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Translation Series No.2137 FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Translation Series No. 2137 • Salmon of Lake Onega • by YU. A. Smirnov -Original title: •Losost onezhskogo ozera Biologiya vosproiFvodstvo ispOliziovapie From: Lososi onezhskogo ozera Biolop.iya vosproizvodstvc* ispoll .zovanie (Salmon of Lake Onega), : 1-143, 1Q71 Translated by the Translation Bureau-( PH) . Foreign Languages Division Department of the Secretary of . State of Canada Department of the-Environment- Fisheries Research Board of Canada Biological Station. Nanaimd, b... Biological Station, St. Andrews, X. S. Biological Station, St. John's, Nfld. 19 72 195 & pages typescript lleibliography 7:7 1 OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE s E DEPAR'RENT c R F.Pr r; D'iT A T • TRANSLATION BUREAU bUREAU DES RADUCTIONS N iq E DES, E LANGUES GAN A DA. 1C D!.\fî5i N L. TA9SLATED FROM — TRADUCTION DE INTO — EN Fusq .d. P.n Elish AU rtiop. AuTuun rnov Yu. "FITLE FI•LISH — TITRE ANGLAIS salmon of Lake Onega l bioloy reprouction - utilizetion Title in foreign language (transliterate foreign characters) Loos' onezhskoiy) ozera biolos,j_ya vosproizvoCts1;vo ispol";:.ovP.nie ------ RE'FrE..- RENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE FOREIG4 CHA.RACTERS. rzr,-FE,.PENCE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET. TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÉFiES PHONÉTIQUES. • REFERENcE IN ENGLISH — RÉFÉRENCE EN ANGLAIS Ao above PUBLISH ER —.ÉDITEUR PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL DATE OF PUBLICATION NUMÉROS DES PAGES DANS DATE DE PUBLICATION L'ORIGINAL yauka Press 3 143 YEAR ISSUE NO. VOLUME ANNÉE NUMERO PLACE OF PUBLICATION NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES LIEU DE PUBLICATION NOMBRE DE-PAGES DAÇTYLOGRAPHIÉEs 195 (exclusive of Lenirw.rad IWR 1971 Bibliographmj REQUESTING DEPARTMENT Environment TRANSLATION BUREAU NO. 116/ MIN ISTÉRE-CLIENT NOTRE DOSSIER NO Pil. BRANCH OR DIVISION Biological Station TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) DIRECTION OU DIVISION TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) PERSON REQUESTING Dr,› W,E, Ricker DATE COMPLETED - 8 1972 DEMANDÉ PAR NanuIub, B.C. ACFIEVE LE YOUFt NIMBER 769-.18-14 VOTRE DOSSIER N° UNEDITED TRANSLATiON For information only DATE OF REQUEST 25 1971 DATE DE LA DEMANDE - iRADUCTION NON REVISFE 1 information soulemeat .C) 'là-Z:10.10-e (FI ..:•i..?./e8) DEPARTMENTOFTHESECRETARYOFSTATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION DIVISION DES LANGUES ÉTRANGÈRES CLIENTS NO. DEPARTMENT DIVISI ON/BRANCH CITY N° DU CLIENT ' • MINISTERE • DIVISION/DIRECTION VILLE 769-18-14 Environment Biolo;Tical., Station ganaimo, B.C. BUREAU NO. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) DATE Nt1 DU BUREAU LANGUE TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) 1164 Russian PH p..4 w - . Len.. 8 pp USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES KARELIAN BRANCH INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY Yu, A. SMIRNOV THE SALMON OF LAKE ONEGA BIOLOGY REPRODUCTION . UTILIZATPN . UNEDITED TRANSLATION For information only IRADUCTION NON REVISEE Information s.ouloment SCIENCE PRESS, LENINGRAD DIVISION, LENINGRAD, 1971 SOS-200 -10- 31 • T,11.73U OP CP:'—'1" .. TS TtiLlS j al 1 Enid Sh Foreword . eeoeoe eeteR 1>a:3333333 3 3 2 Introducti on 5 3 Chapter L. Procedural questions . 3 , 7 6 Investigation of the spavning rivers . e 6 IL Collection of materials on the struc'ture of the . • stocks and determination of the age of the salmon. 8 8 Sampling to determine the structure of the stocks (8/8). Transitional zone (9/9). Spawning marks . (10/11). "Epitheliomatous erosion" (11/13). Observations on ?"-oung fish. Taging * 13 16 Chapter 2. The spawnine' rivers of the basin of Lake Onega: comarative description, state and reproductive ValuSoeoecooee•eo 15 19 A list of the rivers . 3 3 3 3 3 15 19 Physioraphic doscription of the spawning rivers. 16 21 Structural features (16/21). Water regime (17/23). Ice rer.;ire and thermal regime (19/26) 3 Water guality (22/30).' Vep;etation (22/31). Groups of rivers (23/32) 3 The fish fauna of the rivers Cr t O 0 3 • e 27 37 Enemies & comr)etitors of the salmon 27 37 . TV. The state of the rivers in connection with their utilization. The effect of hydraulic engineering works an. logging. 0 3 . 3 . 0 • ..... 36 51 The development of water use (36/51). The effect of lorring (3 8/54). Observations on rivers in the basin of Lake Onega (40/57) V. The location & nature of the spawning & rearine rea.ches. • •• 6 • 3 • • 0 3 • t • • • • 3 • 40 58 VI. Principles for the assessment of spawning rivers & their reproductive value 51 72 Chapter 3. Comparative description of the salmon stocks of Lake Ônegl 57 81 1 . The life cycle of the salmon . 57 81 Habitats of the salmon ........ 