment-related the fulfilling and conditions economic assessing directly, to in addition government the contact to need will they that idea the have adopted wishing invest to investors that grown has perception the in addition, grow; to continue will sector media Turkish in the investors foreign of interest the that perception the reinforce country the of position geopolitical the and area, casting broad TV in the investors foreign against set limits the to introduced flexibility The Internet. the on have successful that proven companies and companies outdoor as well as companies, production programme the hence revenues, advertising from share highest the gets which 40 (21.04.2011). Istanbul Sector”, the of Future and Present Sector: Media the in Relations Competition and “Investment on workshop TESEV’s 40 The authors of the the of authors The - Fourth Section

Source: Turkish Association of Advertising Agencies Advertising of Association Turkish Source: is followed by print media, in which newspa in which media, print by is followed television revenues, advertising of distribution the to comes it sector. When television in the prices in Turkey advertisement cheap the and ratings television high the of because opinion public on influence astrong has television that belief for thisis the factor important most The stations. television among is shared revenue In Turkey, ahuge advertising the chunk of Revenues Distribution of Advertising Chart 9: Distribution of Advertising Revenues by Channels (%) Channels by Revenues Advertising of Distribution 9: Chart 100,00 120,00 40,00 80,00 60,00 20,00 0,00 48,53 25,10 2002 3,20 5,03 7,68 52,54 31,99 2003 4,55 5,76 3,79 2004 33,59 52,27 4,08 3,67 5,17 - 2005 35,81 50,71 4,89 3,56 3,78 2006. 2006. since shares their increased rapidly most that segments media the are Internet the ing and advertis Conversely, drops. outdoor gradually radios and magazines newspapers, of share the how is striking it revenues, advertising of course post-2000 the at Looking revenues. lion’s get the advertising from share pers 2006 33,16 52,31 3,66 3,85 5,81 53,20 29,93 2007 3,36 1,60 3,72 7.10 52,06 29,37 2008 3,44 7,48 2,93 3,51 26,96 2009 52,11 2,60 6,58 3,18 7,16 - 23,69 55,85 2010 6,98 6,97 2,87 2,39 TV Newspaper Magazine Radio Internet Cinema Outdoor

45 46 Source: Mindshare (2010) Mindshare Source: In Turkey, has cross-mergers to of the inadequacy the barriers resulted in all markets continuing to exist under the dominion exist under to continuing markets in all resulted of a handful of media groups.of ahandful media Source: Mindshare, 2010 Mindshare, Source: Other Ciner Group Doğuş Group Turkuvaz MediaGroup Çukurova Group Doğan Group Across All Channels All Across Revenues Advertising from Group Media per Share 10: Chart Table 3:SharesofMediaGroupsinAdvertisingRevenuesonaPerChannelBasis % 40 60 20 50 30 10 0 Doğan Group 54 Çukurova Group vertical and horizontal mergers, although it it although mergers, horizontal and vertical through is concentrated Turkey and grown has in market media the paradigm, performance structure-conduct- the on based evaluation an in Turkey. conditions monopolist to According under operates income, of source main their being advertising with market, media The 10 Media Group Media Turkuvaz 23 TV (%) 36 23 19 12 8 2 Doğuş Group 10 Newspaper (%) Group Ciner 24 58 14 3

1 3 Periodical (%) dominion of a handful of media groups. media of ahandful of dominion the under exist continuing to markets all in resulted has cross-mergers to barriers the of In Turkey, conditions. market inadequacy the monopolistic under operate sectors media barrier.countries, In many entry an create thus and thismarket entering of cost the increase concentration, prevent to regulations adequate of lack the in addition and scale, of economies of situation the hence and market, the enter to required capital of amount tial substan the from arising Problems products. differentiated of number ahigh includes their media/non-media investments. media/non-media their sector, media in the and dominant become have that groups media large the at look acloser take to useful be might it subsectors, to on moving Before analyses. subsector in detail in more addressed be will Groups the of shares The media. the outdoors) of and (other cinema than subsectors the of all in share advertisement highest get the above listed groups media the 10, in Chart seen As 41 30 39 18 4 6 3 groups are provided in Annex 1. Annex in provided are groups these by owned companies non-media and media the Turkey in and sector media the in operating enterprises media main the on Information Radio (%) 75 8 6 9 2

Internet (%) 41 20 66 4 7 2 1 - dollars and its shares in Bağımsız Gazeteciler Gazeteciler in Bağımsız shares its and dollars for 47.96 newspaper million Milliyet the sold had it that announced Group the finalized; was thisstudy as period same in the that, Following 43 42 sector. media in the investments its downsize to decision its announced Group Doğan process, thiscourt of start the With pending. is still case the and decision the appealed has Group Doğan Springe in 2006. Axel German the to Holding TV Doğan of sale the to due in 2009 TL billion 4,2 of fine atax to sentenced was Group Doğan in Turkey. group media (YAYSAT, companies tion largest is the DPP), and distribu two and Ofset) (Doğan house printing (D&R), chain one retail book music and one Online), (Doğan company Internet one (DMC), Egmont), music company one Doğan Kitap, (Doğan publishing houses Radyo), two CNNTürk Moda, Radyo D, (Radyo Slowturk, stations radio four (D-Smart), platform TV digital one TV), Shopping and TV D, Star, Interaktif CNNTürk, (Kanal channels TV five (DHA), agency news one News ( newspapers five has Group, currently Doğan to belongs Yayın also which Doğan Holding, Yapım,(ANS, Hürriyet DProdüksiyon) areas. film-production and music Kitap), (DMC) (Doğan in publishing sector, is active entertainment the entering group, media also Holding’s The sectors. commerce and tourism,energy, industry in the partnerships or companies has also Doğan Aydın media, to In addition in 1999. CNNTürk established also he Din 1995; Kanal and Group Hürriyet the acquired family, also Aydın Doğan Karacan the from in 1979 newspaper Milliyet the purchasing by sector media the Entering Doğ Hürriyet (30.12.2010). (30.12.2010). 27956h.html aydin-dogandan-calisanlarina-kuculme-mesaji- http://www.gazeteciler.com/gundem/ yaptı,” vurgusu küçülme mesajında Yeniyıl “Aydın Doğan Hakkimizda.aspx. http://www.dyh.com.tr/tr/ Yayın Holding, Doğan ), one magazines group (with magazines), 27 group magazines ), one G an , Radikal roup , Posta 42 Turkish Daily Daily , Turkish , Fanatik 43 -

weekly. magazines 19 of Sabah namely four(satellite), newspapers, to in addition ATV (national) ATV Avrupa and channels TV the holds Group The questions. significant raised bidding process the entered companies other no that and entity, purchase for the public a Halkbank, from borrowed Group Çalık that fact ve Yayıncılık. The Televizyon Gazetecilik Radyo Turkuvaz name the under together grouped were and dollars for 1.1 Holding billion Çalık by 2007 ber in Decem bought were companies media These sell. to intent the with Ciner by held enterprises media the confiscated TMSF Ciner, 2007 1April on Turgay and Bilgin Dinç between agreement secret a of However, years. allegations to due 10 over extending conditions payment on in 2005, TMSF with signed it agreement an with companies media the bought Group Ciner Group. The Turgay to enterprises Ciner’sPark these leased and TMSF with negotiated Group Bilgin nies, compa media its of confiscation subsequent the and crisis 2001 during the Etibank of confiscation Group.However, the following Çağlar ship with in partner Etibank purchased and sector financial in the invested then hand; it its strengthen to in order Group Çukurova and Finansbank of support the with broadcasting television began Group, Doğan of rival the Group, initially Bilgin the 1990s, In the Holding. Medya established and in 1980 in Izmir, Yeni Asır Istanbul to moved called paper alocal of owner the was who Bilgin, Dinç Ç D the of venture ve Yayıncılık, ajoint Gazetecilik DK to dollars million for 26 newspaper) Yayıncılık (Vatan 45 44 alık G (20.04.2011). 21.04.2011/1380293/default.htm anlasma-aciklamasi/ekonomi/ekonomidetay/ dogan-gazetecilik-ten-milliyet-ve-vatan-icin- http://ekonomi.milliyet.com.tr/ açıklaması”, anlaşma için Vatan ve Milliyet Gazetecilik’ten “Doğan sektorler.aspx?id=24 http://www.calik.com/ Group, Media Turkuvaz , Yeni Asır 45 roup and a total atotal and Fotomaç, , Takvim and , 14 of which are monthly and 5 and monthly are which of , 14 emirören – Karacan Group. –Karacan emirören . 44 - - -

47 48 46 the and night, at content entertainment and daytime in the news financial offers that CNBC-E channel NTV, the channel news the owns thisGroup in 1999, sector media the Entering Doğ in 2010. closed was newspaper Group’s Tercüman The position. in adifficult Group Çukurova the of companies media the Group, put which Çukurova the of businesses purchase media the performed that ADD, company the with contract the ended management new The CELL. in TURK Group’s control the to end managing have an put in concert acting Finnish partners Turkey’s Russian and GSMoperator. The largest TURKCELL, with partnership its concerning However, problems is having Group some the broadcasting). (digital DIGITURK and services) infrastructure technical Yayıncılık Eksen (TV/radio marketing), (advertising (media Zedpaş marketing), ShowTV, with along SkyTürk (television), Mepaş Lig Radyo, and FM Alem stations radio Stuff, the and Autocar Platin, Alem, magazines the 2010), in June closed was (Tercüman newspaper edya Turkm under newspapers Güneş and Akşam the sector, media in the namely companies many controls Group sector. The media the in investments its increased Group the 1990s, early in the newspaper. Afterwards, Akşam the buying by in 1977 sector the entered Group The Ç in 2010. sides— ‘Asian’ ‘European’ and —the Istanbul of sides for both contract distribution electricity Group, the MMEKA partner its won, with also Group Çukurova dollars. million for 321 period 2010-2014 for the Ligi Süper TURKCELL league Turkey’s of rights premier broadcasting the won DIGITURK platform satellite Group’sThe digital ukurova G Turkmedya, http://www.turkmedya.com.tr/. http://www.turkmedya.com.tr/. Turkmedya, uş G roup 46

roup - - printing facilities. printing and company 1), newspaper, one production one Kanal (Habertürk, channels TV two has Holding newspaper, Yayın Ciner Habertürk the 2009 in April in 2007.Introducing dollars, million 35 for broadcasting, television with continued which and Güldemir Ufuk by managed website news a with in 1999 life broadcasting its began which 2007, TurgayApril Habertürk, bought Ciner 1 on TMSF by confiscated were Bilgin Dinç from purchased had he companies media the After C publishing in 2007. book of addition the with publishing, magazine of area in the activities media print its concentrated Group Doğuş publications, international for its group, known Nast Condé the with in 2008 agreement license Signing a Radyo. Voyage Virgin Radyo and Eksen, Spor, Radyo 5, Radyo NTV Radyo, NTV N101, FM, Kral namely stations, radio seven of a total owns TMSF. from also 2008 group the In addition, in purchased group the which TV Kral channel music the and Spor, TV NBA NTV e2, channels 49 47 ( newspapers two TV, TV), Ebru Mehtap Haber, TV, (Samanyolu Samanyolu channels four TV has Inc. Journalism Feza Akbulut’s Ali F magazines 48 subscribers. to sales coming from circulation the of majority Turkey’s newspaper, the circulating with highest is newspaper Zaman Company’s The FM). (Burç station (CHA) radio one and agency news Today’s Zaman JOURNALISM INC. INC. JOURNALISM eza iner G (07.06.2004). (07.06.2004). zino=56520&keyfield=61626F6E65 yükselmez!”, tiraj mantıkla “Bu Dumanlı, Ekrem icerik/47/2/web_sektorler/medya/ http://www.dogusgrubu.com.tr/tr/ Grubu, Doğuş tr/companies.php?CID=24 http://www.parkgroup.com. Yayın Holding, Ciner in 2010. roup 49 ), one magazine ( magazine ), one http://www.zaman.com.tr/yazar.do?ya 48 The group discontinued six discontinued group The . Aksiyon . 47 ), one ), one Zaman , Fifth Section

spent watching television is 3 hours, going is 3hours, up television watching spent 51 50 in Turkey. living those of 98% than more reaches it rate: access highest the has that channel media is the television scales, these of hand, in all other the On in Turkey. broadcasting local of area the on discussion more and research more for need the this change demonstrates only Even broadcaster. alocal as station television a such regard to possible is not it ing licence, broadcast may it have alocal although Hence, satellite. through audiences international even and national the reach broadcasts have its can region Sea Black ing the from broadcast in and established enterprise sion atelevi example, For broadcasting. national and regional local, between distinction the blur to continue systems receiver satellite of usage widespread the and technology Yet, plan. developing the said under granted licenses the and plan frequencies broadcasting RTÜK’s of terrestrial in consideration done was broadcasting local and regional national, as air. on categorization The enterprises television local 209 and regional 15 national, 24 currently are there Council, Supreme Television Radio the from data to According 5.1. T Media Subsectors in Turkey 2005. Agencies, Advertising of Association Turkish (21.04.2011). Istanbul Sector”, the of Future and Present Sector: Media the in Relations Competition and “Investment on workshop TESEV’s the at expressed ideas the of One elevision B 51 roadcasting The daily average average daily The 50 - - - to 7 hours for stay at housewifes. at for stay 7hours to 53 52 submitted to the public by RTÜK. by public the to submitted been has thisservice of privatization the on regulation draft Anew cable. on broadcast can that channels the determines also it hence services; broadcasting and infrastructure both provides monopoly. company The is a and state the to belongs enterprises, television private and public broadcasts that company cable the A.Ş, Türksat subscribers. thousand 275 1million approximately with cities, in 21 available are services broadcasting approximately 2 million 200 thousand sub thousand 200 2million approximately has DIGITURK (D-Smart). Group Doğan the to other the and (Digiturk), Group Çukurova the to sector, belonging one broadcasting television in the platforms broadcasting digital two also Additionally, are there unknown. yet is as regulation the of date effective For example, atelevisionin and established enterprise broadcasts reach the national even and international reach broadcasts have the from regioncan its Black Sea broadcasting television station as a local broadcaster. television alocal as station local broadcasting licence, it is not possible such a licence, regard to broadcasting local audiences through satellite. Hence, although it may Hence, have satellite. through a audiences 49c2-a794-51603779e624. 49c2-a794-51603779e624. IcerikGoster.aspx?icerik_id=cb489879-25c6- http://www.rtuk.gov.tr/sayfalar/ Broadcasting”, Cable on Regulation Draft “RTÜK’s 2010. September January- Türkiye,” Scene “Media Mindshare, 52 53 Cable TV TV Cable The The -

51 52 55 54 2010) (November data SGK Source: production” programme television and video “motion film, and broadcasting” and programming in “television working employees insured 13,481 are there data, SGK to According Employee Characteristics subscribers. thousand 200 1million has D-Smart while scribers, men (67%)men (33%). women than higher is far of ratio the broadcasting, In television sectors. other to compared is low employees enced experi of ratio the individuals; middle-aged young of and consist press, the to pared com channel media recent is amore which sector, broadcasting TV the of employees Most Ankara. of out operating 8% by followed Istanbul, of out operating in enterprises work employees the of 81% sector; public in the employed 2% only with enterprises in private work sector broadcasting television in the employees the of 98% Employees in Television in Broadcasting Employees Ageof by Distribution 11: Chart subsector. production” programmes television and video film, “motion the under registered are subsector broadcasting public the of employees insured the that realization the is broadcasting television under included is sector this reason The 2010. Overview”, “Market Mindshare, 30-45 49% 46+ 8% 54

43% 29- 55 sectors; sectors; - - Television broadcasters state that Television state broadcasters their advertising they not are demands, revenues; this stems from the from revenues; this stems although they refuse almost 30% almost of although they refuse competition between them. competition between growthexperiencing in advertising seniority is quite high. is quite seniority of years five than less with employees insured manner, of ratio the in aparallel that, is clear it employees, of seniority the to comes it When ing growth in advertising revenues; this stems thisstems revenues; in advertising ing growth experienc not are they demands, advertising their of 30% almost refuse they although that state Televisionphenomenon. broadcasters this explain advertisements of prices low consequently the and enterprises television of number high The revenues. advertising from share highest the earns that outlet media is the television above, stated ship. As sponsor and advertising of consist enterprises broadcasting television of revenues The Distribution Advertising Revenues andTheir Source: SGK data (November 2010) (November data SGK Source: Employees in Television in Broadcasting Employees Insured of Statuses Seniority 12: Chart 5 -10year 17% +10 year 6% -5 year 77% - - down to even one dollar in smaller channels. in smaller dollar one even to down going dollars, 75-100 is between rating highest have that the channels national in the ments for advertise second per price the that states measurements, audience television long-term performs that acompany AGB Anadolu, Bir, Atıf Ali audits who tariffs. advertising their in make to able are groups large discounts the against competitive remain and pie advertising the of get ashare to as so advertisements their of unit prices the reduce in particular channels 57 56 titles). and in credits sales ad broadcasting, focused ratings- over broadcasting audience-focused of preference sales, sponsorship to tance impor (increased applications new develop will advertisers that and increase for aprice go will channels TV that foresee experts media At thispoint, ratings. high with programmes to regard with especially for channels, loss arevenue cause will time reduced the while audience), target the from attention of loss (with reduced is increased time advertorial the of performance the thispractice, With minutes. 6 to reduced been has implementation, former in the 8minutes was which commercials, for allotted time The Directive. Services Media EU Audiovisual the with aligned been hour. has an law minutes 12 the to Hence, time commercials’ the limits aclock-hour” of percent twenty exceed cannot telemarketing than other broadcasts commercial any of ratio “the that stating 2011 3March of no. 6112 Law 2of paragraph 10 article of provision The them. between competition the from (31.08.2008). hepsini-alir-#8230-makalesi.aspx yazisi/38387-rating-sisteminde-kazanan- http://www.bugun.com.tr/kose- alır”, hepsini kazanan sisteminde Bir, “Rating Atıf Ali (21.04.2011). Istanbul Sector”, the of Future and Present Sector: Media the in Relations Competition and “Investment TESEV’s 56 Small Small - 57 - standards. The shares The standards. legal to conform didnot structure TİAK’s that grounds the on in 2010 system ment measure ratings the left TRT 2011. of as Piar TNS to transferred have been activities ment measure ratings the which of aresult as 2010, in tender measurement arating opened TİAK ratings, on debates of years long Following (TİAK). Committee Research Audience Television the established and together came advertisers and companies advertising ers, broadcast television in 1992 advertisements, television of distribution ensure effective To (A.Ş). Şirketi Araştırmaları Piyasa Anadolu AGB by 2010 to 1989 from measured been have Ratings is ratings. shares advertising of distribution in the factor important most The 58 terrestrial on nationwide broadcasting enterprises television 13, in Chart below seen As revenues. advertising of distribution the to is parallel shares of distribution The (2010) Mindshare Source: channels in Turkey follows: channels as are FLASH TRT1 KANAL7 STV FOX STAR SHOW ATV KANAL D Channels Table 4:RatingsofTelevisionChannels what show the market share of achannel. of share market the show what are shares words, other in viewers; TV for only ratio this give shares while reached, audience target the of percentage the show Ratings 58 of measurable measurable of 2009 14.0 10.6 8.6 9.9 4.5 5.7 1.8 8.1 3.1 - - - 2010 (Jan-Sep) 14.3 11.5 0.4 4.4 4.7 8.7 1.9 7.1 9

