Extensions of Remarks Hon. Craig Hosmer Hon. William H. Harsha
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“A Tremor in the Middle of the Iceberg”: the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Local Voting Rights Activism in Mccomb, Mississippi, 1928-1964
“A Tremor in the Middle of the Iceberg”: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Local Voting Rights Activism in McComb, Mississippi, 1928-1964 Alec Ramsay-Smith A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH HONORS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN April 1, 2016 Advised by Professor Howard Brick For Dana Lynn Ramsay, I would not be here without your love and wisdom, And I miss you more every day. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... ii Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: McComb and the Beginnings of Voter Registration .......................... 10 Chapter Two: SNCC and the 1961 McComb Voter Registration Drive .................. 45 Chapter Three: The Aftermath of the McComb Registration Drive ........................ 78 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 102 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 119 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I could not have done this without my twin sister Hunter Ramsay-Smith, who has been a constant source of support and would listen to me rant for hours about documents I would find or things I would learn in the course of my research for the McComb registration -
The Long Red Thread How Democratic Dominance Gave Way to Republican Advantage in Us House of Representatives Elections, 1964
THE LONG RED THREAD HOW DEMOCRATIC DOMINANCE GAVE WAY TO REPUBLICAN ADVANTAGE IN U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ELECTIONS, 1964-2018 by Kyle Kondik A thesis submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Baltimore, Maryland September 2019 © 2019 Kyle Kondik All Rights Reserved Abstract This history of U.S. House elections from 1964-2018 examines how Democratic dominance in the House prior to 1994 gave way to a Republican advantage in the years following the GOP takeover. Nationalization, partisan realignment, and the reapportionment and redistricting of House seats all contributed to a House where Republicans do not necessarily always dominate, but in which they have had an edge more often than not. This work explores each House election cycle in the time period covered and also surveys academic and journalistic literature to identify key trends and takeaways from more than a half-century of U.S. House election results in the one person, one vote era. Advisor: Dorothea Wolfson Readers: Douglas Harris, Matt Laslo ii Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………....ii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………..iv List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………..v Introduction: From Dark Blue to Light Red………………………………………………1 Data, Definitions, and Methodology………………………………………………………9 Chapter One: The Partisan Consequences of the Reapportionment Revolution in the United States House of Representatives, 1964-1974…………………………...…12 Chapter 2: The Roots of the Republican Revolution: -
Congressional Mail Logs for the President (1)” of the John Marsh Files at the Gerald R
The original documents are located in Box 8, folder “Congress - Congressional Mail Logs for the President (1)” of the John Marsh Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald R. Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. r Digitized from Box 8 of The John Marsh Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library Presi dent's Mail - May 11, 1976 House 1. Augustus Hawkins Writes irr regard to his continuing · terest in meeting with the President to discuss the· tuation at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission prior to the appoint ment of a successor to Chairman owell W. Perry. 2. Larry Pressler Says he will vote to sustain e veto of the foreign military assistance se he believes the $3.2 billion should be u ed for nior citizens here at horne. 3. Gus Yatron Writes on behalf of Mrs. adys S. Margolis concerning the plight of Mr. Mi ail ozanevich and his family in the Soviet Union. 4. Guy Vander Jagt Endorses request of the TARs to meet with the President during their convention in June. -
24, 1979 Tibie DA ?’ I WASHINGTON, D.C
