encyclopedia of The Barents Region volume 11 n-y Editor-in-chief MATS-OLOV OLSSON Co-Editors Fredrick Backman, Alexey Golubev, Björn Norlin, Lars Ohlsson Assistant and Graphics Editor Lars Elenius pax forlag a/s, oslo 2016 © pax forlag 2016 cover illustration vol i: the death of willem barentz, oil on canvas by christiaan julius lodewyck portman (1836). national maritime museum, london. cover photo vol ii: russian prirazlomnaya oil rig in the pechora sea, nenets autonomous okrug, operated by gazprom neft. licensed under cc by-sa 4.0, via wikimedia commons. photo: krichevsky. trykk: printed in isbn 978-82-530-3858-2 (vol 1) isbn 978-82-530-3859-9 (vol ii) isbn 978-82-530-3857-5 (vol 1 and vol ii) isbn 978-82-530-3878-0 (the barents region | encyclopedia of the barents region) Image Editor: Anders Alm Cartographer: David Keeping Language Editors: Pat Shrimpton, Umeå, and Matthew Hogg, Semantix, Umeå Board of Advisers Assoc. Prof. Irina A. Chernyakova Prof. Veli Pekka Lehtola Institute of History, Political and Social Giellagas Institute for Sámi Studies Sciences, Petrozavodsk State University, University of Oulu, Finland Russian Federation Assoc. Prof. Lyubov A. Maksimova Assoc. Prof. Alexander N. Davydov Institute of History and Law, Institute of Ecological Problems of the North Syktyvkar State University, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Russian Federation Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation Assoc. Prof. Jelena Porsanger Prof. Lars-Erik Edlund Sámi University College, Department of Language Studies, Kautokeino, Norway Umeå University, Sweden Prof. Helge Salvesen Prof. Lars Elenius Department of History and Religious Studies, Department of Business Administration, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Technology and Social Sciences, Tromsø, Norway Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Prof. Urban Wråkberg and Department of Historical, Philosophical and Department of Tourism & Northern Studies, Religious Studies, Umeå University, Sweden UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Campus Kirkenes, Norway Prof. Lassi Heininen Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland Assoc. Prof. Maria B. Ilicheva Department of History and Law, Murmansk Arctic State University, Russian Federation Editors EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Dr. Erik Carlquist Dr. Mats-Olov Olsson Independent researcher, Stockholm, Sweden Centre for Regional Science, Prof. Lars-Erik Edlund Umeå University, Sweden Department of Language Studies, CO-EDITORS Umeå University, Sweden Dr. Fredrick Backman Prof. Jens Petter Nielsen Department of Historical, Philosophical and Department of History and Religious Studies Religious Studies, Umeå University, Sweden UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Assoc. Prof. Alexey V. Golubev Tromsø, Norway Institute of History, Political and Social Sciences, Petrozavodsk State University, Assoc. Prof. Matti Salo Russian Federation Department of History, and University of Oulu, Finland Department of History, Dr. Anna Sténs University of British Columbia, Canada Department of Historical, Philosophical and Dr. Björn Norlin Religious Studies, Umeå University, Sweden Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, Umeå University, Sweden Prof. Hallvard Tjelmeland Department of History and Religious Studies, Dr. Lars Ohlsson UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Independent researcher, Norrköping, Sweden Tromsø, Norway ASSISTANT AND GRAPHICS EDITOR Dr. Roine Wiklund Prof. Lars Elenius Department of Business Administration, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Luleå University of Technology, Sweden and IMAGE EDITOR Department of Historical, Philosophical and Anders Alm Religious Studies, Umeå University, Sweden CARTOGRAPHER ASSISTANT EDITORS David Keeping Prof. Per Ambrosiani Department of Language Studies, LANGUAGE EDITORS Umeå University, Sweden Pat Shrimpton and Matthew Hogg Contents Thematic List of Entries 11 ENTRIES N–Y 17 List of maps with sources in Volume 2 540 List of Contributors 542 Index 555 T H E M AT I C LIST OF ENTRIES 11 Thematic List of Entries ARCHITECTURE Nenets musical culture Alyosha Petroglyphs (Rock art) Building traditions of the indigenous peoples Pikene på broen Church towns Pomor Crosses Gammelstad Pomor Museum Kimzha Saami film Kizhi Saami media Kola Bay Bridge Saami musical cultures Malye Korely Sauna Wooden architecture in northern Finland Skiing Wooden Architecture in northern Norway Solovetsky Islands and Monastery Wooden architecture in northern Sweden Symbols of states, provinces, and cities Wooden architecture in the Russian North Theatre and literature festivals Theatre and theatre life CULTURE, ART, AND MEDIA Ust-Tsilma Art and culture co-operation Varlam Island Barents