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UDC338.48(470.23/.25) © D.T. Akhobadze Economic-organizing mechanisms of strategy priority realization of tourism and recreation development in the North-West of The article is devoted to the problem of definition of organization and economic mechanisms, contribut- ing to effective implementation of strategic priorities in tourism and recreation development at macroregion level (NWFD). The article also grounds the statement, according to which initiation of mentioned mecha- nisms gives essentially new possibilities for development of tourism and recreation at the level of separate municipalities and regions of NWFD. The conditions/ factors that constrain and promote mobilization of organization and economic mechanisms are considered as well; it provides recommendations on improve- ment of current management in tourism/ recreation sector at macroregion level. Regional development of tourism and recreation; a tourism and recreation infrastructure; tourism and recreation territories / areas; destinations; tourist corridors; tourist product; organization and economic mechanisms; strategic priorities.

David T. AKHOBADZE Ph. D. in Economics, senior scientific associate of the Institute of Regional Economy Problems RAS, head of the academic center of marketing research “Region-Invest”

The North-West of Russia has a great tourist strongholds and , archaeological recreational potential which makes it possible monuments, memorial estates and so on are to develop almost all types of tourist recrea- in the North-West. tional activity in its area. 34% of all historic and Considerable areas of NWFD and first of cultural monuments of the RF are concentrated all the territories of the Komi Republic, the in the North-West including 5 out of 15 objects and Nenets Autonomous designated by UNESCO as World Heritage District are the least developed European areas Sites: historic center of Saint-Petersburg, its from the point of view of tourism and rec- suburbs and , the architectural reation. That is why they attract great interest ensemble of Kizhsky Pogost; historic center of many domestic and foreign wildlife lovers. In of and the monuments of its particular, nature conservation complex “The suburbs; cultural and historic ensemble “The Virgin Forests of the Komi Republic” (the Solovetsky Isles”; the ensemble of the Ferap- state nature reserve “Pechyoro-Ilychevsky” ontov . Every seventh national park and the national park “Yugyd Va”) designated and nature reserve of Russia, a lot of ancient by UNESCO as World Heritage Site in 1995

Economical and social changes: facts, trends, forecast 2 (6) 2009 89 Economic-organizing mechanisms of strategy priority realization of tourism and recreation development...

has a unique tourist potential (reference: the and Russian tendencies and factors which second designated natural monument in the contribute to and deter tourism and recreation North-West together with is “Kur- development in the region. shskaya Spit”). The main tendency in the sphere of tourism Table 1 presents all quantitative character- and recreation development in the North-West istics of distribution of main NWFD tourist of the RF is to attract tourists' attention: to recreational resources in accordance with the environmentally safe areas which are not used RF regions. as economic land; to active types of tourism, According to the Russian specialists' estima- which mean attending as many destinations as tions the total capacity of recreational informa- possible within one trip; to event tourism, sani- tive resources of the North-West is 52 million taria and health tourism, sea and river cruises, people per year including 8,1 million people club and family unorganized tourism, local in the , Arkhangelsk and tourism including the so called week-end tour- , the and Komi Republics; ism and rural (dacha, country, farm) tourism. 42,1 million people in Saint-Petersburg, the There are some positive factors which Leningrad, and Novgorod Oblasts; 1,8 contribute to tourism and recreation develop- million people in the Oblast [1]. ment in NWFD: diverse and unique recreation According to the most optimistic estima- potential; rich historical and cultural heritage; tions only 15 – 17% of the potential in question great potential of hospitality; a strong system of is being used in NWFD nowadays. Taking into personnel training and retraining in the tourism account the fact that an average tourist spends and recreation industry etc. about 100 dollars a day in the regional destina- The negative factors which deter tourism tions the amount of non-received profit from and recreation development in the region are the tourist recreational sphere of NWFD comes the following: low level of intraregional coop- to hundreds of millions dollars. These non- eration in the process of tourism and recreation received profits are the reserves for the effective- development; irregularity of tourism and rec- ness growth of the regional tourist recreational reation development in NWFD; lack and im- sector functioning, accelerated mobilization of balanced development of infrastructure objects such reserves is caused by scientific choice of (accommodation, entertainment industry an so strategic priorities of its further development. on); underdevelopment of transport network Strategic priorities are established in the especially in northern parts of NWFD; slack process of studying corresponding both world marketing; severe competition with domestic

Table 1. Distribution of Main NWFD Tourist Recreational Resources in Accordance with the RF Regions Natural attractions included on the list of specially Part of SPNT relative Number of The RF regions included in NWFD protected natural territories (SPNT) to the whole territory historical and Number Area, thousands of hectars of the RF region, % cultural attractions The Republic of Karelia 162 947,1 5,50 4 000 The Komi Republic 289 6 083,0 14,63 1 273 The (including 114 7 218,4 12,29 3 000 Nenets Autonomous District) The Vologda Oblast 149 749,4 5,14 3 500 The Kaliningrad Oblast 70 139,3 9,23 1 854 The 40 570,0 6,64 3 900 The Murmansk Oblast 66 1 433,2 9,89 804 The 121 356,2 6,44 4 631 The Pskov Oblast 28 364,3 6,59 3 000 6 2,1 1,49 7 783 Total in NWFD 1 045 17 863,0 10,64 33 745

90 2 (6) 2009 Economical and social changes: facts, trends, forecast CONTINUING THE PREVIOUS ISSUE THEME D.T. Akhobadze

(predominantly ) and foreign tourist - as full and effective usage of the existing agencies for using tourist recreation resources tourist recreational resources as possible; of NWFD and tourist streams. - joint realisation of large-scale intrare- The solution of many problems caused by gional programs and projects on formation and the negative factors and tendencies mentioned development of the priority tourist recreational above is closely connected with the process areas, tourist corridors, all-regional objects of of accelerated development of the integrated tourism and recreation infrastructure; tourist recreational space1 in the North-West of - elimination of unjustified duplication Russia. Intensification of this integration proc- of investments; transition of competition for ess is becoming of high priority for macroregion tourist streams and investments from the intra- nowadays that is made for by the following: regional level to the macroregional one; 1. The necessity of creation of the precondi- - improvement of management of various tions to develop general regional coordinated processes in the sphere of tourism and recrea- policy in the sphere of tourism and recreation tion. development including its orientation towards 4. The necessity of transition to new prin- other regions/ countries. The higher the level ciples of territorial organisation of tourist rec- of intraregional integration is the stronger and reational activity based on cluster approaches. economically more beneficial the positions in The necessity of rapid creation of the single the strategic prospective will be achieved by tourist recreational space makes for the follow- certain regions of the District in the process of ing sub-priorities which are closely connected their collaboration with other Russian regions with its realisation: and foreign countries. As far as NWFD was  improvement of territorial organisation of formed not long ago on the basis of the regions tourist recreational activity in the macroregion; which were part of the North, North-West  rapid development of objects of tourism and Baltic (the Kaliningrad Oblast) economic and recreation infrastructure; districts it has rather low level of intraregional  creation and promotion of competitive cooperation. This fact makes for integration all-regional tourist products to domestic and vacuousness which has a tendency to be quickly international markets; filled with not always economically beneficial  development of macroregional and inter- integration with other Russian regions or for- national collaboration in the sphere of tourism eign countries. and recreation; 2. The necessity of creation of macrore-  improvement of strategic territorial plan- gional conditions for effective development ning in the sphere of tourism and recreation. of territorial division of labour in the sphere 1. Improvement of territorial organisa- of tourism and recreation that will lead to tion of tourist recreational activity in the progressive territorial forms of specialisation, macroregion. concentration, combination and cooperation The governing condition of rapid creation which are going to provide rapid occurring of a single tourist recreational space in NWFD everywhere development of tourist recreational is improvement of territorial organisation of resources of the macroregion. tourist recreational activity on the basis of in- 3. The necessity of considerable increase tegration principles. of tourism and recreation contribution to the Macroregional, intraregional and inter- macroregional economy on account of: national tourist corridors which contain main

1 According to the author, tourist recreational space is a geographic defined area («receptacle») where tourist recreational resources are located and the system of organisational economic relationships concerning their usage and development is functioning.