53 54 Source: Mindshare (2010) Mindshare Source: relationships, it should be noted that the the that noted be should it relationships, However, ownership multiple the considering frequency. terrestrial from nationwide broadcast that enterprises broadcasting television 25 these between shared are revenues television the of 80% than more 13, in Chart seen as circumstances, these Under thisarea. enter to wishing investors against institutions regulatory of offices the through barrier entry an creating thereby channels, TV terrestrially-broadcasting new any of establishment the prevented has licenses new issue to inability The groups. media large under operate stations television national 24 these of Most frequency. terrestrial on nationwide broadcasting enterprises In Turkey, regulations. legal on only24 are there section in the covered was which broadcasting, television to specific problems distribution the recall to useful be might it At thispoint, commercials. television from share biggest get the frequency Chart 13: Distribution of TV Licenses’ Advertising Revenues (%) Revenues Advertising Licenses’ TV of Distribution 13: Chart 100 40 80 60 90 70 20 50 30 10 0 86 1 2008 1 8 4 86 1 1 2009 8 4 tion share of each company in the industry, industry, in the company each of share tion 59 Hirschman Index) Hirschman (Herfindahl HHI the and consideration, into taken was breakdown entire the market, in the concentration Toture. the of density the show struc market is aconcentrated words, there in other that, or market, the of section large in a dominant are broadcasting in TV channel TV one have than that more groups media concentration. high of indicator an as accepted was 1800 above index aHHI 1992, in example, For 2010. in point this to got and increased gradually figures these that noted be It should concentration. ahigh indicate 2500 above values and market, concentrated amoderately indicate 1500–2500 between Values concentrated. not is industry the then 1500, under is amarket in companies six or four two, first the of shares market the of squares the of sum the if tendency, general a as index, the to According breakdown. whole the calculates and industry the in company each of share concentration the shows Herfindahl, by formulated and Hirschman by developed index, this Index: Hirschman Herfindahl 89 1 0 2010 , 59 6 that shows the concentra the shows that 4 Satellite TV Satellite TV Cable TV Local TV Regional TV National - - Source: ZenithOptimedia (2010) ZenithOptimedia Source: According to the standards the to According market. the of dominating80% groups media 61 60 one done; be will down this pulling how to as uncertainties are there although mentioned, previously as Also 30%. below to share its pull to share market highest the with group media the ask soon will RTÜK that expected is it 14, in Table seen Chart 5and clearly As concentration. prevent to in order enterprises television of shares market of limit 30% the is Broadcasts Their and Television Enterprises and Radio of Establishment the on no. 6112 Law by introduced changes the of one process, legal examining the section in the mentioned also As shares. small very with activities broadcast their continue enterprises broadcast many that shows shares market of in terms market the of distribution wider the of analysis An (CR%) shares Table market used. the 5gives was the others is striking. others the and share market having largest Group the the between big difference the Nevertheless, tion. concentra amoderate indicate 2500 and 1500 between values HHI Justice, of US Department Total Doğuş Group Çukurova Group Turkuvaz TelevisionGroup Doğan MediaGroup Groups Broadcasting Sector(Groups) TV the in Levels Concentration 5: Table investopedia.com/terms/h/hhi.asp http://www. Index-HHI, Hirschman Herfindahl shares. market shows Ratio): (Concentration CR% 60 and concentration shares of the four the of shares concentration and 61 determined by the the by determined CR % 80 38 19 15 8 . 2094 1444 HHI 225 361 64 - tion in advertising revenues. in advertising tion competi of level the hence and broadcasters, small and groups media of unit prices ment advertise the between difference the indicates clearly contradiction This groups. among revenues advertising of distribution the shows which 14, (Table 4),revenues Chart with or advertising to proportion is in alinear which ranking, ratings the either with consistent is not basis atime on sponsorships and advertisements most the getting televisions of list ranking the that noted be It should (2010) Mindshare Source: broadcasts. their continue and simply fine pay to may the prefer enterprises broadcasting the is that possibility 62 Chart 14:MediaGroups’MarketShareinTelevisionBroadcasting Future of the Sector ” Istanbul (21.04.2011). ”Istanbul Sector the of Future and Present Sector: Media the in Relations Competition and “Investment on workshop TESEV’s the at expressed ideas the Among MTV, POWERGroup, CINE5, TGRT,TV8, Nokta Electronical Ciner Group FLASH TV%1 TGRT HABER Koza İpek Media 2% Group 3% TNT %1 1% 0% 62 Journalism Feza 2% Doğuş Group 9% Fox 8% Doğan Group 39% Çukurova Group 14% - - Çal›k Group 19%

55 56 63 making published, newspapers local 2368 and regional 73 national, 163 are there Statistics, TURKSTAT’s to According Media Print 2009 P 5.2. (2010) Company Nielsen The Source: 5.2.1. Newspapers5.2.1. Euro D Kanal 7Int TV8 Cine5 Dizimax Flash NTV Spor 24TV TGRT Haber Habertürk CNBC-e CNNTurk Star Kanal D Show TV Fox Kanal 7 NTV ATV STV TV CHANNEL al 6 eeiin hnes Receiving the MostAdvertisements Channels Television 6 Table excluded. Advertisements Social and Telemarketing rint M edia 63 DURATION 4,043,403 4,802,740 6,795,448 5,406,953 7,348,924 4,763,492 6,035,453 6,920,227 4,414,983 4,142,544 6,349,372 5,279,707 5,976,729 5,965,081 6,193,603 4,500,114 5,154,368 4,427,313 5,878,871 5,102,165 Source: The Nielsen Company (2010) Company Nielsen The Source: 64 and regional newspapers with a share of 2.4%. 2.4%. of ashare with newspapers regional and 15.3% with papers local by followed 80%, over is consumption newspaper national that clear is it in TURKSTAT’sStatistics, Media Print 2009 data circulation the Analyzing 2604. of a total Dizimax Fox Euro Star Euro D Kanal D Number 1 Star 24TV Kanal 7Int CNBC-e TGRT Haber Show TV STV Haber Kanal 7 NTV Spor ATV STV CNNTürk ATV Europe NTV TV CHANNEL the MostSponsorship Table 7TelevisionChannelsReceiving Smart Signs Sponsorships. Signs Smart Filler, Sponsorship, Sharing Display Stream, Broadcast Sports, Credits, Present, Promotion, Gift, Continuing, Presents-Presented, 64 DURATION 1,068,609 1,348,203 1,203,120 1,123,897 1,031,641 1,118,442 1,167,337 1,253,122 1,182,711 928,056 805,683 898,976 740,593 956,766 928,936 878,873 901,065 715,944 887,186 737,121 Source: TURKSTAT, Printed Media Statistics (2009) Statistics Media TURKSTAT, Printed Source: have 38% seniority, asenio of years have 1-5 Zaman at employees the 47%of 36; At Hürriyet (27%). (62%), group group 40+ the by followed age 30-40 in the are employees of majority the At Zaman data. study, SGK the the of match scope the under interviewed were which pers, newspa Zaman and Hürriyet of departments HR the from obtained data this, the than Other sectors. other to compared higher are seniority of years and age average the while (44%), women over (56%) men of isratio alittle in Izmir. 3% and The in Ankara located are 12% remaining, the of in Istanbul; located are Publishing in Turkey. them of 40% than More Newspaper of sector in the employees insured 5457 are there data, SGK to According Employees of Characteristics Chart 15: Distribution of Newspaper Employees by Gender and Cadres and Gender by Employees Newspaper of Distribution 15: Chart

Percent 100 40 80 60 90 70 20 50 30 10 0 , the average age of employees was was employees of age average , the Director editor-in-chief Editor-in-Chief

Broadcast Coordinator General Manager

Responsible more of rity Editor Editor , - Chief Editor Looking at the cadre distribution, at theLooking cadre higher-ups executive such as statistics, which include national, regional and and regional national, include which statistics, these to According results. varying and detailed more reach to is possible it Statistics, TURKSTAT’s to Media Print compared are 2009 employees of statuses the on data the When years. 7-8 as given were Hürriyet at years seniority average The years. 6-10 of have 15% aseniority and years, 10 than situation demonstrates once again the presence of the glass of the glass again the presence once situation demonstrates journalism can only find a place for themselves as graphic as for themselves aplace only find journalism can designers, proofreaders, editors ordesigners, “other editors proofreaders, personnel.” This that women in low ratio data suggests of women. The ceiling for women inceiling the media. Page Editor with male-dominated, are avery or managing editors editors

Vice Chief Editor

Redactor

Chief of news and information department

News Director

Editorial writer

Reporter / Photo-Reporter

Caricaturist

Painter / Designer

Proofreader

Regional / Municipal Representative The total of other staff Women Men

57 58 67 66 65 Turkey. of population urban general in the readers per newspa regular million 11,4 are there profiles, reader studies and magazines and newspapers of readership the measures which (BİAK), tee Commit Research Audience the to According Circulation ness. publishing busi newspaper in the working people 18,024 are there newspapers, local media. in the representation of issue the on studies in occasions many on propounded was policy publishing in determining is effective tion thisdiscrimina that reality the while media, in the for ceiling women glass the of presence the again once demonstrates situation This “other or personnel.” editors readers, proof designers, graphic as for themselves aplace find only can in journalism women that suggests data The women. of ratio low very a with male-dominated, are editors managing or editors executive as such higher-ups distribution, cadre the at Looking women. strate that three people read one newspaper newspaper one read people three that strate demon figures These thousand. 200 million 4 is, average,around on Advertisement Press of Directorate-General the by public the to announced sales daily total their newspapers, August 2010). August 2009-21 (1 September Period 11-2 for data BİAK (2008). Media”) the in Women of Representation of (“Forms Araştırması” Biçimleri Temsil Kadınların “Medyada on al et Tanrıöver Uğur Hülya by study the and (2000) Sector”) Media the in Workforce (“Female gücü” iş kadın sektöründe “Medya on study Tufan Tanrıöver’s Hülya (2004), Journalists”) Female and Media in (“Sexism Gazeteciler” Kadın ve Cinsiyetçilik “Medyada on study Asker’s Ayşe see: please matter, this on information detailed For once. than more counted were employees some that possible is it case, each in separately evaluated are newspaper one than more for working those Since 65 Of these, 73% are men and 27% are are 27% and men are 73% these, Of 66 67 Turning to the circulation numbers of Turning of numbers circulation the to ------Nevertheless, forecasts that newspapers forecasts Nevertheless, Turkey. as such in countries later abit come will thisend that is estimated it although world, the throughout stronger getting are 2020-2030 around demise their meet will newspapers other countries. other in Turkey (16%)decrease is lower to compared the that indicate to seem Estimates countries. in many aparallel finds affairs of state thisis that shows in 2010 OECD by released report The rates. reading newspaper and sales in newspaper adecrease this indicates years, past to Compared basis. adaily on regularly 69 68 such on dependent acirculation of indicator an as is accepted promotions offer newspapers all virtually that fact the known, precisely isnot circulation circulation tion-induced promo the law. new the Although by allowed extent the to readers their to promotions offer to continue newspapers Consumer; the of tion Protec the on no. 4077 Law of 11 article with prevented were 1990s in the cars and goods white even and plates, pots, of distribution the as far as went that newspapers between in Turkey. publicity wars promotion The for activity important an is still promotion media, for print loss thisblood Considering world, that this although it is estimated will their2020-2030 demise around meet such as Turkey.such as are getting stronger throughout the stronger getting are end will come a bit later in countries willend abit in come later countries http://www.wan-press.org/article15384.html 2020”, in Newspaper the Envision “Futurists Internet”. and News of Evolution The Economy: Information the on Party “Working Policy, Communications and Computer Information, for Committee Industry and Technology Science, for Directorate OECD 69 68 Nevertheless, forecasts that that forecasts Nevertheless, - . - Source: BİK, (2010) BİK, Source: 70 Competition the After Authority. petition Com the to applied newspaper the which upon in 2007, Zaman of numbers circulation the endorse didnot tion) enterprises, media and Associa (Advertisers Derneği Reklamverenler Derneği), (Reklamcılar Agencies Advertising of Turkish the by in 2005 Association lished estab Committee Audit Circulation ABC The subscribers. to sales of consists Zaman of sales the of Abig portion 500,000. approximately of circulation average an with each Hürriyet, and Posta newspapers the are competitors closest Its 790,000. of circulation average an with is Zaman, newspaper selling highest in Table 2, seen Turkey’s Annex As 8and itself. media in the debated being currently are circulation in decrease the stop to as so flexible more bans promotion the make to Proposals incentives. Industry Overall Total Akşam Milliyet Sözcü Habertürk Sabah Hürriyet Posta Zaman Newspapers Table 8:ConcentrationLevelsintheNewspaperPublishingSector(Newspapers) promosyon”. ve hastalıklar etkisi, Bir, “Medya Atıf Ali 70 Daily AverageSales 2,826,085 4,130,576 342,824 210,644 140,828 451,908 153,056 431,793 877,821 217,211 Nov.10 100.00 68.42 CR % 10.94 10.45 21.25 8.30 5.26 5.10 3.41 3.71 - - - sales numbers was calculated. was numbers sales sector overall the to companies eight highest the of sales total the of ratio the then sales, daily average highest the with newspaper the with starting order in descending listed were Innewspapers Table the tion. 8, first concentra on effects their 2011), and March and 2010 BİK the to (November newspapers the by declared numbers sales average daily the on based newspapers circulating highest eight the of shares market the showing values HHI with measured were market in the ratios concentration The competition. of in terms balanced amarket of appearance is the there circulation, of viewpoint the from evaluated is publishing market newspaper the When company. this by audited being still are newspaper the of numbers BPA;company circulation the audit circulation international the to applied void, newspaper the ABC of audits circulation the ruled and justified found Zaman Authority 890.36 451.64 109.28 828.51 119.70 68.88 27.65 26.01 13.73 11.62 HHI Daily AverageSales 4,299,772 2,923,661 449,907 848,924 262,784 485,841 228,275 350,612 155,725 141,593 Mar.11 100.00 68.00 CR % 10.46 19.74 11.30 3.29 3.62 8.15 5.31 6.11 848.64 389.80 109.49 782.95 127.67 66.49 10.84 37.35 28.19 13.12 HHI -

59 60 Source: ZenithOptimedia (2010) ZenithOptimedia Source: Çalık and Çukurova Groups), Çukurova and analysed, are Çalık Feza, (Doğan, four groups top for the values When 2011. for March 1524 and 2010 November for going 1600 up to values HHI relevant with 80%, above goes 2011 March and 2010 ber for Novem numbers sales daily average the of basis the on (CR)share groups eight top the of market the belong, newspapers the which to groups media the on based evaluation In the together. evaluated are shares their and group same the to belonging newspapers when higher significantly gets degree concentration In isit misleading. Table the how is it striking 9, hence, account; into taken not are newspapers the of relationships ownership the only when applies However,intense. thisinterpretation is not competition balanced, is not distribution the although is that emerges what 2011, March for 848.64 and 2010 for November 890.36 is market whole for the value HHI overall the that Considering 2011. 782.95 for March and 2010, for November is 828.51 value HHI In Table total 8, the concentrated. is not that industry an indicate 1500 below values HHI Estetik Press(Sözcü) Ciner Group Çukurova Group Industry Overall Total İhlas Press(Turkey) Albayrak Group(YeniŞafak) Feza Journalism Çalık Group Doğan Group Table 9:ConcentrationLevelsintheNewspaperPublishingSector(Groups) Daily Average On GroupsBasis,November2010 3,477,056 4,130,576 1,241,986 210,644 242,435 452,871 877,821 103,031 131,057 217,211 Sales - 100.00 30.07 CR % 10.96 84.18 21.25 2.49 5.87 5.26 5.10 3.17 71 follows: change as initially will rates tration concen the that likely 2011), appears it (March BİK the of data pre-sales to According media. in print concentration extent, an to decrease, will market, the to entry afresh as Journalism, DK that is expected it Therefore, years. many for sector media print in the investments no had has media, in the investments television and family, radio holds which Karacan Group. The Demirören the and Milliyet, of owner long-time former the Group, was which Karacan the between partnership the from arising company a Publishing, and Journalism DK to newspapers Vatan and Milliyet sold market, in the share highest the Group, had which study, Doğan the the of phase final hand, in the other the On (because HHI is above 1500). 1500). is HHI above (because concentrated is moderately market the that indicates This 1500. of HHI an with 65% above is share market their is that emerges what pursued by the new owners. new the by pursued policies marketing and publishing the to due run short the in change may and figures pre-sales are these that mind in borne be It should 1600.04 1580.33 904.09 451.64 120.21 34.45 10.07 27.65 26.01 HHI 6.22 Daily Average 4,299,772 3,574,343 1,274,545 On GroupsBasis,March2011 848,924 262,784 242,368 228,275 138,978 461,913 116,556 Sales 100.00 29.64 CR % 10.74 19.74 83.13 5.64 3.23 2.71 5.31 6.11 1498.97 1524.95 389.80 878.66 115.41 10.45 37.35 28.19 31.77 HHI 7.35 71

