1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 93 RECESS ADJOURNMENT TO FRIDAY It has been a pleasure to serve in this capacity and to be associated with the Mem­ Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I bers and employees of the House of Repre­ move that the Senate stand in recess ask unanimous consent that when the sentatives. until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. House adjourns today it adjourn to meet Sincerely, The motion was agreed to; and

2. Long-term movements: more constructive steps, but is only a further It is fortunate that this suggestion has We should not attempt to limit American step to improve international confidence. come from so distinguished a banker as the foreign investment abroad, except: Otherwise, there could be panicky misinter­ chairman of the Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. (a) No new Federal tax incentives for pretation of the action. I am sure that it will receive careful con­ American foreign investment (except per­ The action would benefit the intern a tional sideration in Congress. The proposal w111 haps in underdeveloped areas) seem to be trade position of the United States, for it have my support, for what that may be required. Indeed, the long overdue reexami­ would be under less strain as the supply of worth. It is to be hoped that whether or nation of our tax structure should inquire gold for international payments is increased. not this proposal is accepted, we can find into the operation of our present tax pro­ Our main trading partners, whose coopera­ ways of bringing about a better distribution visions for American foreign investment, tion is essential i.f our goals are to be of the gold reserves among the Western na­ and for ,repatriation of earnings. These pro­ achieved, also benefit from the increased as­ tions and having the other nations share, on . visions ri.ow encourage aggressive and increas­ surance of our capacity to honor all claims. a continuing basis, more of the interest losses ingly unwelcomed U.S. investment in heavily III. Treasury action and the price of gold which holding the gold entails. industrialized foreign countries, to the em­ As you well know, the fractional gold barrassment of both our balance of payments Flurries in the price of gold in the London requirement was never anything more than (we lose exchange both on the original in­ and Zurich markets, such as the recent ones, a psychological nest egg, and one which we vestment and on the failure to repatriate hurt confidence in the dollar all out of pro­ never really needed. When this requirement earnings) and of the host country's balance portion to their volume. The best way to was being proposed, in 1935, the House Com­ of payments (the capital inflow can be in­ prevent future flurries is by pursuing a bal­ mittee on Banking and Currency naturally fiationary). ance of payments-gold outflow action pro­ sought the views of the late Senator Robert (b) Through diplomatic channels, we gram such as that here recommended. L. Owen, one of the chief architects of the should urge those Western European coun­ But such a program should include an af­ Federal Reserve Act, and a man whose bank­ tries where technology is advanced which firmation by the administration that it will ing experience then covered a span of 42 offer special inducements for new industry, not hesitate, in the event of another flurry, years. When asked what he thought of the such as remission of local property taxes, or to use its legal powers to sell gold. We have requirement then being proposed, Senator long-term, low-interest governmental loans, confidence in the dollar. We should not Owen said, "I think it is a joke. • • • We do to refrain from offering such incentives to hesitate to bet on it publicly and promptly. not need any gold behind our money." 1 runaway American plants. GOVERNMENTAL MACHINERY FOR SUPERVISING Senator Owen then added what we all B. Increasing Our Infiow BALANCE OF PAYMENTS know, which is that the value of the dollar rests, not on gold, but on the fact that it is 1. Through diplomatic channels, we should Our current balance of payment troubles suggest that a continuing review of our in­ the money of a great industrial nation. It endeavor to secure the repeal of clogs placed Will buy a-ll kinds of goods and services, in­ by foreign countries against investment by ternational payments be centraliZEJd in one cluding gold, and including also the energy their nationals in the United States, both place within the executive branch. Appar­ sources which wm do the work formerly as­ With respect to direct investment, and in­ ently, no one is currently responsible for signed to man and beast. By law, the dollar direct investment by purchasing American this vital task. It is a responsibility long is good for the payment of debts and taxes, securities in the United States. since assumed by other countries more ac­ and that is backing enough. 2. A policy of maximum employment in the customed than we to living with balance of payment problems. We recommend that re­ During these past 25 years, gold has not United States, plus a growth rate of 4 to 5 only been sterilized from our money; it has percent annually as contrasted with the 2.3 sponsibility for a continuing review of pay­ ment problems be centralized, perhaps in also been sterilized from our thinking. In percent growth rate of recent years, will this period, our citizens could not exchange greatly contribute to attracting foreign in­ the Director of the Budget (who now super­ their dollars for gold, and would not have vises our flow of appropriations and reve­ vestment in the United States. done so if they could have. In brief, we nues), or in the Secretary of the Treasury have demonstrated to everybody's satisfac­ THE GOLD OUTFLOW (working with the National Advisory Coun­ I. Converting foreign-held dollar balances tion that the dollar is not on the gold stand­ cil), in order to help coordinate the affairs ard, but gold is on the dollar standard. into gold of the Departments of State, Treasury, De­ fense, Commerce, Agriculture, the Interna­ In truth, our practical experience on this To the extent that foreign central banks matter runs for a great deal more than 25 keep larger balances in dollars, and convert tional Cooperation Administration, the Fed­ eral Reserve System, the Council of Economic years. At no time in the several centuries them less into gold, our gold loss situation past has any Western nation had a quantity is improved. We believe, however, that the Advisers, and others. of gold, or silver-or any other commodity­ best way to induce foreign central bankers with which to convert more than a minute to adopt a ratio of gold purchases favorable The distinguished gentleman from Texas [Mr. PATMAN], also a member of fraction of its money in circulation at the to us is by vigorously pursuing the substan­ time. In these centuries, commercial bank­ tive measures here recommended. If we pur­ the House Committee on Banking and ers in the Western World have been creating sue them, foreign central bankers will surely Currency, made an important speech on money against pledges of all varieties of want to do their part to maintain confidence the subject of gold to the evening meet­ valuable assets-business inventories, pro­ in the dollar. Furthermore, since gold earns ing of the National and State Bank Divi­ ductive machinery, consumer durables, and no interest, but dollar balances do, the main­ sions, American Bankers Association, at all other kinds of real wealth. The results tenance of investor and banker confidence have been most fortunate for all concerned. will make possible the reassertion of the the Mayflower Hotel, Chinese Room, Washington, D.C., on December 5, 1960. Furthermore, the present fractional gold desire to earn interest. requirement does not serve to limit the ex­ II. The 25-percent gold cover The text of his speech follows: pansion of our money supply-nor should Our present law requiring a 25-percent gold Ladies and gentlemen, distinguished it. We are agreed, I think, that the money cover on currency and reserve deposits tends guests, two questions very much in the pub­ supply must be decided on the basis of what to immobilize almost two-thirds of our pres­ lic mind today are, of course, the gold ques­ seems appropriate to the volume of goods ent gold supply. This restricts our gold re­ tion and the question whether the incoming and services being produced and dis­ serve for international claims, and may act President will assume all of the executive tributed-not on the basis of the quantity as an incentive for foreign central banks to powers, or only those powers which can be of any one commodity which we happen to convert dollar balances into gold. Since exercised without respect to monetary have stored away. American citizens are forbidden to acquire policies. The recent outflow of our gold is, of course, monetary gold in any event, the gold cover The pleasant aspect of talking with you a symptom of some bad economic policies law has limited meaning. Its repeal at an about gold is that this is a subject on which which should be, and must be, corrected. appropriate time would be generally wel­ everybody is mani.festly an expert. Every­ On the other hand, I cannot, for the life comed abroad by responsible monetary au­ body makes proposals, and the diversity of of me, understand the reasoning which leads thorities, as a method of expanding our gold the proposals being made is exhilarating, to to the suggestion that our balance-of-pay­ reserves against international claims, and say the least. On the subject of gold, a cat ments situation has suddenly reached a thus helping to maintain confidence in the can look at a king, so perhaps a politician crisis, ur that it calls for hysterical measures. dollar. Recently, officials of at least two im­ can amuse a distinguished gathering of Such things as summoning the National portant New York banks have publicly con­ bankers. Securlty Council to Augusta, ordering home curred. Last week Mr. Henry Alexander made a the families of our troops abroad, and ur­ As a practical matter, the administration suggestion, at your meeting in Florida, that gent missions to the governments of Europe, should review our future domestic and for­ Federal law be amended to do away with all create the impression that our Govern­ eign needs for gold, and submit to Congress any requirement that the Government store ment is a great deal more concerned about its recommendations for legislation in this some quantity of gold in fixed proportion to its gold hoard than it has any right to be. field. The timing of the change should be the Federal Reserve's currency and deposit geared to significant accomplishment in im­ liabilities. Such an action would make proving our international payments posi­ available an additional $12 billion of gold 1 Banking Act of 1935, hearings before the tion. We should be acting from a position for dollar sales to foreign central banks, over Banking and Currency Committee, House of of strength, so that modifi.cation or repeal and above the quantities already available Representatives, 74th Cong., 1st sess., on H.R. of the gold cover law is not a substitute for for this purpose. 