Economical and social changes: facts, trends, forecast 2 (6) 2009 91 Economic-organizing mechanisms of strategy priority realization of tourism and recreation development...

regional tourist streams are the basis or the Moreover, according to the existing projects, it organisational framework of territorial or- is planned to considerably enlarge SPNTs in the ganisation of tourist recreational activity in the nearest future. In particular, the SPNT in the macroregion. Macroregional tourist corridors Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Autonomous are formed on the basis of the existing transport District will be enlarged up to 33,9% of the total utility lines (water, railway, road) and determine area of the region. the conditions (including the comfort level) The situation is not the same in the western of transferring tourists from one destination regions of NWFD where there is a desperate to another. The corridors can be short (up to shortage of SPNTs and recreational zones. 500 kilometers), middle-sized (from 500 to Weak control over the processes of property 1 000 kilometers) and long (more than 1 000 and mainly of high-value recreational suburban kilometers; tabl. 2 ).The geographical direction areas privatization can lead to the axe of tour- (West-East-West/ North-South-North) deter- ist recreational potential in the regions and as mines latitudinal and meridional character of a result to the possibility of the equal access tourist corridors, their total set presents ter- of both local population and coming tourists/ ritorial network with junctions in the most at- recreants to the recreational resources. In this tractive tourist recreational territories as a rule connection the formation of SPNTs and rec- (TRT; tabl. 3 )2. The higher the intraregional reational zones in modern Russian conditions density of tourist corridors is the more intensive is the form of maintenance of the land for mass the integration processes are which are con- tourism and recreation development. It will also nected with development of tourist recreational allow to escape considerable economic loss for potential in the area. federal and regional budgets that can be con- The basis of TRT including data from nected with the necessity to buy recreational table 3 is specially protected natural and his- areas from landowners by the state. This item toric-cultural territories which provide steady of expenditure is the most considerable one tourism and recreation development. in the structure of state costs on tourism and On the whole the current level of SPNT recreation development in many countries of (specially protected natural territories) devel- the world, first of all in the USA. opment corresponds to the European level that The most effective organisational economic is 10 – 12% of the total territory of the country/ mechanisms aimed at development of SPNT region (tabl. 1). However it is considerably dif- macroregional system are the following: ferentiated among the NWFD regions. Thus,  Rapid legal implementation of the in most cases SPNT share is no more than revealed and planned SPNTs (receiving the 7% of the total territory but in the Murmansk corresponding status of a federal or regional and Arkhangelsk Oblasts, the Komi Republic nature reserve or wildlife preserve, national or it makes up 9,9, 12,3 and 14,6%, respectively. natural park etc.). Such a large scale SPNT development in the  Development of new SPNTs and spe- named regions is mainly caused by the needs cialized recreational zones mostly in suburban to compensate intensive subsoils usage on their areas of NWFD cities – Saint-Petersburg, territories while running oil and gas wells, coal Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Mur- and other natural resources mines, logging. mansk, etc.

2 According to the author TRT is a rather large area which has a considerable tourist recreational potential. In such a context the notion “TRT” is very close to the notion “destination” which is defined as a territory with high concentration of objects of tourist attraction. In its turn a tourist area is part of TRT and tourist recreational activity development is a great priority for it (even the only possible one in case of closely protected territories) in comparison with the rest types of activity. In some cases (with specially protected natural and historic-cultural territories) the boundaries of TRT and tourist area can coincide.

92 2 (6) 2009 Economical and social changes: facts, trends, forecast CONTINUING THE PREVIOUS ISSUE THEME D.T. Akhobadze

