KONDA MEDIA REPORT Changing Perceptions Through Television, The Rise of Social Media and Our Media Adventure in the Last Decade 2008 - 2018

November 2019

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 5

2. CHANGING PERCEPTIONS THROUGH TELEVISION AND OUR DECENNIAL MEDIA ADVENTURE ...... 7

2.1. Relations with Technology / Internet Perception / Concern About Social Media ...... 7 2.2. Trust in Television News ...... 11 2.3. Closed World Perception and Echo Chamber...... 19 2.4. The State of Being a Television Society and Changing Perceptions ...... 20 2.5. Our Changing World Perception Based on the Cultivation Theory ...... 22

3. SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE IN THE LAST DECADE ...... 27

4. CONCLUSION ...... 29

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 31

6. RESEARCH ID ...... 33

7. APPENDIX 1: SOCIAL MEDIA USER PROFILES IN YEARS ...... 35

7.1. WhatsApp ...... 36 7.2. Instagram ...... 38 7.3. YouTube ...... 40 7.4. Facebook ...... 42 7.5. Twitter...... 44

8. APPENDIX 2: AUDIENCE PROFILES OF THE CHANNELS TO FOLLOW NEWS OVER THE YEARS ...... 47

8.1. Kanal D ...... 49 8.2. ATV ...... 51 8.3. Samanyolu ...... 53 8.4. Star TV ...... 55 8.5. TRT ...... 57 8.6. Show TV ...... 59 8.7. Kanal 7 ...... 61 8.8. NTV ...... 64 8.9. Habertürk ...... 66 8.10. Fox TV ...... 68 8.11. CNN Türk ...... 71 8.12. A Haber...... 73 8.13. Halk TV ...... 75

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1. INTRODUCTION

Prof. Dr. Aslı TUNÇ, İstanbul Bilgi University Faculty of Communication

For a social scientist, the possibility of comparing data at both ends of a decade is extremely exciting; especially in a country that is dynamic and experiencing rapid social change and political turmoil in demographic terms such as Turkey. Who are we? Lifestyles Research, which was conducted by KONDA for the Hürriyet newspaper on April 5-6, 2008 was prepared in a time period when the Internet was beginning to take off; the e-memorandum took place; the ownership structure was constantly changing in the media; newspapers, radios and television were changing hands; and that politics was the main formative of the media sector was an unchanging fact. Channels such as NTV and CNN Türk were going through their golden age in the context of television journalism; the number of radios surged while their contents were diversified and in terms of digital broadcasting, platforms such as D-Smart were entering the world of media. In our recent media history, there are numerous studies examining the relationship between political establishment and media on a macro level and presenting deep analyses in the context of the political economy of media (Adaklı, 2006; Sözeri, 2015; Sözeri & Güney, 2015; Tunç, 2015). However, the written, visual and digital media consumer's approach to these structural changes in the context of daily use practices is based on the media audience/news consumer research, which must be long-term and data- driven. How has the approach to news media, trust in the media, approach to the television and internet changed between the years 2008-2018? Conducted on 31 March-1 April 2018 by interviewing 5793 people in 36 provinces of Turkey, The Lifestyles research measures people's lifestyles, values and ideas about different issues and provides us with valuable data on media usage habits, relations with technology, trust and mistrust towards the news media across Turkey. The findings of other research conducted by KONDA in August 2008, January 2011, April 2014, February 2015, April 2016, January 2018 and April 2018 further enrich and stratify the ten-year media comparison.

This report aims to interpret the findings of these studies by using a theoretical framework.

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2. CHANGING PERCEPTIONS THROUGH TELEVISION AND OUR DECENNIAL MEDIA ADVENTURE

2.1. Relations with Technology / Internet Perception / Concern About Social Media

In both surveys conducted in 2008 and 2018, the findings of whether new technologies positively contributed to personal lives have not significantly changed over the decade. In 2008, 73.4 percent of the respondents stated that new technologies made a positive contribution to their lives, while 20 percent remained neutral. In 2018, the positive opinion was at 73 percent and the neutral approach was at 17.4 percent.

In the Barometer surveys that measure the voter tendencies in January 2011 and April 2016, which coincides with this decade, the rate of those who said that the internet brings harm to the society is 41.8 percent in 2011 and the rate of those who remained neutral is 29.2 percent. In 2016, the rate of those who stated that the internet harms has decreased to 38 percent, while the rate of abstainers has been 27.3 percent with a slight decrease. The rate of those who disagree with this view, in other words those who believe in the social benefit of the Internet, rose to 29 percent in 2011 and 34.6 percent in 2016.

I believe that new technologies will make a positive contribution to my life.

March'18 3 7 17 52 21

April'08 1 5 20 56 18

0% 50% 100% Absolutely false False Neither true nor false True Absolutely true

I believe that Internet brings harm rather than good to the society.

Janury 2011 7 22 29 33 9

April 2016 23 11 27 13 25

0% 50% 100% Absolutely false False Neither true nor false True Absolutely true

The fact that the belief in the social benefits of the Internet has increased slightly in 2011-2016 and that the positive view of technology did not change for ten years is in parallel with the increase in mobile phones, computers and household appliances used in daily life. Individuals’ lives have been facilitated by the help of technology, and communication technologies have, to a large extent, become a part of daily life. However, when it comes to the content and intended use of media technologies, we observe concerns in the findings. The tendency to approach the Internet with suspicion is in line with the belief that transactions made over the Internet are unsafe.

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In the 2018 Lifestyles survey, more than half (51.3 percent) of the interviewees stated that shopping on the Internet was unsafe. The rate of those who remained neutral is 31.3 percent, while 17.4 percent consider online shopping as secure. The limited practice of online food shopping in support of this data is noteworthy. While 85.8 percent never make food purchases over the internet, those who give this response for internet banking are 60.6 percent. It would not be wrong to say that the use of internet banking is relatively higher than other shopping practices.

Online shopping is safe.

March'18 25 26 31 15 2

February'15 32 32 24 11 1

0% 50% 100% False Neither true nor false True Absolutely true

We do food shopping on the internet.

March'18 86 8 5 1

February'15 86 8 4 2

January'11 88 7 4 1

April'08 91 3 3 2

Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

I do banking transictions on the internet.

March'18 61 10 12 11 7

January'11 59 14 11 10 5

August'08 82 7 5 4 3

April08 84 5 5 3 3

Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

The trust in the Internet and social media for accessing information also provides striking data in the 2018 survey. Thirty five percent of the interviewees state that the Internet is not the first place to look when information is needed. In a sense, one in every three people does not believe in the content of the Internet. Those who remained abstained are at 16.6 percent. Although the question was not asked directly in the context of social media, it is possible to interpret these answers as lack of confidence in the social media. This mistrust among respondents and the perception of new media technologies as harmful is consistent with the political climate and discourses. Demonization of social media by politicians gained

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momentum especially after the Gezi Park events in 2013 and was presented with a moral and religious tone until 2018.

When I need information, the first place to look is the internet.

March'18 17 18 17 38 11

February'15 25 21 14 32 8

0% 50% 100% Absolutely false False Neither true nor false True Absolutely true

I follow up on the market release of technological products.

2008 30 20 24 15 11

2018 38 22 19 15 6

Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

What did you last buy as a technological product? *open-ended question 36 Mobile Phone 39 15 Big Home Appliances 12 12 Television 9 5 Small Home Appliances 5 7 PC 4 Computer and Phone 1 Accessories 4 2015 2 Smartphone 4 2018 3 Other 4 4 iPad etc. 4 16 Nothing / No Answer 16 0 20 40

Although the Internet takes the first place in the context of news, the contents of TV series, sports and entertainment stand out as the platforms for the use of the Internet in total.

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Which contents do you follow on the internet? (March 2018)

News 64 Series 54 Sport 23 Documentary 22 Competitions 16 Comedy 14 Women's Programs 14 Politics / Discussion 13 Music / Entertainment / Magazine 13 Religious content 11 Cartoons / Children 7 Eating and drinking 7

0 20 40 60 80

How can we theoretically interpret the masses who are concerned and even angry about the content of media technologies while using new technologies widely at the same time? In this context, the theory of moral panic seems explanatory. The concept of moral panic implies that individuals, groups or situations are portrayed as a threat to the common values and interests of society, especially by the mainstream media and political authority (Cohen, 1972). In particular, traditional media plays a dominant role in diffusing this moral panic, that is, the concern, throughout society. Given that the opposition to social media in dominant political discourse has been emphasized in different contexts for ten years, the social perception will be seen more clearly.1 Social media is made enemy within the framework of this theory and presented as responsible for social decay and political interference of the country. The systematic repetition and normalization of this message inevitably lead to the perception of the Internet and social media as negative. The increase in the perception of social media as a “trouble” of the society in 2014, 2016 and 2018 also supports this argument.

1 What the Prime Minister between 2003 and 2014 and President since 2014 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who formulated the political discourse alone, said in different periods on social media: “We will root out Twitter and all others. What the international community says, it doesn't concern me at all. They will see the power of the Republic of Turkey.” 20.03.2013 “There's a menace called Twitter. Something called social media: in my opinion, the trouble of society.” 02.06.2013 “We cannot ‘feed’ this nation to Youtube, to Facebook. Whatever step is to be taken, we will take this step precisely. Including closures.” 06.04.2014 “You know I'm against this social media. Because of this, there have been a lot of attacks on me. I'm against Twitter and all others and I do not share them. I, myself, do not use them.” 02.07.2016 “We cannot let the Internet, especially social media, devour our culture.” 03.03.2017 “Unfortunately, social media, which is an uncontrolled and extremely free space, has become the main channel of these operations in recent years.” 15.04.2018

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Social networks such as Twitter, Facebook are a menace to society. (April'14)

16 31 26 20 7

0% 50% 100% Absolutely false False Neither true nor false True Absolutely true

Social networks such as Twitter, Facebook are a menace to society.

April'16 27 12 11 11 12 27

April'18 18 13 14 11 17 29

% 0 % 50 % 100 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree

2.2. Trust in Television News

Considering that in developed countries the confidence in the news has decreased and the struggle with fake news has been accelerated (Newman 2018: 17; Yanatma 2018: 21), it is important to observe confidence in the news media for over ten years in Turkey. In the 2018 findings, it was observed that the trust in television to receive the news was at the highest rate (72.3 percent), whereas the confidence in internet news sites was at 14.7 percent and that in social media at 5.8 percent. This means that the mainstream news channels are still dominant in the country. When compared with the findings in 2015, the trust in television as a news source increased from 70.1 percent to 72.3 percent, while the rate of confidence in newspapers decreased from 10.5 percent to 7.2 percent.

I follow news on TV.