5357, pp. 559-560. 106 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE January 4 These dramatic and highly publicized Is it wise to adhere to a gold policy which inflationary actions to cancel out the debt moves will have very little effect on our bal~ deters us from building up our own capital which the debtor classes owe the creditor ance of payments. On the other hand, they equipment? One suggestion for correcting classes is at considerable odds with the mid~ will have a temporary effect of undermining our balance of payments which does not 20th century. confidence in the dollar, thus causing for~ seem debatable is that we adopt policies to It would be hard to find a practicing poli~ eigners to u se their doUar holdings to pur~ speed up modernization of our productive tician today who does not know that more chas ~ more oif our gold than they otherwise facilities and thus reduce costs. Where, votes are to be lost than gained by inflation. would. This result, while evidently not in­ then, will the incentives to modernize come Indeed, the public has been willing to accept tended, seems all to the good. We could from if we are to continue monetary policies the high-interest policy of recent years, with wish , however, that the same result could which are at least halfway aimed at pre­ its attendant redistribution of the income have been brought about without causing serving our gold hoard? and high unemployment, only because popu­ h ardships to the families of our milit ary per­ By the traditional prescription of Lombard lar and trusted leaders have assured the pub­ sonnel. Frankly, I hope t h at the President 's Street, when a nation is losing gold, the lic that this policy is necessary to avoid order will be carefully reconsidered. appropriate action for its central bank to inflation. The United States still holds about h alf take is to raise interest rates. According If important spending measures have been the Western World's monetary gold. At the to the theory, increased interest rates will enacted despite frantic warnings of inflation, same time, we are paying to foreign holders depress business and bring down prices, one of the reasons is that those who have of dollars a tremendous interest bill. In­ thus increasing exports and reducing im­ appointed themselves spokesmen for the deed, we are paying out about $400 million ports. One might guess that the Federal sound dollar have pitched their case on the a year in interest charges to foreigners just Reserve policy we are witnessing today is proposition that we cannot have a stable on their holdings of Federal debt obligations. one caught halfway between the theory of dollar without large-scale unemployment, This is no small item in our balance-of-pay­ the past and the reality of the present. It amounting to 4, 5-or as now-6 percent of ments deficit. Foreign central banks wishing is a policy which leaves us on dead center. the labor force, and perhaps more. to exchange their interest-bearing dollar It is neither preserving the gold, on the one In short, the public and the Congress have claims for gold should be encouraged to do hand, nor, on the other hand, is it permitting been offered a choice between an unsound so. the modernization needed to correct the dollar and an unsound economic system. It occurs to me tha.t in the new Congress causes of the gold outflow. The voters in my part of the country, at one of the appropriate committees-perhaps Let us contemplate for a moment the pos­ least, are not persuaded that the economic the Joint Economic Committee-should ex­ sibility of pursuing the theory wholeheart­ system is so unsound as has been suggested. edly, and we see what has been wrong all Incidentally, there is a legal point which plore the feasibility of adopting some meth­ along with monetary policies as an instru­ od of settling international balances of pay­ might be considered a minor detail in some ment of economic regulation. Manifestly, quarters. It is that the Federal Reserve's ments which will make less use of gold. Con­ the supposed efficacy of these policies hinges sidering the world problems with which we authority to decide monetary policies has on a 19th century conception of the price evidently been acquired through divine right, are faced, isn't it time to ask whether the system. Prices must be very sensitive to nations of the Western World cannot, col­ as this authority has never been given the changes in supply and demand, much like system by any legislative enactment. lectively, wean themselves away from faith the prices of farm products in an auction in gold, just as most of these nations have You may recall that the Federal Reserve market, and wages must go up and down Act of 1913 adopted what is sometimes called already done individually in the conduct of accordingly. their domestic affairs? the full convertibility theory. This was the Obviously, this is not the kind of world in day of the 6-day workweek when bigger fac­ It would be distressing to see this great which we live. I suspect that you find that ·industrial Nation, blessed as it is with re~ tories, taller skyscrapers, longer ocean liners, even in the banking business your lending and bigger and better amounts of everything 'Sources and know-how of all kinds, paralyzed rates are somewhat tardy in responding to ·in both its domestic and foreign policies by were waiting to be built. Conservatives of changes in the supply and demand for credit. the day told auto drivers to get a horse, but a resurgence of the ancient superstitions Certainly, monetary policies have been about gold. Why should any Western na­ there was then no thought that we might given an exhaustive test during these past produce too much. tion suffer convulsive fears of losing some several years and the test has not demon­ ·of its store of metal which is in great sur­ The idea that economic activity should be strated much success for these policies. restrained by conscious manipulations of ·plus relative to any foreseeable economic Quite aside from human errors in timing, use? So far, there are no signs that the the money supply is a much newer idea than the monetary weapon has proved to be high­ the 1913 Federal Reserve Act. This act an­ ·requirements of the space age will place any ly selective in it s impact, and it has hit prac­ -large demand on gold. ticipated that the money supply would be tically every target except those at which automatically determined by the amount of There are signs, however, that if we con~ it has been aimed. tinue our gold support policy, sooner or economic activity taking place. Member It is thus that the Federal Reserve au­ banks were to obtain whatever credit was later we will be laying ourselves open to thorities have not only overruled, at times, mischief from the Soviets. required to meet the needs of industry and general policies adopted by the Congress commerce, through advances and discounts There is every reason to think that we will and the President; they have, on occasions, of eligible paper with the 12 Federal Reserve win our contest with the Communist bloc vetoed specific programs adopted by the Con­ banks. if the contest continues, as it should, on gress and agreed to by the President. Laws Furthermore, in the compromise of the ·the basis of production of real wealth. We have been enacted which were intended to controversy over public versus private man~ ·would not like, however, to be forced into make relatively more credit ava.Uable to agement of the system, the member banks a position of having to put more of our small business. Simultaneously, the Federal were given the privilege of selecting the man­ productive resources into gold mining, sim­ Reserve has pursued policies which resulted agements of the 12 Federal Reserve banks, ply because the Soviets might decide to put in relatively less credit for small business. but the management of the Reserve banks •more of their resources into such a venture. Laws have been enacted to stimulate home­ were no't given control over the discount Nor would we like the contest decided by building. Simultaneously, monetary policies rate. This control was lodged in the Board the accidents of nature which may have have been adopted which retarded home­ of Governors. placed greater quantities of this relatively building. The Federal Open Market Committee was 'useless metal on one part of the globe than This raises a question whether those who first set up on an informal basis. It was the other. What the commercial price of entertain an ambition that we will have, sanctioned by law in 1933 and again au­ gold would be if governments did not pur­ practically speaking, two governments in the thorized as it exists today by the more gen­ chase half of the annual production at the new administration, ought not to take a eral revision of the act made in 1935. Yet artificially fixed floor price, and bury these serious second look at that ambition. An even in 1935, it was not anticipated that a quantities away, we cannot, of course, be independent Federal Reserve going in one consciously determined money supply would sure. Some authorities estimate that the direction, and the duly elected, constitu­ replace an automatic money supply. Nor price presently fixed at $35 an ounce is about tional Government going in the other direc­ was it anticipated that open market opera­ four times the true commercial price. Nor tion, can lead only to chaos and a weakening tions would replace discount window activi­ can we appraise the reports of the newly of our position in world affairs. ties and that practical control over interest discovered gold field in Russia, but this Arguments for an independent Federal Re­ r ates would thus pass from the Board to the could well prove to be one CYf the historic serve, deciding monetary policies without re­ Open Market Committee. gold strikes. spons1b111ty to, or coordination with, the rest The revised Federal Reserve Act contains In any case, let us ask ourselves this ques­ of the Government seem to me to miss the no such terms as "monetary policy," or tion: Is it wise to adhere to a policy which mark by a wide margin. "monetary controls." It is devoid of any could enable the Communist countries to In the first place, the Federal Reserve's reasonably clear inference that monetary add to their productive equipment, possibly powers are not great enough to checkmate policies, as we understand the term, are to by as much as a billion dollars annually? the elected Government, assuming the be used as a means of economic regulation, Does it make sense to help the Sino-Soviet elected Government actually did