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RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY FACULTY OF GEOGRAPHY, M.V. LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES No. 01 [v. 05] 2012 GEOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY ggi112.inddi112.indd 1 221.03.20121.03.2012 110:05:020:05:02 EDITORIAL BOARD EDITORS-IN-CHIEF: Kasimov Nikolay S. Kotlyakov Vladimir M. Vandermotten Christian M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State Russian Academy of Sciences Université Libre de Bruxelles University, Faculty of Geography Institute of Geography Belgique Russia Russia 01|2012 Tikunov Vladimir S. (Secretary-General) Kroonenberg Salomon, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Delft University of Technology Faculty of Geography, Russia. Department of Applied Earth Sciences, 2 GES Babaev Agadzhan G. The Netherlands Turkmenistan Academy of Sciences, O’Loughlin John Institute of deserts, Turkmenistan University of Colorado at Boulder, Baklanov Petr Ya. Institute of Behavioral Sciences, USA Russian Academy of Sciences, Malkhazova Svetlana M. Pacific Institute of Geography, Russia M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Baume Otfried, Faculty of Geography, Russia Ludwig Maximilians Universitat Munchen, Mamedov Ramiz Institut fur Geographie, Germany Baku State University, Chalkley Brian Faculty of Geography, Azerbaijan University of Plymouth, UK Mironenko Nikolay S. Dmitriev Vasily V. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Sankt-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Faculty of Geography, Russia. Geography and Geoecology, Russia Palacio-Prieto Jose Dobrolubov Sergey A. National Autonomous University of Mexico, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Geography, Mexico Faculty of Geography, Russia Palagiano Cosimo, D’yakonov Kirill N. Universita degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Instituto di Geografia, Italy Faculty of Geography, Russia Radovanovic Milan Gritsay Olga V. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Russian Academy of Sciences, Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijic”, Serbia Institute of Geography, Russia Richling Andrzej Gunin Petr D. University Warsaw, Faculty of Geography and Russian Academy of Sciences, Regional Studies, Poland Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russia Rudenko Leonid G. Guo Hua Tong National Ukrainean Academy Chinese Academy of Sciences, China of Sciences, Institute of Geography Gutenev Vladimir V. Ukraine Rosoboronexport, Russia Solomina Olga N. Hayder Adnane Russian Academy of Sciences, Association of Tunisian Geographers, Tunisia Institute of Geography, Russia Himiyama Yukio Tishkov Arkady A. Hokkaido University of Education, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography, Japan Institute of Geography, Russia Kochurov Boris I. Thorez Pierre Russian Academy of Sciences, Université du Havre – UFR “Lettres Institute of Geography, Russia et Sciences Humaines” France Kolosov Vladimir A. Vargas Rodrigo Barriga Russian Academy of Sciences, Military Geographic Institute, Chile Institute of Geography, Russia Viktorov Alexey S. Konečný Milan Russian Academy of Sciences, Masaryk University, Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Russia Faculty of Science, Czech Republic Zilitinkevich Sergey S. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland ggi112.inddi112.indd 2 221.03.20121.03.2012 110:05:060:05:06 CONTENTS GEOGRAPHY Yury G. Chendev, Аleksandr N. Petin, Anthony R. Lupo SOILS AS INDICATORS OF CLIMATIC CHANGES . 4 01|2012 Ivan G. Savchuk INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER RAILWAY COMMUNICATION IN UKRAINE . 18 3 GES Alexey S. Victorov LANDSCAPE METRICS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF MATHEMATICAL LANDSCAPE MORPHOLOGY . 30 Dmitry O. Sergeev, Nikolai N. Romanovskiy, Gennadiy S. Tipenko, Sergey N. Buldovich, Anatoly V. Gavrilov, Kenji Yoshikawa, Vladimir E. Romanovsky THE INFLUENCE OF CHANGING CLIMATE AND GEOCRYOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON THE REGIME OF REGIONAL DISCHARGE AND ICING IN THE UPPER PART OF LENA RIVER’S BASIN . 41 ENVIRONMENT Lachezar H. Filchev, Eugenia K. Roumenina DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF ABIOTIC STRESS OF CONIFEROUS LANDSCAPES CAUSED BY URANIUM MINING (USING MULTITEMPORAL HIGH RESOLUTION LANDSAT DATA) . 52 Tatyana I. Moiseenko, Andrey N. Sharov, Alexey A. Voinov, Alexandr D. Shalabodov LONG -TERM CHANGES IN THE LARGE LAKE ECOSYSTEMS UNDER POLLUTION: THE CASE OF THE NORTH-EAST EUROPEAN LAKES . 67 Vitaliy A. Ivanov, Vladimir A. Dulov, Sergey Yu. Kuznetsov, Sergey F. Dotsenko, Mikhail V. Shokurov, Yana V. Saprykina, Vladimir V. Malinovsky, Vladislav G. Polnikov RISK ASSESSMENT OF ENCOUNTERING KILLER WAVES IN THE BLACK SEA . 84 SUSTAINABILITY Nikolay S. Mironenko, Tatyana Kolchugina EXPORT-ORIENTED MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA (FROM THE “DUTCH DISEASE” TO INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT) . 