Table 2. Main Operating and Potential Tourist Corridors in the North-West of Russia Meridional Corridors Latitudinal Corridors Cruise Corridors I. Long corridors I. Long corridors. I. Long corridors. 1.1 “North – South” (road-railway): 1.1. “North – West – East” (road-railway): 1.1. “Around Europe” (complex cruise route Murmansk – Kirovsk / Apatity – / by ferryboat – Turku – with sea and river vessels): Saint Kandalaksha – Belomorsk – Petrozavodsk Helsinki – – Saint-Petersburg Petersburg/ river cruise ships – the - – – Novaya/ Staraya (“The Tsars Route”) – other similar Baltic Route – the Sea of Azov/ sea cruise Ladoga/ – Saint-Petersburg – directions: ships – the Black Sea – the Mediterranean other similar directions: 1.1.1. To the north-east: Saint-Petersburg – the Atlantic Ocean – the Northern Sea – 1.1.1. To the south-west: Saint-Petersburg – Novaya/ / Volkhov – the – Saint-Petersburg – – Pskov – Daugavpils – Vilnius – – – Vologda – Veliky 1.2. “Around Northern Europe” (“Aurora Kaliningrad Ustyug Borealis”) (complex cruise route with sea 1.1.2. To the south: Saint-Petersburg – 1.1.2. To the east: Saint-Petersburg – and river vessels): Saint-Petersburg/ sea – – Vitebsk – Kiev – the Moscow – the Trans-Siberian Railway to cruise ships – the Baltic Sea – the Northern Black Sea coast the Far East (“Eastern Land Bridge”) Sea – the Norwegian Sea – the Barents Sea 1.1.3. To the south-east: Saint- Petersburg 1.1.3. To the south-east: Saint-Petersburg – the / river cruise ships – – Moscow – the and the Black – Veliky Novgorod Belomorcanal – Saint-Petersburg Sea coasts 1.2. “Hansa Route” (water option): 1.3. “Around the Baltic Sea” (water, road, 1.2. “North – South” (water): Murmansk/ seaports in / Germany / – railway): Saint-Petersburg – Helsinki – Arkhangelsk – Belomorsk – Belomorcanal Kaliningrad – seaports in the Baltic States Turku (by ferryboat) – Stockholm – (The White Sea Route) – Petrozavodsk - – Saint Petersburg – the Volkhov River Copenhagen – / / Lyubek – other similar directions: (Novaya/ Staraya Ladoga) – Veliky Gdansk – Kaliningrad – Klaipeda – – 1.2.1. To the south-west: Petrozavodsk – Novgorod – Saint-Petersburg the River – – Novaya/ 1.3. “Hansa Route” (land option) – 1.4. The Arctic Cruises by nuclear-powered Staraya Ladoga – other similar directions: “Via Hanseatica”: along the Baltic Sea ice-breakers as well: Murmansk – 1.2.1.1. Novaya/ Staraya Ladoga – the coast from Lyubek to Saint-Petersburg/ Spitsbergen – the North Pole – Franz Volkhov River – Ilmen/ Veliky Novgorod Veliky Novgorod Joseph Land – – Vaigach 1.2.1.2. Novaya / Staraya Ladoga – 1.4. “Blue Road” (land): / / Island – Naryan-Mar – Arkhangelsk – – the River – Saint- Finland / checkpoint “Vyartcilya” – Murmansk Petersburg/ Sortavala – Petrozavodsk – other similar II. Middle-sized and Short 1.2.2. To the south-east: Petrozavodsk – directions: to the north-east – Corridors. the Volga-Baltic Route – Moscow – the Petrozavodsk – – Arkhangelsk; 2.1. “Silver Ring of Russia” (road, railway), Volga River – the Caspian Sea (“From to the south-east – / Kirillov – option: Saint-Petersburg – Pskov – to ”) and the Black Sea Vologda Veliky Novgorod – Staraya Ladoga – 1.3. “The Great Amber Route” (road, 1.5.“The Barents Sea Route”: Bode Saint-Petersburg railway): Kaliningrad – Warsaw – Brno – (Norway) – Khaparanda (Sweden) – 2.2. “About the White Sea” (water): Vienna – Venice – Rome Rovaniemi (Finland) – Alakkurtti – Belomorsk – Kem / the Solovetsky Isles – 1.4. “Russian Seaboard” (road, railway): Kandalaksha – other directions to Apatity – Kandalaksha – Umba – Arkhangelsk/ Malye Arkhangelsk – Vologda – Moscow Murmansk and the Solovetsky Isles – Karely – – Belomorsk 1.5. “Novgorod River Pirates' Route” Arkhangelsk 2.3. “Ladoga Necklace” (water, road, (water): Veliky Novgorod – Ust-Tsilma – 1.6. “The Northern Sea Route”: Murmansk/ railway): / Konevets – Sortavala/ / Naryan-Mar Arkhangelsk – Naryan-Mar – Vaigach Valaam Island – Olonets – Lodeynoye Pole II. Middle-sized and Short Corridors. Island – the Gulf of Ob – the Taz River/ the – Novaya / Staraya Ladoga – Shlisselburg/ 2.1. “About Pushkin's Places” (road, River (“Mangazeya Sea Kirovsk – Priozersk railway): Saint-Petersburg/ Pushkin – Passage”) – Dickson/ Dudinka – Ticksy – 2.4. “Around Lake Onega” (water, road): Verkhny Oredezh Park/ Sujyda/ Viyra/ Peveck / Vrangel Island – Wellen – Anadyr Petrozavodsk/ – – Kobrinskoye – Pskov – The Pushkin's Hills 1.7. “The Easten Route” (road, railway): Medvezhjegorsk – Pudozh – – 2.2. “To the Sources of Russian Kaliningrad – Vilnius – – Voznesenie – Petrozavodsk Statehood” (water, road) (through – Moscow Gardaricki ): Staraya Ladoga – Veliky II. Middle-sized and Short Corridors. Novgorod 2.1. Pskov / Khilovo – / 2.3. “Valaam” (water): Saint-Petersburg – Veliky Novgorod – Valday – Moscow Konevets Island/ Priozersk – Valaam 2.2. Tallinn – / – Saint- Island/ Sortavala Petersburg 2.3. Finland / checkpoint “Lyuttya” – Kostomuksha – Kalevala – Kem / the Solovetsky Isles 2.4. “Murmansk Corridor”: Finnmark Province (Norway) – checkpoint “Borisoglebsky” – the Pechenga District (the Murmansk Oblast) – Murmansk

Economical and social changes: facts, trends, forecast 2 (6) 2009 93 Economic-organizing mechanisms of strategy priority realization of tourism and recreation development...

Table 3. Main Tourist Recreational Territories and Objects of Tourist Interest in the North-West of Russia NWFD Regions Tourist Recreational Territories (TRTs) and Objects of Tourist Interest The Republic TRT “Petrozavodskaya”: HCAM of Petrozavodsk; SCP “Kizhi”; health resort “Martsialnye Vody” and waterfall of Karelia “Kivach” TRT “Severnoye Priladozhie”: HCAM of Sortavala; Culture Preserve “Valaam” and the of the Holy Transfiguration; Ladoga Skerries TRT “Kalevalskaya”: Kalevala Land - homeland of “Kalevala” epos; fleece singing ; wildlife preservation “Friendship Park” in Kostomuksha The Komi Republic TRT “Syktyvkar”: HCAM of Syktyvkar including the National Museum and the Komi Republic Gallery; religious objects; Beloborsk Wildlife Preserve TRT “The Virgin Forests of the Komi Republic”: SR “Pechoro-Ilychevsky”; NP “Yugyd Va”; NM “The Weathering Columns” (1 out of the 7 Wonders of Russia) TRT “Ust-Tsilemskaya”: the most ancient settlement in the Komi Republic (1542); the ancient Novgorod language, way of life, ethnic aspect, Old Belief are in state of preservation The Arkhangelsk TRT “Arkhangelsk”: HCAM of Arkhangelsk; SCP “Malye Karely” (25 kilometers from Arkhangelsk); the Mudiyuga Oblast (including Culture Preserve Nenets TRT “Solovetskaya”: SCP “Solovetsky”, the ; masonries and labyrinths Autonomous TRT “Kenozerskaya”: NP “Kenozersky” with great concentration of historic and cultural monuments and District) biosphere reserve The Vologda TRT “Vologda”: HCAM of Vologda (the and so on); town neighborhood with the mansions of the nobility Oblast and homeland of famous Vologda butter TRT “Kirillo-Belozerskaya”: the Kirillo-Belozersky and Ferapontov Monasteries; NP “” TRT “”: the Residence of Jack Frost; churches, cathedrals, monasteries of the XVII–XVIII centuries (28 churches); famous folk artistic trades: factory “Northern Niello” and souvenirs factory “Veliky Ustyug Tracery” The Kaliningrad TRT “Kaliningrad”: the cathedral with the grave of I. Kant; works; the Amber Museum; theme parks Oblast TRT “Kurortno-Primorskaya”: HCAM of resort towns of Zelenogorsk, Svetlogorsk, Otradnoye and so on; recreational sand, developed service infrastructure; the unique plant which extracts and works amber (settlement Yantarny) TRT “Kurshskaya Spit”: NP “Kurshskaya Spit”; sand-drifts (up to 60 meters in height); one of the first in the world ornithological station The Leningrad TRT “Staroladozhskaya”: SCP “Staraya Ladoga”; HCAM of , the first hydropower station Oblast in Russia (Volkhov) TRT “Vyborgskaya”: The Vyborg Castle with St. Olaf Tower and the museum; SCP “Monrepo Park”; burying place of Swedish ships near the Krestovy Cape TRT “Gatchinskaya”: SCP “” with Paul’s Palace; the Priorates’ Palace-Museum; estates including the estate of P.E. Szczerbov The Murmansk TRT “Murmansk”: HCAM of Murmansk; Russian holiday camp of sea arctic tourism; the museum-aquarium Oblast on Semyonovskoye Lake TRT “Khibini Mountains”: ski resort of NWFO (Apatity, Kirovsk, Monchegorsk); functioning NP “Lapland”; NP “Khibini” is being planned TRT “Kandalakshskaya”: HCAM of Kandalaksha and other settlements; functioning SR “Kandalakshsky” and SCP “Kutsa”; SCR “Kutsa” is being planned The Novgorod TRT “Veliky Novgorod”: the Novgorod SCP with unique landmarks of the XI–XIV centuries (the Novgorod Kremlin Oblast with St. Sophia Cathedral, monasteries and churches with wall painting of and so on); NR “Vostochno-Ilmensky”; oak-groves TRT “Starorusskaya”: HCAM of Staraya Russa including site of ancient settlement “Staraya Russa”; the Memorial House of F. M. Dostoyevsky TRT “Valdaiskaya”: HCAM of Valdai including the museums and bells of the chief town of the uyezd; the State Establishment (SE) “National Park “Valdaisky””; Lakes Valdai, Streglino and others The Pskov Oblast TRT “Pskov”: the Pskov SCP with the Krom town, the Dovmont town and assembly square; numerous monuments of religious architecture (churches, cathedrals, monasteries – XII–XVII centuries) and secular architecture (stone palaty of the Pogankins, the Menshikovs, the Rusinovs and others – XVII century) TRT “Pechoro-Izborskaya”: the ensemble of the Pskov Dormition Monastery of the Caves; SCP “”; the museum of Setu People “Sigovo” TRT “Pushkinogorskaya”: SCP “Mikhailovskoye” named after A.S. Pushkin; the memorial ensemble the Svyatogorsk Monastery of the Holy Dormition with the grave of A.S. Pushkin and the necropolis of the Gannibal- Pushkins; the memorial estates “Mikhailovskoye”, “Trigorskoye”, “Petrovskoye”; SCC of the Pushkin Reserve Saint-Petersburg TRT “The Historic Center of Saint-Petersburg”: The State Hermitage; The State ; The State Museum “” TRT “Palace-Park Museum Complexes of Saint-Petersburg Suburbs”: SCPs “Tsarskoye Selo”, “Pavlovsk”, “Peterhof”, “Oranienbuam”; museums and fortification works in Kronshtadt TRT “Kurortnaya”: sanitaria and health resorts in Zelenogorsk, Sestroretsk, Repino; recreational sand and developed service infrastructure