wish to or even as a means of trying to stab111ze bloc obtain from the Western nations par­ embark on a program of inflation. prices. ticular kinds of capital equipment which Second, the ancient banker notion of a It is Congress' prerogative to delegate its they could not obtain except for the fact populace clamoring for a raid on the Public monetary powers, without doubt, either to that we support the price of Russian gold? Treasury and pressuring elected officials for the executive branch or to an indep~ndent 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 107 agency. But the Supreme Court has gen­ A bill was filed by me on this subject (B) by adding the following new sentence erally held unconstitutional enactments on January 3, 1961. But, by inadvert­ at the end of subsection (a): "When it con­ making other grants of the legislative pow­ ence, some language was contained siders the case of any person discharged or ers where Congress has failed to spell out dismissed, before or after the enactment of objectives and limitations to govern the use therein which I had not intended to this sentence, from an armed force under of these powers. There seems no doubt that include. Because the House adjourned conditions other than honorable, the board if a legal challenge were ever raised to the so promptly today, January 4, 1961, my shall take into consideration the reasons for Federal Reserve's monetary policies the secretary did not have time to make the the type of that discharge or dismissal, in­ courts would hold them unconstitutional. corrections and prepare the revised bill cluding- Legal authority for "monetary policies," in in time for me to file it on January 4. "(1) the conditions prevailing at the time the modern sense of the term, exists only in Therefore, to you, distinguished col­ of the incident, statement, attitude, or act the Employment Act of 1946, not in the Fed­ leagues who have asked about it and which led to that discharge or dismissal; eral Reserve Act. The 1946 act declares that " ( 2) the age of the person at the time of it shall be a continuing responsibility of the expressed desire to file exactly the same the incident, statement, attitude, or act Government "to coordinate and utilize all of bill as mine in your own names, al­ which led to that discharge or dismissal; its plans, functions, and resources" to the though I cannot file it until Friday next, "(3} the normal punishment that might ends stated in the act. As House author of because the House will not be in ses­ h ave been adjudged had that incident, state­ the Employment Act of 1946, it was my un­ sion until Friday and I cannot tell you ment, attitude, or act occurred or been made derstanding that "to coordinate and utilize" what the number thereof will be, I cor­ in civilian life; and all of the Government's "plans, functions, dially invite you to take the same bill, "(4) the moral turpitude, if any, involved and resources" necessarily meant including as hereinafter set forth, and file it in in the incident, statement, attitude, or act the resources of the money system and the which led to that discharge or dismissal."; Government's plans and functions relative your own names and join in a vigorous, meritorious effort in this 87th Congress '- and thereto. Indeed, monetary and other Gov­ (C) by adding the following new subsec­ ernment policies were coordinated at the to have this statutory provision enacted tions at the end thereof: time, and it seemed a foregone conclusion into law. This bill is intended to be for "(g) In the case of any person discharged that they would continue so. the benefit of several thousands of Amer­ or dismissed, before or after the enactment In any case, the language of the statute ican veterans who have been administra­ of this subsection, from an armed force un­ seems clear enough. Neither the Federal tively discharged for comparatively der conditions other than honorable, the Reserve Board nor the Open Market Com­ minor offenses while in the military; board may, with the approval of the Secre­ mittee has the authority for determining tary concerned, issue to that person an 'Ex­ monetary policy. The Chief Executive has and yet, who have since receiving said the authority; and he has the responsibility, less than honorable discharges without emplary Rehabilitation Certificate' dated as ever appearing before a court-martial, of the date it is issued, if, after considering under· article II of the Constitution, to the reasons for that discharge or dismissal, "take care that the laws be faithfully exe­ made outstandingly good in civilian life cuted." including those matters set forth in clauses and achieved exemplary conduct for a (1)-(4) of subsection (a), it is established How the President will carry out this re­ period of more than 3 years. Yet, Mr. to the satisfaction of the board that he has sponsibility is, of course, left to his judg­ Speaker, they have found to their own ment. Normally, however, we would expect rehabilitated himself, that his character is the President to appoint a committee made sadness, and the sadness of their fam­ good, and that his conduct, activities, and up of the Cabinet officers and other top of­ ilies and loved ones, and the community habits since he was so discharged or dis­ ficials who are most concerned with fiscal, in which they live, that such less than missed have been exemplary for a reasonable debt management, and monetary problems, honorable discharge received for such period of time, but not less than three years. as well as with overall economic policies, to comparatively minor offenses while in "(h) Applications and reapplications for recommend monetary policies to the Presi­ correction of records under subsection (g) the military have been like a stone may be filed at any time, but not before dent and carry out such monetary policies around their necks and have made them ·as he may direct. I would hope that ~uch a three years after that discharge or dismissal. committee would include the Secretaries of economic liabilities without a chance to "(i) For the purposes of subsection (g), Treasury, Commerce, and Labor, the Budget obtain dignified employment. oral or written evidence, or both, may be Director, and the Chairman of the President's The Doyle bill, H.R. 88, in the 86th used, including- Council of Economic Advisers, as well as Congress, having passed the House unan­ " ( 1) a notarized statement from the chief Federal Reserve officers. imously reached the Armed Services law enforcement officer of the town, city, or Like all the other regulatory boards and Committee of the other body, and I can county in which the applicant resides, at­ commissions, the Federal Reserve has cer­ report that the chairman of that distin­ testing to his general reputation so far as tain quasi-judicial powers and duties, and the police and court records are concerned; decisions reached under these powers are guished committee, I believe, has ex­ "(2) a notarized statement from his em­ reviewable only by the courts. But deciding pressed vigorous and live interest in the ployer, if employed, attesting to his general monetary policies is not among these powers. merits thereof if such bill reaches that reputation and employment record; As I said at the beginning, a cat can look committee again. "(3) notarized statements from not less at kings and it has been my hope that a The text of my corrected bill, which I than five persons, attesting that they have politician might amuse bankers. will file on Friday next, is as follows: personally known him for at least three years as a person of good reputation and exemplary A BILL To AMEND CHAPTER 79 OF TITLE 10, conduct, and the extent of personal contact UNITED STATES CODE, TO PROVIDE THAT LESS THAN HONORABLE DIS­ they have had with him; and CERTAIN BOARDS ESTABLISHED THEREUNDER " ( 4) such independent investigation as CHARGE BILL SHALL GIVE CONSIDERATION TO SATISFACTORY the board may make. EVIDENCE RELATING TO GOOD CHARACTER AND Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Speaker, I ask EXEMPLARY CONDUCT IN CIVILIAN LIFE "(j) No benefits under any laws of the unanimous consent to extend my re­ AFTER DISCHARGE OR DISMISSAL IN DE­ United States (including those relating to marks at this point in the RECORD. TERMINING WHETHER OR NOT To CORRECT pensions, compensation, hospitalization, mil­ itary pay and allowances, education, loan The SPEAKER. Is there objection CERTAIN DISCHARGES AND DISMISSALS; To AUTHORIZE THE AWARD OF AN EXEMPLARY guarantees, retired pay, or other benefits to the request of the gentleman from based on military service) accrue to any California? REHABILITATION CERTIFICATE; AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES person to whom an Exemplary Rehabilitation There was no objection. Certificate is issued under subsection (g) Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Speaker, because Be it enacted by the Senate and House of unless he would be entitled to those benefits Representatives of the United States of under his original discharge or dismissal. inquiry was made of me on yesterday America in Congress assembled, That and today by Members as to whetl:er or Except as-otherwise provided in t his section chapter 79 of title 10, United States Code, is or section 1553 of this title, no Exemplary not I was going to file again in this 87th · amended as follows: Rehabilitation Certificate may be issued ex­ Congress the text of H.R. 88, which was (1} Section 1552 is amended- cept under subsection (g), and after a passed unanimously by this House dur­ (A) by amending the first sentence of specific finding by the board that it is issued ing the 86th Congress dealing with the subsection (a) to read as follows: "Under under that subsection. uniform procedures prescribed by the Secre­ subject of less than honorable dis­ "(k) The Secretary of Defense for the charges, I desire to state and give notice tary of Defense, the Secretary of any mili­ tary department, acting through boards of military departments, and the Secretary of that I will file said bill on Friday, next. civ111ans of the executive part of that mili­ the Treasury for the Coast Guard when it is The text and content will be exactly the tary department, may correct any military not operating as a service in the Navy, shall same as that of H.R. 88 which passed record of that department when he considers report to Congress not· later than January this House unanimously during the 86th it necessary to correct any error or remove 15 of each year the number of cases reviewed Congress. · an injustice."; by each board under subsection (g), and the 108 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE Janua?"Y 4 number of Exemplary Rehabilitation Certifi­ SEVERING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS ability to constrain communism in its cates issued under that subsection." WITH CUBA rampant march for world domination. (2) Section 1553 is amended