Arctic and North. 2013. № 10 1 UDK 94(470.11) CITY OF ARCHANGEL MICHAEL © Lukin Yuri Fedorovich, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Pro- fessor, Honored Worker of Higher School of the Russian Fed- eration. Author of 290 publications, including 15 books: 'The Russian Arctic in a Changing World' (2012), 'The European North in the Arctic space: the challenges of globalization and regionalization' (2011), etc. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. In this article the initial history of Arkhangelsk, which owes its calendar with date of foundation of the monastery of Archangel Michael in 1388 Keywords: monastery, military fortress-city, date of founda- tion Relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that in 2013, marks the Archangel quite considerable age - 625 years (1388-2013), if we start counting from the date of establishment of the monastery of Archangel Michael at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River, which flows into the White Sea1. However, the concept of the founding of the monastery Archangel does not fit in- to the Russian Empire or the Soviet state, and today, in a democratic Russia, - the official state po- sition, leading the countdown of the Tsar Ivan the Terrible, March 5, 1583, when the territory of an existing nearly two centuries of monastic settlement was built in the years 1583-1584. Arkhan- gelsk wooden military fortress, then get on the state level a city. This position was confirmed in 1884 by the king, which marked the 300th anniversary of the city of Arkhangelsk. This tradition was continued as the highest governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union: in 1984, is widely celebrated 400th anniversary of Arkhangelsk. In the light of the historical facts the legal age of Arkhangelsk greatly underestimated due to the various circumstances. Both before and after the 400-year anniversary date of the founding of Arkhangelsk questioned. At least among historians certainly was not a single, common point of view, but rather, were called and settled a variety of dates at the mouth of the Archangel of the Northern Dvina. The scientific world as the author of these lines, then the senseless arguments, in which year - 1583 or 1584-m - was completed wooden fortress around the buildings already exist- ing monastery of Archangel Michael. Many researchers have relied not on the facts, and take into 1 Another Archangel Michael Monastery was founded earlier by the monk Cyprian in Great Ustyug in 2012, originally Cyprian sett the cell, in 1212-1216 years. has built two wooden church in honor of the Presentation of the Virgin in the name of Archangel Michael. Having taken over the management of the monastery, and Cyprian to his death (1276) remained a simple monk, refusing to take holy orders. URL: http://sobory.ru/article/?object=00247 (date of access: 18/01/2913). Arctic and North. 2013. № 10 2 account only the political situation, were cautious in their conclusions, referring to the early histo- ry of Arkhangelsk. The official position of the government was quite conservative, politically understandable and pragmatic. In 1984, Archangel widely celebrated the 400th anniversary of the founding of the military wooden fortress (town) in the mouth of the Northern Dvina. 400th Anniversary helped solve some of the problems with urban development, the streets are cleaner, well-maintained. And the state awards were never superfluous. May 10, 1984 by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme So- viet of the USSR for his great contribution to the devel- opment of the Navy, development of the northern re- gions of the country, noting the achievements of the working people of the city in World War II, advances in economic and cultural development and in connection with the 400th anniversary of the founding of the city Archangel was awarded the Order of Lenin. From the standpoint of ideocracy Soviet power, by definition, just could not celebrate the anniversary of Arkhangelsk based monks. If in 1884 our ancestors celebrated the 300th an- niversary of the Archangel, there is no need to change anything, they were as smart as we are. Such was the logic of those in power. For all of the above, it is very important to analyze the initial history of the founding of Ar- khangelsk, and to give arguments to justify its 625-year anniversary, counting from the base of leading monastic settlement, which gave the name of Archangel hail. Each of us, living in Arkhan- gelsk, can be proud that the city is bright name one of the most revered of the heavenly angels. Arkhangelsk city – is a city named after the angel messenger, chief host of the Lord in the fight against the dark forces of all evil, revered as a fighter against any lawlessness. Archangel Michael Monastery, who gave his name to the city of Arkhangelsk, was named in honor of the Archangel Michael. The name Michael in Hebrew means "Who is like God." When Lucifer, by the grace of God, a former light angel impact Gorda, said: "I am God!", The archangel, put God Archangel (commander) of Heaven ratification, designed to fight against Satan and fallen away part of the angels with him, exclaimed in anger "Mi ha Il!" This is translated from the ancient Aramaic means "Who is like God? Who is God? " The Archangel Orthodox are called - Michael. Archangel Michael, the head of the heavenly host, pray at the beginning of any significant business Arctic and North. 