April'08 3 3 16 35 43

Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

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Which source do you trust for news?

March'18 72 7 15 6

February'15 70 11 13 7

0% 50% 100% Television Newspaper Web sites Social media

TV channel to follow news (2018)

Fox TV 20 Do not watch TV 16 ATV 15 TRT 13 AHaber 8 Kanal D 7 Show TV 5 Other channels 4 STAR 3 NTV 2 Kanal 7 2 CNN Türk 2 Habertürk 2 Halk TV 2 Ulusal 0 Do not follow news on TV 0

0 20 40

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Which source do you trust for receiving news?/ According to the TV channel followed for news

Kanal 7 96 40 A Haber 90 3 7 0 TRT 87 4 7 2 ATV 86 5 6 3 Diğer kanallar 80 7 8 4 Kanal D 79 8 10 3 Show TV 79 5 11 6 Star TV 78 8 10 3 Haber Türk 77 12 8 3 NTV 75 5 16 4 Fox TV 71 9 14 6 CNN Türk 66 6 22 6 Ulusal Kanal 65 15 20 Halk TV 58 19 11 11 I don't follow the news on TV. 30 10 40 20 I don't watch TV. 26 11 45 19

0% 50% 100%

Television Newspaper Websites Social Media

The findings in the 2018 Lifestyles survey show us which television channels media consumers prefer as their news source, while also showing their relationship with other news channels. For example, those who follow channels close to the government such as Kanal 7, A Haber, TRT and ATV do not use social media and the Internet as a news source and shape their world perception based only on the news and information flow of these channels. It is also seen that those who do not receive their news from television use more diverse mediums to follow the news. This graph alone demonstrates the degree to which media consumption practices in society differ in the context of political views. KONDA takes the trilateral social layer of ‘modern, traditional conservative and religious conservative’ lifestyle clusters as basis for research and this distinction manifests itself especially in television news consumption. The polarization of preference among A Haber and ATV, FOX TV and Halk TV viewers seems very clear, while the change in NTV and CNN Türk is striking. We see similar breakdowns in party preferences.

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A Haber viewers / Lifestyle 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 10 47 42 2017 10 45 45 2018 11 46 43 2019 8 47 46 0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

ATV viewers / Lifestyle 2012 23 50 27 2013 21 51 28 2014 18 49 33 2015 14 50 36 2016 14 50 36 2017 12 48 39 2018 12 49 39 2019 12 50 38

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

Fox TV viewers / Lifestyle 2012 22 50 28 2013 26 47 27 2014 29 48 23 2015 38 46 16 2016 41 45 14 2017 43 43 14 2018 45 43 12 2019 43 44 13 0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

Halk TV viewers / Lifestyle 2012 2013 71 26 3 2014 52 37 12 2015 64 32 4 2016 61 34 4 2017 61 34 5 2018 67 27 6 2019 63 34 3

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

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CNN Türk viewers/ Lifestyle 2012 53 35 12 2013 55 38 6 2014 51 38 11 2015 54 36 11 2016 52 39 9 2017 47 41 12 2018 45 44 11 2019 37 46 17

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

NTV viewers / Lifestyle 2012 52 39 9 2013 40 44 16 2014 43 45 12 2015 39 44 17 2016 36 48 16 2017 35 49 16 2018 34 51 15 2019 28 52 20 0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

When we measure together the confidence in television channels along with the Internet as the primary information medium, we also crosscheck political polarization. This situation leads us to the concept of ‘Echo Chamber.’

When I need an information, the first medium I will check is the Internet. (by TV channel followed for news) CNN Türk 3,3 Fox TV 3,2 NTV 3,2 Haber Türk 3,2 Ulusal Kanal 3,2 Star TV 3,1 Kanal D 3,1 Show TV 3,0 Diğer kanallar 3,0 Halk TV 2,9 A Haber 2,9 ATV 2,9 TRT 2,8 Kanal 7 2,1 I don't follow the news on TV. 3,8 I don't watch TV. 3,5 1 3 5 < False True >

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TRT, ATV and A Haber viewers: Twenty percent of Ak Parti voters watch the news on TRT, 20 percent on ATV and 15 percent on A Haber.

TV Channel Preference According to Party Preference (January’18)

One way of examining the relationship between different demographic clusters of society is the Multiple Correspondence Analysis. This analysis allows variables to be placed on a 2- dimensional plane according to the proximity and distance of the relationship between the variables (demographic clusters, age, education, etc.) by looking at the relationships between them.

When we analyze the demographic variables of the January’18 Barometer based on this method, we present the demographic clusters placed on the x-y axes in the table that we call the topographic map of the society. When reading from top to bottom, it is observed that education level and income decrease, age and religiousness increase, and the veiling status moves from those who do not cover their head to those who use chador. It is possible to state that the vertical axis is shaped by the socio-economic status of individuals and the horizontal axis is shaped by their ethnicity and political preferences.

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Topographic Map of Society (January’18)

Of course, it is important to remember that the positions in the table are not the exact and fixed positions of the clusters, but the center of gravity of all the components that make up the cluster. For example, not all people with income level of 5001 TL or more are in the category of university educated, modern and faithful. When all variables are considered together, high- income people are closer to higher educated, Moderns or those with lower religiousness level compared to other components of society.

In light of all these demographic data, we can add to the same analysis the television channels which are usually preferred, those which are usually preferred for news and those never to be trusted and observe which society clusters are positioned close to which TV channels.

Those who prefer to watch news on FOX TV, CNN Türk and Halk TV do not trust TRT and ATV news; whereas TRT and ATV viewers do not trust FOX, CNN Türk and Halk TV news.

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Channel preferences on the topographic map of society (January’18)

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2.3. Closed World Perception and Echo Chamber

Even though the notion of Echo Chamber is a phenomenon especially of the era of social media, it can also be redefined through the dominance of television on the news-tracking process in Turkey. As stated above, in the light of findings from the surveys, we see that media consumers only watch television channels that support their own worldview, their political preference and the ideas they believe in. In short, these are the echo chambers created by the masses who cannot go beyond listening to the echo of what they say, who are not aware of the opposite view and perhaps do not want to be. With this state of blindness against the diversity of ideas, it becomes impossible to understand, show empathy, listen to the opposite view and reach a reasonable and sensible conclusion. This perceptual illusion leads to political polarization in society, creating anger and animosity towards the other side, and to accept a uniform political narrative. This intellectual model coincides with the sharp distinction in television channels that different audiences watch. The ideological cleavage also manifests itself clearly in the media consumption of different clusters of lifestyles.

In addition to television news consumption, the confidence in daily print media is 7.2 percent. It is supported by other findings that the circulation of newspapers is low and the trust in newspapers is diminished. The 2018 research findings show that 73.9 percent of respondents do not read newspapers, while the newspapers read are in line with the ideological split and political polarization in society. Sözcü (4.5 percent), Posta (4.3 percent) and Sabah (3.5 percent) are in the remaining 26.1 percent.

Which newspaper do you read? March'18

Does not read 73,9 Sözcü 4,5 Posta 4,3 Sabah 3,5 Hürriyet 3,2 Other 2,5 Cumhuriyet 1,3 Milliyet 1,2 Habertürk 1,1 Spor gazeteleri 0,8 Türkiye 0,7 Yeni Şafak 0,5 Takvim 0,5 Akşam 0,5 Akit 0,5 Birgün 0,4 Star 0,3 Güneş 0,2 Vatan 0,1 Aydınlık 0,1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

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A similar trend is observed in television channels. FOX TV (19.7 percent), ATV (14.6 per cent) and TRT (13.1 per cent) are television channels that are indicated as news sources. Only 15.8 percent stated that they do not watch television and 0.2 percent do not receive news on television. In the Lifestyles Survey conducted in 2015, similar findings were found when asked which television channels were trusted. Social media has lost some value in the context of reliability (from 6.7 percent to 5.8 percent).

If I need information, the first place to look at is the internet.

Turkey 17 18 17 38 11

Less than 27 24 16 27 6 high school

High school 6 13 18 49 14

University 5 7 16 53 19

0% 50% 100%

Absolutely false False Neither true nor false True Absolutey true

The use of media and the Internet as the primary medium for information is related to educational attainment levels. With university education, trust in television decreases and internet usage increases.

2.4. The State of Being a Television Society and Changing Perceptions

According to the 2018 data, the first point that draws attention related to the use of mass media is that television still plays a dominant role in our lives.

Beyond being the most trusted media in terms of news, the fact that television as a cultural climate is still a central piece in homes can be seen in the 2018 Television Watching Habits Survey of Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) besides the findings of KONDA. 2 In this study, the average daily television viewing time is stated as 3 hours and 34 minutes and this average increases to 3 hours and 45 minutes at the weekend. Approximately 41 percent of the respondents stated that they ate while watching television.

The Radio and Television Broadcasting Sector in Turkey 2018 report prepared by Professional Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (RATEM) states that time as 5 hours and 30 minutes. TurkStat 2017 statistics increase this period of time up to 6 hours per day on average. The common feature of these different researches is that television is still an extremely effective source of news and entertainment in households in Turkey. As expected,

2https://www.rtuk.gov.tr/assets/Icerik/AltSiteler/televizyonizlemeegilimleriarastirmasi2018.pdf

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in all these studies, this period decreases as the level of education increases and as the average age gets younger.

There is a difference between male and female viewers in the context of different content consumption on television. While the consumption of news is higher in males, the habits of watching TV series appear to be more common among females.

How many hours per day do you watch TV?

April'08 11 24 22 15 12 15 2

February'15 13 23 22 14 10 14 4

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours 5 hours 6+ hours Does not watch TV No answer

What kind of content do you watch on TV? (March'18)

News 62 TV Series 49 Sports 19 Documentary 15 Contests 11 Comedy 9 Content for women 11 Politics/Debate 10 Music/Entertainment/Mag… 8 Religious Content 6 Cartoons/Children's Content 5 Food-Beverage 3

0 40 80

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What kind of content do you watch on TV? (March'18) 71 News 53 33 TV Series 66 35 Sports 3 19 Documentary 10 1 Content for women 22 8 Contests 14 15 Politics/Debate 4 9 Comedy 9 5 Music/Entertainment/Magazine 10 Male 5 Female Religious Content 7 2 Cartoons/Children's Content 7 1 Food-Beverage 6

0 40 80 2.5. Our Changing World Perception Based on the Cultivation Theory

Cultivation Theory is one of the most original critical theories of mass communication in the United States, which began in the late 1960s when television was most widely consumed. It is a theoretical framework which George Gerbner and his team set out under the name “Cultural Indicators Project” on how watching television gradually shaped social perceptions. The basis of the argument is that television is a storyteller. Now our children are born in an environment where the world is surrounded by television and they perceive and shape the world with its narratives. The television is now at the seat of honor in the living rooms and tells us how to make sense of the “real” world, especially with popular cultural representations.