Acronyms: HCAM – Historic Cultural and Architectural Monuments; SCP – State Culture Preserve, SR – State Reserve, NP – National Park, NM – Natural Monument, SCR – State Complex Reserve, SCC – Scientific Cultural Center.

94 2 (6) 2009 Economical and social changes: facts, trends, forecast CONTINUING THE PREVIOUS ISSUE THEME D.T. Akhobadze

 Development and implementation of and recreational zones provision that is also the regional targeted programs (RTPs) and later most effective method of patriotic upbringing. the all-District targeted program similar to  The mechanisms mentioned above can the functioning RTP in the Leningrad Oblast be effectively used in rapid formation of mac- “Support and Development of Specially Pro- roregional system of protection and reasonable tected Natural Territories in the Leningrad exploitation of the historic and cultural monu- Oblast till 2010”. The part of the programs ments of NWFD. Development and implemen- connected with organisation of regulated rec- tation of the macroregional targeted program reation within the boundaries of every SPNT “Development of Historic Cultural Zones in should be emphasized most of all in comparison NWFD” could contribute to preservation and with the existing state of affairs. Such points as reasonable exploitation of the historic cultural the system of routine measures, organisational heritage of the region. economic mechanisms of their realisation Development and rapid infrastructure pro- must be touched upon in the programs. The vision of the mentioned elements which form mentioned mechanisms are connected with the the single tourist recreational network in the tourist recreational provision of SPNTs: a kind North-West need considerable investments. of zoning that is assigning of the zones in SPNT The international experience shows that spe- with different degree of their usage by tourists cial economic tourist recreational zones and and recreants; providing special grounds for concessions can be effective organisational watching wild animals and birds, for halts; economic mechanisms of attracting and raising special trails for walking and skiing tours, rid- funds for achieving the objectives in question. ing, cycling, motor sledges, reindeer and dog According to Federal Law №76-FL of June 3, teams; moorages for boats, yachts, launches 2006 “On Amendments to Federal Law “On and other small-size vessels; rental agencies Special Economic Zones in the Russian Fed- of sports, tourist, fishing, hunting equipment; eration” 7 tourist recreational special economic accommodation facilities (including camping zones (SEZ) of federal importance were estab- zones), public catering, picnic grounds etc. lished in the country, unfortunately, only one  More active and large-scale involve- of them is located in NWFD – National Park ment of federal and regional budgets resources “Kurshskaya Spit” in the Zelenograd District, as well as private capital including means from the Kaliningrad Oblast. In case the current large domestic and foreign manufacturing com- experiment gives positive results the number of panies using natural resource potential of the tourist recreational areas including the North- areas in question in formation and development West will grow. They will be given a special of tourist recreational infrastructure in SPNTs status which will provide the most favourable and recreational zones. conditions for attracting investments and tour-  Encouragement of small business (in- ist recreational business in general. cluding family one) development in the sphere Priority tourist recreational areas in NWFD of tourist recreational infrastructure in SPNTs which were not given the federal status would be and recreational zones. able to receive the similar status of all-District  Large-scale usage of voluntary work (intraregional) importance within the Federal while providing SPNTs and recreational zones District. To do it the TRTs must have all the with tourist roads, trails, halts and other com- necessary documentation including feasibility ponents of infrastructure that is very topical study of the prospectives of their development under conditions of crisis and unemployment as special economic zones. growth. Such a territorial form of organisation of  Revival of the practice of attracting stu- tourist recreational activity as concessions dent and youth construction gangs for SPNTs which became legal in Russia in 2005 (Federal

Economical and social changes: facts, trends, forecast 2 (6) 2009 95 Economic-organizing mechanisms of strategy priority realization of tourism and recreation development...