- power in the country and the competition competition the and country in the power purchasing low the to both due revenues, sales on solely survive to for newspapers possible in Turkey media, print of economy is not it the on articles and studies in many before 72 revenues. sales than rather revenues advertising increasing at aim circulation increase to made Efforts is advertising. revenue of source real the ments, advertise and sales namely channels, two only from come publishing sector newspaper in the revenues like the looks it Although Distribution and Revenues Advertising sales. on based dards, US stan to according market, concentrated amoderately from market un-concentrated an into publishing market newspaper the turned has market the into entrance its marking agroup to Group Doğan the of newspapers big two in Table of seen sale the As 10, Source: BİK (2010) BİK Source: Feza Journalism Doğan Group Sales (Groups) Table 10:ConcentrationLevelsintheNewspaperPublishingSectorAfterLatest Çukurova Group Ciner Group DK Press Industry Overall Çalık Group Star Estetik Press(Sözcü) Total advertising revenues subsequently increase sales. increase subsequently revenues advertising increased the and increases, circulation the as increase revenues advertising spiral, circulation of concept the with explained situation, this In 72 This is because, as expressed expressed as is because, This - - Daily AverageSales 3,465,434 4,299,772 1,002,585 848,924 262,784 242,368 228,275 271,960 146,625 461,913 advertising revenues. advertising from come profits and costs administrative and marketing resources, human the of all costs; printing and paper cover to onlyserve can which TL0.5, of price average for an sell newspapers Today, leaders. market by pursued strategies 73 advertisement. Although a significant portion portion asignificant Although advertisement. of scope the under considered not entities legal public of notices special and announcements the newspapers to distributes Advertisement Press of General Directorate The clients. private from gets itself media the advertisements private the are other the Advertisement; Press of General Directorate comingthe from ments announce and ads official the are first The channels. different two from come media print In in Turkey, appearing announcements and ads analysed. be to need distribution their and revenues sector, media advertising print the for conditions market the identify to channels, Current SituationasofMarch2011 20.03.2009. writer, Habertürk and Directors of Board of Head Gazeteport Yavuz Semerci, with Interview 73 Hence, as in other media media in other as Hence, 100.00 80.60 CR % 10.74 23.32 19.74 5.64 6.32 3.41 5.31 6.11 1229.99 1197.85 389.80 543.69 115.41 40.01 37.35 28.19 31.77 11.63 HHI -

61 62 Sector experts have opined in that is experts there aconcentration Sector local media ownership, media local own to that publishers tend more than distributed for publishingdistributed by the BİK. one publication in order to benefit from the announcements the from announcements one publication in benefit order to 74 BİK the can that fact The founded. day was the it since debates of topic the have been functions its of fulfilment in the autonomously act to inability its and function, its Advertisement, Press of General Directorate the of existence the of legitimacy the authority, astate-owned Being offices. no BİKwhere has in places announcements official of distribution in the effective are chiefs administrative local highest the that BİK,for publishing the and by distributed announcements the from benefit to in order publication one than more own to tend publishers ownership, that media in local tion is aconcentra there have that opined experts thisstudy, of sector scope the under included not Although presses. local and small-scale of survival for the importance utmost carry ads and notices these newspapers, high-circulating to go Advertisement Press of General Directorate the through distributed announcements the of Milliyet Zaman Hürriyet Sabah Newspaper in 2010 Table 11:AdvertisementsDistributedbytheDirectorate GeneralofPressAdvertisement Yeni Şafak Star Posta Vatan Habertürk and Future of the Sector”, Istanbul (21.04.2011). Istanbul Sector”, the of Future and Present Sector: Media the in Relations Competition and “Investment on workshop TESEV’s 74 3.730.924,80 3.389.447,70 3.747.273,30 3.237.297,30 3.258.827,10 3.255.136,20 3.739.535,10 3.757.133,70 3.746.711,70 Official Ad - 2.038.094,93 2.557.968,49 5.587.624,23 1.280.853,97 Compulsory 2.837.016,17 1.146.419,68 1.782.231,09 1.365.187,74 6.145.119,95 to strengthen the local media. local the strengthen to channels television from RTÜK by received tion using contribu on 3% the RTÜK with agreement an to come It has press. local the strengthening to activities its of portion asignificant allocated has Advertisement Press of General Directorate the years, in recent law.by Nevertheless, sanctions such impose to is allowed it although structure, BİK’s to due state-dependent effect acensorship creates sometimes ethics media the violating as sees it publication any to asanction, as advertisements, giving stop 76 75 follows: is as Advertisement Press of General Directorate the by in 2010 distributed advertisements of distribution The requirements. fulfil to in which atimeframe enterprises media local some grant and audits out carry they fairly; distributed are advertisements official the that and no. 5953 Law Labour with conformity in contracts have employment employees that ensure media, local in the conditions working en strength to activities out carrying are they that stated also has Advertisement Press of General Ankara workshop, 18.12.2010. workshop, Ankara (06.04.2011). dagitacagiz%E2%80%9D anlastik-kamu-reklamlari-payini-alip-yerele- tbmm%E2%80%99de-%E2%80%9Crtuk-ile- http://www.bik.gov.tr/web/kanun-teklifi- dağıtacağız”, yerele alıp payını reklamları Kamu anlaştık. ile ‘RTÜK TBMM’de teklifi “Kanun BİK, Special Ad 47.526,20 ------76 6.226.463,87 5.037.987,67 6.352.206,39 9.892.393,25 5.104.722,84 9.318.549,03 4.383.716,98 5.041.058,19 5.293.231,13 Total 75 The Director- The 4,48 4,49 8,80 4,54 3,90 8,29 5,54 5,65 4,71 % - - Source: Directorate-General of Press Advertisement (2010) (2010) Advertisement Press of Directorate-General Source: Yeni Mesaj Referans Ekonomi İstiklal H. veOlaylaraTercüman Yeni Devir Önce Vatan Son Saat Yeni Nesil Gazete 34 Bizim Gazete Ayrıntılı Haber General Overal Magazines Son An Bizim Anadolu İstanbul Yeni Akit Ortadoğu Halkın GazetesiBirgün Dokuz Sütun Yenigün Tünaydın Hürses Günboyu Yeni Asya Dünya Radikal Türkiye’de Yeniçağ Anadoluda Vakit Akşam Newspaper in 2010 Table 11:AdvertisementsDistributedbytheDirectorateGeneralofPressAdvertisement Şok Milli Gazete Taraf Takvim Güneş Türkiye Bugün Sözcü Cumhuriyet 2.405.440,80 81.235.106,62 2.397.065,40 2.983.864,30 2.209.933,80 2.692.701,90 2.408.211,00 3.199.950,36 2.370.381,30 2.410.433,10 1.305.471,09 3.241.478,10 1.791.658,80 1.103.431,00 3.101.573,70 1.281.336,98 1.961.919,23 368.284,00 509.334,00 395.440,50 766.098,50 986.703,90 774.683,00 379.057,00 372.036,00 782.740,50 620.824,82 378.454,30 767.592,00 776.032,60 383.565,00 588.189,00 776.926,50 391.027,00 375.235,00 997.755,50 379.918,00 374.510,50 Official Ad 363.561,24 - 30.964.159,65 Compulsory 850.060,09 466.978,66 744.258,29 270.358,07 158.903,00 412.426,98 169.364,42 103.960,27 155.054,54 684.276,17 973.663,14 27.900,00 613.231,40 115.549,45 108.061,31 296.951,15 10.409,50 18.608,66 12.420,37 12.234,43 4.500,00 2.244,00 2.670,00 7.657,50 1.422,00 480 ------150.060,80 197.587,00 Special Ad ------112.396.853,27 2.407.684,80 2.088.609,95 1.000.425,50 3.087.824,57 2.851.604,90 2.667.423,47 2.478.442,61 1.014.603,90 3.092.487,17 2.579.797,52 1.526.998,79 2.374.346,21 4.091.538,19 1.103.431,00 2.222.354,17 1.315.880,59 4.173.613,50 1.281.336,98 403.098,00 3.718.613,16 368.284,00 509.334,00 774.683,00 379.057,00 378.454,30 767.592,00 780.532,60 383.565,00 393.843,66 776.926,50 391.027,00 379.918,00 374.510,50 736.374,27 372.516,00 375.795,67 589.611,00 921.153,04 613.231,40 Total 100,00 0,90 0,68 0,66 0,69 0,98 0,69 0,89 0,69 0,45 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,82 0,36 3,64 0,52 0,55 0,35 0,35 0,33 0,33 0,33 0,33 2,30 2,54 2,75 2,37 2,75 1,86 1,98 2,14 1,36 2,21 3,71 3,31 1,14 1,17 2,11 %

63 64 Source: The Nielsen Company (2010) Company Nielsen The Source: Group. Çukurova the of newspapers two Group, and Çalık the of newspapers Group, two Doğan the of newspapers five are there lists, the In revenues. advertising affecting factor effective only the not are numbers circulation words, that or, same, the not are in share other advertising highest the with newspapers and circulation highest the with newspapers is that finding list), surprising the the of top isthe at Zaman (Annex 2, where newspapers of figures sales daily average showing list the at Looking groups. media large to belonging newspapers those are advertisements of share largest the getting pers in Table newspa seen the of 12, most clearly As revenues. advertising and circulation decreasing gradually see that for newspapers market the in survive to difficult more it Group, makes which Doğan the especially thismarket, over dominant also However, are ads. groups large private from come newspapers of revenues announcement and advertisement the of portion A large Dünya Vakit Güneş Radikal Milli Gazete Takvim Cumhuriyet Bugün Türkiye Star Aksam Vatan Yeni Şafak Olay Zaman Milliyet Yeni Asır Posta Sabah Hürriyet PUBLICATION Largest AdvertisementSpacefor2010 the Receiving Newspapers 20 12: Table CENTIMETRES 2.922.444,00 1.440.023,50 3.049.653,25 1.290.756,00 6.873.100,50 4.895.763,75 3.594.376,75 1.898.675,25 1.095.219,50 1.357.367,50 1.265.378,25 2.421.133,75 700.846,75 682.635,50 899.573,75 716.016,00 577.747,75 817.886,75 586.118,50 554.312,75 - In the distribution of advertising revenues figure reached with groups the topfour reached figure since passed the upper concentration the upperconcentration since passed the HHI values that show values the the HHI is high, rate quite the concentration in threshold (2500). it is state, In its current (3500) long shows has that the market advertising revenues market.advertising revenues in the oligopolistican structure of the market, rates the concentration circulation. to To explaincontrast it with clear that newspaperclear publishing indicates makes with media planning agencies. planning media with makes it agreements the with and sales advertising in offers it discounts the with position nant domi is votes) abusing its Group of the that (with amajority determining by fine pecuniary a to Group the It sentenced publishing market. newspaper in the position adominant has Group Doğan the that published, been yet not has decision reasoned the for which 2011 5 April of decision in its determined, unanimously also Authority Competition The pie. the of share its half than Group) more gets (Doğan Group largest the that (90%), and market entire the almost over have position adominant groups four large the that clear becomes it shares, advertisement and circulation the at looking However, secrets. trade considered being these to due accessed, be not could newspapers by revenues advertising of distribution the on Data revenues. advertising of distribution the with is in parallel situation This pers. newspa other and Hürriyet by received ratio advertisement the between difference marked newspaper, is a circulating there top the is not it although that Table demonstrates 12 77 images/file/dogan_medya_karar.pdf http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/dosyalar/ Text: . 77 - - Source: ZenithOpitmedia (2010) ZenithOpitmedia Source: Publishing A.Ş. and Journalism DK to pers newspa two its sold Group study, Doğan the this of phase final in the aforementioned, As (2010) ZenithOpitmedia Source: market. revenues advertising in the structure oligopolistic an publishing indicates newspaper that is clear it (2500). state, current In its threshold concentration upper the passed since long has market the that shows (3500) groups four top the with reached figure the market, the of rates concentration the show that values HHI To the with it circulation. explain to high, is quite in contrast rate concentration the revenues advertising of distribution In the Total Feza Journalism Ciner Group Turkuvaz Group Doğan Group Groups (Groups) Market Advertisement Newspaper the in Levels Table Concentration 13: Chart 16: Distribution of Advertising Revenues by Newspapers by Revenues Advertising of Distribution 16: Chart Percentage 40 60 20 50 30 10 0 Doğan Group 54 Turkuvaz Group 22 CR % 90 54 22 8 6 Group Ciner 8 3500 HHI 2916 484 64 36 - Journalism Feza 6 practice in Turkey,practice afew that is known it acommon not although above, expressed Law. Press As the of 23 in article regulated is publications periodical of distribution the structure, thisduopolistic of abuse prevent 78 market) YAYSATHolding’s the of 64% hold to (believed Publishing Doğan than other networks distribution no are there subscriptions, than sector. Other distribution newspaper entire the hold also market, newspaper the of 76% hold Turkuvaz which groups, and media Doğan The market. sales newspaper didin the it as market revenues advertising in the rate concentration the lower cannot Journalism DK the that therefore and market in the position dominant its Posta), maintains (Hürriyet, newspapers advertisement-receiving top its holds Group, still which Doğan the that is it obvious although breakdown, the to regard with situation latest the estimate to possible is not it newspapers, by revenues advertising of breakdown the on data no are Since there tarihce.html YAYSAT, http://www.yaysat.com.tr/kurumsal/ Çukurova 78 Group and Turkuvaz Distribution. To Turkuvaz and Distribution. 2 . Cumhuriyet Foundation 1 Others 6

65 66 79 of 32% by is followed This seniority. of years five than having less employees magazine of 59% with channels, media other to similar is that emerges apicture seniority, of years at young. the Looking of consist subsector in this employees of majority the high; clearly is age quite of 45 years below and at employees of ratio the agedistribution, to comes it When nonexistent. quasi are sector public in the employees magazine Insured publishing enterprises. Ankara-based in 15% approximately with in Istanbul work in Turkey; area them of 75% magazines the in working insuredemployees 905 currently are there data, 2010 November SGK to According Employees of Characteristics is 2522. published magazines of number total the data, BYEGM to According (3%)regional magazines. (78%),(19%)wide local by and followed nation circulating those are magazines sold widely most The national. 1907 and regional in Turkey, published 278 local, are which of 1284 are magazines 3469 of atotal Statistics, Media Print TURKSTAT to According 2009 Magazines 5.2.2 Zaman of readers the from price newspaper the to TL1 in addition get they fee, for example, distribution the as that have disclosed officials Distribution Media Cihan products, million 500 of average monthly a distributes it that Stating magazine. Aksiyon Zaman as such tions publica distributes A.Ş.,which Distribution Media is Cihan enterprise largest zines, the maga and newspapers of distribution based subscription- In the subscription. through distribute also like Zaman, newspapers, e-mail, 23.02.2011. e-mail, via interview newspaper, Zaman Tahsin, Mehmet . 79 newspaper and and newspaper , Bugün - - - opportunities in other cadres. in other opportunities sector, have women foundmore newspaper the unlike in publishing, in magazine etc., editors proofreaders, designers, graphic as such in positions dominance their maintain women While activities. non-journalism-related for category the as is accepted which category, “other the under personnel” work employees female the of 50% than More attention. draws also sector magazine in the positions executive in men of female), weight the yet 42% to male (58% newspapers to compared breakdown In TURKSTAT’s balanced is amore there data, pared to SGK data (26,437). data SGK to pared com higher is considerably publishing area magazine in the employees of number the TURKSTAT In the Statistics, picture. different a STAT’s reveal Statistics Media Print 2009 Yet, equal. TURK is almost publishing sector magazines in the men-women of breakdown the channels, media in other made tions observa in keeping that, with show data SGK 10%. reach even not do seniority of years 10 than more with those seniority; of years 10 5to with employees 80 While women maintain their dominance sector, women have more found publishing, in the unlike newspaper etc.,proofreaders, editors in magazine in positions such as graphicin designers, positions such as opportunities in other cadres. opportunities number of employees counted more than once. than more counted employees of number ahigh be may there Hence separately. evaluated been have magazine each in working employees data, TURKSTAT the In efficiency. economic ensure to order in cadre same the with magazines multiple issue groups magazine the of Many 80

- - - concentration also manifested itself in the in the itself manifested also concentration 1990s, the with Starting 1980s. mid the by 100,000 over of figure asales reached news, sensational its with impact atremendous had and agenda own its created which magazine, Nokta example, For time. the of environment political in the growing opposition the of voice niche readership targeted by magazines began began magazines by targeted readership niche However, range. the as product their widen to sponsors international with agreements licence made groups media of aegis the under magazines that and techniques in printing developments hinged new the on age thisgolden behind reasons important most The 1980s. mid the and 1960s the between age In Turkey, golden publishing its saw magazine Circulation (2009) Statistics Media TURKSTAT, Printed Source: Chart 17: Distribution of Magazine Employees by Gender and Cadres and Gender by Employees Magazine of Distribution 17: Chart

Percent 100 40 80 60 90 70 20 50 30 10 0 sector, and the magazine groups groups magazine sector, the and Director editor-in-chief Editor-in-Chief magazines Broadcast Coordinator General Manager acted as the the as acted Responsible Editor

Editor

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Page Editor than circulation numbers. circulation than rather revenues advertising increasing at aimed issue this on TESEV by conducted study another Indeed, results. engender long-lasting not did thisattempt prices, lowering by circulation their increased groups magazine large three area, journals news in the especially 2006, in Turkey in drop.rates to Although began circulation magazine competition, of terms in magazines supplant could that supplements publishing weekend began newspapers as and Internet, the through needs its satisfy to 81 In publishing area. magazine the of shrinkage gradual the we witness period, In thiscurrent Ceren Sözeri, 2006. Sözeri, Ceren

81 Vice Chief Editor reveals that the price reduction basically basically reduction price the that reveals

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Regional / Municipal Representative The total of the other staff Women Men

67 68 Source: Mindshare (2010) Mindshare Source: NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ATLAS EVİM BEN 10 MONTHLY MAGAZINES Table 14:SalesNumbersofMagazines BURDA NTV TARİH GO GIRL LEZZET BARBIE CNBC-E COSMOPOLITAN CHİP SENİNLE NTV BİLİM NATIONAL GEOGRAPHICKIDS EKONOMIST ALEM AKSİYON WEEKLY MAGAZINES OTOHABER PARA AUTO SHOW HELLO OK HAFTA SONU ŞAMDAN PLUS publishing lives. Mother&Baby ( Group Ciner the of magazines six more 2011, January In down. magazines),closed were Platin and (except Group for Alem Magazine Akşam the and Group Doğuş by published Billboard, In 2010, market. the to farewell said magazine Magazine ( Group’s Ciner five (May 2009) 2009, mid Empire , O.K Newsweek Rolling Stone , Rolling ), and Akşam Group’s ( one Akşam ), and Food and Travel and , Food net sales net sales 26,498 32,402 68,386 28,692 26,865 34,728 62,383 32,663 75,378 49,219 22,671 25,761 10,158 4,004 4,764 6,584 6,339 8,353 41,111 8,916 6,961 2008 2008 7,521 , Seventeen , FHM