to read as Mr. Speaker, I compliment President follows: Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to Eisenhower for his latest move in regard "§ 1553. Review of discharge or dismissal to Cuba, but I would be less than candid " (a) The Secretary concerned shall, after address the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend my remarks. if I did not say that it comes very late consulting with the Administrator of Vet· in the season. erans' Affairs, establish boards of review, The SPEAKER. Is there objection to each consisting of five members, to review, the request of the gentleman from South As far as I am concerned, we reached under uniform procedures prescribed by the Carolina? the limit to what the United States, in Secretary of Defense in the case of a mili­ There was no objection. self-respect, could endure the day that tary department, the discharge or dismissal Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina. Mr. bearded dictator seized American prop­ of any former member of an armed force un­ Speaker, 185 years ago a cow·ageous erty in a country that was conceived by der the jurisdiction of his department upon America, delivered by America, nurtured its own motion or upon the request of such group of men signed their names to a document that stands as an indestruct­ by America, educated by America and former member, or if he is dead, his surviving made a self-governing nation by Amer­ spouse, next of kin, or legal representative. ible monument to the courage and for­ " (b) A board established under this sec· titude of the American people. And in ica. tion may, subject to review by the Secretary that Declaration of Independence the When ingratitude on the part of a concerned, change a discharge or d ismissal, rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of nation reaches the point that it has in or issue a new discharge, to reflect its find­ happiness were called inalienable rights Cuba, it is time for Ameri.can wrath to ings. and "that to secure these rights, govern­ display itself in no uncertain terms. "(c) A review by a board established un­ ments are instituted among men, deriv­ And let us not be lulled into the com­ der this section shall be based on the records placent thought that this is simply a of the armed force concerned and such other ing their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form Castro-sponsored government. Someone evidence as may be presented to the board, beside Castro is supporting these dia­ including those matters set forth in clauses of government becomes destructive of (1)-(4) of section 1552(a) of this title. A these ends, it is the right of the people tribes that are emanating each day from witness may present evidence to such a to alter or to abolish it, and to institute the Pearl of the Caribbean. board in person or by affidavit. A person new government, laying its foundation So, Mr. Speaker, I hope we will not be who requests a review under this section on such principles and organizing its too quick to forgive and forget when may appear before such a board in person or powers in such form, as to them shall Castro finally receives his just reward. by counsel or an accredited representative of I hope we will remember those who an organization recognized by the Adminis­ seem most likely to effect their safety trator of Veterans' Affairs under chapter 59 and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will had the courage to throw the scoundrel of title 38. dictate that governments long estab­ out of Cuba, but I also hope that in our "(d) In the case of any person discharged lished should not be changed for light ·efforts to help those who overthrow Cas­ or dismissed, before or after the enactment and transient causes; and accordingly tro we do not adopt a massive forgive of this subsection, from an armed force un­ all experience hath shown that mankind and forget general amnesty for those der conditions other than honorable, the are more disposed to suffer, while evils who have welcomed the initiation of board may, with the approval of the Secre­ are sufferable, than to right themselves communism in Cuba. tary concerned, issue to that person an 'Ex­ by abolishing the forms to which they There are many Cuban refugees now emplary Rehabilitation Certificate' dated as in the United States. These are the men of the date it is issued, if after considering are accustomed. But when a long train the reasons for that discharge or dismissal, of abuses and usurpations, pursuing in­ and women who forsook their native including those matters set forth in clauses variably the same object evinces a de­ land, their occupations, and worldly pos­ (1)-(4) of section 1552(a) of this title, it is sign to reduce them under absolute des­ sessions, to live in freedom in America. established to the satisfaction of the board potism, it is their right, it is their duty, They represent the Cuba we once knew. that he has rehabilitated himself, that his to throw off such government, and to This is the Cuba that we should now character is good, and that his conduct, ac· provide new guards for their future recognize. tivities, and habits since he was so dis­ charged or dismissed have been exemplary security." This is the Cuba that will bring about for a reasonable period of time, but not less Mr. Speaker, at long last the President the demise of Fidel Castro and com­ than three years. of the United States has seen fit, and munism in the Western Hemisphere. " (e) Applications and reapplications for properly so, to sever diplomatic relations But if we .continue to turn the other correction of records under subsection (d) with the modern-day Blackbeard, Fidel cheek to this depraved idiot who now may be filed at any time, but not before Castro. rules Cuba with an iron fist, we shall three years after that discharge or dismissal. I discussed in the House of Represent­ only find the situation going from bad "(f) For the purposes of subsection (d), atives, on June 25, 1960, the onrush of to worse. If we are so weak as to fear oral or written evidence, or both, may be communism on the island of Cuba. Russian retaliation when we clean the used, including those matters set forth in Previously, in the summer of 1958, I clauses (1)-(4) of section 1552(i) of this trash out of our own backyard, then we title. said that Fidel Castro was either a Com­ no longer deserve to live as a free nation. "(g) No benefits under any laws of the munist, Communist-inspired, or the I would rather see this Nation go down United States (including those relating to tool of the Communists. in defeat in one mighty blow rather than pensions, compensation, hospitalization, mili­ Now, 2 years later, and within 90 miles suffer the agonies of Communist cancer, tary pay and allowances, education, loan of our own shores, we are confronted with ·which most assuredly will engulf the guarantees, retired pay, or other benefits Soviet-built equipment, Soviet-manned Nation if Cuba is allowed to fester a.s based on military service) accrue to any per­ airfields, Soviet-trained technicians, and the cell from which this cancerous son to whom an Exemplary Rehabilitation a Communist-trained Cuban Govern­ Certificate is issued under subsection (d) growth will spread. unless he would be entitled to those benefits ment dedicated to the concept that Let us lance this pestiferous boil now under his original discharge or dismissal. America must be eliminated as the lead­ by helping in every tangible and intangi­ Except as otherwise provided in this section er of the free world. ble way those Cuban nationals who rep­ or section 1552 of this title, no Exemplary To paraphrase the Cicero of ancient resent the true Cuba, and who are willing Rehabilitation Certificate may be~ issued ex­ Rome, I say now, and I measure my and anxious to return to their native cept under subsection (d), and after a specific words carefully-Castro must be de­ finding by the board that it is issued under land to once again enjoy the inalienable that subsection. stroyed. He must be destroyed, and all rights of man that we vested in them in "(h) The Secretary of Defense for the that he stands for must be blotted from 1898. military departments, and the Secretary of the Western Hemisphere. Certainly we have little cause to criti­ t he Treasury for the Coast Guard when it is A PERMANENT ORPHANS ACT not operating as a service in the Navy, shall cize other nations for Communist infil­ report to Congress not later than January 15 tration where there is a mote in our own Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I of each year the number of cases reviewed eye. asi('unanimous consent that the gentle­ by each board under subsection (d), and the Cuba stands as an insult to American man from New Jersey [Mr. RoDINO] may ·number of Exemplary Rehabilitation Cer­ prestige, a challenge to American dig­ extend his remarks in the RECORD at this tificates issued under that subsection." nity and a glaring refutation of our point. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 109 The SPEAKER. Is there objection Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, at least It will be seen immediately that these to the request of the gentleman from two-thirds of our population live today bills embody objectives that directly Massachusetts? in urban area-s. Rapidly increasing ur­ clash with one another. They are in­ There was no objection. banization has brought with it a host of tended to do so. And I offer them not to Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, on Sep­ new problems which were unknown and confuse my colleagues but to give you a tember 11, 1957, the Congress enacted unheard of by our rural ancestors. These clear choice as to which path to choose the first orphans immigration law. This problems have become too vast and too in eliminating a grave inequality of act provided for the issuance, on a tem­ complex to be dealt with on the munici­ treatment as between different modes of porary basis, of special nonquota immi­ pal level; they cross local and State lines transportation which exists in the pres­ grant visas to eligible orphans who had and are truly national in scope and im­ ent law. been, or were to be, adopted by a married plication. These bills are being introduced be­ American citizen. Although a number of Federal pro­ cause it is believed that this exemption Since that time the Congress has twice grams have evolved in response to some from regulation has been extended far extended that act on a yearly basis. of the most pressing urban needs, our beyond its original and only justifiable Under the provisions of the Orphans urban population is seriously under­ purpose, which was to help the farmer by Act over 6,000 orphans have been ad­ represented in the Federal Government. exempting from economic regulation the mitted to the United States. Many of There is no central activity to which initial movement of his products from