According to Gerbner and his friends, television puts relatively static and common images into people's minds. The prime-time series in the most-watched period is followed regularly by television viewers for a long time. These television programs with fictional narratives create a “television world” (Gerbner et al., 1973, 1986 and 1994). We can add narratives of news programs to this. Although the world of television claims to present facts through representations, it is far from presenting “objective reality.” According to this theory, television often imposes the dominant discourse and dominant values (Shanahan and Morgan, 1999).

Cultivation Theory emerges in the “difference” of data between those who watch television less (0-4 hours on average) and more (4 hours or more). Those who watch a lot are more exposed to the “symbolic environment” of television and this “symbolic environment” gradually replaces the real priorities. Television viewing time in Turkey easily includes society in the classification of “heavy viewers.” For the interpretation of real life, “the systematic differences” between the heavy viewer and the light viewer stand out in their perception of the world. Heavy viewers internalize the knowledge,

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values and images of life as told in the stories on television and accept them as norms. Television is different from other media in its centralized mass-production of a coherent set of images and messages produced for total populations, representing a relative homogenization of divergent views. (Signorielli and Morgan, 1990: 123).

The viewer, who is detached from the reality of the world, starts to perceive the fictionality spreading from television as a reality (Gerbner, 1996: 2). Moreover, these fictional stories (fantasies) spreading from television are presented in a way that cannot be distinguished from reality. As the “cultivation” takes place for the audience, world-related concerns increase (“mean world syndrome”). This process occurs extremely slowly, gradually. Facts are bent, twisted, deformed or blurred accordingly (Signorielli and Morgan, 1990; 1996). This is not a simple influence on the television audience, but a process of transformation (Morgan, Shanahan and Signorielli, 2012: 2).

The findings of the different researches and our media adventure of the past 10-years as a society seem to be appropriate for an analysis within the framework of cultivation theory. In Turkey, of course, the perceptions change and evolve in different ways from the United States and vary across groups consuming their media outlets. For example, television creates optimism with its echo chambers both in popular cultural narratives and news discourse. While social media consumers are much more pessimistic about their individual lives and the future of the country, the opposite is seen in television viewers. There are different concerns for television viewers. For example, they seem not to be not afraid of the restrictions of freedom, but of the “division of Turkey.” Their nationalist concerns are greater than those of social media and internet users.

In the fictional texts, i.e. in the narratives of popular culture such as TV series, “addressing social problems” and “reflecting the culture of the audience” gain importance. This is a noteworthy finding because proximity to reality is an important criterion for the audience, and in time the “television world” that is close to reality accelerates the cultivation differential. The fact that the audience places an emphasis mostly on the “story” and “message given” in TV series reveals the importance of this cultivation process.

Television viewing practices are just as much a part of the theory of cultivation as the content it spreads. Television creates a social environment with its place in the home space and the physical space it occupies. Television as a tool creates a living space, creates a sound in the background and becomes a sine qua non for the masses. The findings show that viewers also perform different chores, especially while watching the series.

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Perceptions and Expectations / According to the source trusted for receiving the news.

3,2 3,0 Television 3,3 3,1 2,9 2,6 Newspaper 3,1 2,8 2,9 2,6 Websites 3,2 3,0 2,6 2,3 Social Media 3,1 2,7 1 3 5 << False True >> Overall life conditions in Turkey will be better 5 years from now. Overall life conditions in Turkey have improved in the last 5 years. My living conditions will be better 5 years from now. My living conditions improved in the last 5 years.

Fears / According to which source individual trusts for receiving news (March'18)

3,9 Television 3,6 3,9 Newspaper 3,8 3,9 Websites 4,0 3,8 Social Media 4,1

1 << False 3 True >>5

I am afraid that Turkey will be disintegrated. I am afraid that my freedoms will be restricted.

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How important are the following for you in preferring the TV series you watch the most? (January'18)

Liking the characters depicted in the TV series 4 10 12 54 19

High-quality shooting, scenes, production 5 13 15 54 13

Presence of an actor/actress that I like 5 17 15 47 16

Coverage of social problems 8 15 17 42 18

Reflection of our own culture 8 16 19 42 14

Everyone around me to watch it 13 29 22 29 6

Broadcast on the channel I always watch 12 34 20 29 5

The events in the TV series to awaken my memories 15 35 21 24 5

Similarity of the life depicted in the TV series to my life 13 38 21 23 5 The location of the TV series to be an important place for me 16 37 22 21 4 Wanting to live the life depicted in the TV series 18 40 20 18 4

0% 50% 100% Very unimportant Unimportant Neither unimportant or important Important Very important

Which of the following do you pay the most attention when preferring a series? (January'18)

Story 46

Message 13

Cast 11

Characters 8

Religious, cultural aspect 2

Broadcast channel 1

There are discussions about it. 1

Release day 1

Places 1

I do not watch series. 15

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

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What do they do when watching TV series? (January'18)

17 21 43 10 8 5 2

0% 50% 100%

I do not watch TV series. I do not do anything, I only watch my TV series. I eat or drink something. I play with computer, tablet or phone. Handcrafts Household chores Other

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3. SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE IN THE LAST DECADE

While television shapes social perceptions and reinforces the ideological split, the lack of confidence in visual and written news media makes the rise of social media inevitable in the last decade. Data on the use of social media since 2011 show that at least a certain part of the audience has started to search for different voices in journalism. It is not a coincidence that discussions which shape the public emerge from social media. This is also due to the fact that talented and qualified journalists, unable to work in mainstream media institutions with the restriction of freedom of expression, carried their journalistic reflexes to social media. Although critical analysis of the social media environment in which lies and truth, manipulation and testimony are interwoven might be significant, it is clear that Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Facebook, WhatsApp are permanent actors in the recent news universe.

Twitter Whatsapp 100 100

75 75

50 50

25 25

0 0

Youtube Instagram 100 100

75 75

50 50

25 25

0 0

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Facebook 100

75

50

25

0

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4. CONCLUSION

The first part of this study consists of a 10-year track of the media usage of Turkey between the years 2008-2018, benefiting from the findings of various surveys. The second part is an analysis using the Cultivation Theory, which is a theory of mass communication, on whether the intensive use of television in Turkey has a place in the evolution of the perception of the masses. It can be observed that in the period between the years 2008-2018, television still plays a dominant role in the relationship of Turkey with different media channels. While trust in the daily print media in the context of news coverage has dwindled over the years, television is still the most consumed and trusted medium in 2018. Although the use of social media shows an increase in proportion to the level of education and urbanization, the approach toward the virtual world is still distant, often with a tendency to demonize the Internet and new technologies. Although the Internet has become widespread rapidly in the banking sector, it is seen that the Internet is mostly perceived, which is particularly parallel to political discourse, as a medium that harms society.

Different television channel choices give us the most crystallized form of political separation and polarization. Ideological cleavage is immediately manifested in both the news and entertainment contents. In particular, television news consumption along the lines of political parties leads to a closed world perception in which the masses only hear their own voices. In this context, discussions on echo chambers, brought to the literature of media studies by social media, seem to be adaptable to television in Turkey. People are increasingly breaking away from reality, listening to the echo of their own voice, and consequently constructing the perception of the world in this closed microcosm.

The length of the hours spent in front of the television brings the Turkish audience closer to the American audience profile of the 1970s. World perceptions change as a result of long exposure to popular cultural narratives (especially TV series) as well as to news, sometimes becoming more nationalistic, full of worries and fears about the country but optimistic on an individual level These findings are in harmony with the television-oriented critical model on American society between the 1970s and 2000s, namely Cultivation Theory.

Since 2011, we have seen a sharp rise in the use of the Internet and social media in terms of journalism and information flow. While in 2011, only 4 out of every 10 people in Turkey were using the Internet, today this figure is 8 out of 10 people. Different social media channels are becoming increasingly important for the representation of muzzled voices of opposition and for the representation of excluded social and political identities. Individual YouTube channels opened in the field of journalism, independent news and analysis platforms that try to produce an alternative to mainstream media by experimenting with different business models, instant virtual communication network bring diversity and depth to the media ecology of Turkey.

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KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 30 / 76

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adaklı, Gülseren. Türkiye’de Medya Endüstrisi. Ankara: Ütopya Publishing, 2006.

Cohen, S. 1972. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. London: MacGibbon and Key Ltd.

Gerbner, George (1973). “Cultural Indicators: The Third Voice”, içinde Communication Technology and Social Policy, Ed. George Gerbner, John Wiley and Sons: 555-73.

Gerbner, George ve Lary Gross 1976. Living with Television: The Violence Profile”, Journal of Communication, 26(2): 173-99.

Gerbner, George 1990. “Epilogue: Advancing on the Path of Righteouness (Maybe)”, In: Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research, Ed. Nancy Signorielli ve Michael Morgan, Sage Publication: 249-62.

Gerbner, George 1996. “The Hidden Side of Television Violence”, In: Invisible Crisis, Ed. Herbert Schiller vd., Colorado Westview Press: 27-34.

Gerbner, George 1996. “Foreword: Invasion of The Story Sellers”, Roy F. Fox. Harvesting Minds: How TV Commercials Control Kids, Westport: Praeger, ix-xiii.

Gerbner, George 2000. “Cultivation Analysis: An Overview”, Mass Communication & Society. 1: 3-12.

Media Ownership Monitor 2016. Bianet ve Sınır Tanımayan Gazeteciler Raporu. https://turkey.mom- rsf.org/fileadmin/rogmom/output/turkey.mom-rsf.org/turkey.mom-rsf.org-tr.pdf

Morgan, Michael ve Nancy Signorielli 1990. “Cultivation Analysis: Conceptualization and Methodology”, In: Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research, Ed. Nancy Signorielli ve Michael Morgan, Sage Publication: 13-34.

Morgan, Michael, James Shanahan ve Nancy Signorielli 2012. Living with Television Now. Advances in Cultivation Theory & Research, Peter Lang.

Newman, N. 2018a. ‘Executive Summary and Key Findings’, in Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 8–31.

Shanahan, James ve Michael Morgan 1999. Television and its Viewers Cultivation Theory and Reseearch, Cambridge University Press.

Signorielli, Nancy ve Michael Morgan 1996. “Cultivation Analysis: Research and Practice”, In An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, Ed. Michael B. Salven ve D.W. Staks, Lawrance Earlbaum Associates Publishers: 111-26.

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Sözeri, Ceren. Türkiye’de Medya İktidar İlişkileri. İstanbul: İstanbul Enstitüsü Yayınları, 2015.