, GEO ) ended their their ) ended , EGM , net sales net sales 130,000 30,496 44,785 27,449 39,744 38,059 44,733 23,602 Eve 40,174 26,282 23,865 32,222 41,726 61,855 25,471 4,004 4,566 4,574 9,636 9,632 4,332 8,198 2009 2009 31,65 7,137 7,118 PC , PC ) 674 and, foreign magazines, according Since the subscription is not system Distribution Marketing undertakes the Distribution undertakes Marketing the market. Çalık Group’s Turkuvaz hold their 63% ownto calculations, of Doğanto Group Çalık and Group. Doğan that belong distributiontwo companies Group’s Planning Marketing Magazine again according to their own to again according and,distribution of magazines 290 calculations, holds 41% holds ofcalculations, the market. 747 distributes company national and common, magazines turn towards the towards turn common, magazines top-selling top-selling foreas the to come magazines travel and In Table decoration children’s 14, magazines, common, magazines turn towards the two two the towards turn common, magazines is not system subscription Since the points. sales and in distribution problems by affected also are magazines of numbers Circulation weekly basis, basis, weekly of of huge the number despite have that survived 14 in Table included magazines of majority the that in mind borne be should it above, Yet, stated as accessed. be not could figures 2010 the audits, the having conducted not yet its to due data the sinceBİK disclose and didnot figures, sales on data provide to willing not were companies However, in 2010. sincedistribution continued in Table trend This clearly 14. seen be can sales in drop magazine The magazines. economic and in tabloid is seen numbers in sales stability of degree highest the publishing, magazine In in 2011. down closed being from itself save not could it yet, arena; magazine news in the excitement created Newsweek 2008, in late publishing life its publishing. Starting magazine news of area in the numbers sales stable taining highest sale rates belong to media groups. media to belong rates sale highest magazines magazines closing down and that have that the and closing down is the only magazine main is only magazine the Aksiyon on a monthly basis; on a on basis; amonthly on - 85 84 83 82 and advertisements private in the share for a competing Yet, magazines 85 are there is only0.54%. advertisements official from magazines all of share total the Advertisement, Press of General Directorate the of data advertisement official 2010 the to According revenues. advertising official from much benefit to unable are magazines Unlike newspapers, Distribution and Revenues Advertising returned) are magazines (on of 45% points average, approximately sales of insufficiency and readership low to due returns of number ahigh involves also problem distribution the is because This network. tion distribu the leave to forcing them consequently position, difficult in aparticularly ing enterprises publish magazine small-sized and independent have put services distribution of conditions and terms in their companies distribution by made changes recent the Nonetheless, 63% hold calculations, own their to and,according magazines, 747 674 and national foreign distributes company Planning Marketing Magazine Group’s Group. Doğan Çalık and Group Doğan to belong that companies distribution holds 41% holds calculations, own their to according and, again magazines 290 of distribution the undertakes Marketing Group’s Turkuvaz Distribution cities, especially by small enterprises. small by especially cities, in bookstores specific with contracts direct to led has situation This costs. distribution (06.02.2008). v2/haber.php?haber_id=24729 Açtı”, Bayrağı İsyan Şirketine Dağıtım “Dergiler İlbeyoğlu, Nihat ibid Sözeri, Ceren tdp.com.tr/tr/services/dergi.asp. http://www. Marketing, Distribution Turkuvaz Dpp&sLanguage=Tr&iSubUrlId=14061060 http://www.dpp.com.tr/?sWhatdo= Payı” Pazar ve Portföyü “Müşteri Planlama, Pazarlama Dergi 83 of the market. the of , p. 110. http://www.evrensel.net/ 82 84 of the market. Çalık Çalık market. the of , which increase increase , which 85 . - - commercials pie. commercials 86 German German the with publishing segment, magazine the ships Turkish in built were in the sector media partner foreign first the in mind that borne be should it Also, brand. known internationally an with advantage acompetitive create to opportunity the and licensors, the by provided support know-how and sector, content the advertisement the of globalization is the trend for this reasons important most the Among magazines. licensed of consist variety tabloid the than other magazines Most magazines. economy-finance and women’s magazines magazines, tabloid are advertisements In Turkey, most the getting magazines independently. or groups media large under operating are they whether of regardless costs, meet to inability their to due down close to tend magazines aresult, As dropping. gradually also revenues advertising from magazines of share total the with day day, by publishing is losing blood magazine Magazines Group (MDG). Group Magazines Mutlu name the under publishing activities G in operating apublisher Imako, with partnered Group, and, in 2006, Doğan the by bought was newspaper the after magazine independent an Vatan as structure ownership same the Group)zines has which Maga (Vatan Grubu Dergi Vatan these, than Rizzoli of withdrawal the ing despite life publish its (DB) Burda continues Doğan while in 2003, ended partnership Numara-Hearst Bir The in partnership. also were Hearst Yayıncılık Group’s Bilgin Numara Bir and period Group, same during the while Doğan the with Hürgüç, bought Group Doğan the then, when and Hürgüç with in 1998 first partnership into reece. Today,reece. its continues Group the newspaper, (04.02.2011). newspaper, Taraf Fall], Journalists Rises, [Media Azalıyor” Gazeteciler Büyüyor, “Medya Erken, Sezayi entering GmbH entering International RCS Burda 86 , continued its existence as as existence its , continued As expressed above, above, expressed As . Other . Other - - -

69 70 Source: The Nielsen Company (2010) Company Nielsen The Source: Hello Alem PUBLICATION NAME Table 15:MostAd-TakingTop20Magazinesin2010 Vogue Turkiye Marketing Turkiye Ekonomist Maison Française Instyle Elle Marie Claire Şamdan Plus Bt Haber Para Cosmopolitan Capital Tempo Harper’s Bazaar Naviga Mediacat Home Art Hafta Sonu Source: ZenithOptimedia (2010) ZenithOptimedia Source: Chart 18: Distribution of Magazine Advertising Revenues Advertising Magazine of Distribution 18: Chart Percentage 40 20 30 25 35 10 15 0 5 PublishingGroup Interpromedya Kapital Media Çukurova Turkuvaz Turkuvaz Turkuvaz Turkuvaz Turkuvaz Naviga Doğuş

Doğan Ciner MDG Rota DB DB DB DB DB DB Group DB

Turkuvaz Group

Doğuş

Group NUMBER OFPAGES 2,060.00 2,096.00 2,797.00 1,086.00 2,184.00 1,249.00 1,680.50 1,574.00 1,800.75 2,061.50 3,291.00 1,598.50 1,474.25 1,836.25 1,398.75 1,363.83 3,621.33 1,235.75 1,122.50 Çukurova 1,101.75 Group

Infomag Publishing

Ciner Group below the moderate level (a 1500). of level threshold moderate the below is rate concentration high, the is very Group Doğan of share market the although say that we can rates, concentration and shares market of basis the on four groups top the at we look When in thismarket. for themselves aplace find small independent independent small or groups medium-sized that and channels, media other to compared concentration less is there that we see pages, ad of number the on of instead groups these of shares market the on based revenues advertising of distribution However, the groups. at media looking large aforementioned the to belong ing magazines ad-attract 20 top the Table of 16 that shows 15 Source: ZenithOptimedia (2010) (2010) ZenithOptimedia Source: Groups Magazine AdvertisementMarket(Groups) Table 16:ConcentrationLevelsinthe Turkuvaz Group Doğan Group Mutlu Total Çukurova Group Doğuş Group Magazine Group İhlas Fuar Group

Rota magazines Publishing Vatan

Magazine CR % 67.4 36.6 15.4 Group 6.2 9.2 are also able to to able also are Kapital Media Services 1699.8 1339.6 237.2 84.6 HHI 38.4 Others - ratings are on the rise. the on are ratings years, 10 for nearly metered regularly been has that channel amedia broadcasting, radio In weekends. on 10% to down drops this ratio weekdays, in the while during rush-hour and noon/during at break lunch mostly radio the to listen people 20%, to close concentration Turkey a KMG System,with the Metering by 2010 of in June,August July and conducted 88 87 TRT. of radios regional the and radios local of number afair of existence the to due probably is distribution wide This 5%. Izmir with and 20%, with Ankara by followed 34%, with top the at sits Istanbul employees, of distribution the to comes it When balanced. is more provinces among employees of distribution the channels, However, companies. media unlike in other in private work employees the of 90% than more channels, media publishing.” in other As music “sound and and recording broadcasting” “radio of sectors business in the employees insured 1402 are there data, SGK to According Employees of Characteristics workplace. the 8% in and car in the 18% home, at radio the to listen 39% a week; hours is 4.4 person per radio Turkey. the to listening spent time average The in stations radio licensed lite-broadcasting satel 50 and local 926 regional, 98 national, 35 are there RTÜK, from data to According 5.3. Radio Broadcasting increased advertising revenues. advertising increased (websites) channels for additional offering and ratings increasing by broadcasting radio of area the to contribution apositive makes Internet the that clear is also it effects, its on seen been yet has research or metering no Future of the Sector” in Istanbul (21.04.2011). Istanbul in Sector” the of Future and Present Sector: Media the in Relations Competition and “Investment on workshop TESEV’s at Chairman RATEM by Expressed 2010.” January-September Scene “Media Mindshare, 87 According to the metering metering the to According 88 Additionally, although Additionally, although - Source: SGK data (November 2010) (November data SGK Source: population. ayounger of consist broadcasting radio of area in the working those that indicates age middle over or at employees of number low hand, the other the On research. further requires and is interesting this difference stations, radio local of activities the ing and broadcast radio of nature ing widespread the Consider employees. female over dominance have amarked employees male employees, of distribution gender and age the at Looking Source: SGK data (November 2010) (November data SGK Source: Broadcasting by Age and Gender Ageand by Broadcasting Radio in Employees Insured of Distribution 19: Chart Seniority by Broadcasting Radio in Employees Insured of Distribution 20: Chart Number Of Employees 30-45 +10 year 46+ 29- 5-10 year 4% 21% 0 100 200 -5 year 75% 300 - - 400 500 Female Male

71 72 Source: RTÜK data (2008-2009-2010) data RTÜK Source: Chart 21: Distribution of Licenses (%) Licenses of Distribution 21: Chart 40 80 60 70 20 50 30 10 0 69 2008 11 20 years with the weakening of its competitive its weakeningof the with years last in the have dropped shares advertisement radio increasing, be to said are ratings radio although Agencies, Advertising of tion Turkish the from data the at Associa Looking stations. 12 Today, on broadcast to continues it services. broadcasting TV and radio providing organization only the was TRT radios, of tion i.e., privatiza the until 1990, Until advertising. and broadcasting in radio share important have Group an Saran and Medya Spectrum Group, Power as such companies corporations, five these than Other stations. have radio Ciner)Turkey Doğuş, Çukurova, Doğan, (Çalık, in corporations media large five the of Each Distribution Their and Revenues Advertising overlooked. be not should in thissector rate employment informal or rate turnover employee high the from stem thismay that possibility The seniority. of years five than have less in thissector working those of 75% seniority; of years per as distribution way in the in astriking itself shows population young insured employee the of presence The 71 2009 12 17 73 2010 12 15 Local Radio Local Radio Regional Radio National - - - Although radio ratings are said to be said radioratingsAlthough are to years (TL79 million in 2008, TL74 in in million 2008, million (TL79 years in recent course astable follow to appeared it Although channels. media other against ness Source: The Nielsen Company (2010) Company Nielsen The Source: weakening of its competitiveness of its competitiveness weakening increasing, radio advertisement shares shares radioadvertisement increasing, have dropped in the last years with the years have dropped in the last against other media channels. channels. other media against Numberone Fm İstanbul Fm Radyo Viva Radyo Spor Show Radyo TRT Fm Tatlıses Fm Radyo D Moral Fm Kral Fm Slow Turk NTV Fm Super Fm TGRT Fm Radyo 7 Burç Fm CNN TürkRadyo Marmara Fm Alem Fm Best Fm RADIO CHANNEL Ratings Highest the with Table Channels Radio 17: DURATION 4,000,773 3,062,062 2,390,029 2,680,672 3,524,744 2,602,766 3,966,202 4,305,010 4,205,923 4,018,947 3,528,988 4,076,616 3,569,587 4,808,521 3,058,712 2,876,217 3,718,379 3,455,512 4,961,101 2,557,101 Source: ZenithOptimedia (2010) ZenithOptimedia Source: 89 that, hence and broadcasting, television of case like the just frequencies, terrestrial on wide nation broadcasting radios to belongs share largest the is that emerges what data, RTÜK on based is examined types licence per as revenues advertising radio of breakdown the When 2010), of months 11 first in the TL78 million and 2009 media channels is considerably lower. is considerably channels media Percentage Revenues Advertising Radio of Distribution 22: Chart based calculation method. calculation based tariff- the using prepared being Association Advertisers the of data the to attributed be can difference The Association. Advertisers the from data the in higher somewhat look numbers The data. RTÜK and (RATEM) Union Professional Broadcasters Television and Radio the by 2009 in published Report Sector Broadcasting Television Radio and Data Advertisement 2009 the from obtained was data The 20 10 14 18 16 12 0 4 8 6 2 89 the share of radio compared to other other to compared radio of share the

Power 18 Group

Spectrum 13 Group

Doğuş 11 Group

Doğan 8 Group 8 TRT -

Çukurova 7 Group operating only in the area of radio broadcast radio of area in only the operating groups channels, media unlikeis in that other emerges what groups, media among revenues advertising of distribution the at Looking channels. media in other seen as revenues, and multitude quantitative between parallelism is no words, there In other channels. media other from examples the to similar unit prices, between differences the is to due This revenues. advertising from share biggest the getting enterprises radio and measurement second aduration/ on based advertisement most the getting enterprises radio between consistency However, is no expenditures. there sponsorship and advertising of consist also broadcasting in radio revenues broadcasting, in television As distributed. inefficiently are resources ing, broadcast television with case is the as again Best Production 6 Publishing

Radio Center 5

Saran Group 4 Radios

Bir Numara 4 Publishing

Samanyolu 3 Publishing Group 14 Others - -

73 74 As suggested in the section on legal arrangements, it arrangements, would in the on section legal suggested As Looking at theLooking distribution of advertising among revenues broadcasting should be given the support on regulations it should be given on regulations the support broadcasting be beneficial to subject radio broadcasting to a separate aseparate to radio broadcasting subject to be beneficial share the from pie; aconsiderable in receive broadcasting same conditions as TV broadcasting. Inradio this sense, broadcasting. TV as same conditions position in the radio broadcasting sector as they have in as position other sector in the radiobroadcasting needs, in consideration of distribution channels, area of effect of effect area in of distribution consideration channels, needs, regulation, as radio broadcasting does not operate under the not does under operate radio broadcasting regulation, as channels. media groups,media in is what that other media unlike emerges and market conditions. market and other words, large media groupsother do media words,large not have adominant groups operating of only radiochannels, in the area TV broadcasting. In this sense, radio broad radio In thissense, broadcasting. TV as conditions same the under operate not does broadcasting radio as regulation, separate a to broadcasting radio subject to beneficial be would it arrangements, legal on section in the suggested As revenues. advertising affect necessarily will thislimit of introduction hour), the per (rule and 20% of in television as limited, also were for radio times commercial no. 6112, Law with that recalled be It should groups. large by ignored ing channel is amedia broadcast radio that impression the gives also it revenues, advertising from gets it share the of ratio the considering broadcasting, radio of in terms perception apositive creates situation this Although barriers. entry fewer with enabling more are conditions competive where apicture reveals again once broadcasting radio advertisements, of distribution In the channels. media have they in other as sector broadcasting radio in the position dominant have not do a groups media words, large other pie;in the from share aconsiderable ing receive - - TV One Number channels: television two owns Yayıncılık Numara Bir also Klas, Radyo and 1FM Number stations, radio two to In addition Yayıncılık Numara Bir in Turkey. films and series TV foreign of in marketing engaged is also group the matches, sports international for many rights broadcasting the Holding television. local and national to content supplies also Group Saran Pink Radyo and Time Spor, Radyo Tatlıses, Radyo Radyo namely four stations, of atotal owns group the publishing, and health defence, energy, as such areas in various 1990 since Operating Group Saran pie. revenues’ advertising in the share asignificant has Group Power music content, offering channels television owning Also in 1992. nationwide broadcasting FM, Power with began which sector the entered roof, Group Power its under Fenomen Radyo and XL Power FM,Including Power Türk, Power Power Group withdrawal of of withdrawal the with in 2009 Group Actera the by over taken was Group Radio Corp., Spectrum the Communication Global Canwest Canada-based the of affiliate an Previously corporation. management fund capital private independent Group Actera the of investment is an Medya FMMetro FM Süper namely stations, four radio With Media Spectrum are as follows: as are broadcasting radio of area in the groups media big the as effective as are that groups Other conditions. market and effect of area channels, distribution of in consideration needs, it regulations on support the given be should casting Joy FM, Joy and Spectrum Türk , Joy . Other than radio broadcasting, broadcasting, radio than . Other from the Turkish the from market. Canwest , , an , an the crisis emerging towards late 2000 in the in the 2000 late towards emerging crisis the However, providers. service as mainly services, online various provided they which through up companies setting by sector Internet the entered groups These operations. commercial for launch its upon Internet in the invest to Group, first the were Zorlu and Holding Rumeli Bankası, İş Holding, Group, İhlas Group, Koç Group, Sabancı Group, Doğan Group, Çukurova Doğuş as such sectors, finance and media in the groups large The I 5.4 2011. Publishing) April and 19 on Radio (AKS ShowRadyo and 2011, 8February on initiated process tender the with sale on put was Services) Images Radio (Anatolia Viva Radyo Group, and Doğuş the to 2011 1March on sold was Services) Communication 5(Media Radyo stations, radio the Of sale. the with continue to decided TMSF process, negotiation the in arising disputes the of aresult As for sale. companies media the offered and agreement an to came TMSF and Aksoy In 2006, 2004. in company media Aksoy’s Erol of confiscation the with management TMSF to transferred was Center Radio portfolio, in its Nostalji Radyo and Viva Radyo 5, Radyo ShowRadyo, With Center Radio nationwide. in Turkey. channels FMradio Best broadcasts private first the of is one and Hattat Emrah FM Best with market in the Operates Publishing Production Best FMNumber by held also are clubs, entertainment biggest world’s the of one Sound, of Ministry of rights company recording and tour, sales commercial The in 1994. Istanbul 1FM to Number relocated years, for two satellite via broadcasting 1FM and London Number from with in 1992 life TV One Fashion and P nternet . . Starting its broadcasting broadcasting its . Starting ublishing , owned by by , owned media is rapidly increasing. is rapidly media in acc Internet the of importance the that indicate figures (51.2%). These images music, film, games, play and (55.7%), download and services and goods on (58.8%), get information pers/magazines news/newspa (64.2%), read networks social and (72.8%), rooms chat in to log e-mails send to it used mostly period 2010 January-March in the Internet the to connecting individuals survey, same the to According Internet. the to have access Survey, households of 41.6% Usage ICT TURKSTAT’s Household 2010 of results the to According population. the of 45% roughly to corresponds this figure in Turkey; users Internet million 35 are there data, Stats World rapidly. Internet to According in Turkey usage Internet very is increasing channel. distribution thisnew dominate and advertisements from share get range, ahigher product their develop to ambition their of in terms groups for these important also was years, first in those estimated fully be not could which of development the Internet, the on presence organized and Having astrong television. and media print replace gradually might Internet the that concerns to in addition connection, Internet sell and Internet the on content Turkish expand to aim the was groups large the by adopted thiscourse Behind Internet. the to over contents newspaper their carried sector media in the operating big groups the as years same in the began journalism Internet 91 90 in the Internet area. Internet in the investments affected negatively 2001, of crisis economic the by followed market, Internet İleti-s-im., 2004, p. 152. p. 152. 2004, İleti-s-im., Yayını, Akademik Hakemli Fakültesi İletişim Üniversitesi Galatasaray Faktörler” Sınırlayan Gelişimini Gazeteciliğinin İnternet Türkiye’de ve Siteleri Haber “Türkçe Tolga Çevikel, 2005. Aydoğan, Aylin ess to communication and and communication to ess 90 91 -