Law № 115-FL of July 21, 2005 “On Conces- Undoubtedly, accommodation facilities sion Agreements”) can contribute to rapid are almost the most prominent components tourism and recreation development in the of tourist recreational infrastructure as they North-West. determine the general rate of tourist recrea- In order to raise the effectiveness of territo- tional infrastructure development that is the rial organisation of tourist recreational sphere tourist density coefficient (the number of ac- of the macroregion the mechanisms of attract- commodations per 1 000 of local people). The ing investments and fund-raising stated above current domestic tourist statistics deals with should be followed by the progressive forms the so called mass accommodation facilities of usage of these resources while developing (MAF) only (hotels, motels, holiday camps huge tourist recreational potential of the ter- etc.) but not in full measure. For example, ritory. Unfortunately, at present tourism and many mini-hotels, family hotels and so on recreation is considered in Russia as a sphere which have appeared recently in great number of small or at least middle-sized business. Al- turn not to be registered in the corresponding though, foreign experience opposes the fact. agencies on different grounds. Evidently, under It is impossible to develop steady, effective, such conditions the general number of MAF competitive tourist recreational sphere without in NWFD can be assessed with the help of corresponding organisational economic forms the corresponding factors which increase the of concentration, combination, cooperation number of officially registered accommoda- and so on of regional, national, international tions. According to our estimations the general number is about 140 000 accommodations or corporations which can unite not only tourist 10 accommodations per 1,000 local people. firms (tourist agencies and tour operators) but The stated number of accommodations in enterprises from different economic sectors. NWFD with the average annual use of 60% Creation of such a tourist recreational can meet no more than 1/5 of macroregional territorial-sectoral association (by analogy requirement in accommodation facilities. It with the emerging shipbuilding corporation) may seem that the way out is rather simple comprising tourist and transportation firms, that is just to attract investors and to build the special store chains, public catering enterprises, needed number of hotels. However, it is rather a rental agencies, scientific educational and loan capital-intensive (connected with considerable insurance establishments etc. could contribute economic risks) and long-term process. to rapid tourism and recreation development The effective way to solve the problem of in the region. Principles of private-state part- the shortage of accommodation facilities rather nership, cluster ideology of voluntariness and quickly is to employ individual accommoda- share must be used in the process of developing tion facilities along with mass ones. Such an and realisation of the concept of formation and approach to the solution of the problem is very development of the corporation. urgent in the rural areas where individual ac- 2. Rapid Development of Tourist Recrea- commodation facilities are the only ones. Indi- tional Infrastructure vidual accommodation facilities are becoming Most specialists note that insufficient and popular in NWFD nowadays especially in the unbalanced in different spheres (accommoda- process of country tourism development. But tion facilities, entertainment business) devel- this development has a half-legal character so opment of tourist recreational infrastructure it can meet the requirements of comparatively in the region is one of the most important small number of prospective tourists/ recreants. problems which prevent tourist recreational The most important reasons for such a situa- potential from successful development in the tion are the following: lack of the initial capital North-West. which is needed for the proper provision of the

96 2 (6) 2009 Economical and social changes: facts, trends, forecast CONTINUING THE PREVIOUS ISSUE THEME D.T. Akhobadze

necessary facilities; lack of access to favourable 1. Updating the existing and building new mini-crediting as well as expensive marketing passenger sea and river port complexes, launch and information services etc. The solution of and yacht moorages, stopping places for tourist the problem is closely connected with the de- trains and caravans equipped with the facilities velopment of the system of market integrators necessary for tourists. which will be able to stimulate and organise 2. Developing the existing and organising legal activity of the owners of the functioning new production of sea and river cruise ships, and potential guest houses (flats) [2]. launches and yachts in NWFD. Development Along with the traditional (permanent) and usage of different programs on building mass and individual accommodation facilities cruise and small-size vessels of tourist recrea- it is more reasonable to actively use mobile ac- tional purpose within the all-federal program on commodation facilities on the vast territories formation and development of the shipbuilding of the North-West: “hotel ships” – sea and corporation have all beneficial prospectives. river cruise ships; “house ships” – yachts and 3. Taking into account tourist needs while launches; “mobile hotel” – specialized consists designing atomic-powered icebreakers, the (tourist trains); various kinds of caravans etc. effectiveness of using them as cruise ships The North-West of Russia is washed by 4 is proved now by the experience of atomic- seas (the Baltic Sea, the Barents Sea, the White powered icebreaker “Yamal” which has been Sea, the Kara Sea). 5 out of 11of its oblast seats taking tourists from Spitsbergen to the North are sea port junctions and tourist centers as well Pole since 1993. (except Naryan-Mar). Due to this fact and to 4. Organising tourist trains and railway the constantly growing demand the sea cruise routes (including international ones) on the tourism development is an important element territory of NWFD. “Russian Railroads” public of tourist development in the North-West. company is working on the question now. This statement can be proved by the example 5. Organization of production of various of Alaska, a relatively similar in its natural cli- caravans on the basis of automobile industry matic conditions American state. According plants operating in NWFD such as “Ford to American specialists the sea cruise tourism Motor” and “General Motors”. These corpo- development has played an important part in rations has been taking an active part in pro- economic growth of Alaska, at the same time ducing caravans and other mobile recreational more than 17 000 new jobs has been created accommodation facilities as subcontractors of with the annual salaries of more than 530 mil- the companies. lion dollars. In particular, coastal expenditure 6. Developing wide network of caravans on only one ship with 2 000 passengers aboard rental and service agencies all over the Russian made up average 180 000 dollars [3]. Moreo- North-West. ver, sea cruise ships are widely used during big Rapid and balanced development of mass, events (the Olympic games, world champion- individual and mobile accommodation facili- ships, festivals, carnivals, anniversary celebra- ties will make it possible to provide the tourist tions and so on) in order to cover the deficit recreational sphere in NWFD with accom- of hotel accommodations in the destinations. modation stock on a tight timetable. Taking Everything mentioned above concerns other into consideration complicated intrasectoral mobile accommodations to a considerable character of the problem it is reasonable to extent. solve it within the existing all-District targeted The organisational economic mechanisms complex program “Rapid Development of Ac- which contribute to rapid development of commodation Facilities in NWFD”. mobile accommodation facilities in the North- Creation of all-regional network of informa- West are the following: tion tourist centers (ITCs) which are going to

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provide tourists with information and comfort- – contributes to rapid and considerable able staying in the region is the second strategic growth of capitalization of land and immovable tendency of tourist recreation infrastructure objects in the destination (numerous Russian development in NWFD. The network is being examples which are connected with construc- formed now and comprises the following: tion of ski resorts, casinos etc.);  local ITC (of single destinations/ TRT), – provides the year-round use of the whole for example, ITC “TRT “National Park "Kur- tourist recreational infrastructure, raises em- shskaya Spit”; ployment and profits of the local people and  municipal ITC (for example, 7 district improves quality of life in general. ITCs and 7 city ITCs are functioning in the Recently we have observed rapid develop- ment of entertainment and recreation objects Leningrad Oblast); in NWFD: modernisation of old ski resorts and  regional ITC (regional ITCs are effec- construction of new ones; construction of vari- tively functioning in Saint-Petersburg, the ous aquaparks and museum-aquariums; con- Leningrad Oblast and other NWFD regions). struction of ethnic villages and so on. However The final stage is going to be creation of it is not enough. The region needs unique at- the all-District ITC which will contribute to traction objects of international level for which effective intraregional cooperation of all kinds it has all necessary preconditions (see below). of ITCs in order to coordinate (including effective distribution and redistribution) of 3. Creation of Competitive Tourist Products tourist flows along the federal (intraregional) and their Promotion into Domestic and tourist corridors / routes. With the help of the International Markets opportunities of geoinformation systems and Creation of Competitive Tourist Products. other modern information technologies the One of the most considerable reasons which all-District ITC will provide steady tourism prevent effective use of the enormous tour- ist recreational potential of NWFD is lack of and recreation development in NWFD in the modern competitive tourist products of inter- nearest future controlling permissible anthro- national level. Only one new tourist product pogenic loads on TRTs and separate objects of meeting the international requirements has tourist interest and eliminating various organi- appeared in the District recently with the help sational blunders, disagreements, failures and of the federal government – “A Trip to Veliky so on. This ITC network can become the key Ustyug – Jack Frost's Homeland”. The Mur- participant of tourist recreational process in mansk and Leningrad Oblasts, other areas in the region while coordinating and promoting the North-West are trying to use both this brand the tourist recreational image of NWFD and and the brand “Snow Maiden” along with the its separate products. Vologda Oblast. Obviously, this tourist product Entertainment business is the third priority will hardly be able to compete with the tourist of all-District tourist recreational infrastructure products created on the basis of the worldwide development. The world experience proves that brand “Lapland – Santa Clause's Homeland” the presence of large entertaining objects in even on condition of overactive promotion of it. the destination: The North-West of Russia has a great his- – considerably increases the general ef- toric cultural heritage. Many legends, stories fectiveness of its tourist recreational potential; and popular beliefs are associated with it. Many such objects are often become the leading ethnic groups are living in the area including tourist recreational resources of a territory (the aboriginal ones: , , Komi, classic example is Disneyland in France which Izhortsy, Vepsy, Sami, Nenets and others who exceeds the most part of traditional objects of preserve traditional ethnic culture (including tourist interest located in Paris by its attractive- historic cultural monuments) from the pre- ness and profitability); Mongolian era.