Sözeri, Ceren ve Zeynep Güney. Türkiye’de Medyanın Ekonomi Politiği: Sektör Analizi http://tesev.org.tr/wp- content/uploads/2015/11/Turkiyede_Medyanin_Ekonomi_Politigi_Sektor_Analizi.pdf

Tunç, A. Media Ownership and Finances in Turkey: Increasing Concentration and Clientelism. South East European Media Observatory Report, 2015. http://mediaobservatory.net/sites/default/files/Media%20Ownership%20and%20Finances%20in%20Tur key.pdf

Yanatma, S. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018 Turkey Supplementary Report. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.

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6. RESEARCH ID

Visited Number of Research Type Field Dates Interviewees Province Town District Television 30 – 31 August August 2008 36 - 573 3437 Survey 2008 5 - 6 April April 2008 Lifestyle 41 328 1116 6482 2008 8 – 9 January January 2011 Barometer 36 115 154 2728 2011 12 - 13 April April 2014 Barometer 30 113 149 2621 2014 February 14 - 15 February Lifestyle 39 284 997 5222 2015 2025 2 - 3 April April 2016 Barometer 28 96 147 2544 2016 6 – 7 January January 2018 Barometer 29 116 158 2745 2018 31 March – April 2018 Barometer 32 110 150 2580 1 April 2018 31 March – April 2018 Lifestyle 36 291 951 5793 1 April 2018

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KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 34 / 76

7. APPENDIX 1: SOCIAL MEDIA USER PROFILES IN YEARS

As KONDA, we have been following the relationship of the society with social media for many years. Since 2011, we regularly ask the interviewees which of Youtube, Facebook and Twitter platforms they use. We have included WhatsApp and Instagram in our researches in the following years due to their widespread use. The findings reflect the social media usage of the population over the age of 18.

Social media usage Youtube Whatsapp 100 100 75 75 50 50

25 25

0 0

Instagram Twitter 100 100

75 75

50 50

25 25

0 0

Facebook 100

75

50

25

0

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WhatsApp, Instagram and YouTube are currently the most popular and increasingly popular social media, as shown in the graph above. On the other hand, Facebook’s reach has declined partially after reaching certain prevalence. Twitter is a social media channel that has never been as widespread as others.

In the graphs below, we will look at the profiles of WhatsApp, Instagram, YouTube, Facebook and Twitter users by age, education, lifestyle and political preferences. We will examine the changes in the profiles of people using social media channels over the last 10 years.

7.1. WhatsApp

Considering the WhatsApp user profiles, which we have been reviewing since 2015, we primarily observe change in age group demographics. In 2015, the rate of young people between the ages of 18-32 among WhatsApp users was 57 percent, while this rate has dropped to 43 percent today. In the middle age group, although not much change occurs, we see that it increases from year to year. Today, 4 out of every 10 WhatsApp users are in the 33-48 age range. Today, WhatsApp use in the 49-year-old and above age group has reached twice the rate in 2015. Seventeen percent of WhatsApp users in the society is in the age group of 49 years and above.

WhatsApp / Age Groups

2019 43 40 17 2018 47 38 15 2017 51 37 12 2016 56 35 10 2015 57 35 8

0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

WhatsApp, as seen in other social media channels, has become a platform, in which there are more people with education level less than high school and less university graduates. In 2015, the rate of those with less than high school education was 21 percent, while today they make up 35 percent of WhatsApp users. University graduates, of which the rate was 34 percent in 2015, constitute 25 percent of WhatsApp users today. The rate of high school graduates constitutes 2 out of every 5 users without much change.

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Whatsapp / Education Status

2019 35 39 25

2018 35 40 25

2017 33 40 27

2016 31 41 28

2015 21 45 34

0% 50% 100% Less than high school High school University

One of the important findings of our study is that WhatsApp users, of which the demographic structure changes according to age and educational background, have remained the same in terms of their lifestyles in recent years. Since 2016, out of every 10 WhatsApp users, 4 are Modern, 4 are Traditional Conservatives and 2 are Religious Conservatives. WhatsApp / Lifestyle

2019 37 45 18

2018 38 44 18

2017 39 43 18

2016 39 42 19

0% 50% 100%

Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

Although political trends may vary considerably over the years depending on the current political conjuncture or whether there is an election period, it provides information about the profiles of social media users. Considering political preferences, we observe that Ak Parti and MHP voters tend to decrease in terms of WhatsApp use. Today, 31 percent of WhatsApp users say that they would vote for the Ak Parti in a possible election and 7 percent would vote for the MHP. WhatsApp usage of the CHP electorate seems to have increased since 2016. One of every 4 WhatsApp users says that they would vote for the CHP in a possible election. WhatsApp Use / General Election

2019 31 26 7 5 4 18 6

2018 34 19 8 5 6 20 7

2017 36 18 9 6 1 20 8

2016 40 16 11 7 17 8

2015 24 21 14 7 22 10

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other Parties Swing Voter Non-voter

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7.2. Instagram

When we examine the profiles of Instagram users according to age groups, it is observed that the rate of young people among users decreases as in other social media platforms; whereas we observe that the rate of users in middle and upper age groups has increased. Nevertheless, it should be noted that there is no state of ‘aging’ regarding the Instagram user profile. In 2013, 8 out of every 10 Instagram users were young people, while this rate is about 6 today. The middle age group has doubled among Instagram users since 2013. Today, the middle age group makes up 34 percent of Instagram users. While users who are 49 years and above constitute only 1 percent of the users in 2013, today 1 out of every 10 users is in this age group.

Instagram / Age Groups

2019 56 34 9 2018 60 32 9 2017 64 29 7 2016 69 25 5 2015 66 27 6 2014 78 19 3 2013 82 17 1

0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

When we examine the use of Instagram according to educational background, it is seen that university graduates continue to take place among Instagram users at constant rates; on the other hand, we find that the rate of those who have education below the high school level has increased considerably and that those who have high school level education have decreased. The rate of those with less than high school education seems to have risen from 9 percent to 26 percent since 2013.

Instagram / Education Status 2019 26 43 31 2018 26 45 29 2017 26 44 30 2016 23 46 31 2015 16 47 37 2014 12 54 33 2013 9 57 34

0% 50% 100% Less than high school High school University

The change in Instagram users' profile according to their lifestyle is more like a change in age groups. However, it is not possible to talk about the dominance of a demographic group like in the

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age groups. In 2013, the rate of Instagram users who described their lifestyle as Modern was at 73 percent, while today it has declined to 45 percent. The rate of Traditional Conservatives in Instagram has increased from 20 percent to 41 percent; while the rate of Religious Conservatives has risen from 6 percent to 14 percent. Today, considering their lifestyle, Moderns and Traditional Conservatives are at a very close rate in Instagram user profiles.

Instagram Lifestyle

2019 45 41 14

2018 46 41 14

2017 45 40 15

2016 47 38 15

2014 61 33 6

2013 73 20 6

%0 %50 %100 Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

Considering political preferences, the profile of Instagram users who have a tendency towards the Ak Parti has doubled since 2013. While the rate of CHP users tended to decline until 2018, it has reached the same rates as the Ak Parti partisans today. Today, 3 out of every 10 Instagram users state that they would vote for the Ak Parti in a possible election and 3 for the CHP. Instagram Use/ General Election

2019 27 28 8 5 4 19 7

2018 31 21 9 5 6 20 8

2017 32 20 10 6 1 21 9

2016 34 18 12 7 19 9

2015 22 21 14 6 23 12

2014 17 45 19 2 12 3

2013 13 35 13 2 14 17

0% 50% 100%

Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other Parties Swing Voter Non-voter

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 39 / 76

7.3. YouTube

Although there has been a fluctuating demographic change over the past decade in terms of age groups, YouTube seems to have become a social media platform that middle and upper age groups are increasingly using. In 2011, 67 percent of YouTube users were young. However, on YouTube, the rate of young people showed a downward trend until 2015. Although it rose again in 2016, it fell down until 2019 and reached 55 percent. It should be noted that there is no ‘aging’ situation, which we observe on Facebook despite the decrease in the rate of young people and the increase in the number of users in middle age and 49 age groups in Youtube.

YouTube /Age Groups 2019 55 35 11 2018 57 32 10 2017 60 31 9 2016 64 29 7 2015 57 34 9 2014 60 30 10 2013 61 29 11 2011 67 27 6 0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

According to their educational background, the rate of university graduates among YouTube users has not changed much in the last 10 years. Three out of 10 YouTube users are university graduates. However, with the rise of people who have an education level less than high school among YouTube users, the rate of high school graduates has declined. High school graduates constitute the most dominant user group in terms of education with a rate of 44 percent. We see that 1 out of 4 YouTube users has less than high school education.

YouTube / Education Status 2019 25 44 31 2018 25 45 30 2017 25 44 31 2016 24 43 32 2015 23 46 31 2014 24 49 27 2013 24 47 28 2011 18 55 27

0% 50% 100% Less than high school High school University

Contrary to previous years, where lifestyles of YouTube users had more Modern tendencies, today, Modern and Traditional Conservatives are at close rates on YouTube. Among the YouTube

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users, the rate of Moderns, which was 53 percent in 2013, has decreased to 44 percent in 2019; while the rate of Traditional Conservatives has increased from 35 percent to 42 percent in these years. YouTube / Lifestyle

2019 44 42 14

2018 46 39 15

2017 46 38 15

2016 45 39 16

2014 53 38 9

2013 53 35 12

%0 %50 %100 Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

The political tendencies of its users make YouTube a medium where different trends prevail year by year. Nevertheless, whatever political trends YouTube users had 10 years ago, there is almost a similar picture today. In a possible election, 3 out of every 10 YouTube users state that they would vote for the Ak Parti and 3 for the CHP.

YouTube Use/ General Election

2019 27 29 7 6 4 18 7

2018 30 21 9 6 7 20 7

2017 32 20 10 5 2 20 9

2016 36 18 12 7 17 9

2015 24 19 15 8 21 10

2014 25 37 17 8 10 2

2013 26 23 13 7 17 10

2011 30 32 11 7 12 5

0% 50% 100%

Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other Parties Swing Voter Non-voter

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 41 / 76

7.4. Facebook

We have seen an increase in the average age of Facebook users' profiles since 2011. In 2011, 6 out of every 10 people using Facebook were between 18-32 years old; while this decreases to 4 in 2019. While the share of young people among Facebook users decreases, the rate of middle and upper age groups has increased.