75 76 93 92 publishing. Internet of area in the common more are remuneration, no or wages low earning or insurance without employees as such media, traditional the with associated problems Frequent outlets. media in traditional working colleagues their than vulnerable more publishing are Internet of area in the working editors and Journalists conditions. working their concerning problems significant sector, media face the of subsector is a which publishing area, Internet the of segment journalism in the working Those (45%). females than (55%) employees is male higher of number The under. or age of years 29 workers of consists outlet, is anew which publishing, Internet (62%) in working employees majority of A vast employees. of 20% with Ankara by followed Istanbul, in operating in companies work them of 60% in thissector; employees (registered) formal Turkey. few very are there that shows This in in webportals employed 475 individuals are there data, November 2010 SGK to According Employees of Characteristics tion insisted that work is underway through through is underway work that insisted tion Informa and Press of General Directorate and Advertisement Press of General Directorate the of Officials Ministry. Prime and TGNA the especially institutions, state with exchanges receive accreditation receive and Cards get Press cannot they hence, Cards; Press on Regulation the and Law Press the governing those as such arrangements legal from excluded also publishing are Internet public agencies. public in news follow to journalists allowing authorities relevant by given approval Accreditation: (24.09.2010). masaya_yatirildi_-486921.html www.habervitrini.com/internet_gazeteciligi_ http:// Yatırıldı”, Masaya Gazeteciliği “İnternet 92 93 Journalists working in working Journalists issues in information in information issues - used at limited levels for Internet access. for Internet levels limited at used also are fibre and satellites platform, TV Cable The Internet. wideband mobile by followed in Turkey network, cable is acopper services access for wideband used platform primary The criterion. development have become for wideband numbers subscriber and quality such, the As infrastructure. Internet in the in importance is increasing Internet wideband to In access Turkey large, at world in the and Providing Infrastructure andOrganizationsInfrastructure the of Internet Characteristics legal arrangements to resolve these issues. these resolve to arrangements legal 96 95 94 TürkTelekom’s advantages. using these market access Internet the dominate to appears TürkTelekom infrastructure, entire the holding and operator telephone onlyfixed the Being June. 2010 of as services access Internet in wideband 76.8% of share amarket had has Türk Telekom’s TTNET infrastructure. entire the controlling therefore channels, transmission and exchanges telephone all networks, distribution all for Turkey infrastructure the owns which and in operator telephone fixed single is the which TürkTelekom, with are subscriptions DSL of majority 1.3%.Alarge of ashare with tions subscrip connection fibre 2.5% and with cable 10.9%, with subscriptions mobile by followed is This connection. aDSL through Internet the to access gained users the of 84.8% nearly 2010, of half second in the is that emerges that picture the types, subscription at Looking p. 53. Ibid, p. 51. 2010, al, et Müberrra Güngör, (25.01.2011). basin_karti_alacak.aspx News/755995/internet_haber_editorleri_sari_ http://www.netgazete.com/ alacak”, kartı basın sarı editörleri haber “İnternet 96 95 94

- future. near in the competition of in terms quences conse have unhealthy can thissituation has, it advantages sector, the the and, considering of big players the of one into itself transformed TürkTelekom that has appears it technologies, new of area the towards shifting progressively is sector media the provider. that Considering acontent as later, serves and addressed be will as market, communications mobile in the ashare TürkTelekom holds access, also Internet and in infrastructure advantages 98 97 newspa their carrying groups big media the by started in Turkey. also was journalism Internet publishing in Internet investments substantial make to first the were groups, big media including groups, big capital above, stated As Publishing Organizations Engaged in Internet regulations. competition effective for more needed legisla existing the of framework the within decisions make only can they that have expressed Authority Competition the of Officials Authority. Competition the of agenda the to carried been TürkTelekom of occasionally tages have also advan competitive the by caused Problems market. in the supervision competition is insufficient there that and itself for circumstances favourable create to tages advan these uses Türk Telekom, occasionally that note also Moreover, critiques competition. of in terms area is aproblematic market access Internet the that indicate companies other to compared advantages competitive significant (21.04.2011). (21.04.2011). Istanbul Sector” the of Future and Present Sector: Media the in Relations Competition and “Investment workshop TESEV’s (02.12.2010). mü?” Mümkün “Mümkünlü Katırcıoğlu, Erol 98 tion, and that social support is support social that tion, and 97 In addition to its its to In addition - - - - media. Internet in the trends the and sites, news including engines search to access the as well as IAB, the by measured not services media social wider about idea an gives portals vertical and media social of success The results. the on read adifferent gives blogs, news many to host “blogcu.com, forum, in thisnew continues actors former of dominion the that and media traditional to is similar media Internet that impression the thismay give glance first at Although sites. news followed most the among are groups big of newspapers that show 3also Annex Table sites. sharing and 18 video and providers service blog portals, were visited websites most in 2010 basis amonthly on time, to time change from rankings the although that Internet have emerged. Internet the on only quently, operating sites news Subse 1996. after Internet the to over pers 99 million Internet users ( users Internet million 10 with in 2007 established platform ment advertise interactive an Bureau), Advertising (Interactive Türkiye IAB by done metering The journalism. Internet in actors important becoming are diaries, Internet as described be “blogs,” can which Also, thischannel. on operate only that or channels media traditional in the known publications the of part are that Internet Today, the on publications many are there 100 Tolga Çevikel, ibid Tolga Çevikel, arastirma-raporlari.php http://www.iab-turkiye.org/ 3and Annex see: please details, For metering. the conducts Gemius Ölçümler called company A survey ” a social networking site that is that site networking ” asocial , p. 151. , p. 151. real users real 99

. ), 100 showed showed - -

77 78 Source: IAB Türkiye, (2010) Türkiye, IAB Source: com hepsiburada. com.tr sabah. kraloyun.com net ekolay. com gazetevatan. com.tr milliyet. com.tr hurriyet com izlesene com mynet. blogcu.com Jan. Table 18:Top10SitesVisitedbyRealUsersin2010 Com antoloji. com hepsiburada. kraloyun.com com gazetevatan. Net ekolay. com.tr milliyet. com.tr hurriyet. Com izlesene. Com mynet. Com blogcu. Feb. com.tr sabah. com haberler. com kraloyun. com antoloji. com.tr milliyet. com.tr hurriyet. net ekolay. com izlesene. com mynet. com blogcu. Mar. EUR13.2 billion in Europe in 2008. These These in in Europe 2008. billion EUR13.2 US and in the billion in EUR16.8 brought ads Internet reports, Adex Europe IAB to According time. short in avery development rapid very shows yet media, traditional to compared share small avery holds advertising Internet four groups: into divided are ads Internet covers. it what and advertising Internet describe to useful be might it distribution, their and revenues advertising addressing ing. Before in Turkeypublishing segment advertis is from Internet for the revenue of source main The Their Distribution Internet Advertising Revenues and • • • • ads), window pop-up ads, (banner ads Display E-mail ads. E-mail sites), ad-publishing on ads or shopping online (adsby ads offering Classified rates), click-through by (ads ads measured engine-based Search com.tr sabah. antoloji.com com haberler. com kraloyun. com.tr milliyet. com.tr hurriyet net ekolay. com izlesene com mynet. com blogcu. Apr. com haberturk. org sourtimes. sozluk. com kraloyun. com haberler. net ekolay. com.tr milliyet com.tr hurriyet. com izlesene. com mynet. com blogcu. May com.tr sabah. com haberler. com haberturk. com kraloyun. net ekolay. com.tr milliyet. com.tr hurriyet. com blogcu. com mynet. com izlesene. June com haberturk. com haberler. com kraloyun. Com gittigidiyor. Net ekolay. com.tr milliyet. com.tr hurriyet. Com blogcu. com izlesene. Com mynet. July - com haberler. ekolay.net com kraloyun. com haberturk. com gittigidiyor. com.tr milliyet. com.tr hurriyet. com izlesene. com blogcu. mynet.com Aug. 101 was it metering, in the included not although Additionally, pie. advertising small already the from revenue earning seek players different and many publishing, Internet of area In the Report. Report. Adex Europe IAB the to according million EUR120 and Association, Advertisers’ the from data the to according TL182 million in Turkey revenues advertising were Internet in 2009 numbers, of basis the on examined Turkey despite the rapid developments. Turkey rapid the despite in 10% under still are they while etc, Denmark UK, the as such countries European developed in investments advertisement total of 25% over reach ads Internet in Europe. billion EUR14.7 going US while in the up to billion EUR16.3 to crisis the to due in 2009 dropped numbers reports. IAB in included are types All included. is types ad Internet of range whole the not or whether from stems likely most discrepancy This 2009. Adex Europe IAB from data to according 9.2% and Agency Advertising of Association Turkish the from data to according 6.5% is figure This com kraloyun. com haberler. com haberturk. com vidivodo. com gittigidiyor. com.tr milliyet. com.tr hurriyet. com izlesene. com blogcu. com mynet. Sept com timsah. haberler.com haberturk.com vidivodo.com com gittigidiyor. com.tr milliyet. com.tr hurriyet. com.tr dailymotion. com mynet. com blogcu. Oct net ekolay. haberturk.com vidivodo.com com gittigidiyor. com.tr milliyet. com.tr hurriyet. com.tr dailymotion. com blogcu. com izlesene. com mynet. Nov com haberturk. Com timsah. vidivodo.com Com gittigidiyor. com.tr milliyet. com.tr hurriyet. Com blogcu. izlesene.com com.tr motion. Daily Com mynet. Dec 101 When When Source: ZenithOptimedia (2010) ZenithOptimedia Source: 102 on. so and ComMedya MedyaGuru, ReklamZ, Netbook, as such companies by followed Holding, Publication Doğan under established is Medyanet network such largest The network. called multimedia, selling companies through revenue advertising earn organizations Some websites. newspapers’ are model business second the of examples successful Among “mynet.com” isportal the established has it ateam through sales ad adopting company successful most The companies. planning advertisement through Internet the on sales ad and holdings, associated their through sales ad sales, ad direct models: business distinct in Turkey companies three have adopted publishing Internet Reports, IAB to According in Turkey, 5-10%. roughly of ashare with users million 23 approximately has which BOOK, FACE site networking social the and 10-20% of ashare metering—with in the is excluded MSN— by followed countries, other most in Turkey, revenues advertising in does it as Internet from 45% approximately of ashare gets Google engine search the that verbally expressed Chart 23: Distribution of Online Advertising Revenues Revenues Advertising Online of Distribution 23: Chart Türkiye IAB of member founding and İstanbul Büro Dijital of Manager Şeker, General Uğur with Interview Percentage 20 30 25 10 , 02.02.2011. 15 0 5 Msn 25 Medyanet 14 102 Mynet which which . 11 - Netbook 103 court. to matter Şti., Ltd. t Marketing has Advertising Google million. TL30 of fine pay to atax Google asked has Finance of Ministry the revenue, advertising significant any earn not do and content their localize not do they although paying taxes not for Youtube and Google criticizes Transportation of Ministry the While revenues. advertising total of section alarge holds which Google, as such giants international against government the by waged war is the distribution their and revenues advertising internet to regard with here addressed be should that matter Another (Annex 3). networks and groups media among is shared market the of portion asignificant that shows views page of number The networks. social and engines search of outside market advertisement in the dominant become to strive groups media large sales, ad own for their responsible are sites some while publishing market, internet In the 9 (06.06.2010). sayiyor-vergi-vermek-istemiyor teknoloji/haber/520970-google-turkiyeyi-yok- http://ekonomi.haberturk.com/ istemiyor” vermek vergi sayıyor, yok Türkiye’yi “Google Reklamz 7 Google ’s representative, 103 Doğuş Group 7 Medyaguru 5 aken the the aken Turkuvaz 5 Others 16

79 80 ing (6%) and data transfer (3%).ing (6%) transfer data and publish mobile including services added value 8%, (SMS) with services messaging short by (83%), calls followed telephone from revenues their of part asignificant earn operators These (2010) BTK Source: share. market highest the received TURKCELL in 2009, authorization portability number with together licenses 3G their receiving operators the Among in İş-Tim TürkTelekom shares to 40% in 2006. its assigned Mobile Italia Telecom which after Öger Telecom, to TürkTelekomof sold was 55% in 2004, Administration, Privatization the by opened tender the of aresult As Bankası. İş and Mobile, Türk Telekom, Italia Telecom AYCELL, the of merger the through GSMof formed was AVEA in 2005. TELSİM buying by market the entered VODAFONE while in 1998, launched was TURKCELL, oldest, The licences. 3G holding operators three among shared in Turkey area communication mobile is The subscribers. 3G are them of million 11.4 June 2010; of as subscribers million have 61.5 in 1998 operation starting operators GSM The in 2009. tender license 3G the of conclusion the following access increased secured and 2000s in the started media, in the sector newest the publishing, Mobile M 5.5. Operators GSM of Shares Market 24: Chart obile P Vodafone 23% Avea 18% ublishing Turkcell 59% - are as follows: as are advertisements mobile from earned Revenues in Turkey. small very yet as are in 2008) billion in 2007, $2.7 billion ($1.4 world in the growing rapidly are which revenues, advertising Mobile advertising. from come will revenue real the that is hoped it and segment, mobile the in limited seems revenue user on based model the from expectations Internet, the with As for mobile. contents popular most the among are which services, wallpaper or music listening/downloading offering companies or packages, 3G through content television mobile and sports, and information for news, messages short offering groups maymedia be These ing companies. content-provid the are thisstudy of scope the under included segment mobile the of Actors Distribution Advertising Revenues andTheir faculties or transfers from the IT sector. IT the from transfers or faculties communication of graduates usually are units in these working People subunits. media in mobile working employees 5-6 only are there average, on work employees 30-40 around in which units, these of priority is the Internet Although them. under publishing subunits mobile and development, business ing and publish digital publishing, interactive media, for new departments dedicated separate Today, are there groups, media all in almost expected. never had they area an from cost small avery at revenue earning began groups crisis, media 2001 the after Right this service. offer to able be to in order groups media with together working began then and 2002, of as SMS through transmission information/news started Operators services. messaging short with started publishing first mobile services, added value of scope the Within - - 106 105 104 have providers content saythat to possible is it supporters, technology own up their set have providers these of some that considering yet thischannel, from revenues advertising in TL5.5 million of atotal earned providers content in 2010, that accepted It is generally supporters. tech to 10-15% approximately and providers content to GSMoperator, go the to 35-40% revenues advertising the of 50% Roughly providers. content and supporters technology between is divided remaining share The owners. channel as accepted in asense, are, who and services infrastructure provide who operators, GSM to goes share biggest the revenues, advertising these of distribution the at Looking added. are ad) an of subject the are that products the agift as giving campaigns SMS tors, opera by usage SMS (one-way SMS, internal when million TL30-35 TL17-18 reach million, up to amounting atotal with revenues, The • • • Agency Media Mobile Move Manager, Onur, General Kurt messages. in images and text graphics, melodies, combine to opportunity the users offers that system messaging a Services): Messaging (Multimedia MMS “entertainment.” and “information” words the of combination the from derived is term The entertaining. while informing Infotainment: databases: TL11-12 million. TL11-12 databases: authorized through only published Ads ment (ads spaces infotain to Sponsorship million, TL2 approximately applications): iphone net, (wap, ads display Inter mobile Mobile services): around TL3.5 around million, services): content subscription-based but free 106 , interview through e-mail, 09.02.2011. e-mail, through , interview 104 media SMS, media MMS, 105 video-based video-based - - - platforms. music digital of field growing constantly in the invest to opportunity an finding also while publishing activities, online its continue to “fizy.com” enabling thereby infringements, (MÜYAP) copyright to due Society Industry Turkish the with problems Phonographic after down closed was that engine music search “fizy.com”, the with collaborated has CELL TURK area. content in the especially nities, opportu cooperation turning towards also are operators equality, other competition to regard with is criticised thissituation While market. providers incontent AVEA) and shares 81% Telekom (Türk has GSMmarket the market, provider service Internet in the concomitantly TürkTelekom example, For operates providers. content own their establishing towards turning also are operators units, support tech own up their setting providers content to Similar cooperation. strategic of possibility the agenda the on brought and competition in Turkey, growth rapid increased sees has also which and worldwide in 2013 dollars billion 10 reach to is expected which market, advertising mobile in the players of number high The revenues. TL1.5-1.75 net in advertising earned million 108 107 (30.01.2001). (30.01.2001). http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25176641/ Fizy], Saved [TURKCELL kurtardı” TURKCELL “Fizy’yi Onur. Kurt with Interview 107 108 - -