them left backgrounds of deprivation urban needs can be presented, at which the farm to the first market. and destitution to find refuge in the they can be evaluated and assessed, and Because of the steady broadening of American homes of their adoptive par­ for which long-term solutions can be this exemption to include even factory ents. Some had been left homeless and developed. There is no central agency to processed products moving in commer­ friendless by the death or desertion of coordinate these pressing problems or to cial channels, regulated carriers such as both their natural parents; others had insist that they receive the attention they the railroads find themselves severely only one remaining parent 'VhO, bur­ require from the Federal Government. handicapped in competing for traffic in dened by illness or poverty, w-as unable The obvious answer is one which has agricultural commodities. Their rates to give them proper care and attention. been made many times during the last are rigidly controlled and are required to Because of the provisions of the Orphans decade: The establishment of a Depart­ be openly published, while the rates of Act they were all able to find new homes ment of Urban Affairs. I am introducing exempt motor carrier haulers are not and a new future in the United States. a bill for this purpose today in the hope subject to any control and need not be I can think of no provision of our im­ that this long-overdue step will yet be made public. The regulated carriers thus migration law which was more humani­ taken during the current session of Con­ have no clear idea of the kind of com­ tarian in concept or more rewarding in gress. petition that they are up against­ practice than this Orphans Act of 1957, Under my proposal, the new Depart­ though the exempt hauler precisely which has given fresh hope to so many ment would undertake to deal with the knows. As a consequence, large, and homeless children. I believe it is time whole gamut of urban problems: Elimi­ ever-growing volumes of important traf­ we put this law on a permanent basis. nation of blight, problems of mass trans­ fie have been diverted to exempt carriers. The present system whereby Congress, portation, solutions to air and water pol­ And the impact on the Nation's basic in the last rushed days of the session, lution, water supply, and others. carrier-the railroads-grew more and moves to extend the act for one addi­ All the functions of the various agen­ more serious as the courts expanded still tional year, is haphazard, uncertain, and cies concerned with housing arid urban further the scope of this exemption. unnecessary. Only last June, I was ap­ renewal would be transferred to the new Proposals to remedy this situation have proached by a family which wished to Department. been advanced by a number of public adopt an orphan child in Poland; I had Incorporated in this Department, also, interests, including the Interstate Com­ to advise that family that the applicable would be the interests of the consumer, merce Commission and various shipper law was due to expire in a few weeks, who now has no spokesman anywhere in groups. These suggestions were dis­ and that unless Congress extended the the executive department and who now cussed during the course of hearings law past June 30, 1960, there was no pos­ often loses out in comparison with other, conducted in 1958 by the Subcommittee sibility of issuing the child a nonquota more fairly represented groups. A vital on Transportation and Communications visa. Fortunately, we acted just before function of the Secretary of Urban Af­ of the House Committee on Interstate that date to extend the act for yet an­ fairs, in my opinion, would be to press and Foreign Commerce. As a result the other year. for greater consumer recognition in the Transportation Act of 1958 included a Where a law has proved as meritorious competing activities and policies of the provision which amended that section as this one has, I see no point in proceed­ Federal Government. 203 (b) ( 6) to halt further expansion of ing in this ad hoc manner. The Orphans the exemption and to return to economic Act was originally passed on a temporary regulation the transportation of frozen basis because it was not then known how INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT fruits and vegetables and imported agri­ well it would work out in practice. The Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I cultural commodites. act has since passed its period of pro­ ask unanimous consent that the gentle­ This was constructive action. But it bation with flying colors, as is well dem­ man from Illinois [Mr. ROSTEN'KOWSKI] was only one short step forward. While onstrated by the fact that the Congress may extend his remarks in the RECORD the 1958 amendment presumably has has seen fit to extend its provisions with in one instance. halted further significant expansion of consistent regularity. The SPEAKER. Is there objection the agricultural commodities exemption I believe we should make the Orphans to the request of the gentleman from list, the widespread diversion of traffic in Act a permament part of our immigra­ Massachusetts? products already exempted from regu­ tion law, and I am therefore introducing There was no objection. lated carriers to exempt carriers con­ a bill for this purpose today. Mr. ROSTENKOWSKI. Mr. Speaker, tinues. I would like to introduce two bills-one There are two ways to resolve this in­ to repeal section 203 (b) (6) of the Inter­ tolerable, unequal competition. One is THE FORGOTTEN CITIES state Commerce Act, as amended, relat­ to repeal the exemption outright and al­ Mr. MCCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I ing to the so-called motor-carrier agri­ low the traffic by all carriers to be regu­ ask unanimous consent that the gentle­ cultural commodities exemption, and the lated equally. The other is to extend to man from New Jersey [Mr. RoDINO] may second to amend the Interstate Com­ the raih·oads the same kind of exemption extend his remarks in the RECORD at this merce Act so as to extend to the rail­ from economic regulation now granted point. roads a condition exemption from eco­ exempt motor carriers now engaged in The SPEAKER. Is there objection nomic regulation comparable to that pro­ the transportation of ordinary livestock, to the request of the gentleman from vided for motor carriers when engaged fish, or agricultural commodities. I offer Massachusetts? in the transportation of ordinary live­ separate bills to accomplish each of these There was no objection. stock, fish, or agricultural commodities. objectives. 110 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 4 I originally entered these two bills dur­ income and then passing the burden on answer in my opmwn. Community col­ ing the 2d session of the 86th Con­ to future generations. leges are generally economical to attend, gress; however, no action was taken. I believe in a balanced budget. I hope being located close to the homes of their Since that time the situation has become the incoming administration believes in students and having, as a rule, moderate more critical. The loss of weekly car­ a balanced budget. To prevent any ad­ tuition fees. They are responsive to local loadings to regulated carriers has in­ ministrators from yielding to the wmp­ needs and provide a flexible but thor­ creased unemployment. In the railroad tation of deficit spending in order to im­ ough program of studies. Through their industry alone at the end of 1960, em­ press voters, this bill should be passed. adult study programs they furnish an ployment has dropped below 800,000, Administration programs may then be important opportunity for continuing which is the lowest ever experienced. planned according to what we can prop­ education. I shall ask the House Interstate and erly expect to be able to pay and the Junior colleges help to ease the pres­ Foreign Commerce Committee to sched­ people will know exactly what their Gov­ 'sure on our 4-year institutions, but the ule early hearings on this legislation errunent is costing them because the bills more important point, in my estimation, and I urge that the House of Representa­ will be paid every year. is that they encourage more of the Na­ tives give these proposals every consider­ I hope my colleagues will share my tion's high school graduates to pursue ation in the interest of establishing con­ concern with fiscal responsibility and further education. They furnish train­ ditions of fairplay and equal opportunity will join in this move to have a. forced ing beyond the high school level to for all transport competitors. balanced budget as a constitutional thousands of young people who would amendment. not otherwise receive it. Junior colleges thus make educational opportunity more PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL 'democratic and result in the greater COMMUNITY JUNIOR COLLEGE utilization of that most fundamental re­ AMENDMENT FOR A BALANCED CONSTRUCTION ACT source, the human mind. BUDGET The SPEAKER. Under the previous The bill which I have introduced Mr. NELSEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask order of the House, the gentleman from would provide financial assistance to unanimous consent that the gentleman [Mr. ULLMAN] is recognized for participating States for the initial estab­ from Texas [Mr. ALGER] may extend his 10 minutes. lishment and the expansion of existing remarks at this point in the RECORD and Mr. ULLMAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask community junior colleges. It combines include extraneous matter. unanimous consent to revise and extend a fiat grant with a matching fund grant, The SPEAKER. Is there objection my remarks and include extraneous the latter to be allocated among the to the request of the gentleman from matter. various States on the basis of their sec­ Minnesota? The SPEAKER. Is there objection ondary school enrollment-which is a There was no objection. to the request of the gentleman from measure of the need for higher educa­ Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, no more Oregon? tion facilities. No issue of Federal con­ important issue will come before this There was no objection. trol is involved since participating States Congress than the matter of fiscal re­ Mr. ULLMAN. Mr. Speaker, in 1958 will plan the program of expansion for sponsibility. We are fast reaching a I introduced into the 85th Congress a their own junior college systems. The point where there will simply be no addi­ proposal for Federal assistance to the bill requires that consideration be given tional sources to tap for revenue to run States to expand community junior col­ to areas remote geographically from the Goverrunent. Congress must face up leges. The response to my proposal from other State colleges and universities and to this problem and adopt whatever educators and college administrators exhibiting a desire