Facebook / Age Groups

2019 39 42 19 2018 43 40 17 2017 48 39 14 2016 50 37 12 2015 44 40 16 2014 48 38 15 2013 48 38 14 2011 58 32 9 0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

Regarding the education status of Facebook users, it is seen that the rate of those who have less than high school education has increased. However, the rate of high school graduates among Facebook users seems to have decreased. Still, 4 out of every 10 Facebook users are high school graduates, making up the largest Facebook user in the society. Although there are small changes from time to time in the rate of university graduates, we see that there has not been much change in the last 10 years. We find out that 1 out of every 4 Facebook users in the society has university level education.

Facebook / Education Status

2019 36 40 24 2018 35 40 24 2017 36 39 25 2016 35 40 25 2015 32 41 27 2014 33 45 21 2013 31 46 22 2011 24 51 25 0% 50% 100% Less than high school High school University

There has been a general change in the lifestyles of Facebook users in the last 10 years. Those who define their lifestyle as Modern have decreased among the Facebook users; whereas we find out that the rate of Traditional Conservatives among Facebook users has increased. In our

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 42 / 76

2013 data, Moderns are more among Facebook users with 46 percent, while the rate of Traditional Conservatives was 39 percent. Today, one out of two Facebook users defines itself as Traditional Conservative in terms of lifestyle.

Facebook / Lifestyle

2019 35 48 17

2018 38 45 17

2017 38 44 19

2016 36 45 19

2014 40 46 14

2013 46 39 15

%0 %50 %100 Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

In terms of political trends, we see that Facebook users did not change much in the last 10 years. Although the rate of Ak Parti users tends to increase from time to time, it is slightly above the rate in 2011 with 32 percent. The rate of CHP users has decreased since 2011 by 5 points to 27 percent. However, we should mention that the newly established İyi Parti constitutes a 4 percent cluster among Facebook users. The rate of those who prefer the HDP among Facebook users does not show much change between the years we discussed and is at 5 percent. Facebook Use/ General Election

2019 32 27 7 5 4 17 6

2018 34 20 8 5 6 19 7

2017 36 19 9 6 1 20 8

2016 41 16 10 7 18 7

2015 28 18 14 7 22 9

2014 34 31 14 6 11 3

2013 33 20 14 5 18 9

2011 30 32 10 5 17 4

0% 50% 100%

Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other Parties Swing Voter Non-voter

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 43 / 76

7.5. Twitter

Twitter stands out as a social media platform where young people outweigh. In terms of the last 10 years, there is not much change in the rates of Twitter users according to age groups. Six out of 10 people who are Twitter users in the society are young people.

Twitter / Age Groups

2019 59 31 10 2018 60 30 10 2017 61 30 10 2016 64 28 8 2015 58 33 9 2014 62 30 8 2013 62 27 10 2011 61 33 7

0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

We observe the trend among Facebook users in terms of education status on Twitter, too. Users with less than high school education have doubled in the last 10 years. One out of 5 Twitter users seems to have education level less than high school. The current rate of high school graduates, which tended to increase in 2013 and 2014, when the rate of university graduates fell, seems to be close to the rate in 2011. Today, we find out that 2 out of every 5 Twitter users are high school graduates and 2 are university graduates. We can state that the most educated cluster in social media is Twitter users.

Twitter / Education Status

2019 19 42 40 2018 19 44 37 2017 21 43 36 2016 20 44 36 2015 15 47 38 2014 20 50 30 2013 16 53 30 2011 10 44 46

0% 50% 100%

Less than high school High school University

In terms of lifestyles, although Moderns have tended to decline since 2013, Twitter stands out as the social media channel most used by those with Modern lifestyles. One of every 2 Twitter users has a Modern lifestyle. On the other hand, the rate of Traditional Conservative and

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Religious Conservatives has increased year by year. Traditional Conservatives have increased from 32 percent in 2013 to 36 percent in 2019; while Religious Conservatives, which were 8 percent, have reached 11 percent.

Twitter / Lifestyle

2019 53 36 11

2018 54 35 12

2017 51 36 14

2016 49 36 14

2014 54 37 9

2013 60 32 8

%0 %50 %100 Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

Among the Twitter users, the CHP trend is dominant. Three out of every 10 Twitter users say that they would vote for the CHP in a possible election. However, in the last 10-year period, the rate of CHP people had showed a decreasing trend and it increased again in 2019. The rate of Ak Parti members among Twitter users seems to have been below 30 percent except for 2016. Today, only 2 out of every 10 Twitter users state that they will vote for the Ak Parti in a possible election. The rate of MHP partisans on Twitter has risen until 2014, and then showed a downward trend and has reached 8 percent today.

Twitter Use / General Election

2019 22 32 8 6 5 18 7

2018 25 24 8 6 7 19 8

2017 28 22 10 6 2 21 10

2016 33 20 12 8 17 9

2015 22 21 13 7 23 12

2014 24 36 16 7 12 4

2013 25 25 13 4 18 11

2011 27 39 6 9 13 3

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other Parties Swing Voter Non-voter

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 45 / 76

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 46 / 76

8. APPENDIX 2: AUDIENCE PROFILES OF THE CHANNELS TO FOLLOW NEWS OVER THE YEARS

In our Barometer surveys since 2010, we regularly ask the question ‘which TV channel do you prefer the most to watch the news? ” The answers to this question provide us with indirect information about people's political tendency and lifestyle, as well as changes in news sources.

Ratings of the Channels for News

Kanal D ATV 25 20 15 10 5 0

Star Samanyolu 25 20 15 10 5 0

TRT Show TV 25 20 15 10 5 0

Kanal 7 NTV 25 20 15 10 5

0

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2011

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 47 / 76

Habertürk Fox TV 25 20 15 10 5 0

CNN Türk A Haber 25 20 15 10 5 0

Halk TV Other Channels 25 20 15 10 5

0

2018 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2010

While the preferred television channels for the news have changed over the years, the mass that does not follow the news on television seems to increase rapidly. I do not follow news on TV. 80

60

40

20 14 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

2018 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 48 / 76

The graphs above rank television channels from the most viewed for the news in 2010 to the least viewed. In this section, we look at the profiles of the audience in this order.

8.1. Kanal D

Age is a determining factor in demographic change of the audience profile of the Kanal D. Ten years ago, 1 out of every 2 Kanal D viewers consisted of young people, while today only 3 out of every 10 Kanal D viewers are young people. In the last decade, we have to say that the rate of young people among the audience has decreased and instead the rates of middle age and upper age groups have increased. Today, with 38 percent, the middle age group is the dominant cluster in Kanal D's audience profile.

Kanal D / Age Groups

2010 50 34 16 2011 51 28 21 2012 46 34 21 2013 46 34 20 2014 43 35 22 2015 43 35 22 2016 43 35 22 2017 39 36 24 2018 37 36 28 2019 33 38 29 0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

Education level does not appear to be a decisive factor for the demographic change of the audience profile of Kanal D. We see that the rate of those who have high school and university level education among the viewers has increased, whereas the rate of those who have less than high school education decreased. However, it should be noted that this change did not occur at a very high level. In the current audience profile of Kanal D, we find out that those with less than high school education make up the dominant cluster according to the educational level at 56 percent.

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 49 / 76

Kanal D / Education 2010 61 29 9 2011 57 31 12 2012 57 30 12 2013 57 32 12 2014 56 32 12 2015 56 30 14 2016 55 34 11 2017 54 31 15 2018 57 30 14 2019 56 32 11

0% 50% 100% Less than high school High school University

In terms of their lifestyle, we see that Traditional Conservatives are the dominant audience profile of Kanal D. In the last decade, while the rate of Moderns has decreased from 34 percent to 19 percent, the rate of Religious Conservatives has risen from 20 percent to 29 percent. We find out that the rate of Traditional Conservatives, which constitute the dominant cluster in the audience profile, rose year by year from 45 percent to 52 percent.

Kanal D / Lifestyle

2012 34 45 20 2013 35 45 21 2014 28 50 22 2015 30 48 21 2016 29 48 23 2017 28 49 23 2018 24 51 25 2019 19 52 29

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

According to political preferences, the demographic change in the Kanal D audience profile shows that the Ak Parti partisans tend to rise year by year. In the past 10 years, the rate of people who state that they would vote for the Ak Parti in a possible election has increased from 27 percent to 44 percent; while the rate of those who state that they will vote for the CHP has declined from 29 percent to 13 percent.

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 50 / 76

Kanal D / General Election

2010 27 29 11 3 23 6 2011 35 34 2 14 4 2012 25 3 21 7 2013 33 23 9 20 7 2014 37 22 13 6 17 4 2015 29 25 12 12 16 3 2016 35 19 11 7 20 7 2017 32 16 11 6 1 24 8 2018 34 15 9 6 5 26 6 2019 44 13 8 4 2 21 5

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

8.2. ATV

In the demographic change of ATV viewers over the last 10 years, the audience profile tends to age gradually. Young people make up 33 percent of ATV viewers in 2010, whereas today there is a 10 percentage point decrease in this rate. On the other hand, the rate of the audience in the upper age groups has increased from 25 percent to 39 percent. While there is no big difference in the middle age group, we observe that 4 out of every 10 ATV viewers have been in this age group in the last 10 years. ATV / Age Groups

2010 33 42 25 2011 37 38 25 2012 37 37 25 2013 35 39 26 2014 33 40 27 2015 32 38 30 2016 32 38 30 2017 29 37 35 2018 26 38 36 2019 23 38 39 0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

In terms of education, we find out that the ATV audience profile has remained the same in the last 10 years. While small changes in the rates of those with less than high school education and those with high school education have taken place year by year, we see that people with

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 51 / 76

these education levels have reached the same level as that of 10 years ago. Today, 67 percent of ATV viewers have an education level less than high school and 24 percent of them are high school graduates. One out of every 10 ATV viewers is a university graduate.

ATV / Education

2010 68 23 9 2011 61 30 9 2012 63 28 9 2013 62 28 10 2014 64 26 9 2015 65 26 9 2016 65 26 10 2017 67 24 9 2018 68 24 8 2019 67 24 9

0% 50% 100%

Less than high school High school University

The graph below examines the demographic change of the ATV audience profile in terms of lifestyles. While the rate of Moderns has decreased by half in the past 10 years, the rate of Religious Conservatives has increased. One of every 2 ATV viewers defines herself/himself as Traditional Conservative. We should add that this rate of Traditional Conservatives among ATV viewers has not changed since 2012.

ATV / Lifestyle

2012 23 50 27

2013 21 51 28

2014 18 49 33

2015 14 50 36

2016 14 50 36

2017 12 48 39

2018 12 49 39

2019 12 50 38

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

When we analyze the ATV audience profile according to political preferences, we find out that the rate of Ak Parti partisans among the audience has increased gradually in the last 10 years. Today, 7 out of every 10 ATV viewers state that they would vote for the Ak Parti in a possible election. In 2010, CHP voters constituted 12 percent of ATV viewers, while today the rate of CHP voters has declined to 4 percent.

