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The Nordic Gods

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The Nordic Gods The Nordic gods were worshipped by the Vikings in the era 900AD - 1100AD. Belief in the gods existed before this time, but it was not organized and the myth would differ from region to region. The gods were called the Asa Gods, or the anglified Aesir. There were also nature gods called the Vana Gods or Vanir. The religion was called asatro, in English Asatru, which means Asa Faith. In time a rich mythology with many gods and tales would emerge, although it can be seen in some cases that various gods were strangely similar to each other in either names or functions; this is a result of the effort to merge disparate beliefs into one mythology. For example, Oden and his wife Frigg appear much the same as Freya and her husband Od, and the sea gods Ägir and Njord have very much the same function. Other times the same deity has several names; Måne and Natt is one example. The strength of the mythology in daily life would vary. It is clear that Nordic mythology was the lense through which the world was explained, but it was never a fervent belief; like other polytheistic faiths it was relaxed and the result of spontaneous growth, not an organized effort. In times and places of great wealth the mythology would take richer forms, such as the great temple in Upsala, which was a center of worship for travellers from many regions. In this temple there were priests who would lead the worship, and there would sometimes be priests in larger villages, usually old men from wealthy families who could no longer work the fields. But most of the time religious belief was a private matter, led by the head of a farm or simply left to symbolism and habit. Creation myth: As told in old Icelandic writings, in the beginning the world was only darkness, a giant void called the Ginnungagap. Ice and fire met across the Ginnungagap, and from a block of melting ice came the giant Ymer. From another block of ice came the cow Audhumla, from which Ymer drank milk. Audhumla licked on a large block of salt, from which came the giant Bure. From Bure came Burr, and his sons were the first gods, Oden ("Odin" in English), Vile and Ve. These three brothers slayed Ymer, and made the world from his body. His flesh became the land, his blood became the rivers, his skull became the sky, his eyebrows became the protective wall around the world of men. Gods, other beings and places of importance: (English names in parenthesis. The most important gods and places are written in bold.) Oden (Odin): King of the gods, god of wisdom, war and death. He resides in Valhall (Valhalla). He is one-eyed; when his two brothers Vile and Ve vanished, Oden sacrificed one eye in the giant Mimer's well of wisdom, and because of that sacrifice he can see the past, the present and the future. From his throne he can see the whole world. Through Oden's wisdom, the gods and their realm is well defended against the giants. Oden has a spear called Gungner which always hits its target. Under the name Jolner, Oden is the god of Christmas (called ³Jul´ in Scandinavian languages). He is also called Allfather/Valfader (Valar is another name for the gods) and One- Eye. He receives the name Hangadrott (Hanged King) when he hangs himself in the world tree Yggdrasil for nine days to gather wisdom and in particular to purchase the wisdom of runes, which Oden then gives to men. Oden is a god who thirsts for knowledge. He is also said to have speared himself high up in Yggdrasil¶s branches to find out what death is like; this is possibly the origin of Yggdrasil¶s name, which means ³the horse of the terrible storm god,´ Ygg being another name for Oden. In fact, he has 63 different names in the tales, some used on only one occasion when he appears in disguise among men or gods, which he does often; Oden liked to travel as an old man dressed in grey, with a wide-brimmed hat to hide his one eye. He could also take the shape of an eagle. Oden¶s Hunt or the Wild Hunt was believed to be a large and noisy hunting party travelling at night, led by Oden. The sound was probably actually made by geese or other animals. Worship of Oden remained in parts of southernmost Sweden into the 17th century, where he was called The Other and also had traits from the devil. A bundle of hay was left in the fields for Oden¶s horses after harvest. The historian Snorre Sturlasson (1178-1241) considered Oden to have been a real person, who came from ³Tyrkland´ (Germany) to Svitiod where he was elevated to the status of a god after his death. The Ynglinga Saga says that the Saxons were born when Oden, on his journey to Sweden with his people, left two of his princes behind in northern Germany, where they claimed the land that would be called Saxland. Hugin and Munin: Oden's ravens. They fly across the world of men, and then come back to whisper in Oden's ear of what they have seen. Sleipner (Sleipnir): Oden's eight-legged horse, the fastest of all horses, who can run forever with no need for rest. He is grey, very large, and has runes carved into his teeth; this gives him the power to run faster than the wind. He can ride on land, in air and across the sea. He is much loved by Oden, and he carries fallen warriors to Valhall where they take their place in the army of the gods. Vile and Ve: Oden's brothers. Together they slayed the giant Ymer and created the world. Vile gave sight and hearing to men (who were created by Oden), and Ve gave them reason. They disappeared one day, and Oden sacrificed his one eye in Mimer¶s well to find out what had happened to them. He only told the answer to his wife Frigg, and otherwise kept it secret. Freke and Gere: Oden's two wolves. Oden often gives them the meat that he is served, since he prefers wine. Tor (Thor): Son of Oden. God of thunder. Also god of strength, battle and courage. He rides across the sky in his chariot, pulled by two goats named Tandgniostr and Tandgrisner. Tor and his wife Siv live in the fortress Bilskirner with 540 rooms in Trudvang, which means the field of strength. He carries a belt that doubles his already impressive strength. He wields a hammer made by dwarves, called Mjölner (Mjolnir). When thrown, Mjölner always hits its target, destroys it, and then returns to Tor's hand. Because of this great weapon Asgård will be safe from the giants until Ragnarök. Tor strikes with his hammer against the wheels of his chariot to make lightning and thunder. Tyr (Tir): Son of Oden. God of war, leader of the Asgard army, the Einherjar, where the ranks are made up of brave vikings fallen in battle. Tyr has only one hand, as he sacrificed his other hand to chain the Fenris Wolf. Tyr is considered the bravest of the gods. While Oden is worshipped more by commanders in war, Tyr is worshipped more by the footsoldiers. Balder (Baldur): Son of Oden. The most loved and good of the gods. He will lead the remaining gods to rebuild the world after Ragnarök. He lives with his wife Nanna in the fortress Breidablick; no dirt has ever been under its silver roof resting on golden pillars. Hermod: Son of Oden. God of courage in war. Also called upon when a message must reach its destination quickly and safely. When Balder dies, Hermod travels to Nifelheim to ask Hel to release him. Skjold: Son of Oden. He married Gefjon and became the king of Denmark, the founder of the ancient line of kings called the Skjoldunga Line. Vale: Son of Oden. Very brave. He is born to avenge the death of Balder, which he does by slaying his brother Höder. All three will reconcile and rebuild the world after Ragnarök. Vidar: Son of Oden. Silent but strong, he lives in the Vide lands where tall grass grows. He is the god of shoemakers. His huge iron shoes are made of the leftovers from the making of all shoes. These leftovers should be discarded with respect, because Vidar will kill the Fenris Wolf at Ragnarök by stepping on it with his shoes. Höder (Hoder): Son of Oden. A blind god who is tricked by Loke into slaying Balder. Loke (Loki): Not really a god, but accepted as one ± he is actually a giant. He is the trickster god and wicked. He is Tor's adopted brother, and the two have gone on many adventures together among giants and in the world of men, where Loke's clever mind and quick tongue have helped them many times. There are more tales about Oden, Tor and Loke than about any other gods. Frej (Frey): God of nature and of passionate love. He is worshipped at Midsummer. His name means Lord in Ur-Nordic. He is Freja's twin. He has a ship, Skidbladner, that folds in such a way that it can fit in a pocket. It can sail on land and always has winds in its sails. He also owns the large pig Gyllenborste, who runs on land and in the air and is faster than any horse.
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    The Edda of Saemund the Learned Benjamin Thorpe The Edda of Saemund the Learned Table of Contents The Edda of Saemund the Learned.........................................................................................................................1 Benjamin Thorpe............................................................................................................................................2 Part I...............................................................................................................................................................4 Preface............................................................................................................................................................5 Introduction to the Völuspa............................................................................................................................7 Völuspa The Vala's Prophecy........................................................................................................................8 VafÞrúðnismál.............................................................................................................................................19 The lay of Vafthrúdnir.................................................................................................................................20 Grimnismál: The Lay of Grimnir.................................................................................................................29 Hrafnagaldr Odins: Odin's Ravens' Song.....................................................................................................38
  • Norse Mythology a to Z