2013. № 10 3 (for example, building a new home), and at the start of each day and at bedtime. On icons, he is depicted with a flaming sword or spear overthrows the devil. The Birthday of the Arkhangelsk city, in my opinion, can be celebrated on November 21 as a celebration of the holy angels, who are headed by the archangel Michael. This holiday – is one more day of Arkhangelsk. But this holiday spirit associated with the name of the city of angels. Ar- khangelsk – is the city of Archangel Michael - has a powerful positive energy and charisma. Hardarika − is the country of the Russian cities Date of foundation of any city is firmly connected with the life of people, their migration. Birth of urban settlements begins with the first resident who came to something he really liked the place, the first of its structure. No matter what it is - a wooden hut, dugout, hut, a small chapel, monastery church or something. But it is important to note that all other buildings (monastery buildings, military fortress, the arcade, marina (port), gubernatorial and other house) will appear later. After selecting a location. After coming to this place was originally a person or group of peo- ple. Once they start to settle in this place on a regular basis and do not tend to move on in the search of the very best in location. The word "city" in Church Slavonic "hail" (the word "city" and "town" - synonyms) for its original etymological and economic importance not only conform to the Latin «uxbs» (city), but «hortus» (garden) and means any enclosure. City-fence consists of several fences (gradezhey in Bulgarian). City as the oldest form of settlement of the Eastern Slavs, then formed the Russian people, "was subjected to large changes at different times assumes the most diverse forms," - said Kliuchevsky in his lectures [13, p. 239]. Connoisseur of Russian life, the largest domestic historian are four types of Russian cities. 1) The fortified city-yard bee-hunter-trapper is an ancient form of Russian cities. Basically, it was just a single fortified yard, later called odnodvorok. Countless remains of shafts or "settlement", scattered over thousands of our plain, were, according to Kluchevsky, remnants of the East Slavic cities of Kiev and old scattered huts. Each reinforced cabin and was called the castle, the city. 2) The city-village with agricultural settlement appears later. It is a city made up of a few yards, which took their individual fences and standing close to each other, surrounded by all of one common wall. It could be a generic city, when the increase of the family is an expansion of the primary court, divided into several houses. Or economic linkage shifted a few scattered huts fortified one fortified place. Such cities are primarily agricultural settlement that occurred frequently picket fence consisting of upright fortified thick logs with pointed upper end "to the enemy of the people live it carefully." Permanent external threat brings to life such strengthening of the Russian city of settlement in the plains. 3) The city-gate - is the third form of urban-military government of origin, it is akin to a fortified village, only with a different economic conditions of life. In these border towns, military outposts has always been people, martial people. Their main function - protecting the borders of their country. That was such a monastic settlement of Arkhangelsk city, in 1583, received the status of "city" as a military for- tress. Arctic and North. 2013. № 10 4 4) City - Posad trading. This is a later form of cities, villages and trade and industry people. City- townsmen largely has combined all forms of previous Russian cities. It is important to emphasize that the city in ancient Russia, Russia as a fortified, enclosed form of resettlement of the population did not remain fixed, constantly developed. [13] Vikings (Normanns), who walked through ancient Rus ways "from the Varangians to the Greeks" or "from the Vikings to the Persians", named Rus Gardariki - country towns. In Norman sagas sometimes briefly called Rus - Garda (without riki - the country). A Scandinavian word «gard» meant just a fence, fence, fence, yard. History of Russian state generally also called the city.