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Taking into account growing interest of both  The unique tourist product of all-District domestic and foreign tourists to historic and and international level can be developed on the ethnic cultural heritage and the fact that the basis of the legendary route along the White Sea tourist sphere actively involves history and my- and the Barents Sea coasts – “Mangazeya Sea thology for its development it is quite possible to Passage” from the mouth of the / create new tourist products of international level Arkhangelsk to the Bay/ Naryan-Mar/ based on the brands which truly belong to the Pustozersk – Vaigach Island (the only sacred North-West from the historical point of view: island of Samoyeds in the Arctic), the Gulf  Legendary northern country “Hyperbo- of Ob and the Gulf of Taz, the Taz River/ the rea”. According to ancient Greek legends the Mangazeya River – the places of the legendary blissful life of Hyperboreans was full of songs, Russian settlement (“the sovereign's golden dances, music and feasts. There are many ver- patrimony”, “the Siberian treasury”) which was sions concerning the location of the mythic built in 1607 and existed for over 70 years. country but the majority of them insist that  An attractive tourist product of interna- it was located on the territory of the modern tional importance can be created in the Pskov North-West of Russia: in the foothills of the Oblast on the basis of the brand “A.S. Pushkin”. Urals, on the , in the Republic The construction of a Disneyland-type “fairy of Karelia, on the Solovetsky Isles and so on. town” with the characters from A.S. Pushkin The Russian Academy of Sciences finances the fairy-tales on the shore of Lake Pskov would expeditions to the supposed area of existing considerably raise the attractiveness of the tour- of the Hyperborean civilisation – Seydozero ist recreational complex of the Pskov Oblast Lake (the Murmansk Oblast) every year. The and the whole North-West as well. international festival “Hyperborea” devoted to  Due to the growing demand of tourists this legendary country has been held in Petro- from all over the world for the tourist products zavodsk every year since 1999. We believe the connected with the national military subject tourist attractiveness potential of the idea of area as well as the great popularity of the move- the reconstruction of Hyperborea within the ment of historical reconstruction devotees both boundaries of the corresponding tourist town in Europe and Russia a specialised museum with the developed entertainment infrastruc- and exhibition complex on the shore of the ture excels in attractiveness the existing Euro- Gulf of Kaliningrad in the Kaliningrad Oblast pean centers of the contemporary followers of would become a very attractive tourist recrea- Aristipp (the founder of hedonism). tional object [4]. The basic components of the  Biarmia, “The Northern Home of Rus” complex can become national military mu- was a rich powerful well known to the ancient seums (museums of cold steel; of small arms; state on the White Sea coast. The idea of accoutrements / armours; of waxworks of of historical reconstruction of Biarmia as a famous commanders and so on), a permanent cultural and historical, commercial and fair exhibition/ fair of arms with firing grounds and center of international level can also contribute infrastructure objects – hotel and congress, to a considerable growth of tourist recreational restaurant, commercial and entertainment, attractiveness of the whole region. production (workshops on custom tailoring  Gardaricki (“the state of Russian towns”) – of military uniform, production of cold steel, old Scandinavian name for the souvenirs, toy models), waterfront structures including Veliky Novgorod and Staraya Ladoga, and launch and yacht moorages etc. We believe the first capital of the Northern Rus. This brand this tourist object can become one of the most can be actively used while developing the in- popular destinations not only in the Kalinin- ternational tourist corridor “From Varangians grad Oblast but in the whole North-West of to Greeks and Khazars”. Russia.

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 The Gulf of Finland with its islands and tersburg and other cities in NWFD (historians, coastal territories has a great potential of tour- economists, ethnographers, culture experts, ist recreational attractiveness. Greater resort to geographers, experts of local history, tour op- this potential can urge on tourist recreational erators, developers, investors and others). development of Saint-Petersburg and the Len- Promotion of competitive macroregional ingrad Oblast as well as the whole North-West. tourist products into domestic and international The following projects prove the statement: markets. Successful realisation of competitive – the project of the international tourist tourist products of all-District and interna- center “Gogland Isle” (with passenger sea tional levels needs appropriate publicity and terminal, shopping arcade “Baltic Circle” marketing support and effective organisa- with ethnographic structures which symbolise tional economic mechanisms. International all Baltic countries, multifunctional complex practice shows that such mechanisms should “Crystal Globe” with 121 meters in diameter, be functioning on continuing basis but not with aquaparks, entertainment complex, hotel occasionally as it happens in practice in this accommodations etc.); country nowadays. Tourist product promo- – the project of a holiday health-improving tion is a costly market mechanism. At present entertainment complex “Orange”, the largest only state-private partnership with the key role international tourism center on the Baltic (with of the state can bring it into operation. Cost high-rise hotels and cottage-hotel buildings, a savings for tourist products promotion into yacht center, an aquarium, an aquapark, a bo- domestic and international markets can lead to tanical garden, restaurant and sports complexes considerable economic losses provoked by the and so on) which is going to be planned on the decrease of profits from tourism and recreation south shore of the Gulf of Finland. which come into the budgets of all levels and to These are only few examples of the attrac- lower investment activity because of extension tive objects of international level which can be the time of recoupment of capital investments considered as the basis for creation and pro- which are aimed at the tourist recreational motion of corresponding competitive tourist infrastructure and destinations in general. Ac- products that are able to considerably raise cording to the foreign specialists' estimations in the effectiveness of using tourist recreational order to attract 1 foreign visitor who provides potential in the North-West of Russia. the country economy with 1 000 euros on the Creation of new attractive objects and com- average a country spends 3 – 10 euros for tourist petitive tourist products of the international products / destinations advertisement. At the level is science intensiv and very expensive (the same time Russia spends only 0,69 euros [5]. realisation of the project “Gogland” can cost It is important to notice that the active approximately 1 billion dollars, “Orange” – promotion of tourist products is not only the 3 billion dollars). That is why it is necessary way to achieve direct economic effect based to receive an appropriate state support in the on the growth of entrance tourist flows but it form of development and realisation of the all- is an effective form of counter advertisement in District program “Creation and Development confrontation with unfair competitors. of New Attractive Tourist Recreational Objects In order to effectively promote tourist prod- and Tourist Products of International Level ucts / destinations of NWFD into domestic and in the North-West of Russia”. The process of international markets it is reasonable to use all the program development should include the organisational economic mechanisms from mechanism of government order and involve the domestic and foreign experience. The most the leading scientists / specialists of Saint-Pe- prominent of them are:

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 Development of the NWFD single all- Table 4. Forthcoming Anniversaries District marketing strategy with the detailed of the NWFD Cities/ Towns till 2020 Anniversary investigation of potential markets (domestic City/town Year date and foreign) of regional tourist produce/ serv- Belozersk (the Vologda Oblast) 1 150 2012 ices with attraction of specialists from the cor- (the Novgorod Oblast) 250 2020 responding countries/ regions. Valday (the Novgorod Oblast) 250 2020  Preparation of the single exhibition Velikiye Luki (the Pskov Oblast) 850 2016 stand «Tourism and Recreation in the North- Veliky Novgorod (the Novgorod Oblast) 1 150 2009 West of Russia» on the basis of the propositions Veliky Ustyug (the Vologda Oblast) 800 2018 Izborsk (the Pskov Oblast) 1 150 2012 of the marketing strategy and using it in Russian Kotlas (the Komi Republic) 100 2017 and international tourist exhibitions. Kronshtadt (Saint-Petersburg) 300 2010  Considerable growth of number and Lyuban (the Leningrad Oblast) 100 2012 quality of information and advertisements Murmansk (the Murmansk Oblast) 100 2016 about tourist recreational possibilities of certain Opochka (the Pskov Oblast) 600 2012 Oranienbaum (Saint-Petersburg) 300 2012 districts and the whole NWFD on the Internet. Petrodvorets (Saint-Petersburg) 300 2011 The majority of the operating regional and mu- Staraya Russa (the Novgorod Oblast) 850 2017 nicipal specialised websites devoted to tourism and recreation do not meet modern require- 4. International and intraregional collabo- ments and therefore potential consumers can ration development in the sphere of tourism have a negative attitude to the tourist products and recreation in question. Promotion of all-District tourist Working out different organisational forms products and advertisement of tourist recrea- of international and intraregional collabora- tional possibilities in the whole NWFD are in tion greatly contributes to tourist recreational a poorer condition. To improve the situation it development of the vast territory of the North- is necessary to create a high-quality constantly West of Russia (it excels the total territory of all updating multilingual Internet site “Tourism Baltic countries). and Recreation in the North-West of Russia”. International cooperation. The North-West of Russia is the leader in the sphere of interna-  Usage of such an effective instrument tional cooperation including tourism and rec- which became greatly popular in this country reation sector due to its geopolitical location, and abroad as event tourism in behalf of promo- strategically important for the whole country tion of attractive tourist recreational image of the development prospectives (intensive commer- North-West of Russia. Celebrations of cities' / cial development of new oil and gas deposits towns' anniversaries, holding international com- and other raw material resources, wide usage of petitions, festivals and so on are a great urge for innovative technologies in regional economies increasing tourist recreational potential in the and so on) and unique historical cultural and area. In this context it is necessary to implement natural potential. The collaboration activities the all-regional program “The North-West Cap- are carried out in different ways both on uni- itals' Anniversaries” in all important historical lateral and bilateral basis. The priority forms of cultural settlements of the region (tabl. 4) and to international cooperation in the sphere of tour- organise a special all-District Fund which would ism and recreation in NWFD are the following: finance development and realisation of projects/ 1. Frontier collaboration. The region bor- programs of holding anniversary, sports, culture ders on 7 countries (Norway, Finland, , and other events accumulating investments from Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, ) and has a different resources. great potential of frontier collaboration due

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to similar natural climatic conditions, tight people live that is every sixth citizen of Russia. historical cultural connections and minimal The most important destinations of Russia - language barriers. Saint-Petersburg, Moscow, Veliky Novgorod 2. Joint cooperation with the EU in the and many other attractive cultural historic and process of development and realisation of in- natural objects are concentrated here. The main ternational programs/ projects under its aegis. tourist flows from the whole country and abroad 3. Long-term multilateral collaboration are coming just here. Tourist recreational infra- within the framework of the greatest in Europe structure is intensively developing and large- megaproject of the Barents European Arctic scale federal investment transportation-related Region development which has been under projects are being realised here (construction way since January 11, 1993. Among the project of a new passenger port in Saint-Petersburg, participants there are Norwegian provinces construction of the second circular road around (Norland, Troms, Finnmark), Swedish prov- Saint-Petersburg, updating and expansion inces (Westerbotten, Norrbotten), Finnish of airport “Pulkovo”, construction of a new provinces (Lapland, Northern Ostrobotnia, express railway route and a toll highway from Kainuu) and NWFD regions (the Murmansk Saint-Petersburg to Moscow, rebuilding of the and Arkhangelsk Oblasts, Nenets Autonomous locks in the Volga-Baltic Route, the capacities District, the Komi and Karelia Republics). development of airport «Sheremetievo», con- 4. Multilateral collaboration in the sphere struction of a circular road around Moscow in of tourism and recreation within the framework the etc.). of development of the system of twin cities/ In prospect it would be quite reasonable to municipalities. build specialised tourist roads and water routes Table 5 contains the list of the priority within the areas in question. In particular, to projects (programs) of international coopera- reach the goal it would be necessary to restore tion in the sphere of tourism and recreation in the Mariinskaya and Vyshnevolotskaya Water the North-West of Russia which are suggested Systems which connect Saint-Petersburg and and realised in different forms of intergovern- Moscow. Along with tourist recreational devel- mental collaboration. opment of the territories it would favour social Intraregional collaboration. Unique tourist- economic development of villages and small recreational potential, coastal and border settlements which are located along these water location (close area to the EU countries) and transportation routes. ramified transportation system (railway, mo- The scale of the problems which are solved tor, air and water routes, which connect the within the boundaries of the territory and region with other regions of the European part considerable social economic benefits which of Russia) provide NWFD with considerable are connected with the decision of these potential of intraregional collaboration in the problems cause the necessity of development field of joint development of its tourist recrea- and realisation of the long-term intraregional tional resources. megaproject of federal importance (in its way Tourist recreational development of the the Russian variant of the mentioned above territories between Saint-Petersburg and Barents-Project). Development and realisa- Moscow is a complete priority, a strategically tion of the project should be carried out by the important area of collaboration. This territory North-West Federal District and the Central comprises 7 RF regions (Saint-Petersburg, the Federal District together. Leningrad, , Vologda, , Moscow Another prospective area of intraregional Oblasts and Moscow) where about 25 million collaboration would become the joint (with

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Table 5. Priority Projects and Programs of International Collaboration in the Sphere of Tourism and Recreation in NWFD