0 • • • e 61 87 In the river (61/87). In the lake (63/92) The spawning migration and the factors affecting it 65 94 Iv. Typs of spawning migrations of the Lake Onega • salmon ..eto..olcetc•teoese** 6 7 98 JL Chr.Tter 5 cont. Russian English V. Alteration. in the strcture of the stock • during the run of the salmon. 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 77 113 VI. Spawning, time of spawning & behaviour of the Sa:LMOrl•eeeeeee•euee0etc 000 78 115 VTI; The structure of spawning stocks its annual Var1?,t1OnSeeee.0e00e0ee.oeee0 83 123 Viiie Growth of the salmon in the lake. 93 136 Ix. "Lbruholoical description of the salmon . 99 145 X.. The possibilit: of infringement of the reproduct- ive isolation between the salmon & the trout. 102 150 Chapter 4. Salmon fishinç, , catches & the state of the sa1mon stocks. •eoz• .eeeee•eor 103 152 i e The history of the (1,-,'ve1opment of the salmon fishery & catches........•.•... 103 152 II. The causes of -reduction in the abundance of the salmon in Lake Cnega. • e e e 0 112 165 III. An estimate of the abundance of Onega salmon stocks, eeteeceeeeeeeteee* 116 173 0haptor.5. Ways of increasing the abundance of the salmon in U,*e One,ga • • esee •ee. e 119 177 • I. Conservation of stocks 8: regulation of 2ishing. .......... •........ 119 177 II. Improvement works • • ......... 121 180 III. The possible abundance of the salmon in Lake Onega.•.....•........... 124 185 IV. The fish hatchery & natural reproduction of the salmon. • ........ 4 4 0 0 • 130 193 . Bibliography 132 196 XXXXXXXXX • " 2 RUEWORD Some results of a study of the.salmon inhabiting Lake Onega are set out in - this pamphlet. The materials on which the work is based were collected in the• years 1959--1965 when the author was studying the spawning grounds of the salmon in the basin of Lake Onega and was at the sanie time making observations on the commercial stocks The estiMate of the abundance of stocks and of the entire population is based on the state in 1965. Materials and observations of later years have not been included • in the pamphlet. • This book could not have appear e d. but for the great and varied assistance of very many individuals. The bulk of the work was carried out in the Karelian Fish Plant (Karelrybvod) and subsequently in the department of zoology and Darwinism at Petrozavodsk State University. The author is sincerely indebted to all who assisted him in his work. Numbers in right margin indicate corresponding pages in original text. - - . In Memory of /5/ Viktor Vi'ktorovich Azbelev (1905-1968) and Leonid Pavlovich Kriulin (1941-1967), students of the Atlantic salmon , INTRODUCTION The lake form of the Atlantic salmon /Salmo.salar L. morcha sebaco (Girard)/ is found within the range occupied by the Atlantic salmon (S. salar LJ now or in the recent past when the migratory paths of the Atlantic salmon extended farther into the mainland. ' Land-locked forms of the salmon are known to exist in some lakes in North America, Newfoundland, Norway, Sweden and Finland. In the USSR the lake salmon is confined to Karelia, where it in- habits Lakes Onega, Ladoga, Sandal, Yanis"yarvi, Vygozoro, Segozero, the Kuito Lakes (Upper, Middle and Lower), Nyukozero and Kamennoye. It is - possible that very small, but independent stocks will still be discovered in two to four lakes of Central and Northern Karelia. • Although the salmon has long been specially fished in the above lakes, the scale of fishing and its economic importance have been slight in most instances. The two largest lakes, Ladoga and Onega, are an exception; in them the role of the salmon fishery has been of more than purely local significance. Old fisheries statistics show that the salmon catch reached 1 2500 centners in Lake Ladoga 30 years ago and 1000 centners and possibly more in Lake Onega in the 1890s. The salmon populations in both lakes were • 1 Translator's note. One Soviet centner = 100 kg. Li subsequently sharply reduced for various reasons, although to differing degrees. It • is now only in Lake Onega that the salmon has retained its independent commercial importance, but even in this lake the position of its stocks is extremely unfavourable. The :Lake salmon is of great interest both economically and from the point of view of an understanding of its biology, a feature of which is extreme adaptability (plastichnost 1 ). This feature makes the salmon an extremely promising subject in rational lake management. It enables us to select those stocks which are found to be the most convènient and advantageous. Nor is the possibility excluded that it may be cultivated in special fish farms /6/ of a type in which the fish are kept in containers; some success has already been achieved along these lines.abroad.. In the interests of development of the fish industry it is essential that urgent measures should be taken to increase the abundance both of the salmon and of other valuable fishes of this family. Correct management is, however, impossible without precise knowledge of the biological features of a • fish and of the demand which it makes on environmental conditions.
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