for junior college fa­ means necessary to control spending across the country, as well as from oth­ cilities together with an effort com­ while, at the same time, making it pos­ ers concerned with this vital field of mensurate with their financial abilities. sible to perform the necessary functions higher education, was extremely gratify­ Within these broad guidelines, the plan­ of goverrunent. Spending must be con­ ing. Early in the 86th Congress, I again ning of the program would rest with the trolled. We must live within our means. introduced this proposal and I was very States. Naturally, the actual adminis­ This is just commonsense. pleased that the Special Education Sub­ tration of the colleges established would In former Congresses it has been my committee of the House Education and continue to be in accordance with the privilege to introduce a bill to force a Labor Committee found time in its busy laws of each State. yearly balanced budget and I do so again schedule to have 1 day of hearings on Mr. Speaker, I commend this proposal now. I cannot predict what the progress the proposal. The response of these able to my colleagues. It is a sound proposal of the bill will be through the House, but members to my proposal was encourag­ in an area which is, I know, of vital I can predict financial disaster for our ing. Yesterday, I again introduced for concern to all of us: education in the country unless we take concrete steps to the consideration of my colleagues this United States in the challenging years hold down inflation, protect the solvency proposal to provide a 5-year program of ahead. I sincerely hope that further of the dollar, and make it possible to give assistance to the States in expanding hearings on this measure can be sched­ tax relief to our people. This bill would their community junior college facilities. uled in this Congress and that full accomplish these purposes. This bill in The 2-year college movement is grow­ consideration will result in action along no way endangers national defense, nor ing faster than any other branch of U.S. the lines I have outlined in my bill. It those necessary services which the Gov­ education. It has been estimated that is, I believe, a good bill and it represents ernment must render the people. It does more than 750,000 young men and women a sound and forward-looking concept. I provide the means by which much con­ and adults are currently receiving train­ · seek constructive consideration of my spicuous waste and unnecessary spending ing in the liberal arts and technology at ·proposal and hope that the 87th Con­ may be eliminated. Short of war, or na­ 677 such junior colleges. Dr. James B. gress will act upon it. tional emergency, this bill forbids Con­ Conant has called for a very consid­ In conclusion, Mr. Speaker, under gress to spend more money in any fiscal able number of 2-year community col­ unanimous consent, I include the fol­ year than it anticipates taking in. leges so that advanced education may lowing article from a recent edition of It is as simple as that. It is doing as be widely available throughout the Na­ Look magazine to be made a part of my a Goverrunent what we must do as indi­ tion. It is because I share Dr. Conant's remarks. It answers a number of fre­ viduals and as families-just live within concern that advanced training be more quently raised questions about junior our income. widely available to our young people and colleges and I believe that my colleagues The bill does not limit spending as because I agree with him that commu­ will find it of interest: such. If Congress wants to appropriate nity junior colleges furnish an important [From Look, Dec. 6, 1960] more money than the Goverrunent ex­ means of achieving that goal, that I con­ WHO SHOULD GO TO JUNIOR COLLEGE?-QUES­ pects to receive in taxes, this amendment tinue to press for Federal action in this TIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE FASTEST­ would not allow Congress to adjourn field. GROWING BRANCH OF U.S. EDUCATION until it levied the additional taxes neces­ Junior colleges are not a replacement As our college-age population explodes, sary to provide the money. It is a much for 4-year colleges, nor are they the only the junior college becomes more and more more honest approach to our fiscal prob­ answer to our educational needs. They the best hope for higher education of many lems than by spending without regard to are, however, an important part of the high-school graduates in the 1960's. 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 111 The 2-year-college movement is growing lege after 2 years-for work or marriage­ future. More and more students are seeking faster than any other branch of U.S. edu­ and who often has little to show for his its advantages. Perhaps it is an omen that cation. Right now, 677 2-year colleges­ efforts. last year Christian College had 1,500 appli­ both private, independent institutions like Who are the transfer students? Young cants for its freshman class of 250. Com­ Christian College and the so-called "com­ people who benefit from a guided transition munity colleges are crowded too. Unless Dr. munity colleges"-are educating more than into senior college work are perhaps the core Conant's plea for more 2-year colleges is 750,000 young men and women and adults of the junior college movement. They are answered, the question may soon be not who in the liberal arts and technology. More often, as President Kenneth Freeman of should go, but, once again, how to get ln. than $650 mlllion in public and private funds Christian College describes them, "the aca­ has been invested in them. And their num­ demically talented who might not otherwise ber is likely to continue growing. go to college." Some are, like Patti O'Berg, MASON DAM PROJECT Dr. James B. Conant has called for a "very in search of direction and feel they have a considerable number of 2-year community better chance to find themselves in the Mr. ULLMAN. Mr. Speaker, I want colleges so that advanced education may be atmosphere of the junior college. Many to turn now to a project of particular widely available throughout the Nation." from lower-income famllies take advantage importance to my district. I also intro­ All this should encourage parents and high­ of low tuition rates at community colleges duced yesterday a bill to authorize the school students to consider the junior col­ and the opportunity to live at home; their construction and operation of the upper lege as an alternative to the senior-college savings in 2 years enable them to go away to division of the Ba!{er Federal reclama­ admissions rat race, and inspire young peo­ school for their degrees. Others turn to the ple who might not otherwise go to college junior college as a last resort, having used tion project in Baker County, Oreg. I to look into the junior college in or near poor strategy in applying to senior colleges take this opportunity to comment briefly their local community. (If there isn't one, and hoping to make a record that will open on this important project. they might well ask their elders why.) the doors in the third year. The proposal embodied in this bill has Still, the notion that junior-college edu­ In general, what are the advantages for been under study for amost 30 years. It cation is second best, if not second rate, per­ both terminal and transfer students? Two has the strongest local support and in­ sists in many parts of the country. The fol­ years well spent at a junior colleeg can help terest and the Bureau of Reclamation lowing questions and answers clarify some mature a youth, enabling him to handle a misconceptions: job or a university situation that he might is currently preparing its report on the What is a junior college? It is an institu­ otherwise fumble. Those who are undecided proposal. I confidently expect that the tion of higher learning, usually covering 2 about careers may find that the counseling Secretary of the Interior will recommend years, whose tuition can be as high (Chris­ services of junior colleges are often superior to the President favorably on it at an tian College tuition is $1,900) or as low to those at senior colleges or that are other­ earl~ date and that this favorable report (many community colleges are free) as wise available in the community. will be in the hands of the Congress early tuition at a 4-year college. Faculty, facili­ What are the advantages for the U.S. sys­ L this session. ties, and student bodies can, and often do, tem of higher education? In educating The irrigation features of the project compare favorably with many senior col­ transfer students, the junior colleges as­ leges at the freshman-sophomore level. The sume some of the burdens of the 4-year will furnish water for a total of about size of junior colleges, in general, is often colleges. They help to relieve pressures that 18,000 acres. In addition, the projected thought to be small, but some of them are amict university faculties and facilities by 100,000 acre-feet of storage will provide incredibly big-Long Beach City (junior) sending on students with a strong founda­ substantial ftood control benefits, im­ College in California has about 40,000 stu­ tion for doing good work in their third and portant recreational benefits, and im­ dents. Thus, junior colleges can only be de­ fourth years, while weeding out those who proved fish and wildlife conditions. The fined in terms of the services offered to stu­ would drop out by the third year anyway. proposed 180-foot rock and earth-fill dents. And these services are what parents Many 2-year graduates develop leadership Mason Dam will provide sufficient stor­ and students should consider in deciding qualities and a sense of responsibility that whether or not a junior college meets their make them more valuable citizens of the age for complete control of the Powder needs. senior-college campus. Many, during their River and will be a major step toward What services do junior colleges provide? junior-college life, go through the agonizing comprehensiv.J development of the val­ First, junior colleges provide general edu­ appraisal of their lifetime goals and are ley. The project has a benefit-to-cost cation for high school graduates who want ready, when they arrive at the 4-year insti­ ratio of 1.24 to 1. My bill provides that 2 additional years and no more. tution, to move ahead more decisively. the portion of the irrigation costs which Second, junior colleges provide the equiva­ How good are the junior colleges? In many 2-year institutions, the student has a are not within the financial ability of the lent of freshman and sophomore liberal arts water-users to repay within a 50-year pe­ education for high school graduates who in­ real advantage over his peers in some of the tend to transfer into the third year of senior smaller colleges and State universities. riod will be met from surplus power rev­ college and work for bachelor's