    Norse Mythology a to Z

    Norse Mythology A to Z THIRD EDITION MYTHOLOGY A TO Z African Mythology A to Z Celtic Mythology A to Z Chinese Mythology A to Z Egyptian Mythology A to Z Greek and Roman Mythology A to Z Japanese Mythology A to Z Native American Mythology A to Z Norse Mythology A to Z South and Meso-American Mythology A to Z MYTHOLOGY A TO Z Norse Mythology A to Z THIRD EDITION 8 Kathleen N. Daly Revised by Marian Rengel [ Norse Mythology A to Z, Third Edition Copyright © 2010, 2004, 1991 by Kathleen N. Daly All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Daly, Kathleen N. Norse mythology A to Z / Kathleen N. Daly ; revised by Marian Rengel. — 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60413-411-7 (hc : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4381-2801-6 (e-book) 1. Mythology, Norse—Dictionaries, Juvenile. I. Rengel, Marian. II. Title. BL850.D34 2009 293’.1303—dc22 2009013338 Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Text design by Lina Farinella Composition by Mary Susan Ryan-Flynn Map by Patricia Meschino Cover printed by Bang Printing, Brainerd, MN Book printed and bound by Bang Printing, Brainerd, MN Date printed: November, 2009 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent postconsumer recycled content.