81 82 Sixth Section range constituting the largest group. group. largest the constituting range age 30-34 in the low, employees of 38.9% with is not sector in the employees of age average the assumptions, common to Contrary years. 7 4to of have aseniority sector advertising in the employed those directors), of 28.9% art copywriters, ad strategists, directors, (creative creators advertisement 190 on survey the to according In thiscontext, employees. its of all cover not does it sector,the although on building perspective to contributes Survey Profile Creators Ad 2010 Nielsen’s of Results Employees of Characteristics companies. producer 30 approximately to in addition agencies, planning media and agencies advertising including corporations, institutionalized 100 almost of consists in Turkey sector advertising the ing Agencies, Advertis of Turkish the from data Association to According advertisements. of production in the part taking producers and ing channels advertis agencies, media agencies, advertising (clients), advertisers the encompasses sector advertising The discussed. and examined be to needs that area is an companies media large and agencies advertising advertisers, between relationships the hence, revenues; advertising from receives it share the on based mined is deter sector media in the channel every size virtually of sector. The media the of ity continu and survivability ensuring the sources important most the of is one Advertising 6.1. A the Media Sector Secondary Sectors Affecting dvertising - - - - Source: Mediacat (January 2010) (January Mediacat Source: 2010) (January Mediacat Source: while 36% receive TL1500-3000, followed by by followed TL1500-3000, receive 36% while TL4500-6000, between of asalary receive 38% that reveal levels income respondents’ The Sector Employees by Seniority by Employees Sector Advertising of Distribution 25: Chart Sector Employees by Age by Employees Sector Advertising of Distribution 26: Chart 25-29 years 25-29 younger and years 24 12-15 yıl 12-15 Years 4 then Less 18% 10% 20% 4% 5% 35-39 years 35-39 years 30-34

11% 2% 16-19 years 16-19 years 4-7 21% 3% 39% 16% 23% 29% older and years 50 years 45-49 years 40-44 more and years 20 yeas 8-11

85 86 Source: Mediacat (January 2010) (January Mediacat Source: Employees Advertising-Sector for Income of Distribution 27: Chart Percentage 20 25 10

Under 1.500 TL 15 0 5

1.501 - 3.000TL

3001 - 4.500TL

globalization of the advertising sector. advertising the of globalization rapid the and giants advertising tional in Turkey launched multina by investments the was period in that development actual the change. However, astructural undergo to ment advertise caused has in 1984 broadcasting TV colour to transition sector, the media and the of industrialization the to parallel developing begun In Turkey, has sector advertising the Advertising Agencies 4.501 - 6.000TL content. affect likely will field same in the sectors other to journalism from workforce aquality of shift the that and journalism, of profession the against also are journalists of interests the against conditions working these that overlooked be not It should imbalanced. is more distribution wage their and pressure wage aheavier under work faculties), journalists communications from graduation require professions both (considering that backgrounds educational have they similar although that shows 6 in Chart employees media of distribution wage the on data the to 27 in Chart data the Comparing TL3000-4500. earning 33%

6.001 - 7.500 TL

7.501 - 10.000TL

10.001 - 12.500TL

Over 12.501 TL

Not Responded - - “Agency Report 2010 Index” 2010 “Agency the to According Report networks. advertising in international engaged in Turkey operating agencies are planning media Today, and advertising the of all almost in Istanbul. based not agencies small-sized and partners foreign no with agencies of space living the narrowed situation This brands. international by provided support know-how the from benefit to sought brands local services, supplied they which from agencies global through level local the at budgets and strategies their controlling at aimed brands famous internationally While process. incorporation the tion, accelerated globaliza with along communication, of area in the continuing privatisations the 1990s, the In agencies. the out bought or ensuing years in the percentages partnership their increased either market, the knew that agencies local with partnerships establish initially to markets in emerging preferring agencies, International RSCG. Euro Klan name the under operating began and RSCG Euro with partnered Reklam in 1997, Klan Burnett Markom/Leo to name its changed and Burnett Leo with in 1987 partnered Thomson Manajans with merged Lintas Saatchi&Saatchi with Reklamcılık Sanatlar Güzel and Erickson, McCann with partnership established Reklam Pars Advertising US Grey with ment agree apartnership signed Cenajans In 1985, 110 109 Alice BBDO Alice into formed trans and BBDO in 1991 with partnership into companies operating in Turkey follows: operating as companies are w the of groups advertising largest the of list ranking in the groups four top the magazine, Age Advertising the by agency-report-2010-index/14295 http://adage.com/article/datacenter-agencies/ Index,” 2010 Report “Agency Age, Advertising p. 70-102. Tosun, 1989, Nurhan 109 Alice Reklam Alice , founded in 1989, entered entered in 1989, , founded Charta . Later, Charta in 1986, . orld and their their and orld ; in the same year, same ; in the . Subsequently, . ; Markom - - 110 -

111 Source: Advertising Age, “Agency Family Trees 2010, Agency Report 2010 Index” 2010 Report Agency 2010, Trees Family “Agency Age, Advertising Source: GROUP Table 19:GlobalAdvertisingNetworks/andMediaPlanningAgenciesPresentinTurkey revenue (USD) Worldwide Agencies Media Planning Turkey Agencies Advertising Turkey source, each agency included under the groups is listed, while the table shows the advertising and media planning agencies operating in in Turkey. operating agencies planning media and advertising the shows table the while listed, is groups the under included agency each source, http://adage.com/article/datacenter-agencies/agency-report-2010-index/14295 at found be can source original The WPP Group 13.6 Billion Maxus Grup MSearch MediaCom Mec Mindshare Grup M Grey Istanbul Manajans /JWT Ogilvy Türkiye Wunderman Istanbul Young&Rubicam İstanbul Grey Ajans Grey Grup J.Walter ThompsonAdvertising JWT Ogilvy&MatherAdvertising OgilvyOne Worldwide Ogilvy &Mather Wunderman Young &Rubicam Young &RubicamGroup Maxus Medya Grup MTürkiye Mediacom Istanbul Mec ActiveEngagement Mindshare Istanbul OMNICON Group 11.7 Billion OMD WorldWide OMNICON MediaGroup TBWA /Istanbul Alice BBDO DDB&Co. Medina TurgulDDB Tequila TBWA Worldwide TBWA Worldwide Proximity Worldwide BBDO Worldwide BBDO Worldwide DDB Worldwide Communication Group DDB Worldwide OMD Istanbul 111 PUBLICIS Group 6.3 Billion Starcom MediavestGrup Zenith Media ZenithOptimedia Saatchi Güzel SanatlarSaatchi& Leo Burnettİstanbul Publicis Bold Saatchi&Saatchi Leo BurnettWorldwide Publicis Starcom MediavestTürkiye Zenith Medya of Cos. INTERPUBLIC Group 6 Billion Universal McCann Lowe Istanbul Istanbul McCann Erickson Lowe Ajans Lowe &Partners Worldwide McCann Ercikson McCann WorldGroup Istanbul Universal McCann . In the original original the . In

87 88 112 media determining market, the assessing budget, right the creating as such tasks out carry agencies planning Media media. the with advertiser the by established relationship the maintain and advertisers, of demands the consideration into taking frequency,what also at and channel which through published be will message advertisement which of planning the execute media, the and advertisers between abridge as act which agencies, planning Media Media Planning Agencies order: in descending follows, groups) as are international with (eight affiliated agencies advertising largest 10 the in 2010, radio and newspaper, for television, magazines made advertisements of prices tariff on based tions calcula by obtained results the to According agencies. in advertising work people 3000 roughly that It is estimated 1980. after 52 and 1960 before established 2were agencies, member these of Association, Advertisers’ the from obtained data to According Agencies. Advertising of Turkish the of Association members are them of 85 where departments, planning media and creative relations, customer with service full offering agencies Today, advertising 100 approximately are there 10. Y&R10. Reklamevi Istanbul Euro RSCG 9. McCann-Erickson 8. 7. Burnett Leo Yorum Publicis 6. Turgul Medina 5. DDB Saatchi&Saatchi Sanatlar Güzel 4. Team3. Red TBWA2. /ISTANBUL Alametifarika 1. Medicat, January 2010. January Medicat, 112 - groups in an advantageous position. position. advantageous in an groups media large placing again once initiatives, own their use to agencies planning media allow data these between inconsistencies However, the channels. the of circulation ratings/ the evaluate agencies planning media expenditure, advertising the distributing When ads. taking of chances their reducing by choices, for advertisers’ except agencies planning media by ignored are that enterprises media the of survival of chances the reduces market the of thisstructure cases, some In expenditures. advertising of distribution the concerning decisions the of all virtually dominate agencies 10 top the channels, across expenditures advertising of distribution in the influential are which agencies, planning media the Among thisstructure. within included also are expenditures advertising high with advertisers Local arena. international in the operating clients serve networks these of Most networks. planning media and advertising global with affiliated are in Turkey agencies planning media 10 top the of all data, 2009 to According networks. global of Turkey’s as offices serve mostly companies Today, diversified. channels media these etc.) as and collection data and ing processes report (market surveys, increased workloads their as incorporate and agencies advertising away from breaking began years, initial in the agencies creative within departments as operated which agencies, planning Media in number. twenty almost have reached today 2000s, early in the five even not were there which of agencies, sector, planning media advertising in the place taking developments the to Parallel complex. and diverse more becoming channels media the with importance more gained has sector in the role their mix; media the creating and choices, media and audience target the identifying targets, - 113 million is $713 for 2010 Worldwide Mindshare figure, in this Included billion. $2.06 as announced M Grup countries. in 67 offices Mindshare 97 has Grup WPP countries, in 107 presence and offices 2400 ees, employ 141,000 M with Grup of umbrella the under Grup WPP the within operating agencies planning media the of One Mindshare: in Turkey: agencies planning media 10 top the at look acloser us take Let (2010) ZenithOptimedia Source: Güzel Sanatlar Grubu. Today, Grubu. Medya Sanatlar Güzel Zenith in Turkey the under in 1996 established was Group Publicis the of is apart Zenith offices, 195 with incountries 70 Operating Zenith: Chart 28: Market Shares of Media Planning Agencies, 2010 Agencies, Planning Media of Shares Market 28: Chart

agency-report-2010-index/14295 http://adage.com/article/datacenter-agencies/ Index,” 2010 Report “Agency Age, Advertising Persentage 10 14 18 16 12 0 4 8 6 2 14 Mindshare ’s yearly revenue for 2010 was was ’s for 2010 revenue yearly 10 Zenithoptimedia 113 .

OMD 8 ’s revenue yearly 7

. Mediacom

Universal 7 Mccan . It - Mediamax 5 million. Group WPP the is under itself which M, Group within included agencies planning media the of is one it offices, 106 with countries in 81 Operates Mediacom: group. the under operating offices country 170 the among 20th ranked it in 2009, Starcom and Spark MediaVest, Group MediaVest under included agencies three the of One Starcom: 2005. 2005. 2010 was announced as $673 million. $673 as announced was 2010 ZenithOptimedia group. same the within agencies media independent and separate two as operate Optimedia and 115 114 4 Mediavest Ibid. Ibid. 3 115 People It began its operations in Turkey operations in its It began Communications 3

. Its revenue for 2010 is $570 is $570 for 2010 revenue . Its Mec

Speed 3 , which consists of of consists , which

’s for revenue annual Medya

Carat 3 . Growing by 22% 22% by . Growing

Veritas Media 2 114

Cereyan Media 2

Starcom 1 1 Mediainsight

By the company / 16 Unknown 11 Other Agencies

89 90 lion Group WPP M under Group within agencies planning media in Turkey the of is one and in 2001, established It was offices. 250 with countries in 84 active is Group, it WPP the under Included MEC: 2006. in January atürk Medi with merged it in 2005, shares atürk’s Medi buying Media Aegis Upon countries. in 70 offices has it in 1968; founded Group Aegis Universal Carat the under Operates Carat: 117 116 full-service to In addition effectively. more it use could they how on reflecting and venue this new recognizing suppliers and clients in advertising resulted 2000s early and 1990s late in the Internet the of popularization The Digital Agencies million $730 was for 2010 revenue annual OMD Worldwide countries. in 80 offices 140 BBDO, namely cies, TBWA DDB and agen big advertising three of partner media global the as OMDworks in 1996, Founded Group Omnicon the of enterprise An OMD: countries. in 100 ing offices Agency, has which Advertis McCann-Erickson the of leg planning media the at serves and Group INTERPUBLIC the Group, under World McCann-Erickson the under It operates McCann: Universal ing in Turkey 2007. since operat been has and countries in 50 61 offices Group Aegis the within Included Vizeum: in Turkey and 1978, 2001. since since level global the at operating been Has Group Media Havas the within Included MPG: agency-report-2010-index/14295 http://adage.com/article/datacenter-agencies/ Index,” 2010 Report “Agency Age, Advertising Ibid. 117 . . Its 2010 revenue was $595 mil $595 was revenue 2010 . Its . . It has over over . It has , it has has , it 116 - - . . ’s - - - . - a sector on its own. own. its on a sector is becoming advertising digital that indication important is an Bureau) in 2010 Advertising (the Interactive INTERACT of establishment sector. The for the milestones important in Turkey IAB and were Association) Media (Internet IMD of Establishment 100. over number they today 2000s, early in the agencies Turkey. digital 10 roughly were there While in decade last in the agencies digital of number in the increase arapid to led this expertise for demand client the and expertise requires that avenue as Internet the of structure the them,whereas up within set they departments digital the within Internet for the ideas their create to tried agencies years, initial the In in only thisarea. services providing in and specializing agencies digital of establishment the to led sector advertising for the Internet the of importance increased the agencies, 118 2010. in 66% reached thisratio while channels, TV five top the by broadcast types gramme pro the of 49% constituted series 2004, In series. to is allocated channels ming TV on program prime-time the of part significant sector. Today, export an become today a also has sector series TV the 2005, since growth considerable Achieving sectors. picture motion the and broadcasting television the larly particu media, feeding the sources important the of is one sector production series TV The S TV 6.2. highest ratings is also striking. is also ratings highest the getting types programme the among series Mindshare, “Market Overview”, 2010. 2010. Overview”, “Market Mindshare, 118 The overwhelming pre-eminence of of pre-eminence overwhelming The eries P roduction - - - thousand having lost their jobs during the crisis. crisis. during the jobs their having lost thousand 50 with thousand, is 150 sector in the employees of number total the that It is estimated 20-30. of acast to average, in on addition people, 60-100 employ series TV high-budget that states report crisis, the global the of impact the to due numbers 2008 to compared 30% shrunk by has economy series the that Demonstrating report. the of date the by channels national seven on broadcast being indigenous series 42 were there (İSMMMO), Accountants Public Certified of Chamber Istanbul the by released report -May 2010) Economy (Series 119 Dizi Ekonomisi 2010 the –Mayıs to According 2010 Mindshare, Source: Chart 29: Distribution of Programmes with Highest Rating by Type by Rating Highest with Programmes of Distribution 29: Chart dizi%20arastirmasi.pdf. dizi%20arastirmasi.pdf. org.tr/docs/yayinlar/kitaplar/2010/10_10%20 http://archive.ismmmo. at found be can report The companies. production with interviews through collected were data the that expressed was it interview, an In used. techniques and methodology research the specify not does report the However, report. the from taken were study the of section this in used data the of Most TV Series 56% Magazine 1% 119

have been victims of accidents. of victims have been more several lives; their have lost employees production cinema five years, five last in the hours; 18-20 reach series in TV working those of hours working Union, daily Workers the Cinema the by announcement an to According suffer. they accidents occupational the of because agenda the on come also conditions severe under and insurance without working workers Series’ years. in recent ly voiced frequent have been series in TV working those of conditions working the concerning Problems 120 number agencies casting by met are demands casting Series’ episode. Turkish per Liras thousand 20 get 5to series TV of actresses actors/ report, İSMMMO’s to According Sports Programmes (04.01.2011). (04.01.2011). duyuru-yayinladi/ ve-tv-dizisi-calisanlarinin-haklariyla-ilgili- sanatgazete.com/2011/01/04/sine-sen-sinema- http://www. Yayınladı”, Duyuru İlgili Haklarıyla Çalışanlarının Dizisi TV ve Sinema “Sine-Sen, Movies 9% 2% Entertainment News 18% Programs 14% 120 - -

91 92 121 initiatives. these supports Trade Foreign of also tariat Undersecre the countries; other to exported in Turkey produced now series are The channels. television and companies production for both sector islucrative ahighly production series’ TV that suggests Report ISMMMO The 20-40%. of profit a on adding after stations TV to series the sell companies Production thousand. TL60-100 sit-coms is of between cost average, the on thousand TL300 reaches series drama a shooting of cost the While thousand. TL10-70 between vary revenues sponsorship that indicates it 20%; of crisis, areduction the after thousand TL200-400 crisis, going to the down before thousand TL300-900 brought ads series report, the to According revenues. advertising on ahuge had effect has years in recent series TV to dedicated time air considerable The shrink. a30% indicating in 2008, TL1 billion as announced was figure This in 2010. million TL700 as identified was sector series TV size the the of report, same the to According thousand. TL10-15 between scriptwriters’ and thousand TL20-25 between range wages Directors’ TL30-100. of wage adaily receive agencies these comingof out Actors/actresses famous. becoming or job asecond finding of hope the with agencies upcasting sign at others career, many acting aprofessional pursuing are who those to In addition rosters. their on actors/actresses registered thousand 50 have them,they between today; 100 ing above revenue of $500-20 thousand is generated per per is generated thousand $500-20 of revenue generally, countries; Eastern in Middle share programme foreign the of 60% constitute cfm?haberNo=591 dtm.gov.tr/dtmweb/bakanHaberDetay. http://www. Trade, Foreign of Undersecretariat 121 Series produced in Turkey produced Series . - episode. 123 122 nies. compa production includes also enterprises in television particularly and sector media in the investors foreign by shown interest (21.04.2011). Istanbul Sector,” the of Future and Present Sector: Media the in Relations Competition and “Investment the on workshop TESEV’s (15.01.2011). 559fbaf43f5f aspx?HaberKodu=6b461cc3w-48b9-4958-bbb9- http://www.trt.net.tr/haber/HaberDetay. aştı”, doları Million 50 yılında 2010 ihracatı film “Dizi 123 122 Additionally, in recent years the the Additionally, years in recent - Seventh Section

prevent the domination of a few groups over a over groups afew of domination the prevent to failed laws relevant the and occurred, trend across-ownership stations, broadcasting radio-TV private of launch the with and 1990s mid in the broadcasting public on monopoly the of abolition the With scale. of economies on than effectively more even or to addition in in regulation, problems the on centred has market in the concentration the of cause the Turkey, as such In countries regulation. sound through only is possible operation healthy their and world, in the everywhere almost structures market monopolist of conditions under operate scale) of economies of influence (the costs investment high require that and opinion public influence to potential their to due interest attract that markets Media increase. to began interest an showing investors foreign of number the and growth economic with in parallel increased media in the interest period, In thisnew tenders. through sold in time and TMSF to transferred were system the of out wiped ing those to belong enterprises while got stronger market in the remain to managing groups market, the from withdraw to sectors media and financial the in both investments had that holdings the of some forced crisis, which the After 2001. of incrisis Turkey economic market the was shapingtoday’s even media and on impact having most event the The sectors. other in operating for investors attractive this area made 1980 after policy in economic Changes 1960s. in the trend industrialization an entered control, state under launched media, Print Conclusion - any regulations on cross-ownership, create the the create cross-ownership, on regulations any of lack the and implemented, be is to system this how about However, uncertainty the monopolization. prevent to introduced was shares focusing market on system anew and expanded, considerably were law previous in the ownership, restrictions media Regarding EU regulations. is in keeping with law, previous in the and existing gaps the filling by extensively more is regulated focuses, law the which on broadcasting, commercial of area EU. the of Yet, regulations the the with mity in confor is not thissituation that Ited. is clear restrict further are broadcasting commercial than other types broadcasting that perception the to due criticism garners It also thought. of freedom limit can that sions in amanner expres ambiguous and excessively-detailed with regulated are principles broadcasting the that grounds the on criticism most the attracts 2011 3March on coming effect into Broadcasts Their and Television Enterprises and Radio of Establishment on Law The broadcasting. radio-television of area in the regulations legal enact to amust it have made EU the with legislation the align to efforts the and technologies new of development the to in addition frequencies, allocate to failure the and investors foreign against limit ownership share 25% the by caused barriers entry high the problem, concentration the to solution a find to system existing the of inability The domain. media the called today sector, in the concentration prevent to efforts various sector, the despite of section large - - -