degrees. Small 4-year colleges often have less funds enues from the Bonnevil!e system. than junior colleges to maintain adequate As I have inC:icated, the people in the (Coinmunity colleges, which now educate faculties for freshmen and sophomores. (Of the bulk of our junior college students, also Baker Valley have been working for tr... is course, there is a shortage of well-trained It make a valuable contribution to adult edu­ teachers almost everywhere.) State univer­ project a long time. is of great im­ cation in many localities. Moreover, some sities, on the other hand, often use inex­ portance to their economy and its sup­ junior colleges offer 3-year nursing courses, perienced instructors to teach the lower porters are understandably anxious to and others provide 1-year business curric­ classes. Many junior colleges, however, hire see their years of effort and waiting bear ulums.) only teachers with master's degrees, which fruit. It is a worthwhile project and Who are the terminal students? The results in their students having better teach­ fully consonant with our c3tablished and young man who seeks a semiprofessional ers sooner than their counterparts in 4-year career, and the young woman who frankly traditional policies of resource develop­ schools. ment on multiple-purpose lines. I com­ states that marriage is her ultimate goal, will The relative academic equality of junior find that junior college can provide a re­ colleges with universities at the freshman­ mend the proposal to the consideration warding general education after high school. sophomore level has been indicated by of my colleagues in the House and urge Besides, the courses at many junior colleges studies in Cal~fornia (where nearly half of that early and favorable consideration be are designed so that a terminal student can all junior-college students are enrolled) , given to this measure. change his mind and decide to become a Minnesota and other States. In 1953, 50,000 Under unanimous consent, I include transfer student. students were graduated from junior colleges the text of my bill as a part of my re­ The technological demands of industry in in California. Of those who went on to the marks, and that similarly, the following the sixties and beyond can only increase. The University of California, 4,800 could have young man who expects to take advantage of entered as freshmen, but chose the junior­ letters of support from local people be the demand will find that junior college college experience instead. When they were made a part of the RECORD: training can be invaluable. graduated from the university, their grade­ A BILL TO AUTHORIZE THE SECRETARY OF THE For young women, junior college offers point average was higher than that of the INTERIOR To CONSTRUCT, OPERATE, AND MAIN­ preparation for careers, community service students who had attended the university TAIN THE UPPER DIVISION OF THE BAKER FED­ and marriage, as well as laying the ground­ for 4 years. Some 7,200, who would not have ERAL RECLAMATION PROJECT, OREGON, AND work for continuing study in a chosen field been eligible as 1'reshmen, also entered at FOR OTHER PURPOSES when their children are grown. the junior year. Over 80 percent were gradu­ Be it enacted by the Senate and House of There are emotional benefits for terminal ated, and their grade-point average was a Representatives of the United States of Amer­ students too. Junior colleges award de­ respectable C-plus. ica in Congress assembled, That for the pur­ grees-associate in arts, associate in science, Who should go to junior college? Anyone poses of providing irrigation water, con­ etc.-and give students the pleasure of a whose needs can be fulfilled by at least 2 trolling floods, conserving and developing graduation that can be shared with family years of education beyond high school. The fish and wildlife, and providing recreational and friends. Compare this to the experience junior college is a place where young people benefits, the Secretary of the Interior, act­ of the student who drops out of a senior col- can make intelligent decisions about the ing pursuant to the Federal reclamation 112 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 4 laws (Act of June 17, 1902, 32 Stat. 388, and crops nor will it provide irrigation water for great benefit to the entire county and State, Acts amendatory thereof or supplementary land not now irrigated. urges you to use your best efforts to intro­ thereto), is authorized to construct, operate, This development contains all of the mul­ duce legislation authorizing its construc­ and maintain the facilities of the upper divi­ tiple use principles 'Of resource development. tion in accordance with Bureau of Reclama­ sion of the Baker Federal reclamation proj­ It contains in addition to irrigation, flood tion reports. ect, Oregon. The principal works of the control, recreation, domestic, game and wild­ Very truly yours, project shall consist of a dam and reservoir, life uses. WALTER C. McGUIRK, pumping plants, and related facilities. The dam is located high in the drainage Post Commander. SEC. 2. The period provided in subsection system and will contribute to the priJ:lciple (d), section 9, of the Reclamation Project of controlled stream flows. BAKER, OREG., February 12, 1960. Act of 1939, as amended (43 U.S.C. 485h), We therefore request your support and urge Hon. ALBERT ULLMAN, for repayment of the construction cost you to extend your efforts to secure this U.S. Congress, properly chargeable to any block of lands much needed water resource development. Washington, D.C.: and assigned to be repaid by irrigators, may WILLIAM H. TRINDLE, We urge you use influence to secure au­ be extended to fifty years, exclusive of any Chairman, Baker Valley Soil Conserva­ thorization Baker Valley project. Project development period, from the time water is tion District. will not add to surplus crops. Will con­ first delivered to that block or to as near WALTER SHAMWAY, tribute much toward strengthening overall that number of years as is consistent with the Chairman, Burnt River Soil Conserva­ economy. Benefits will extend water sup­ adoption and operation of a variable repay­ tion District. plies for irrigation of forage and pasture ment plan as is provided therein. Costs allo­ W. W. ANDREWS, crops to season-long basis utilized by beef cated to irrigation in excess of the amount Chairman, Keating Soil Conservation cattle and sheep. Will also control spring determined by the Secretary of the Interior District. floods this area. to be within the ability of the irrigators to JOHN M. McCoRMICK, LEROY C. WRIGHT, repay within the repayment period deter­ Chairman, Eagle Valley Soil Conser­ Secretary, Baker County mined under the provisions of this section vation District. Livestock Association. shall be returned to the reclamation fund from net revenues derived by the Secretary from the disposition of power marketed BAKER, OREG., February 19, 1960. BAKER, OREG., February 12, 1960. through the Bonneville Power Administra­ Hon. ALBERT C. ULLMAN, Hon. ALBERT ULLMAN, tion, which are over and above those required Congressman, Second District, Oregon, Congressman, Second District, Oregon, to meet any present obligations assigned for Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: repayment from such net revenues. DEAR CONGRESSMAN ULLMAN: The city of DEAR CONGRESSMAN ULLMAN: The Baker SEc. 3. (a) The Secretary of the Interior Baker believing that the construction of the County Retail Credit Association, a local or­ is authorized, in connection with the upper Mason Dam on Powder River in Baker ganization, represents 90 leading Baker mer­ division of the Baker project, to construct County will be of great benefit to the entire chants. This group believes that the con­ minimum basic public recreation facilities county and State, urges you to use your best struction of the Mason Dam on Powder River and to arrange for the operation and main­ efforts to introduce legislation authorizing in Baker County will be a great benefit to tenance of the same by an appropriate State its construction in accordance with Bureau the entire county and State, urges you to or local agency or organization. The cost of of Reclamation reports. use your best efforts to introduce legislation constructing such facilities shaU be non­ PAUL R. REVIS, authorizing its construction in accordance reimbursable and nonreturnable under the City Manager. with Bureau of Reclamation reports. reclamation laws. RUSSELL L. BRADEN, (b) The Secretary may make such reason­ Secretary-Treasurer, Baker County BAKER JAYCEES, Retail Credit Association. able provision in the works authorized by Baker, Oreg., February 16, 1960. this Act as he finds to be required for the Hon. ALBERT C. ULLMAN, conservation and development of fish and BAKER, OREG., February 12, 1960. Congressman, Second District, Oregon, Hon. ALBERT ULLMAN, wildlife in accordance with the provisions of Washington, D.C. the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (48 House of Representatives, Stat. 401, as amended; 16 U.S.C. 661-666c, in­ DEAR CONGRESSMAN ULLMAN: The Baker Washington, D.C.: clusive), and the portion of the construction Junior Chamber of Commerce believing that I feel that the Mason Dam will benefit costs allocated to these purposes and to flood the construction of the Mason Dam on Baker County and the State at large by control, together with an appropriate share Powder River in Baker County will be of providing needed irrigation, drainage, and of the operation, maintenance, and replace­ great benefit to the entire county and State, flood control. I fully recommend it. ment costs therefor, shall be nonreimburs­ urges you to use your best efforts to intro­ RIVES WALLER. able and nonreturnable. Before the works duce legislation authorizing its construction in accordance with Bureau of Reclammation are transferred to an irrigation water user's BAKER, OREG., February 12, 1960. organization for care, operation, and main­ reports. Very truly yours, Hon. ALBERT ULLMAN, tenance, the organization shall have agreed House Office Building, Washington, D.C. to operate them in a manner satisfactory to KEITH A. STUBBLEFIELD, Secretary. DEAR CONGRESSMAN ULLMAN: We hope you the Secretary of the Interior with respect will be able to secure passage of the bill to to achieving the fish and wildlife benefits, build the Mason Dam. Nothing could hap­ and to return the works to the United States POWDER RIVER SPORTSMEN'S CLUB, INC., pen in Ba·ker County that would add as for care, operation, and maintenance in the Baker, Oreg., February 16, 1960. much to the economy of the farmers under event of failure to comply with the require­ Hon. ALBERT C. ULLMAN, the project or to the county as a whole over ments to achieve such benefits. Congressman, Second District, Oregon, a long period O!f time as furnishing full sup­ (c) The works authorized in this Act shall Washington, D.C. ply of water to land within the district. be