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 52 / 76

ATV / General Election

2010 51 12 6 21 5 2011 57 13 14 3 2012 10 21 5 2013 51 11 10 20 5 2014 64 9 7 13 3 2015 70 6 7 11 3 2016 73 4 5 13 4 2017 72 3 5 15 4 2018 70 3 6 16 4 2019 69 4 6 15 4

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

8.3. Samanyolu

When we examine the audience profile of the Samanyolu channel between 2010 and 2016 according to age groups, we see that the dominance of the youth among the viewers first evolved into the middle age group and later in the upper age group. In 2010, 39 percent of the audience consists of young people, while this rate has decline to 22 percent in 2016. Between 2011 and 2015, 4 out of every 10 people watching the Samanyolu were in the 33- 48 age range, while the rate of this age group among the audience has declined to 32 percent in 2016. From 2010 to 2016, we see that those who are 49 years of age and above have risen from 29 percent to 46 percent.

Samanyolu / Age Groups 2010 39 33 29 2011 30 38 32 2012 27 39 34 2013 25 39 36 2014 28 40 32 2015 26 37 36 2016 22 32 46

0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

In terms of education, it is seen that there are smaller changes in the audience profile of the Samanyolu than the changes we observe by age. Those with education level less than high school have declined by 10 percentage points to 68 percent in 2016, but continued to form

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 53 / 76

the dominant audience cluster of the Samanyolu. On the other hand, we see that the rate of high school graduates and university graduates between viewers have increased at not high rates.

Samanyolu / Education

2010 78 17 6 2011 76 17 7 2012 75 18 7 2013 74 19 7 2014 72 21 7 2015 77 15 8 2016 68 22 10

0% 50% 100% Less than high school High school University

When we examine the demographic changes according to their lifestyles, we find that the Samanyolu audience profile has not changed much in the years we have discussed. Although the rate of Religious Conservatives among viewers shows a downward trend in 2014-2015, it has reached 54 percent in 2016. In 2016, the Traditional Conservatives constituted 39 percent of the Samanyolu viewers.

Samanyolu / Lifestyle 2012 7 41 52

2013 7 43 50

2014 13 42 46

2015 9 49 42

2016 7 39 54

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

When we consider the demographic change in the Samanyolu audience profile according to political preferences, we have the chance to observe a change that is more intense than the changes we observe in age, education and lifestyles. Approximately 8 out of every 10 Samanyolu viewers voted for the Ak Parti from 2010 to 2013, while the rate of Ak Parti partisans among the audience has started to decline with 2014. However, in 2016, one of every 2 Samanyolu viewers said that they would vote for the Ak Parti. Although the rate of Ak Parti partisans among the audience has decreased, the rate of MHP partisans seems to have increased. The rate of MHP partisans, which was 3 percent in 2010, reached 10 percent in 2016.

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 54 / 76

Samanyolu / General Election

2010 75 2 3 4 13 2

2011 81 2 3 2 4 6 1

2012 75 2 4 1 2 13 3

2013 75 2 5 1 2 12 3

2014 52 12 10 3 3 16 4

2015 36 12 17 7 6 19 3

2016 48 3 10 5 15 15 5

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

8.4. Star TV

In terms of age groups, there is no change in Star TV's audience profile, as we have seen in other channels. Although the rate of young people among Star TV viewers has tended to increase in the last 10 years, today it seems that it has returned to the level of 10 years ago. Today, 34 percent of the audience consists of young people. We also see that the rate of the middle age group among the viewers has slightly increased compared to 10 years ago. We can state that the middle age group, which constitutes the largest cluster in terms of age groups, represents 4 out of 10 viewers. The rate of the upper age group is also not very different. Today, 1 in 4 Star TV viewers is in the upper age group. Star TV/ Age Groups

2010 35 36 28 2011 36 34 30 2012 44 33 23 2013 41 37 21 2014 45 37 19 2015 43 38 19 2016 43 37 20 2017 43 35 22 2018 38 39 22 2019 34 39 26 0% 50% 100%

18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

In terms of education, we see that there is a decrease in the number of those with less than high school level education among the Star TV audience, while high school graduates have risen slightly and the rate of university graduates has remained the same. Today, those who have education less than high school make up 1 of every 2 viewers of Star TV. The rate of high

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 55 / 76

school graduates among the audience is 34 percent and the rate of university graduates is 13 percent. Star TV / Education

2010 58 31 12 2011 55 30 15 2012 56 31 13 2013 56 33 11 2014 51 34 15 2015 55 32 12 2016 53 33 14 2017 52 35 13 2018 47 38 15 2019 52 34 13

0% 50% 100%

Less than high school High school University

The demographics of Star TV audience profile change more according to their lifestyles than according to the parameters such as age and education. The rate of the Modern among the viewers has decreased from 37 percent to 21 percent; on the other hand, the rates of Traditional Conservatives and Religious Conservatives seem to have increased. In summary, two out of every 10 Star TV viewers today describe their lifestyle as Modern, 5 as Traditional Conservative and about 3 as Religious Conservative.

Star TV Lifestyle

2012 37 44 19

2013 31 44 25

2014 32 49 19

2015 28 50 22

2016 26 52 22

2017 25 52 22

2018 26 55 19

2019 21 53 26

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

The political preferences of Star TV viewers seem to have changed considerably over the past decade. 10 years ago, according to party preferences, the channel's dominant audience group consisted of the CHP partisans, while today the Ak Parti partisans dominate the audience. Within 10 years, the rate of Ak Parti partisans among the viewers has increased from 17 percent to 35 percent, while the rate of the CHP partisans fell from 40 percent to 11

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 56 / 76

percent. The rate of MHP partisans among the viewers of the channel is at a higher level compared to other channels ay 14 percent. At the same time, it should be noted that the rate of MHP partisans among the audience has not changed much in the last 10 years.

Star / General Election

2010 17 40 13 1 21 5 2011 21 49 1 14 3 2012 30 2 19 7 2013 40 19 12 18 6 2014 37 21 15 7 15 4 2015 37 22 16 5 16 3 2016 43 15 16 3 16 6 2017 38 10 13 4 1 24 9 2018 38 9 14 2 6 24 5 2019 35 11 14 2 3 27 8

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

8.5. TRT

TRT is the primary channel with a low young audience profile in the past, too. In 2010, the rate of young people among TRT viewers was 29 percent, while this rate has declined to 19 percent today. While there has not been much change in the middle age group, we see that the upper age group has started to form a TRT audience profile at a higher level from year to year. The upper age group has dominance among TRT viewers at a rate of 45 percent. TRT / Age Groups

2010 29 39 33 2011 25 35 39 2012 26 36 38 2013 26 37 37 2014 24 36 40 2015 24 33 42 2016 25 36 39 2017 23 37 40 2018 23 34 43 2019 19 36 45

0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

When we examine the 10-year demographic change of TRT according to education level, we see that the rate of university graduates has not changed much in the last 10 years and constitute

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 57 / 76

the smallest cluster among the audience in terms of education. Only 1 in 10 TRT viewers seems to be university graduate. In the last 10 years, high school graduates have always represented 1 of every 4 viewers. A large part of TRT viewers have education less than high school. It is seen that 3 out of every 5 TRT viewers have education level less than high school. TRT / Education 2010 71 21 8 2011 64 26 11 2012 64 24 11 2013 63 24 13 2014 65 25 10 2015 64 24 11 2016 62 25 13 2017 62 25 13 2018 61 26 13 2019 63 24 13

0% 50% 100% Less than high school High school University

Considering the change of TRT audience profile in terms of lifestyles, we see that the rate of Modern people has decreased, whereas the rate of Religious Conservatives has increased. Since 2012, the rate of Moderns among viewers has declined from 17 percent to 10 percent; while the rate of Religious Conservatives seems to have risen from 30 percent to 37 percent. Traditional Conservatives remain at the same rate in this period and today, with 53 percent, they constitute the dominant audience profile in terms of the lifestyle.

TRT / Lifestyle

2012 17 53 30

2013 17 55 28

2014 13 53 35

2015 12 50 38

2016 11 51 38

2017 12 49 39

2018 11 50 39

2019 10 53 37

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 58 / 76

In the last 10 years, the rate of Ak Parti viewers has always been high in terms of party preferences of TRT viewers. Since 2014, when Erdoğan was elected President, the rate of Ak Parti partisans among TRT viewers has always been above 60 percent.

TRT / General Election

2010 45 12 9 23 6 2011 58 10 14 2 2012 8 21 6 2013 51 8 12 21 5 2014 60 8 9 14 5 2015 63 7 9 14 3 2016 66 4 8 15 5 2017 63 4 8 18 5 2018 61 3 10 18 4 2019 60 5 9 19 5

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

8.6. Show TV

The age group is an important parameter in demographic change in Show TV audience profile. In the last 10 years, while the rate of young people among Show TV viewers has decreased, the rate of middle and upper age groups has increased. Today, we can say that considering the audience of the channel, the 33-48 age group constitutes the dominant audience profile while being close to the rate of the youth and upper age group.

Show TV / Age Groups

2010 48 36 16 2011 49 31 20 2012 48 33 19 2013 47 34 20 2014 45 33 21 2015 46 37 17 2016 44 36 20 2017 43 36 21 2018 42 36 22 2019 35 38 27

0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 59 / 76

In terms of education, there is no significant change in Show TV audience profile. While the rate of those who have education less than high school level have decreased year by year, today they constitute 6 out of every 10 viewers of the channel. While the rate of high school grad- uates among the audience has not changed significantly in the last 10 years, it is seen that the rate of university graduates has increased slightly. Today, we see that 6 out of every 10 Show TV viewers have education level less than high school, 3 of them are high school grad- uates, and only 1 of them is a university graduate.

Show TV / Education

2010 65 28 8 2011 56 32 12 2012 58 31 12 2013 59 31 10 2014 57 33 10 2015 61 29 10 2016 61 30 9 2017 63 29 9 2018 59 31 10 2019 60 29 11

0% 50% 100% Less than high school High school University

When we examine the show TV audience profile according to their lifestyles, it is seen that there has been a demographic change from year to year. The rate of Moderns has fallen by almost half in this period, reaching 18 percent. However, the rate of Religious Conservatives has increased from 22 percent to 36 percent. Although there has been no major change in the rate of Traditional Conservatives among viewers in the last 10 years, they continue to constitute the channel's dominant audience profile. Today, 1 in every 2 Show TV viewers defines themselves as Traditional Conservative in terms of their lifestyle.