Forms of collaboration Priority projects and programs of international collaboration Frontier collaboration  with Norway; - development and realisation of the projects on joint usage of tourist recreational potential of the border areas of the province Finnmark and the Pechenga District of the Murmansk Oblast - development and realisation of the projects on joint usage of tourist recreational potential of Spitsbergen Isle - joint realisation of the project “Murmansk Corridor”  with Finland: - development and realisation of the pilot projects on joint development of the border area of «Paanayarvi» (national parks “Paanayarvi”, “Oulanga”, “Kuusamo”, “Vuokatti”) and Rakhmoivskaya Tundra - development and realisation of the projects on joint designing of water tourist routes from Southern Finland along the Saimensky Chanel into the Gulf of Finland and through the system of lakes and rivers Vuoksa into Northern Ladoga - development and realisation of the projects on joint creation of common tourist products for border towns Imatra and  with Estonia: - development and realisation of the projects on joint designing of water tourist routes including Lake Pskov and Lake Chudskoye, the Narva River and the Gulf of Narva areas of water - development and realisation of the projects on joint creation of common tourist products for border towns Narva and Ivangorod (realisation of the project “Waterjoy” – “Organisation and Construction of the International Year-Round Recreational Hotel Complex in the Narva River Water Area on the border of Estonia and Russia”)  with Latvia: - development and realisation of the projects on joint usage of tourist recreational potential of the border areas of Latvia (Latgalsky Land) and the Pskov Oblast  with Lithuania and Poland: - realisation of the project on joint creation and development of Vishtynetsko-Suvalskaya transboundary closely protected territory - development and realisation of the projects on joint usage of tourist recreational potential of the delta of the Neman River, the Kurshsky Gulf, the Kurshskay Spit (together with Lithuania)  with Belarus: - development and realisation of the projects on joint usage of tourist recreational potential of the border areas of the Pskov and Vitebsk Oblasts International megaproject of  creation of international landscape ecological network “Ecological Framework of the Barents the Barents European Arctic European Arctic Region” and realisation of the project “Green Walls of the Barents European Region development Arctic Region”  development and realisation of the projects on creation of the national parks “The Onega Coastal Area”, “Kuloysko-Belomorskoye Plateau”, “Khibini”, “Kutsa” and others  development of international tourist corridor “The Barents Route”: Bode (Norway) – Khaparanda (Sweden) – Rovaniemi (Finland) – Alakkurtti – Kandalaksha – directions to Apatity – Murmansk and the Solovetsky Isles – Arkhangelsk International programs and  development and realisation of the projects on creation of international tourist corridors/ routes projects under the aegis in the priority tourist recreational areas of NWFD and on creation and promotion of tourist of the EU products of all-okrug/ international levels Collaboration between twin-  programs/projects in the sphere of promotion of tourist products of twin-cities in their own cities / towns regions and countries  programs/projects on joint participation in preparation and holding various events (big sports competitions, festivals, anniversaries an so on)  programs/projects on exchange of experience in the sphere of tourism and recreation including personnel training and retraining the participation of the North-West, Central, sian part of the combined cruise route “Around Privolzhsky and South Federal Districts) Europe” at the same time (see tabl. 2). development and infrastructure provision of Intraregional cooperation of NWFD with the water tourist route “From Varangians to the regions of and the Far East concern- Greeks and Khazars” which could be the Rus- ing joint tourist development of “The Northern

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Sea Route” on the whole and “Mangazeya Sea and recreation development and still remain Passage” in particular has a great potential too. unsolved on the local and regional levels. All Absolutely new possibilities of tourist rec- this makes for the necessity of rapid comple- reational potential development in NWFD (the tion of developing the corresponding strate- Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk Oblast) by gic documents of the all-District level. The the inhabitants of and Western Siberia are existing experience will allow to eliminate a connected with the completion of the construc- number of drawbacks characteristic for re- tion of the railway route Perm – Kudymkar – gional/ municipal documents in the process Syktyvkar – Arkhangelsk. of their development and to provide: Finally, the priority of intraregional collabo-  Long-term character of the documents ration for NWFD is joint (with the participation which are developed in prospect till 2020 and of establishments and organisations of Ural and their compliance with the basic items of the RF Western Siberia regions) designing and realisa- development program for the same period. tion of the projects in the sphere of water tour-  Same-time interrelated development ism development (construction of passenger of the whole set of strategic documents (all- port complexes, moorages for ships, launches District concepts, strategies, targeted complex and yachts an so on) and health-improving programs). tourism (updating the existing and construction  Harmonization of sectoral/ intrasectoral of new sanataria and health establishments, and territorial/ inter-territorial aspects of salva- mostly in the Kaliningrad and Leningrad Ob- tion of different all-District problems connect- lasts and in Saint-Petersburg). ed with tourism and recreation development 5. Improvment of territorial strategic plan- by designing and interpreting corresponding ning in the tourist recreational sphere minor programs. The most effective form of activation of  Taking into consideration the main par- the stated above organisational and economic ticipants in the process of realisation of priority mechanisms for realisation of tourist rec- tourist recreational development of NWFD. reational development priorities in NWFD  Optional character of the process of is elaboration of territorial strategic planning problems salvation and use of scenario ap- documents: concepts, strategies, targeted com- proaches. plex programs.  Attracting of investment and financial The North-West of Russia is the leader resources to realisation of the main strategic in the whole sphere of strategic regional measures at the expense of working out and social economic development and tourist using corresponding organisational economic recreational sphere in particular. Nowadays mechanisms (creation of all-District system not only NWFD Districts but their munici- of loans and guarantees, investment risks in- palities as well possess concepts, strategies, surance, effective leasing and mechanism of targeted complex programs. Development conventional pledge that is pledge of property and realisation of these strategic documents rights on the constructed object and so on [6]). have greatly contributed to the formation of  Effective monitoring of realisation of tourist recreational spheres of the regions as all-District tourism recreational development one of the leading sectors of their territorial program. specialisation. Yet complicated intraregional The organisational economic mechanisms problems (including those examined in this of realisation of macroregional priorities of work) considerably impede effective tourism tourism recreation development in NWFD

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can be used nowadays as crisis management currency resources at the same time; to econo- ones because entrance (internal) tourism is mize municipal and regional budget funds able to involve a great number of available aimed at infrastructure objects development employees; to replace the demand for expen- (transportation communication lines, enter- sive tours abroad saving a considerable part of tainment and recreation objects and so on).

References 1. Gulyaev, V.G. Tourism: Economy and Social Development / V.G. Gulyaev. – Moscow: Finances and Statistics, 2003. – P. 82. 2. Rural Tourism Development in the Priozersk District of the Leningrad Oblast till 2010: master-Plan. – St.-Petersburg, 2007. 3. Romanenko, A. World Cruise Market: Peculiarities and Prospectives of Demand / A. Romanenko // Terminal. – 2003. – №6. – P. 13. 4. Akhobadze, D.T. Prospectives of Tourism Development as One of the Main Sectors of Territorial Specialisation of the Kaliningrad Oblast / D.T. Akhobadze // The North-West Economy: problems and Pro- spectives of development. – 2004. – №2. 5. Tourism Development Strategy in the Russia Federation till 2015/ Federal Tourism Agency. – Moscow, 2008. – P. 17. 6. Akhobadze, D.T. Investment Activity in the Tourism Sector in the North-West of Russia: state, prob- lems, activisation ways / D.T. Akhobadze // Bulletin of RATA. – 2001. – №3. – P. 14.

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