LOC ATi Oh DA-i E \Mo.. Day, k r.1 THE WHITE HOUSE . WASHINGTON, D.C. T:biE DAY 5:30 a.m.THURSDAY Y!iOV[f I TIME 5;r .= ‘i ‘J0 AC-TWIT-Y 7I, z .A From I To 2 f The President received a wake up call from the White House signal board operator. 6:04 ! The President went to the Oval Office. 8:04 The President met to discuss legislative strategy on oil price decontrol with Senator Robert C. Byrd (D-West Virginia) 8:04 1 The President went to the Cabinet Room. 8:04 9:06 1 The President participated in a breakfast meeting to discuss the economy and inflation with: Walter F. Mondale, Vice President W. Michael Blumenthal, Secretary of the Treasury Charles L. Schultze, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) I Alfred H. Kahn, Advisor and Chairman of the Council on Wage and Price Stability I James T. McIntyre, Jr., Director of the Office of I Management and Budget (OMB) Barry P. Bosworth, Director of the Council on Wage and Price Stability Stuart E. Eizenstat, Assistant for Domestic Affairs and Policy 9:06 1 I The President returned to the Oval Office. I I Ii 9:08 / 9:15 [ I The President met with his Assistant for National Security i I ! I Affairs, Zbigniew Brzezinski. I 9:30 /i 9:45 The President met to discuss the windfall profits tax on oil i I I I and the schedule of the House Committee on Ways and Means I with: 1i I Representative Al Ullman (D-Oregon) I Representative Dan Rostenkowski (D-Illinois) i I William H. -
Union Calendar No. 607
1 Union Calendar No. 607 110TH CONGRESS " ! REPORT 2d Session HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 110–934 REPORT ON THE LEGISLATIVE AND OVERSIGHT ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS DURING THE 110TH CONGRESS JANUARY 2, 2009.—Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 79–006 WASHINGTON : 2009 VerDate Nov 24 2008 22:51 Jan 06, 2009 Jkt 079006 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4012 Sfmt 4012 E:\HR\OC\HR934.XXX HR934 sroberts on PROD1PC70 with HEARING E:\Seals\Congress.#13 COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS CHARLES B. RANGEL, New York, Chairman FORTNEY PETE STARK, California JIM MCCRERY, Louisiana SANDER M. LEVIN, Michigan WALLY HERGER, California JIM MCDERMOTT, Washington DAVE CAMP, Michigan JOHN LEWIS, Georgia JIM RAMSTAD, Minnesota RICHARD E. NEAL, Massachusetts SAM JOHNSON, Texas MICHAEL R. MCNULTY, New York PHIL ENGLISH, Pennsylvania JOHN S. TANNER, Tennessee JERRY WELLER, Illinois XAVIER BECERRA, California KENNY C. HULSHOF, Missouri LLOYD DOGGETT, Texas RON LEWIS, Kentucky EARL POMEROY, North Dakota KEVIN BRADY, Texas STEPHANIE TUBBS JONES, Ohio THOMAS M. REYNOLDS, New York MIKE THOMPSON, California PAUL RYAN, Wisconsin JOHN B. LARSON, Connecticut ERIC CANTOR, Virginia RAHM EMANUEL, Illinois JOHN LINDER, Georgia EARL BLUMENAUER, Oregon DEVIN NUNES, California RON KIND, Wisconsin PAT TIBERI, Ohio BILL PASCRELL, JR., New Jersey JON PORTER, Nevada SHELLY BERKLEY, Nevada JOSEPH CROWLEY, New York CHRIS VAN HOLLEN, Maryland KENDRICK MEEK, Florida ALLYSON Y. SCHWARTZ, Pennsylvania ARTUR DAVIS, Alabama (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:20 Jan 06, 2009 Jkt 079006 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 E:\HR\OC\HR934.XXX HR934 sroberts on PROD1PC70 with HEARING LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL U.S. -
Mississippi Freedom School Curricula Materials
Unit VII: The Movement Purpose: To grasp the significance of direct action and or political action as instruments of social change . Materials: Excerpts on non-violence COFO materials on Freedom Summer Charles Remsberg, "Behind the Cotton Curtain" ( excerptr Southern Regional Council, report on Greenwood Voter Project "Voter Registration Laws in Mississippi" Part lt Freedom Rides and Sit- Ins ~UESTION : What is a Freedom Ride? ANS"IER : A. Freedom Jlide is a special kind of direct action protest a~ed at testing buses, trains and terminal facilities--to see whether or not the seating of people on buses and trains is done according to law, i.e., the Supreme Court ruling of 1260 that segregated seating on interstate carriers and in terminal stations is illegal. The second purpose of a Freedom Rice is to protest segrega tion ~here it still exists and to make known to the nation the conditions under which Negroes live in the d.eep South. The third, a.nd overal l purpose o:f the Freedom Ride is to change these conditions. QUESTION: What happens on a Freedom Ride? ANSWER : A gr oup or people--in the case of the Freedom Rides--an integr-ated. group buy interstate bus or train ticket-s. By interstate, we mean going from one state to another . They board the bus or train and sit in an integrated fashion in seats customarily used by whites only. At stations, they use restrooms customarily used by whites only. They sat at lunch counters customarily used by w~ites only and sit in waiting roams customarily reserved for whites. -
Melvin R. Laird, Moderator �
� Melvin R. Laird, Moderator � CENTER for HEAL TH POLICY RESEARCH THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE IN EXECUTIVE STITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RE COMMITTEE SEARCH, established in 1943, is a Herman J. Schmidt publicly supported, nonpartisan re Chairman of the Board search and educational organization. Its purpose is to assist policy makers, William J. Baroody scholars, businessmen, the press and President the public by providing objective William G. McClintock analysis of national and international Treasurer issues. Views expressed in the insti Richard Farrell tute's publications are those of the Dean P. Fite auth ors and do not necessarily reflect Richard B. Madden the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers or trustees of AEI. SENIOR STAFF ADVISORY BOARD Anne Brunsdale Paul W. McCracken, Chairman, Ed Director of Publications mund Ezra Day University Professor Joseph G. Butts of Business Administration, Univer Director of Legislative sity of Michigan Analysis R. H. Coase, Professor of Economics, Robert B. Helms University of Chicago Director of Health Policy Studies Milton Friedman, Paul S. Russell Dis tinguished Service Professor of Eco Thomas F. Johnson nomics, University of Chicago Director of Research Gottfried Haberler, Resident Scholar, Gary L. Jones American Enterprise Institute for Assistant to the President Public Policy Research for Administation Richard M. Lee C. Lowell Harriss, Professor of Eco Director of Planning nomics, Columbia University and Development George Lenczowski, Pofessor of Po Edward J. Mitchell litical Science, University of Califor Director, National nia, Berkeley Energy Project Robert A. Nisbet, Albert Schweitzer W. S. Moore Professor of the Humanities, Colum Director of Legal Policy bia University Studies James A. -
Acoa 0 0 0 2
CONGRESSIONAL & GOVERNMENT LIST CONGRESSIONAL & GOVERNMENT LIST Congressmen respond most quickly to the interests end concerns of their constituents. Following is a list of congressmen who - if aup3orted from their district - might be likely to develop a concern for the future of Southern-Africe anH more ?articilarly a concern for United States policy 'towwd SoulAhern Africa.. Othsr Congressmen who have already shown -az ebtive interest in this issue are also included on tho list,.Allof these Congr~bbman sho4d be contacted by individuals and organiiations with Southern African conoermA," --- --- ----- -- - R-r - - ------- House of Rspsentatives California: George E. Brown-D ,PhilIlip; 8urton.-D Ji6fFrey Cohelan-D Don Edwards-D Augustus F. Hawkins-D William S. Mailliard-R John E. Moss-D Thomas M, Rees-D Edward R. Roybal-D John V. Tunney-D Connecticut: Donald J. Irwin-D Illinois: William L. Dawson-D Barrett O'Hara-D William T. Murphy-D Donald Rumsfeld-R Sidney R. Yatas-D Indiana: E. Ross Adeir-R John Brademas-D Lee H,. Hamilton-D Iowa: John C. Culver-D Kentucky: William 0. Cowger-R maryland: Clarence D. Long-D Charles McC. Mathies, Jr.-R Madsahu rtts: Silvii 0. Conte-R Hastings Keith-R F, Bradford Mcrse-R !ichigan: William S. Broomfield-R John J. Conyers, Jr.-D Charles C. Diggs, Jr.-D Marvin L. Esch-R Jack H. McDonald-R James G. O'Hara-D Donald W. Reigle, Jr.-R Minnesota: John A.* Bletnik-D Donald M. Fraser-O Joseph Karth-D Missouri: Richard Bolling-D Leonor K. Sullivan-D New Jersey Petse Frolinghuysen-R " Cornelius GallagherD Henry Helstoski-D Joseph C. -
H. Doc. 108-222
NINETY-THIRD CONGRESS JANUARY 3, 1973, TO JANUARY 3, 1975 FIRST SESSION—January 3, 1973, to December 22, 1973 SECOND SESSION—January 21, 1974, 1 to December 20, 1974 VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES—SPIRO T. AGNEW, 2 of Maryland; GERALD R. FORD, 3 of Michigan; NELSON A. ROCKEFELLER, 4 of New York PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE—JAMES O. EASTLAND, of Mississippi SECRETARY OF THE SENATE—FRANCIS R. VALEO, of the District of Columbia SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE SENATE—WILLIAM H. WANNALL, of Maryland SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—CARL ALBERT, 5 of Oklahoma CLERK OF THE HOUSE—W. PAT JENNINGS, 5 of Virginia SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE HOUSE—KENNETH R. HARDING, 5 of Virginia DOORKEEPER OF THE HOUSE—WILLIAM M. MILLER, 6 of Mississippi; JAMES T. MOLLOY, 7 of New York POSTMASTER OF THE HOUSE—ROBERT V. ROTA, 5 of Pennsylvania ALABAMA Barry M. Goldwater, Scottsdale Harold T. Johnson, Roseville SENATORS REPRESENTATIVES John E. Moss, Sacramento John J. Sparkman, Huntsville John J. Rhodes, Mesa Robert L. Leggett, Vallejo James B. Allen, Gadsden Morris K. Udall, Tucson Phillip Burton, San Francisco William S. Mailliard, 10 San Francisco REPRESENTATIVES Sam Steiger, Prescott John B. Conlan, Phoenix John Burton, 11 San Francisco Jack Edwards, Mobile Ronald V. Dellums, Berkeley William L. Dickinson, Montgomery ARKANSAS Fortney H. (Pete) Stark, Danville Bill Nichols, Sylacauga SENATORS Don Edwards, San Jose Tom Bevill, Jasper Charles S. Gubser, 12 Gilroy Robert E. Jones, Scottsboro John L. McClellan, Little Rock J. William Fulbright, 9 Fayetteville Leo J. Ryan, South San Francisco John Buchanan, Birmingham Burt L. -
The Struggle for Voting Rights in Mississippi ~ the Early Years