112 NEWS & REVIEWS Sergey V. Pyankov, Vladimir S. Tikunov WORKSHOPS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CARTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION . 120 ggi112.inddi112.indd 3 221.03.20121.03.2012 110:05:060:05:06 Yury G. Chendev1*, Аleksandr N. Petin1, Anthony R. Lupo2 1 Russia, National Research Belgorod State University; 308015, Belgorod, Pobeda St. 85; * Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] 2 USA; University of Missouri; 302 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO 65211-7250; e-mail: [email protected] SOILS AS INDICATORS OF CLIMATIC CHANGES GEOGRAPHY 4 ABSTRACT. A number of examples for the system, which sensitively reacts to changes reaction of chernozems in the center of in natural conditions and, in the first place, the East European Plain and their relation to climate change. Therefore, in scientific to different periodical climatic changes literature in connection with soils, arose are examined. According to unequal-age such concepts as “soil-moment” and “soil- chernozems properties, the transition from memory”, “urgent” and “relict” characteristics the Middle Holocene arid conditions to the of soils, and “sensitivity” and “reflectivity” Late Holocene wet conditions occurred of soil properties [Aleksandrovskii, 1983; at 4000 yr BP. Using data on changes of Gennadiev, 1990; Sokolov and Targul’yan, soil properties, the position of boundary 1976; Sokolov, et al., 1986; and others]. between steppe and forest-steppe and the annual amount of precipitation at In contemporary world geography, there approximately 4000 yr BP were reconstructed. still remains a paucity of information on The change from warm-dry to cool-moist the many-sided interrelations of soils climatic phases, which occurred at the end with the other components of the natural of the XX century as a reflection of intra- environment. This is extremely important age-long climatic cyclic recurrence, led to aspect in light of current global ecological the strengthening of dehumification over problems, studies, and policy decisions, the profile of automorphic chernozems and one of which is the problem of climate to the reduction of its content in the upper change. meter of the soils. The leaching of carbonates and of readily soluble salts contributed While these have been long discussed by to the decrease in soil areas occupied by scientists, this problem during the last few typical and solonetzic chernozems, and to years acquired new urgency in connection the increase in areas occupied by leached with new data, reflecting “long” sequences chernozems. in paleoclimatic reconstructions and a comparatively short, but detailed series of KEY WORDS: chernozems, climate change, instrumental observations [Climate..., 2002; Holocene, forest-steppe, steppe. Climate..., 2008; Global..., 2000; and others]. We will continue the discussion on the following questions: “In what direction INTRODUCTION might the change in global climate go?” Among the diverse objects in the natural and “Is this change subordinated by trend environment, the soils are rightfully dependence or does it occur within cyclic considered one of the most informative climatic dynamics?” [Bunyard, 2001; Lupo, components. They contain the records not 2008; and others]. It seems that in finding only of contemporary, but also of past physical- new ways and approaches to this problem geographical and climatic conditions. At the it may be possible to find a solution to a same time, the soil is a rapidly changing number of other problems and the solution ggi112.inddi112.indd 4 221.03.20121.03.2012 110:05:060:05:06 must be connected with a thorough study scheme, originally created for Scandinavia, is of soils as indicators of climate change. open for discussion [Aleksandrovskii and Aleksandrovskaya, 2005; Aleksandrovskii The role of soils in the study of chronological and Chendev, 2009]. In our understanding, variations of climate is reflected in a number from the point of view of age-long (long- of publications, many of which are oriented periodical) climate change in the territory of toward the use of soils in reconstructions of the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the long-term climate changes [Aleksandrovskii central part of the East European Plain, it is and Aleksandrovskaya, 2005; Buol et al., better to use division of the Holocene into 1997; Chendev, 2008; Climate..., 2009; Felix- Early, Middle, and Late period. According GEOGRAPHY Henningsen, 2000; Gennadiev, 1990; Ivanov, to contemporary ideas, the Early Holocene 1992; Jenny, 1941; and others]. There are (10000–8000 yr BP) was characterized by 5 fewer references on the study of soils as a cool-cold and dry climate. The Middle indicators of contemporary climate change Holocene (8000–4000 (3500) yr BP) had [Ovechkin and Isaev, 1985; Savin, 1990; alternation of temperature drops and rises Solovyov, 1989; and some others]. in conditions of dry, in general, climate;
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