Spektakel Visual art Common Heritage of Mankind Cultural heritage DEMOGRAPHY AND ETHNOGRAPHY Finno-Ugric Cultural Center Anikiev Island Food and drink Colonization of the Russian North-West Kalevala Eastern Saami Kholmogory Ethnic cleansings and «Russification» Kimzha Ethnography of the Nenets Kizhi Finland – demography in the North Labyrinths Kautokeino Rebellion Literature Kvens Maps of the Barents Region Minorities and minority-related issues Maritime culture of the Russian North Northerners (North Germans, nordgermaner) Media Norway – demography in the North Multiculturalism Pomorye Music RAIPON – The Russian Association of Indigenous Music and social context Peoples of the North Music festivals Russia – demography in the North-West 12 T H E M AT I C LIST OF ENTRIES Saami – other livelihoods apart from reindeer Russian submarines herding Saami tourism Saami – traditional ways of life and worldview Sealing Saami health Shipbuilding in northern Russia Saami migration Telecommunications Sápmi Tourism Skolt Saami Tourism – history Social assistance Trade Sweden – demography and ethnography in the Transport North Whaling Traditional Nordic and Saami boat types Traditional Russian vessels EDUCATION AND SCIENCE Arctic Studies Program ECONOMY Barents Institute Administrative divisions Education Arctic hunting Finnmark Faculty, Alta Belkomur Karelian Research Centre Blue Highway Karelian State Pedagogical Academy Botniabanan (The Bothnia Line) Kola Science Centre Disputed Area Komi Academy of State Service and Administration Economic development Komi State Pedagogical Institute Energy industry Luleå University of Technology Exclusive Economic Zone Murmansk State Humanities University Fairs in northern Russia Murmansk State Technical University Fishery industries Narvik University College Fishing in the Russian North Northern (Arctic) Federal University (NArFU) Forestry and forest industry Northern Feminist University Grey Zone Northern Research Forum and the Calotte Hunting in the Russian North Academy Inlandsbanan (The Inland Railway) Northern State Medical University Ice-breaking and icebreakers Petrozavodsk State University Malmbanan (The Ore Line) Polar Institute for Marine Fisheries and Ocean- Maps of the Barents Region ography (PINRO) Mineral resources and mining Research institutes in the Arkhangelsk Oblast Mining and metallurgical industry Research institutes in the Komi Republic Murmansk International Economic Forum Rockets and space science Murmansk Railway Saami education Nord Stream Saami research Norra stambanorna (The Main Northern Lines) Sámi University College, Kautokeino North Pechora Railway (Severo-Pechorskaya Svanhovd Railway) Syktyvkar Forestry Institute Oil and gas extraction Syktyvkar State University Oligarchs Teknikens hus Railways in the Barents Region Transits of Venus Reindeer husbandry UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø. T H E M AT I C LIST OF ENTRIES 13 Ukhta State Technical University Dutch trade with the Russian North Umeå University Early scientific expeditions University of Eastern Finland Early slave trade University of Lapland and the Arctic Centre Ethnic uprisings in northern Russia University of Nordland Explorations in the North University of Oulu Fairs in northern Russia University of the Arctic Finnish War of 1808–1809 Gulag camps in the Soviet North-West ENVIRONMENT History Andreeva Bay Ice-breaking and icebreakers Arctic International Environmental Expedition in Arctic nature Arkhangelsk Oblast Aurora Borealis (Northen Lights) Kautokeino Rebellion Bellona Kholmogory Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) Kimzha Environment – threats and policies Maps of the Barents Region Environmental activism North Pole Mission Environmentalism Ohthere (Ottar) Fauna Old Ladoga (Staraya Ladoga) Flora People’s diplomacy sailings Habitat Contact Forum Political exile in the European North of Russia International Environmental Expedition in Pomorye Arkhangelsk Oblast Russian Arctic explorers International Polar Year (IPY) Russian Civil War of 1918–1922 Manpupuner Russian submarines Nature protection Russian-Norwegian economic relations Nuclear problems 1905–1940 Polar day / polar night Serfdom in the Russian Empire Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden Institute Skolt Saami Priluzye model forest Solovetsky Islands and Monastery Rockets and space science Svalbard Treaty (Spitsbergen Treaty) Transits of Venus Swedish-Norwegian Union 1814–1905 Varlam Island Symbols of states, provinces, and cities Virgin Komi Forests Tar Trade Vodlozero National Park Transits of Venus Union of Kalmar HISTORY Ust-Tsilma Alta controversy Vikings Arctic hunting Vyborg and Vyborg Castle Birkarls White Sea-Baltic Canal (Belomorsko-Baltiisky Bjarmaland kanal) Borders Winter War Colonialism World War I and the