95 96 low price of TV advertisements due to the the to due advertisements TV of price low the and channels television of number high the of is aresult This event. pie, in any that of half than more gets sector television the enough; large being from is far channels, media many feeds today pie, which However, advertising the further. grow to have potential the revenues advertising that is clear it – 0.4%, 0.3 of neighbourhood in the remains GDP to ratio its that Considering 2014. by billion 10 to close alevel reach to expected are they 2002; since trend upward asignificant have seen In Turkey,advertising. revenues advertising from comes revenue real the market media in the known, is well as because, revenue, advertising earn to desire the and mated, overesti is opinion,sometimes which public media’s is the influence to outlet media power one than in more invest to investors pushes and attractive sector media the makes What censorship. in Internet engaging Turkey countries of watchlist the on have placed process judicial the on information sufficient of lack the and sanctions the of implementation about clarity sufficient of lack inconsistently. The and narrowly too area content the regulates no. 5651 Law Internet cross-ownership. prevent to regulations any include not does also Law Press the example, For attention. draws also sector media the of structuring the concerning arrangements legal other in the problems similar of presence The regulations. new the of promising the aspects are broadcasters, local for system auditing afairer to transition the as well censorship, as as perceived are which penalties, interruption broadcast of limitation the and regulation, in the technologies new of inclusion the problem, distribution frequency solved be to yet the of resolution for calendar ambitious an of setting the less, Neverthe concentration. prevent to sufficient be not will taken measures the that impression - - media. However, in the area of newspaper However, newspaper of media. area in the in print expected be is to numbers circulation and revenues advertising of distribution the between parallelism In general, newspapers. it,to and,within media print to goes revenues in advertising share largest second The space. living their narrow and broadcasters independent small-sized, the affect mostly direction in that advertisers influence to potential their and groups media large with work to agencies planning media of tendency The partners. international with agencies planning media ten of hands the is in market entire the In thisarea, themselves. advertisers the as much as not though sector, media in the revenues advertising of distribution the on have influence an ers advertis of behalf on acting agencies planning media the that Additionally, appears venues. it media other to shift will revenues advertising the of portion some then rise, will prices ad first that is no. expected it 6112, Law new the with durations advertisement to introduced However, for them. limits the shares with balanced more prevent and outlets media other all across revenues advertising of growth the limit channels television between tion competi the and ads television of share The interest. thisincreased from share get their ratings, increasing by ing revenues advertis for television important very become have which companies, production series TV the even and investors, foreign attracts also broadcasting television by revenues advertising from received share The frequency. terrestrial on nationwide broadcasting enterprises television to goes share greatest the revenues, advertising of distribution In the the highest accessibility and greater visibility. greater and accessibility highest the has sinceit in television, budgets advertising their spend to preferable it may find budgets limited with clients even circumstances, these Under channels. between competition - - - source of revenue in the areas of Internet and and Internet of areas in the revenue of source primary the become has Advertising media. the of future the to regard with position nant in adetermi being as is seen Internet the UK, the US and in the achieved has it percentages the and rate growth its considering revenues, advertising 6.5% from approximately received only has it Although areas. communication recently, and,more mobile in the Internet the on are converge outlets/venues media these all where areas important most The groups. media smaller with pie existing the share to willing are and decreasing are revenues advertising where this venue from withdrawing are media the controlling publishing groups larger Even the distribution. their and revenues advertising to regard with sacrificed have to been appear that outlets In Turkey, media the are radios and magazines possible. seem not does in publishing quality competition losses, simply absorb publications some that Considering revenues. advertising on polarization political of reflection the is subsectors other the way than marked more in a media in print arising situation Another importance. vital of remains still promotions out giving of practice the thissituation, from affected adversely more are that magazines in and Internet, the and television toward shifting are revenues advertising where ing and decreas gradually are ratings and sales where In newspapers investors. foreign especially investors, new to attractive is not legs, dying its on be to is considered which publishing, newspaper that is clear it this structure, With prices). ad and (sales prices the manipulates revenues advertising from share largest the getting newspaper the that established also was it Nevertheless, loss. absorbing by survive only can oligopolistic called be can which and concentration ahigh has which structure amarket within operating newspapers many So in sales. than rather revenues in advertising is seen competition publishing, - - to make to in order to maintain their jobs. jobs. their maintain to in order to make to is obligated state the that guarantees simplest the even of deprived are journalists that show examples similar and him. This against charges the of ignorant remains he furthermore, trial; on is currently He him jobless. left ultimately that problems organization and contractual concerning his of actions aresult as media; mainstream in the his of experience account study, the of gave thisarea an on workshop in the participated Şık, who Ahmet journalist experienced in point, burner. acase back As the to pushed less or sector, more the are of function social the to due importance utmost of are which experience, and specialization that suggests rate turnover employee high The years. five than is less for employees seniority of year average the sectors, media all in almost Today, market. the of concentration increased the to due rights organization and tual contrac their waive to forced are journalists is where far so here faced challenge important most The content. media hence and relations labour affect conditions advantaged cally economi than less under even power media having of sake for only the operate that prises enter in Turkey of presence markets the and media the of structure concentrated The technologies. new of use and access increased with future near in the more felt impact its make will and advantages, tive competi major with aplayer as sector media TürkTelekomthe that entered indicates has situation This services. content provides also publishing, in mobile hence GSM and of areas in the investments holds also which company, the market; access Internet in the amonopoly virtually it makes companies other as conditions same the to country, is subject the of infrastructure entire the holds which TürkTelekom, that fact The well. as sector up in this flaring are competition concerning However, debates major outlets. traditional is in it the as much publishing also, mobile - - - -

97 98 the media domain. The data evaluated within within evaluated data The domain. media the across also but in only regulations not itself shows transparency concerning problem The transparently. run is not process the that perception dislodge to the failed all public the to drafts the of presentation and views, all to open were they that statements their participation, to importance of attribution regulators’ the happy; parties the make in thisenvironment made regulations the of thisstudy. of None scope the within organized workshops in the even times at response, get a to failed sector the of problems the solve to together come to call another.one The with communication in effective engaging from them prevent experience past from stemming parties respective the of prejudices and ments judge The minds. their speak and assemble can readers/viewers even and regulators researchers, agencies, advertising advertisers, employees, representatives, sector where platforms create to is aneed there tion, first, legisla and structuring both from originating sector To media the of problems the solve contents. media of quality in the also but relations in labour existing problems in only the not reflected doubt is no situation This employees. male-female of number the of in terms women against bias apparent is the addressed be must that matter important Another ones. experienced over journalists inexperienced and low-wage low-cost, prefer executives and owners words, media In other employees. of wages the between huge are discrepancies there that show also informally. working Data those for lower is even TL1250; of thisfigure salary monthly average an receive sector media in the employed formally those aforementioned, As wages. through employees on pressure exert also aloss, at operate which of some practices, monopolistic and concentration of effect the to due profits low on operating enterprises Media - - would create the perception of censorship. of perception the create would practices and decisions its them,and solving of instead problems existing already the deepen further doubt no would independently and autonomously act cannot that importantly, and,more qualities these possess not does that organization umbrella An countries. other of examples in openly, the seen as participate to invited be would academia) representatives, reader/viewer organizations, employee organizations, (professional sector the of areas various the of all where structure dent indepen and autonomous an through possible be only can organization ing thisumbrella of function healthy the is inthat mindkept here However, be coordination. should and what communication ensuring healthy like and look should regulation effective and correct what discussing regulations, in the contradictions in eliminating useful be will sector media entire the covering organization umbrella inclusive autonomous, an Creating regulations. different to subject are that and suggestions these of most realize to aim that authorities regulatory or agencies public many also are There quality. content increased and conditions working of improvement competition, sector, increased media the of development the concerning unions trade and organizations employee experts, communication organizations, professional organizations, non-governmental several by devised have been proposals valuable many that demonstrated study This problems. of resolution the to contribution a greater making thereby studies, in similar sector media the on misperceptions the alleviate will all to accessible measurements/meterings sound that sector. It in the is clear transparency and development wishing see to those of support the with surmounted partially were obstacles these secrets; trade or tape red by times many hindered were thisstudy of scope the - - Tekelci Medya Örgütsüz Örgütsüz Medya (2004) Tekelci Özsever, Atilla ve değişim Gür, yapısında (1983) Ayşen “Sermaye büyüyor, gazeteciler “Medya Erken, Sezayi, Piyasa Krizi: Finans (2008). Küresel Mahfi Eğilmez, ve Siteleri Tolga Haber Çevikel, (2004). “Türkçe Geleneksel (2005). Aylin “‘İnternet’te Aydoğan, ve Cinsiyetçilik Asker, (2004), Ayşe “Medyada /D Books References Sözeri, Ceren (2006). “Türkiye’de Medya Grupları Grupları Medya “Türkiye’de (2006). Ceren Sözeri, ve Ekonomisi (1998). Medya Alev Söylemez, Reklamcılık (2001). Çokuluslu Cem Pekman, Gazeteci Yayınları. Ansiklopedisi Türkiye Dönemi dergiler,” Cumhuriyet (04.02.2011). azalıyor,” journal, Taraf Kitabevi. Eleştirisi Sisteminin İleti-s-im. 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99 100 “Reklam Yatırımları Raporları, 1993-2010,” 1993-2010,” Raporları, Yatırımları “Reklam ------Agencies Advertising of Turkish Association http:// Statistics, Media Printed (2009). TÜİK Enemies,” “Internet Borders, Without Reporters (2010), “Global LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers and Technology Science, for Directorate OECD 2010. 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101 102 TESEV, Workshop on “Labour Relations in the in the Relations “Labour on Workshop TESEV, in the Relations “Labour on Workshop TESEV, I Sarsılırken Çıkarmalarla Toplu«Medya İşten “Sine-Sen, Sinema ve TV Dizisi Çalışanlarının Çalışanlarının Dizisi ve TV Sinema “Sine-Sen, nterviews Media Sector,” Istanbul (21.12.2010). (21.12.2010). Sector,”Media Istanbul (18.12.2010). Sector,”Media Ankara com/bu-haberi-vermeye-yurekleri-yetme http://www.internethaber. (27.01.2011), Yansımadı,» Sayfalarına İnternet ‘Küçülme’ ve Habertürk’teki Grubu Sabah uru-yayinladi/ dizisi-calisanlarinin-haklariyla-ilgili-duy com/2011/01/04/sine-sen-sinema-ve-tv- http://www.sanatgazete. (04.01.2011), Yayınladı”, Duyuru İlgili Haklarıyla di-324040h.htm. - - Yavuz Semerci, Head of Board of Directors Directors of Board of Yavuz Head Semerci, Büro Manager, Şeker, Dijital Uğur General via Tahsin, interview newspaper, Mehmet Zaman Media Manager, Onur, Mobile Move Kurt General TESEV, Workshop on “Investment and Competi and “Investment on Workshop TESEV, in the “Regulations on Workshop TESEV, newspaper, interview, 20.03.2009. interview, newspaper, in Habertürk writer and -Gazeteport, 02.02.2011. interview, Türkiye, IAB of member founding and İstanbul, 23.02.2011. e-mail, 09.02.2011. e-mail, via Agency, interview (21.04.2011). Sector,” the of Future Istanbul and Present Sector: Media in the Relations tion (11.03.2011). (11.03.2011). Area,” Istanbul Publishing/Broadcasting - Annex

Owns Which Companies, 2011 ANNEX 1: Which Media Group Doğan Group Company 2011 Companies, Which Owns Group Media Which Aydın DoğanFoundation Social Activities Doğan Factoring Doğan DışTicaret(ForeignTrade) Other activities: Euro Star Euro D Kanal DRomania TME DMG International Europe: Doğan PrintingCenter(DPC),Ofset Printing: D&R Magazine MarketingPlanning YAYSAT (DoğanDağıtım) Distribution andRetail: Birpa MüşteriHizmetleri(CallCenter) Smile ADSL Doğan Telekom Doğan Platform Digital Services: www.posao.hr www.oglasnik.hr www.mojedelo.com www.szuperallas.hu www.expressz.hu www.job.ru www.irr.ru www.auti.hr ww.nekretnine.net TME siteleri hangisinegitsek.com arakibulaki.com Tipeez.com Hurriyetkiyasla.com anneyiz.biz arabam.com com hurriyetemlak.com milliyetemlak.comhurriyetoto. hurriyet.com.tr milliyet.com.tryenibiris.com.tr Internet: Doğan BurdaMagazine,Egmont,Books Periodical-Book Publishing: News Agency:DHA Home Video,DMC TV-Music Production:DProductions,Kanal Moda Radio: RadyoD,CNNTürkRadyo,SlowTürk,Radyo D-Smart, DoğanTelemarketing Interactive Channels:(FixTV,DigitalTVPlatform: Turner: TNT,CNNTürk,CatroonNetwork TV: KanalD,StarTV,TVchannelspartnerwith Posta, Fanatik v Ruki,Expressz,Oglasnik), Newspapers: Hürriyet,TMENewspapers(IzRuk Media Companies

Daily News,Radikal Tourism: Milta Finance: DDHousingFinance Hürriyet Marketing Trade: DoğanAutomotives,Milpa, Side Industry),DoğanOrganicproducts Industry: Çelik Halat, Ditaş (Automobile Limited Company,DoğanEnergy) (Boyabat ElectricityProductandTrade Energy: ElectricityInvestments Other Sectors

105 106 Ciner Group Çalık Holding Doğuş Group 2011 Companies, Which Owns Group Media Which TV: Habertürk,BloombergHT (dergi yayıncılığı) Typography, CYapımFilmcilik,GDGazeteDergi (dergi yayıncılığı),HabertürkNewspaperand Investments, CinerNewspaperMagazines Newspaper: GazeteHabertürk,CinerMedia Ciner PublicationHolding: Medya Digital,TurkuvazMobileServices Dijgital MediaandMobileServices:Turkuvaz News Agency:TurkuvazAgency Inc. Production: TurkuvazProductionandPromotion Publishing IndustryandTradeInc. Industry andTradeInc.,TurkuvazTypography Book Publishing:TurkuvazBooksellingPublishing Distribution: TurkuvazDistributionMarketingInc. Industry andTradeInc. Radio: TurkuvazTelevisionveRadioManagement TV: ATV,ATVAvrupa Magazines: TurkuvazMagazinePublication Avrupa, YeniAsırTakvimFotomaç Newspaper: TurkuvazMediaGroup(Sabah, NTV Tarih,Bilim Business, MotorBoat&YatchingNTVYayınları, Geographic Kids,BillboardRobbReportCNBC-e Magazines: Vogue,NationalGeographic Eksen SPOR Radyo,RadyoN101,Voyage, Radio: NTVRadyo,KralFM,Virgin New Media:NTVMSNBC,Oley.com, NBA TV Television: NTV,CNBC-E,NTVSPOR,KralTV,e2, , National Wholesale Inc. Company, D-TesElectricalEnergy Production andTradingLtd. (Artvin HES),AslancıkElectrical Energy ProductionandTradeInc. and TradingLtd.Company,Doğuş Energy: BoyabatElectricalProduction Shipping Insurance, ParkConstruction,Ciner Hotel, ParkShipping,Denmar, Park MedicineHealth,Havaş,Larespark Park ImportExport,Mechanics, Holding, ETİAirTransportationInc., Trade, IndustryandServices:Park Maden Park ElectricialEnergySales, Electricity, SilopiElectricityProduction, Technicals, EtiSoda,ParkEnergy, Energy andMining:ParkTermik, Telecommunication: AlbTelecom Tregtare (BKT) Finance: AktifBank,BankaKombetare Construction: GapConstruction Kayserigaz, Naturelgaz Energy: ÇalıkEnergy,Bursagaz, Alexandria Altın AsırTekstilKompleksi,Çalık Dokuma, SerdarPamukEğrici, Türkmenbaşı JeansKompleksi,Balkan Türkmenbaşı TekstilKompleksi, Textile: GapGüneydoğuTekstil, DOĞUŞ-GE GYO Real Estate:DoğuşEstate, Marines Group,D-Gym Do-Ça TextileCleaningInc.,Doğuş Mediterranean Turizm,ArenaGiyim Inc., GöktransTurizm Garanti Turizm Tourism &Services:AnturTurizm Inc., AysonDrillingandResearch Construction: DoğuşConstruction TÜVTÜRK, LeaseplanÜretim Auto, Oto-FixvdfHoldingInc. Oto, D-AutoSuisseDODYüce Automotive: DoğuşOtomotiv, Mortgage, GarantiTechnology Garanti PaymentSystems Factoring, GarantiPensionandLife, Manager ServicesInc.,Garanti Garanti Leasing,Flect Investment, GarantiPortföy N.V., GarantibankMoscowGaranti Bankası, GarantibankInternational Banking andFinance:Garanti , DatmarTurizm , Voyager , Garanti , ,