Show TV / Lifestyle

2012 34 44 22

2013 30 44 25

2014 30 47 24

2015 22 49 29

2016 21 50 29

2017 21 49 30

2018 20 51 29

2019 18 47 36

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 60 / 76

According to political preferences, the change in the profile of the Show TV audience firstly shows that the rate of Ak Parti partisans increases. In 2010, the rate of Ak Parti partisans among the audience was 32 percent; while 43 percent of the viewers today state that they would vote for the Ak Parti in a possible election. The rate of CHP partisans has decreased by half in the last 10 years. Today, we see that only 1 of every 10 Show TV viewers states that he/she would vote for the CHP in a possible election. In the last 10 years, there is no change in the rate of the MHP partisans. In the last 10 years, MHP partisans have constituted 1 of every 10 viewers of the channel.

Show TV / General Election

2010 32 23 12 2 22 7 2011 40 25 1 17 3 2012 23 2 19 7 2013 39 17 12 20 8 2014 37 23 12 6 15 4 2015 44 15 13 5 17 4 2016 50 9 12 3 18 7 2017 48 8 9 4 0 23 7 2018 44 8 10 3 4 24 6 2019 43 10 9 2 3 23 8

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

8.7. Kanal 7

Considering the Kanal 7 audience profile, in the past 10 years, primarily the dominant audience cluster by age has changed. Until 2015, while the middle age group formed the dominant cluster among the Kanal 7 viewers, after 2015 the upper age group became the dominant cluster by age. Today, 1 of every 2 viewers of Kanal 7 is in the age group of 49 and older. However, in the last 10 years, the rate of young people among the audience has decreased from 25 percent to 13 percent.

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 61 / 76

Kanal 7 / Age Groups

2010 25 42 33 2011 32 34 34 2012 26 36 38 2013 25 38 37 2014 28 37 36 2015 20 36 44 2016 23 35 42 2017 18 35 48 2018 14 38 48 2019 13 31 55 0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

On the other hand, regarding the demographic change of Kanal 7 according to education, the rate of those with education level less than high school has increased in the last 10 years; while the rate of high school graduates has decreased. The rate of university graduates among the audience is very low without any change in the last 10 years.

Kanal 7 / Education

2010 81 16 4

2011 78 16 5

2012 78 16 6

2013 75 17 7

2014 72 21 7

2015 81 15 4

2016 83 14 3

2017 85 12 3

2018 91 7 2

2019 87 9 4

0% 50% 100% Less than high school High school University

We see that the Kanal 7 audience profile has not changed much in the last 10 years according to their lifestyle. Religious Conservatives have always been the dominant audience of the channel, and today their rate remains at 55 percent. We see that the Moderns, which constitute a narrow cluster among the viewers, have declined further down to the level of 3 percent. The rate of Traditional Conservatives has changed slightly from year to year, but today it is close to the channel's 2012 audience profile with 42 percent.

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 62 / 76

Kanal 7 / Lifestyle

2012 8 40 52

2013 11 36 53

2014 15 44 41

2015 5 41 55

2016 4 49 47

2017 6 42 52

2018 5 46 48

2019 3 42 55

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

According to political preferences, the Ak Parti partisans are always dominant in the audience of the Kanal 7. However, it should be noted that in recent years, the rate of Ak Parti partisans among the viewers has decreased gradually. Nevertheless, today, 1 of every 2 Kanal 7 viewers states that he/she would vote for the Ak Parti in a possible election. Despite the decline in the rate of the Ak Parti partisans, there is an increase in the rate of those who declare their general political preference as ‘undecided.’

Kanal 7 / General Election

2010 74 3 3 1 13 2 2011 78 3 1 9 2 2012 74 2 14 3 2013 69 5 5 13 4 2014 66 10 7 2 12 2 2015 74 3 6 3 11 2 2016 70 3 5 2 13 4 2017 68 2 2 3 18 5 2018 63 4 3 3 21 6 2019 55 3 3 2 27 6

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 63 / 76

8.8. NTV

In the last 10 years, the change of NTV viewers according to age groups is also remarkable. The trend, which we observe in most channels is also observed by NTV. Ten years ago, 1 out of every 2 NTV viewers was young, whereas today only 1 out of 4 NTV viewers is young. In the middle age group, a less increasing tendency was observed, whereas the upper age groups among the viewers have tripled today. Today, 3 out of every 10 NTV viewers are people in the upper age group.

NTV / Age Groups

2010 51 39 11 2011 48 31 21 2012 46 35 19 2013 41 37 21 2014 44 34 23 2015 38 36 27 2016 36 38 26 2017 36 36 28 2018 32 39 29 2019 25 43 32 0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

When we examine the educational levels of NTV viewers in the context of the demographic change over the last 10 years, we see that not many changes have taken place. We find out that in 2013, the rate of those with university level education has decreased. We can assume that the political conjuncture of the year 2013, in which Gezi Park protests took place, revealed such a tendency. Today, those who have less than high school education, high school graduates and university graduates are at similar rates in the audience profile of the NTV.

NTV / Education

2010 33 36 31 2011 31 36 32 2012 29 39 32 2013 38 36 26 2014 29 40 31 2015 35 34 31 2016 35 33 32 2017 36 34 30 2018 35 32 33 2019 34 34 32

0% 50% 100%

Less than high school High school University

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 64 / 76

We see the demographic change, which we see in the age groups of the NTV audience profile in the lifestyles, too. While 1 out of 2 NTV viewers was Modern in 2012, today 1 out of 2 viewers is Traditional Conservative. In the meantime, we should note that the rate of Religious Conservatives has doubled in the last 10 years. Today, 1 out of 5 NTV viewers defines their lifestyle as Religious Conservative.

NTV / Lifestyle

2012 52 39 9

2013 40 44 16

2014 43 45 12

2015 39 44 17

2016 36 48 16

2017 35 49 16

2018 34 51 15

2019 28 52 20

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

In the following graph, where we examine the changing demographic structure of NTV audience profile according to party preferences, we see that the rate of CHP partisans gradually decreased with the increase of the rate of Ak Parti partisans. Among the NTV viewers, we estimate that the breakdown of the balance between the Ak Parti and CHP partisans was in 2013 and in 2015. Until these years, CHP partisans constitute with a general tendency the NTV audience at a higher rate, while the Ak Parti partisans constitute the biggest cluster in the audience profile with 37 percent according to political party preference. The rate of CHP partisans has decreased to 14 percent today. NTV / General Election

2010 24 32 8 7 18 8 2011 24 30 11 7 6 16 6 2012 20 29 10 5 23 10 2013 29 24 11 20 8 2014 26 27 14 6 18 7 2015 30 23 16 5 19 4 2016 32 19 12 4 22 9 2017 31 15 13 4 2 24 11 2018 32 12 12 3 7 25 8 2019 37 14 9 3 6 23 7

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 65 / 76

Ethnicity is one of the determining factors in the change of the demographic structure of NTV viewers. While the Kurds followed the news from NTV much more 10 years ago, at the end of the 10- year period, the rate of Kurds among viewers has fallen by half. Today, 89 percent of NTV viewers define their ethnicity as Turkish, while only 7 percent define it as Kurdish.

NTV / Ethnicity

2010 80 15 4 2011 79 16 5 2012 85 10 4 2013 82 11 2 4 2014 83 10 2 3 2015 86 9 1 4 2016 84 9 2 4 2017 84 10 1 3 2018 85 10 1 3 2019 89 7 1 2

0% 50% 100%

Turkish Kurdish Zaza Arab Other

8.9. Habertürk

Habertürk is one of the channels where demographic change according to the age is not much observed. The graph below shows that the rate of young people among viewers has decreased from 37 percent to 28 percent in the last 10 years; while the rate of the middle age group remained the same and the rate of the upper age group among the audience has increased from 25 percent to 35 percent. As can be seen, today we can say that there is an almost equal distribution among Habertürk viewers by age groups.

Habertürk / Age Groups

2010 37 38 25 2011 43 33 24 2012 44 32 24 2013 47 31 22 2014 41 35 25 2015 41 33 25 2016 40 36 25 2017 38 36 27 2018 30 38 32 2019 28 37 35

0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 66 / 76

When we examine it according to the education level, we see that the rate of university graduates has increased, whereas the rate of those with less than high school education decreased. Today, one out of every 4 Habertürk viewers is university graduate. The rate of high school graduates is at the level of 35 percent and it is observed that the status of high school graduates among the viewers has not changed much in the last 10 years. According to education level, the dominant audience of Habertürk is those with less than high school level education at 39 percent.

Habertürk / Education

2010 45 35 19 2011 41 33 25 2012 40 35 25 2013 36 39 24 2014 49 32 20 2015 46 29 25 2016 40 33 28 2017 44 31 25 2018 42 34 24 2019 39 35 26

0% 50% 100%

Less than high school High school University

It is seen that there is more demographic change of the Habertürk audience profile according to the lifestyles compared to age and education parameters. In recent years, the rate of Moderns has decreased from 40 percent to 23 percent; while the rate of Traditional Conservatives among viewers has increased from 44 percent to 57 percent, and the rate of Religious Conservatives has increased from 16 percent to 20 percent.

Habertürk / Lifestyle

2012 40 44 16

2013 37 47 16

2014 25 52 23

2015 28 49 23

2016 29 50 21

2017 29 45 26

2018 30 48 22

2019 23 57 20

0% 50% 100%

Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 67 / 76

Political preferences also indicate a change in Habertürk audience profile. In 2010, while 28 percent of Habertürk viewers were Ak Parti partisans, we see that this rate has increased from year to year and reached 43 percent today. On the other hand, the rate of CHP partisans among the audience has decreased. In 2010, the CHP partisans made up 27 percent of the audience, while they have declined to 14 percent, today. The rate of MHP audience among the audience has not changed much in the last 10 years and today it constitutes 12 percent of the audience.

Habertürk / General Election

2010 28 27 11 4 20 5 2011 32 28 13 4 14 4 2012 29 25 12 3 21 7 2013 31 21 14 18 8 2014 39 19 14 5 16 4 2015 36 19 16 8 15 4 2016 39 14 17 2 18 8 2017 40 12 13 4 1 20 8 2018 33 14 12 2 8 22 8 2019 43 14 12 3 2 21 5

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

8.10. Fox TV

When we come to Fox TV, we find out that considering the age groups young people have decreased with a lower tendency in the audience compared to other channels, while the rate of the middle age group has remained almost the same and the upper age group has become audience of the channel at a higher rate. Today, we see that Fox TV viewers are divided into 3 almost equal proportions by age group.