The Struggle for Voting Rights in Mississippi ~ the Early Years Excerpted from “History & Timeline” Mississippi — the Eye of the Storm It is a trueism of the era that as you travel from the north to the south the deeper grows the racism, the worse the poverty, and the more brutal the repression. In the geography of the Freedom Movement the South is divided into mental zones according to the virulence of bigotry and oppression: the “Border States” (Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, and the urban areas of Maryland); the “Mid South” (Virginia, the East Shore of Maryland, North Carolina, Florida, Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas); and the “Deep South” (South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana). And then there is Mississippi, in a class by itself — the absolute deepest pit of racism, violence, and poverty. During the post-Depression decades of the 1940s and 1950s, most of the South experiences enormous economic changes. “King Cotton” declines as agriculture diversifies and mechanizes. In 1920, almost a million southern Blacks work in agriculture, by 1960 that number has declined by 75% to around 250,000 — resulting in a huge migration off the land into the cities both North and South. By 1960, almost 60% of southern Blacks live in urban areas (compared to roughly 30% in 1930). But those economic changes come slowly, if at all, to Mississippi and the Black Belt areas of Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana. In 1960, almost 70% of Mississippi Blacks still live in rural areas, and more than a third (twice the percentage in the rest of the South) work the land as sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and farm laborers. -
HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED and SEVENTY Oath of Office
1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 93 RECESS ADJOURNMENT TO FRIDAY It has been a pleasure to serve in this capacity and to be associated with the Mem Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I bers and employees of the House of Repre move that the Senate stand in recess ask unanimous consent that when the sentatives. until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. House adjourns today it adjourn to meet Sincerely, The motion was agreed to; and <at on Friday next. DAVID M. ABSHIRE. 4 o'clock and 1 minute p.m.) the Senate The SPEAKER. Is there objection to took a recess until tomorrow, Thursday, the request of the gentleman from January 5, 1961, at 12 o'clock meridian. Massachusetts? HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE OF TEXAS There was no objection. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from •• .... • • Texas [Mr. TEAGUE] will present himself at the bar of the House and take the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY oath of office. Mr. TEAGUE of Texas appeared at the WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 4, 1961 FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE CONSTITUTION bar of the House and took the oath of office. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, in The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, behalf of the gentleman from Pennsyl D.O., offered the following prayer: vania [Mr. BYRNE], and acting for him, From the Book of Leviticus (26: 12) I offer a bill he has introduced <H.R. THE LATE JOHN E. RANKIN this promise of God: I will walk among 1723) and ask unanimous consent for its Mr. -
Hon. Donald M. Fraser Bruce Vento
12718 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 NAZI MINDSET SHOWS NEED FOR up in the mindset of the Nazi rhetoric, a Tuesday, May 9. There will be rollcall GENOCIDE CONVENTION mindset which called for the extermina votes on amendments to H.R. 130 dur tion of the Jewish race. ing the morning, but once it is laid aside Mr. PROXMmE. Mr. President, al The Genocide Convention was drafted no later than 12: 30 p.m., the Senate will though it has been several weeks since in the hope of keeping such a mindset then take up Senate Resolution 219, "Holocaust" was aired on television, I from ever again carrying outs its geno Calendar Order No. 682, the senior in feel that several of the points raised in cidal policies. It would make the destruc tern bill. that show were of such importance as tion, in whole or in part, of a racial, na At the time the Senate goes on that to merit repetition. Genocide is not an tional, religious, or ethnic group a crime easy crime to visualize, and the death bill, Mr. CURTIS will be recognized to call under international law. I applaud the up an amendment. There is a time limi of six million people is really beyond intent of this treaty, and I am 1ashamed most people's comprehension. tation on the Curtis amendment of not that even though President Truman to exceed 30 minutes, and under the or The antisemitic hysteria which swept signed the treaty in 1948, the Senate has der there will be a vote up or down on Germany during the Hitler era is one of yet to ratify it.