Albayrak Group Feza Journalism Çukurova Group 2011 Companies, Which Owns Group Media Which Internet: Yenişafak TV: TVNET Newspaper: YeniŞafak Book Publishing:ZamanKitap Radio: BurçFM News Agency:Cihan TV: STV,SHaber,MehtapTV,EbruTV Magazines: Aksiyon,SızıntıGonca Romanya, ZamanTürkmenistanAmerika Zaman AvrupaBulgaristan, Azerbaycan, ZamanKazakistanAvusturya Newspaper: Zaman,Today’s Media Marketing:Zedpaş,Mepaş Production:Eksen Radio: AlemFM,LigRadyo Turk TV: ShowTV,Max,Turk,Plus,Sky Digital Platform:DIGITURK Autocar Magazines: Alem,StuffPlatinFourFourTwo Newspaper: Akşam,Güneş Tourism: AlbayrakTurizm Reading Management (YeşilAdamlar),Meter Services: Al-BilComputing,Waste Transport Rent acar,AlbayrakPersonnel Logistics: TrabzonHarbour,Albayrak Factory Factory, EreğliIntegratedTextile Industry: TümosanTractorandMotof Construction Construction: AlbayrakGYO, Construction: Baytur Insurance, MapfreLifeInsurance Finance: BCP,MapfreGeneral Generators Inc., Atkasan,ÇukurovaDiesel Packaging, NokselSteelPipeIndustry Selkasan, SCAPackaging,OVA Çukurova IndustrialCompaniesT.Inc., Kaplamin PackingIndustryTradeInc., Çukurova Chemistry,Daussan, Çukurova Agriculture,MaysanMando, Industry andTradeInc.(Çimsataş), Çukurova ConstructionMachine Manufacturing andTradeInc.,Cumitaş, Export TürkInc.,ÇukurovaMachine Industry: BMC,ÇukurovaImportand Kefar, ÇukurovaAviationInc. Transport Inc,InterDepo,PamukSpor, Anatolia InternationalTradeand Baytur TradingS.A., Transport &Services:GedenLines, Bilyoner.com Atel, Topaz,Inteltek,Turkkule,Hobim, Telecommunication HoldingE.T.HAG, Servis, TURKCELLTeknoloji,European Spaceturk, Millenicom,KVKTeknik Bilgi, Superonline,Tellcom,KVK,Inta Kcell, Azercell,Moldcell,Life,Global Kuzey KıbrısTURKCELL,Geocell, Telecommunication: TURKCELL, Company Energy: GenelEnerji,TaqOperating

107 108 (Sabancı) Mediasa Termikel MNG Holding Spectrum Media TMSF Dünya Group Partnership) Demirören (Karacan – and Publishing DK Journalism İhlas Group Fox Group Koza İpek 2011 Companies, Which Owns Group Media Which Fashion TVTürkiye,Magazine, ZTV KTV Publication:KanalA,RadyoA TV8 Süper FM,MetroFm,JoyTürkFM Olay TV,FM makinamagazin.com com.tr, dunyagida.com.trdunyainsaat.com.tr pcworld.com.tr, computerworld.com.trbyte. E-Dünya: kobiden.com,dunyastore.com Distribution: DünyaSüperDistribution Publication Inc.,DünyaAktüel Printing: DünyaSüperWebOfsetInc Newspaper: Dünyagazetesi Radio: NumberOneFM,RadyoKlas, TV: NumberOneTV,Fashion Newspaper: Milliyet,Vatan Internet: İhlas.net Magazines Group Media Marketing:TGRTMarketing Advertising: İhlasAdvertisingAgency News Agency:İHA TV: TGRTHaber Newspaper :Türkiye Internet: Myspace.com Channel, BabyTVChannel Television: FoxTV,life,FX,NationalGeographic TV: Kanaltürk,BugünTV Newspaper: Bugün Textile: DemsaGroup,HarveyNichols Industry: TermikelInc. Industry andTradeInc. Production DistributionMarketing Trade Inc., BGTMaviEnergyElectricity Energy: DeryaElectricityProductionand Aircraft Maintenance:MNGTechnic Finance: MNFFactoring,MNGLeasing Transportation Inc.,MNGKargo Transport: MNGAirlinesand Tourism: MNGTurizm Zemtaş Inc. Tesisat Inc.,MNGTargem Trade Inc.,MNGESMAŞ Sanayi Inc.,MAPAConstructionand Construction: Günalİnşaat,Ticaretve Mars EntertainmentGroup Mey İçki,G2M,LBTVarlıkYönetim, Actera Group(PrivateFund) Public School Education Group:AtaPrivateHigh Construction Construction Group:Demirören Azerbaycan Industry,ParsatPistonInc. Industry Group:DemirörenTubeInc., Mutfakgaz, Güneşgaz Gas Group:Milangaz,Likidgaz, Demirören GroupofCompanies: Mining: İhlasMiningInc. Education: İhlasPrivateHighSchool Thermal Hotel Kuzuluk HolidayVillage, Hospital, İhlasArmutluHolidayVillage, Health &Tourism:TürkiyeNewspaper Bisan, KristalKola Manufacturing: İhlasHouseAppliances, Construction: İhlasConstructionGroup Gold Mine,MastraMine) Mining: KozaGoldFacilitiesInc(Ovacık Printing House:KozaInvitation Numbers of Newspapers ANNEX 2: Average Daily Sales, Cumhuriyet Şok Yeniçağ Vakit Milli Gazete Bugün Yani Şafak Zaman Newspaper Daily AverageCirculationMarch-December2010 Daily AverageSales,NumbersofNewspapers Radikal Star Posta Dünya Taraf Güneş Akşam Takvim Habertürk Hürriyet Türkiye Sözcü Vatan Milliyet Sabah 280,594 796,705 140,208 140,603 506,414 480,318 102,790 362,336 217,489 173,205 138,914 101,891 105,911 50,398 50,379 151,183 52,639 37,596 26,410 March 52,279 51,690 51,399 73,731 246,896 467,100 140,342 104,952 103,854 345,914 172,809 879,818 152,660 509,915 105,419 140,731 156,716 26,424 50,667 37,990 102,711 50,657 52,345 50,710 55,367 51,710 71,615 Apr. 246,896 467,100 140,342 104,952 130,854 345,914 172,809 879,818 152,660 509,915 105,419 140,731 156,716 26,424 50,667 37,990 102,711 50,657 53,345 50,710 55,367 51,710 71,615 May 509,860 445,720 334,999 799,472 236,932 102,859 120,587 108,641 103,021 179,552 141,978 146,218 141,569 161,897 50,405 26,447 54,388 50,556 37,689 69,937 54,556 52,822 51,976 June 498,645 103,690 136,644 103,508 338,739 244,167 434,913 189,979 102,827 146,777 158,252 714,021 139,557 123,514 50,402 70,884 50,959 53,646 37,645 52,707 54,162 26,163 51,581 July 209,099 439,494 674,986 249,386 345,032 490,128 134,098 106,481 153,463 141,647 102,154 142,318 50,405 54,047 102,112 37,686 26,336 121,125 53,265 70,179 54,158 50,513 53,131 Aug. 654,900 244,366 429,983 105,980 355,093 473,383 134,630 159,230 141,998 127,001 101,274 231,922 118,658 102,155 26,408 67,640 50,503 36,885 51,404 53,539 52,235 54,179 53,621 Sept. 346,040 448,292 473,634 797,932 102,636 216,426 228,120 102,392 130,810 140,221 161,376 64,304 117,623 138,157 99,686 50,388 24,037 50,437 66,473 50,793 26,385 52,528 51,843 Oct. 342,824 210,644 140,828 451,908 102,937 110,047 153,056 153,056 431,793 101,607 877,821 103,031 131,057 84,946 50,242 26,495 57,026 50,737 217,211 52,955 51,570 67,167 6,214 Nov. 435,667 102,086 341,690 867,710 222,623 485,591 142,582 109,186 106,172 216,301 131,824 101,223 155,991 26,450 131,431 73,647 50,553 50,841 50,419 55,257 79,189 53,214 6,060 Dec.

109 110 Source: Directorate General of Press Advertisement (March-Dec 2010) 2010) (March-Dec Advertisement Press of General Directorate Source: Total Bizim Gazete Son Saat Hürses Birgün Yeni Akit Yenigün Yeni Devir İstiklâl Yeni Mesaj Bizim Anadolu Günboyu Son An Yeni Nesil [kapandı] Tercüman Yeni Asya Referans Newspaper Daily AverageCirculationMarch-December2010 Daily AverageSales,NumbersofNewspapers Ekonomi Dokuz Sütun Tünaydın İstanbul Gazete 34 Ortadoğu Önce Vatan Ayrıntılı Haber 4,305,443 March 17,205 12,338 6,042 6,042 6,099 6,470 6,038 6,482 5,454 5,208 5,896 5,897 9,387 6,853 5,423 7,832 1,029 5,180 6,102 6,105 5,214 6,165 5,741 6,159 4,238,677 16,904 10,554 11,886 6,040 6,480 6,086 5,604 6,028 6,038 8,294 6,294 5,443 5,889 5,899 6,475 6,937 5,262 6,106 1,095 6,105 5,418 6,158 5,183 5,177 Apr. 4,266,677 16,904 10,554 11,886 6,040 6,480 6,086 5,604 6,028 6,038 8,294 6,294 5,443 5,889 5,899 6,475 6,937 5,262 6,106 1,095 6,105 5,418 6,158 5,183 5,177 May 4,142,060 10,884 16,747 10,961 7,406 9,909 6,469 6,038 6,986 8,439 6,037 5,805 5,889 6,475 6,100 6,104 5,475 5,263 5,363 6,031 5,184 6,156 1,081 5,177 June

4,040,444 10,886 10,589 16,557 6,040 8,604 6,470 5,490 6,894 6,028 8,056 6,478 5,888 5,384 5,643 5,057 6,041 6,104 1,026 6,103 6,158 5,192 5,162 7,212 July

4,019,182 10,891 16,145 6,040 6,480 5,408 6,039 6,023 8,055 8,885 11,612 5,485 6,475 5,885 1,088 5,259 6,107 6,105 5,355 6,159 5,182 6,517 5,183 7,561 Aug.

3,985,750 10,878 16,546 6,040 11,810 6,034 8,580 5,504 6,479 6,394 6,465 6,077 7,920 8,055 5,306 5,888 Sept. 6,104 5,635 6,160 6,105 5,164 5,192 5,311 1,116

4,128,372 52,850 10,878 11,640 6,030 8,260 6,038 6,784 5,498 5,442 6,475 6,623 8,283 5,883 6,160 6,481 1,095 5,610 6,105 6,105 5,157 5,251 5,191 Oct.

4,163,367 55,100 10,887 10,657 6,480 8,409 6,470 5,469 8,624 5,498 6,023 5,888 5,269 6,041 5,596 5,257 5,195 6,571 6,157 5,172 Nov. 1,199 6,116 6,117

4,182,798 10,677 10,875 51,845 9,009 6,028 6,482 5,344 6,037 6,473 7,643 5,270 6,833 8,105 5,618 1,234 6,156 5,185 5,176 5,521 5,351 6,114 6,115 Dec.

of Page Views ANNEX 3: Websites by Number Mynet Mynet MedyaNet MedyaNet Network Websites byNumberofPageViews Total mynet.com cnetturkiye.com Total zargan.com trendus.com startv.com.tr realage.com.tr radikal.com.tr milliyet.com.tr kraloyun.com kanald.com.tr hurriyet.com.tr hangisinegitsek.com hangirestoran.com hangiotel.com haber24.com gezikolik.com gazetevatan.com fanatik.ekolay.net ekolay.net cnnturk.com boxerdergisi.tv arakibulaki.com arabam.com Site 1,661,489,694 1,661,489,694 2,369,793,815 Page Views 788,928,522 106,968,573 109,721,689 114,286,568 196,514,587 677,701,135 250,105,511 18,289,704 27,442,130 35,314,874 10,797,375 17,358,910 2,482,648 8,562,747 3,579,362 2,332,354 565,580 745,597 167,666 133,304 150,061 127,566

111 112 Netbook Netbook Network Websites byNumberofPageViews Total zaplat.com tureng.com tr.netlog.com powerxl.com.tr powerturk.tv powerturk.com powerfm.com.tr pcnet.com.tr ofansif.com memurlar.net mackolik.com ligtv.com.tr level.com.tr itusozluk.com istiyor.us interesan.com hardwaremania.com haberturk.com haber7.com gecce.com cosmoturk.com chip.com.tr akampus.com Site Page Views 265,505,860 110,957,045 791,851,760 126,219,607 87,405,509 32,434,144 16,450,477 88,974,183 13,252,690 13,579,818 2,484,638 3,696,720 18,731,314 2,262,828 1,682,680 3,061,699 2,586,126 748,228 707,410 262,295 110,289 651,851 86,349 0 ReklamZ ReklamZ Network Websites byNumberofPageViews Total zamazing.org yorumcu.com yenimecra.org yemekevi.tv turkiyef1.com turk.net spor3.com sosyomat.com sondakika.com sinepil.org posta.com.tr modahaber.com komikler.com itsbeauty.com istanbul.net.tr i-gunler.com hi5.com hafif.org haberler.com haber3.com fizy.com finzoom.com.tr eksisozluk.com divxplanet.com borsamatik.com bobiler.org blogidmanyurdu.com bildirgec.org autoclubturkey.com araconline.com ajansspor.com 22dakika.org 10marifet.com Site Page Views 156,949,568 491,357,029 22,020,026 110,163,514 50,596,912 17,463,832 19,160,750 11,428,307 11,014,870 8,884,246 1,408,500 8,847,757 5,265,655 2,180,597 3,323,655 5,981,567 3,591,583 4,105,351 31,516,111 5,719,192 1,791,190 1,451,141 200,663 580,934 5,111,313 749,322 461,350 194,856 105,547 686,110 326,311 76,299 0 0

113 114 MedyaGuru MedyaGuru Magnet Magnet Yonja Yonja Virgül Virgül Turkuvaz Turkuvaz Network Websites byNumberofPageViews Total sahadan.com porttakal.com nethaber.com morbiber.com modalife.net maxoyun.com internetspor.com internethaber.com gazeteoku.com afiyetle.com Total timsah.com gittigidiyor.com cimri.com Total yonja.com Total sinemalar.com izlesene.com fotokritik.com doviz.com blogcu.com arabalar.com Total yeniasır.com.tr yeniaktuel.com.tr turkuvazradyo.com takvim.com.tr sofra.com.tr sabah.com.tr paradergi.com.tr otohaber.com.tr isteinsan.com.tr fotomac.com.tr cosmodergi.com caferuj.com.tr automotosport.com.tr atv.com.tr Site Page Views 229,268,840 276,766,979 276,766,979 314,526,995 94,899,440 212,723,666 214,163,796 232,811,702 195,505,155 32,594,234 371,263,191 24,784,142 76,691,456 57,231,809 45,141,629 17,747,522 26,225,181 97,719,713 4,714,888 1,780,087 11,455,116 3,810,365 6,579,189 2,102,258 1,726,885 1,636,376 1,612,049 9,183,532 1,147,358 4,712,313 635,583 855,722 312,034 78,666 45,692 54,872 0 0 0 Zaman Zaman Punto Punto Logaritma Logaritma MTV MTV Maksimum Maksimum GenArt GenArt NTV NTV Doğan Doğan ComMedya ComMedya Network Websites byNumberofPageViews Total zaman.com.tr samanyoluhaber.com Total vidivodo.com ceptown.com Total siberalem.com kahkaha.com itiraf.com idefix.com hayalevi.com Total dailymotion.com.tr Total webaslan.com superfb.com sporxtv.com spox.com karakartal.com Total oyungemisi.com hastane.com.tr ensonhaber.com antoloji.com aktifhaber.com Total ntvspor.net ntvmsnbc.com Total milliyetemlak.com hurriyetoto.com hurriyetemlak.com hepsiburada.com gezisitesi.com Total araba.com Site Page Views 223,382,290 223,382,290 101,252,032 182,574,159 34,233,900 54,084,016 162,510,319 148,117,326 26,720,425 22,668,453 86,991,848 59,045,614 93,816,446 93,816,446 56,902,353 21,889,964 76,332,493 74,160,534 12,029,062 60,273,353 94,332,275 27,827,925 97,584,178 64,926,141 76,431,701 4,423,460 5,244,484 11,991,999 3,486,897 5,838,843 3,465,529 4,961,598 6,377,332 5,351,364 1,079,331 727,203 951,191

115 116 Source: Gemius, November 2010 November Gemius, Source: İpek Koza İpek Koza 0 0 Network Websites byNumberofPageViews Total kanalturk.com.tr bugun.com.tr Total webgazete.net ucandaire.org tjktv.net sinemakeyfi.com sinema.com shiftdelete.net rdyofenomen.com ozelyemekler.com oyyun.com oyunmemo.com oynasana.com netbebegi.com modaturkiye.com mobiletisim.com medyamoda.com intersinema.com galatasaray.org finnet.com.tr evlilikmerkezi.com enuygun.com doktorsitesi.com dobisko.com dizifilm.com bekamutfagi.com analiztv.com 3ayak.org 2yuz.com 2kadin.com Site Page Views 12,087,022 53,861,894 18,328,668 17,428,957 10,434,771 4,362,284 2,783,509 1,209,958 1,584,687 3,538,753 1,787,053 6,143,417 1,368,501 1,396,391 3,121,682 1,936,131 460,960 943,546 269,612 162,071 899,711 111,975 123,116 36,455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 business administration. business media new and mergers media business, media transformation, media on working She is media. of administration business and economics of field in the University tasaray Gala at aresearcher She is presently 2009. in University Ph.D. Marmara her from received She University. Galatasaray from master’s and degree bachelor’s her received Sözeri Ceren C About the Authors eren S özer İ - planning. planning. media and production advertising marketing, and advertising interactive on working She is advertising. of field in the University Galatasaray at aresearcher as she is working Faculty. Currently, Communication University Marmara at Ph.D. degrees and master her took She Department. Relations International sity Univer Bilkent from graduated Güney Zeynep Z G eynep üney -

117 Bankalar Caddesi Minerva Han, No:2, Kat: 3 34420 Karaköy ‹stanbul T +90 212 292 89 03 F +90 212 292 90 46 www.tesev.org.tr ISBN:978-605-5832-93-3