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 68 / 76

Fox TV / Age Groups

2010 46 37 18 2011 46 41 14 2012 45 34 21 2013 43 37 20 2014 38 35 27 2015 37 34 29 2016 35 35 30 2017 32 34 34 2018 32 34 33 2019 33 35 31 0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

In the last decade, the rise in the level of education in the demographic structure of Fox TV is quite remarkable. In 2010, the rate of those who have university level education among viewers was only 5 percent, while today it has reached 23 percent. At the same time, there was a 10- point increase in the rate of high school graduates, and the rate of high school graduates among Fox TV viewers has reached 33 percent.

Fox TV / Education

2010 72 23 5 2011 72 22 5 2012 68 26 6 2013 66 26 8 2014 59 28 12 2015 53 31 17 2016 48 32 19 2017 49 31 20 2018 45 33 22 2019 44 33 23

0% 50% 100%

Less than high school High school University

Fox TV audience profile seems to have changed considerably in the last 10 years. In 2012, the rate of Moderns in the audience was 22 percent, while today it has doubled and reached 46 percent. Although there is no major change in the proportion of Traditional Conservatives, the rate of Religious Conservatives has fallen by half.

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 69 / 76

Fox TV / Lifestyle

2012 22 50 28 2013 26 47 27 2014 29 48 23 2015 38 46 16 2016 41 45 14 2017 43 43 14 2018 45 43 12 2019 43 44 13

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

In the graph below, where we examine the party preferences of Fox TV viewers, we see that 1 of every 2 Fox TV viewers is a CHP partisan. However, this dominance of CHP partisans in Fox TV seems to have taken place after 2015. Up to this date, the Ak Parti partisans have been the dominant audience of the channel with a rate of over 40 percent, while the Ak Parti partisans today represent only 7 percent. Parallel to the Ak Parti, we see a similar tendency by those who stated their party preference as MHP. It should be noted that the rate of HDP partisans in Fox TV has increased considerably in the last 10 years. Today, 1 in 10 Fox TV viewers states that he/she would give their vote to HDP in a possible election.

Fox TV / General Election

2010 42 14 12 2 21 6 2011 54 16 2 12 4 2012 44 14 2 22 7 2013 41 17 12 19 8 2014 33 25 15 3 17 6 2015 17 41 15 5 17 3 2016 15 40 11 5 19 8 2017 9 40 7 10 3 22 8 2018 8 40 4 10 10 22 6 2019 7 50 3 11 6 17 5

0% 50% 100%

Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

An important demographic change regarding Fox TV is also seen in the ethnic backgrounds of its viewers. Kurdish viewers remained at low levels until 2017, while they represent today 1 out of every 5 Fox TV viewers.

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 70 / 76

Fox TV / Ethnicity

2010 86 11 2 2011 81 15 2 2012 87 9 2 2013 86 9 1 2 2014 87 8 1 3 2015 87 8 1 3 2016 84 10 2 3 2017 75 18 1 3 2018 75 18 1 2 2019 73 21 1 2 0% 50% 100%

Turkish Kurdish Zaza Arab Other

8.11. CNN Türk

Considering CNN Turk viewers, we found out that the rate of young people among the viewers has decreased from 43 percent to 26 percent in the last 10 years. While the rate of the middle age group in the audience has remained the same in this period, the rate of the upper age group has almost doubled. Today, 3 out of every 10 CNN Turkish followers are young, 4 are middle-aged, and 3 are in the upper-age group.

CNN Türk / Age Groups

2010 43 40 17 2011 32 43 25 2012 41 33 26 2013 39 38 23 2014 43 34 23 2015 36 37 27 2016 35 40 25 2017 33 37 31 2018 32 37 31 2019 26 42 32 0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

. The highest demographic change in the profile of CNN Turk audience is seen in the cluster of university graduates. The rate of university graduates, which was 23 percent among CNN Turkish audience in 2010, reached 35 percent by 2019. On the other hand, it should be noted that the rate of those who have less than high school level education and those with high school education has decreased in the CNN Turk audience profile.

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 71 / 76

CNN Türk / Education

2010 41 36 23 2011 38 38 23 2012 32 37 31 2013 28 36 36 2014 33 36 31 2015 31 33 36 2016 27 34 39 2017 32 33 36 2018 31 35 34 2019 33 32 35 0% 50% 100%

Less than high school High school University

While CNN Turkish audience had a more Modern trend in the past in terms of lifestyle, this trend is seen in Traditional Conservatives today. While the rate of Moderns among CNN Türk audience was 53 percent in 2011, this rate seems to have dropped to 37 percent today. The rate of Traditional Conservatives has increased from 35 percent to 46 percent.

CNN Türk / Lifestyle

2012 53 35 12 2013 55 38 6 2014 51 38 11 2015 54 36 11 2016 52 39 9 2017 47 41 12 2018 45 44 11 2019 37 46 17

0% 50% 100%

Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

Although the overall political tendency of CNN Türk audience is almost parallel to those of 10 years ago, we see fluctuating change in the past 10 years. Although CNN Türk audiences were mostly CHP partisans in the 10-year period, 2015 was the year in which the CHP people had the highest rate among the audience. It is remarkable that those who voted for HDP in the same year are among the audience with a rate of 25 percent. There is no doubt that the political conjuncture of 2015, when the Ak Parti fell under the election threshold for the first time, followed by a second general election, revealed such a tendency. However, since 2015, the rate of Ak Parti partisans among the viewers has continued to increase. Today, 2 out of every 10 CNN Turkish viewers would vote for the Ak Parti in a possible election and 3 for the CHP.

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 72 / 76

CNN Türk / General Election

2010 23 29 6 9 21 6 2011 24 38 6 14 6 2012 16 39 5 18 10 2013 16 36 11 17 9 2014 16 37 13 11 15 6 2015 9 40 9 25 13 2 2016 14 31 9 13 21 10 2017 15 30 6 15 2 23 8 2018 15 27 8 13 10 19 7 2019 21 28 6 8 8 20 6

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

8.12. A Haber

When we examine the demographic change in the news audience profile by age groups, we see that the rate of young people has decreased from year to year, while the rate of the upper age group among the viewers has increased. The middle age group, on the other hand, continues to create the audience profile of the channel at the same rate. Today, of every 10 A News viewers, 4 are middle-aged, 4 are upper-aged, and only 3 are young.

A Haber / Age Groups

2016 31 39 30

2017 29 40 31

2018 27 37 36

2019 25 38 38

0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

In terms of education, we see that the rate of those who have education less than high school increase gradually among A Haber viewers. Today, 67 percent of A News viewers have education level less than high school. In addition, it should be noted that the rate of university graduates among the audience remains quite low. Only 7 percent of the audience are university graduates.

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 73 / 76

A Haber / Education

2016 59 29 12 2017 64 24 12 2018 63 27 10 2019 67 26 7

0% 50% 100%

Less than high school High school University

When evaluated according to their lifestyles, we see that the A News audience profile has not changed much in recent years. While the rate of those who define their lifestyle as Modern has been around 10 percent in recent years, there is a definite dominance of the Conservatives in the audience profile. However, we see that Traditional Conservatives and Religious Conservatives have similar distribution in the audience profile of the channel.

A Haber / Lifestyle

2016 10 47 42

2017 10 45 45

2018 11 46 43

2019 8 47 46

0% 50% 100%

Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

According to political trends, we see that A Haber followers are predominantly composed of AK Parti partisans. We should also note that the rate of Ak Parti partisans among viewers has not changed much in recent years. Eighty two percent of A Haber viewers state that they would vote for the Ak Parti in a possible election.

A Haber / General Election

2016 84 1 4 7 3

2017 83 1 3 9 3

2018 79 1 7 8 3

2019 82 2 4 8 3

0% 50% 100% Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 74 / 76

8.13. Halk TV

Age is one of the main determinants of demographic change of Halk TV audience profile. While the rate of young people in the audience was 36 percent in 2013, we see that this rate declined to 11 percent in 2019. While the rate of the middle age group has decreased from year to year, today, 1 out of every 4 Halk TV viewers are in this group. The proportional change among the audience of the upper age group has transformed Halk TV's audience profile to a great extent. In 2013, 3 out of every 10 Halk TV viewers were in the upper age group, while 6 out of every 10 viewers are in this group.

Halk TV / Age Groups

2013 36 32 31 2014 29 30 42 2015 19 27 54 2016 20 24 56 2017 19 25 56 2018 16 23 61 2019 11 25 64

0% 50% 100% 18 - 32 ages 33 - 48 ages 49+ ages

When we examine the demographic change in Halk TV audience profile in terms of education, we see that education factor is a less decisive change parameter. Since 2013, the rate of those less than high school level education has increased; while the rate of high school graduates decreased. Today, 4 out of every 10 Halk TV viewers have less than high school education; 3 of them have high school education. Although the rate of university graduates among the audience tended to decline between 2014 and 2016, it has reached 28 percent in 2019, as in 2013.

Halk TV / Education

2013 32 41 28

2014 46 33 21

2015 46 30 24

2016 46 32 22

2017 42 31 27

2018 41 31 28

2019 39 33 28

0% 50% 100%

Less than high school High school University

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 75 / 76

When we examine the audience profile of Halk TV according to the lifestyles clusters and the changes in recent years, we see that the Moderns always constitute the dominant cluster. Today, 6 out of every 10 Halk TV viewers define themselves as Modern. Although the rate of Traditional Conservatives among the viewers has not changed much in recent years, it seems that it has reached 34 percent with an increase of 8 points since 2013. Religious Conservatives constitute only 3 percent of the audience.

Halk TV / Lifestyle

2013 71 26 3

2014 52 37 12

2015 64 32 4

2016 61 34 4

2017 61 34 5

2018 67 27 6

2019 63 34 3

0% 50% 100% Modern Traditional Conservative Religious Conservative

According to political preferences, we see that CHP partisans constitute the dominant cluster in Halk TV audience profile. Today, 8 out of every 10 Halk TV viewers would vote for the CHP in a possible election. In terms of demographic change according to party preferences, we see a significant dynamic of change in the decrease of the rate of MHP partisans among the viewers. In 2013, 1 out of every 10 Halk TV viewers was MHP partisan, while those who state that they would vote for the MHP in a possible election among the viewers have declined by 1 percent today.

Halk TV / General Election

2013 3 69 8 9 6

2014 16 62 6 2 10 2

2015 1 84 4 3 5 1

2016 1 76 3 3 9 5

2017 1 76 1 3 2 8 6

2018 2 76 1 5 4 8 4

2019 1 83 1 3 3 6 3

0% 50% 100%

Ak Parti CHP MHP BDP / HDP İyi Parti Other parties Swing voter Non-voter

KONDA Lifestyle Survey 2018 76 / 76 RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY

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