operated for flood control in accordance DEAR CONGRESSMAN ULLMAN: The Powder For many years past all water for irriga­ with regulations prescribed by the Secretary River Sportsmen's Club, Inc., believing that tion is completely gone by July 1. That of the Army pursuant to section 7 of the the construction of the Mason Dam on leaves 70 days of our best growing season Flood Control Act approved December 22, Powder River in Baker County will be of without any water. The flood control fea­ 1944 (58 Stat. 887). great benefit to the entire county and State, ture of this project will be of great benefit, SEc. 4. There are hereby authorized to be urges you to use your best efforts to intro­ not only to the lands under the Baker Val­ appropriated out of any moneys in the duce legislation authorizing it's construc­ ley Irrigation District but land under the Treasury not otherwise appropriated such tion in accordance with Bureau of Reclama­ Thief Valley project. Two to three years out sums as will be necessary to carry out the tion reports. · of every five, flood waters stand on large purposes of this Act. Very truly yours, portions of the farmlands 1 to 3 feet deep ROBERT C. WICKAM, and from 1 to 3 weeks at a time, doing RESOLUTION ON THE PROPOSED UPPER DIVISION President. thousands of dollars damage to crops. This water coverage kills all clovers and other IRRIGATION PROJECT good grasses, and only leaves the sour-water Baker County's Soil Conservation District ANTHONY LAKES POST 3048, grasses which are very low in protein. supervisors representing the four districts VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS As you know our project is not one that encompassing the entire land area favor the OF THE UNITED STATES, will grow surplus crops. Practically all farm immediate development of the upper division February 15, 1960. income in the valley comes from livestock, irrigation project with the construction of Hon. ALBERT C. ULLMAN, hay, and pasture. There are not to exceed Mason Dam on Powder River. This facility Congressman, Second District, State of Ore­ 300 to 400 acres of wheat grown on the proj­ will provide a reservoir for water storage ex­ gon, Washington, D.C. ect. That is grown on a rotation plan and tending water supplies season long for irri­ DEAR CONGRESSMAN ULLMAN: Anthony would only be in wheat every fourth or gation of 20,000 acres of agricultural lands Lakes Post 3048, Veterans of Foreign Wars, fifth year. located in Baker Valley. This project will United States, believing the Mason Dam on The project wm not face problems experi­ not contribute to the production of surplus Powder River in Baker County will be of enced by many new projects where they are 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 113 unable to finance themselves until they get the Baker County Chamber of Commerce BAKER, OREG., February 5, 1960. started. These landowners have their build­ that legislation is being considered in the Hon. ALBERT C. ULLMAN, ings and livestock and are going concerns. form of a bill which you will introduce into Congressman, Second District, Oregon, You must have had several letters by this the House, authorizing construction of the Washington, D.C. t ime from various groups in Baker and Baker Mason Dam in Baker County. DEAR CONGRESSMAN ULLMAN: The COUnty County favoring the project, as some 20 dif­ We know of no one project which would court of Baker County believes that the con­ ferent groups ~nd organizations have volun­ do more for the city and county of Baker struction of the Mason Dam on Powder River teered their desire to go along with the than this dam. in Baker County will be beneficial to our building of the dam. We understand this project, according to economy. This will bring a greater produc­ Practically all groups are participating, in­ bill being drafted by you and the Bureau of tion to some 19,000 acres, thereby increasing cluding banks, merchants associations, civic Reclamation, would receive power revenue the tax basis of our county. We, therefore, clubs, county court, in fact everyone is tak­ from either McNary or John Day Dam, which urge you to introduce legislation to author­ ing an active part in the project. would make it feasible from the standpoint ize the construction of the Mason Dam. The Baker Production Credit Association of payment by the farmers coming under the Sincerely, has furnished funds to 90 percent of the land project. BAKER COUNTY COURT OF THE owners under the project for their annual We urge your continued effort in the pas­ STATE OF OREGON, operation expenses for the past twenty five sage of this bill, and that you work toward LLOYD REA, years. They have always liquidated their ob­ an appropriation for the building of Mason County Judge. ligations. Not one of them has defaulted. Dam. R. M. PHIPPS, They are deserving people and are entitled Very truly yours, County Commissioner. to stored water from Mason Dam. GILL c. WRIGHT, RICHARD KIRBY, County Commissioner. We hope you will be able to get an appro­ Chair man, Retail Merchants Committee. priation as well as approval of the project. Thanking you for your assistance in the matter we are, BAKER, OREG ., February 8, 1960. PANAMA FLAG OVER CANAL ZONE Respectfully yours, Hon. AL ULLMAN, F. A. PHILLIPS, Representative, Second Congressional Dis­ RAISES CONSTITUTIONAL QUES­ President, Baker Production Credit trict, Oregon, Washington, D.C. TION Association. DEAR CONGRESSMAN ULLMAN: We have The SPEAKER. Under the previous been advised that your office is drafting a order of the House the gentleman from BAKER, OREG., February 11, 1960. bill for the authoriation of the Baker Valley Hon. ALBERT C. ULLMAN, project. We are delighted to hear that this Pennsylvania [Mr. FLoonJ is recognized Congressman, Second District, Oregon, legislation has a chance of being considered for 30 minutes. Washington, D.C. by the present Congress and wish to advise Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I ask DEAR CONGRESSMAN ULLMAN: The Baker that if you need any assistance from this unanimous consent to revise and extend Lions Club believing that the construction board in furnishing information or other my remarks and include extraneous of the Mason Dam on Powder River in Baker help, please advise us. matter. County will be of great benefit to the entire Very truly yours, The SPEAKER. Is there objection county and State, urges you to use your best BAKER VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT. efforts to introduce legislation authorizing its CONRAD ALLEN. to the request of the gentleman from construction in accordance with Bureau of CLYDE WARD. Pennsylvania? Reclamation reports. CHAS. M. CAETON. There was no objection. Very truly yours, Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, when ad­ GEORGE E. CooK, dressing this body on August 31, 1960, Secretary, Baker Lions Club. BAKER KIWANIS CLUB, about the San Jose Conference of Amer­ , DIVISION No. 17, CALIFORNIA-PACIFIC UTILITIES Co., Baker, Oreg., February 8, 1960. ican States, which had been attended by Baker, Oreg., February 11, 1960. Hon. ALBERT C. ULLMAN, Secretary of State Herter and Foreign Hon. ALBERT C. ULLMAN, Congressman, Second District, Oregon, Minister Moreno, of Panama, I expressed House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. the following view: Washington, D.C. DEAR CONGRESSMAN ULLMAN: The Baker That the minute this Congress adjourns DEAR AL: We have been informed by Mr. Kiwanis Club by vote of its directors believes sine die there will be an Executive order F. A. Phillips, chairman of the irrigation that the construction of the Mason Dam on issued by the President of the United States committee for the Baker County Chamber of the Powder River in Baker County w111 be upon the recommendation of the Secretary Commerce, that the proposed Mason Dam has of great benefit to the entire county and of State to permit the Republic of Panama been approved by the Bureau of Reclamation State, and urges you to use your best efforts to fly its flag • • • over the Panama Canal at Boise and Denver and is now before the to introduce legislation authorizing its con­ Zone. Commissioner of Reclamation at Washing­ struction in accordance with Bureau of Rec­ On two previous occasions, June 25 and ton, D.C. lamation reports. 28, I had made this same prediction. We urge that you do everything possible Yours very truly, Were these prophecies fulfilled? It is to get the project approved this session of LYLE L. BARE, President. Congress. indeed a barren satisfaction to state that This irrigation project will not only be they were and under circumstances that beneficial to the farmers of Baker Valley KEATING, OREG., February 6, 1960. are incredible, and with which you no but will improve the economy of our entire Representative AL ULLMAN, doubt are familiar. Nevertheless, the area. House of Representatives, facts bear repetition. Yours truly, Washington, D.C. L.G.GRAY, DEAR AL: The Lower Powder Irrigation Dis­ On September 17, 1960, a day officially District Manager. trict would like to go on record as heartily designated as Constitution Day, the favoring the Mason Dam and Baker Valley President, on advice of the Department BAKER, OREG., February 9, 1960. project. of State and against the mandates of the Hon. ALBERT C. ULLMAN, As you already know, we suffer a great deal Congress, signed an Executive order au­ Congressman, Second District, Oregon, of flood damage in lower Powder every spring. thorizing the formal display of the Pan­ Washington, D.C. The submerging of our meadows for so pro­ ama flag at one place in the Canal Zone DEAR CONGRESSMAN ULLMAN: The Baker longed a period has killed out the clovers as visual evidence of Panamanian titular Rotary Club believing that the construction and more palatable grasses until many of sovereignty over the zone. of the Mason Dam on Powder River in Baker the meadows are of doubtful value either for County will be of great benefit to the entire hay or pasture. The main canals are often The people of the United States were county and State, urges you to use your best broken or filled. As the flood ebbs the fields truly shocked at this symbolic surrender efforts to introduce legislation authorizing are littered with debris and unwanted silt. of our position of exclusive sovereignty its construction in accordance with Bureau All of this plus erosion adds to a large sum over the constitutionally acquired terri­ of Reclamation reports. over a period of years. There is no question tory of the Canal Zone. Not only that, GEORGE W. GWILLIAM, that the Mason Dam would be of great help hundreds of our citizens from various President, Baker Rotary Club. in controll1ng this damage. parts of the Nation and abroad have With Baker Valley irrigated, we would also BAKER COUNTY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, derive benefit from their waste waters, sup­ written strongly worded criticisms of the Baker, Oreg., February 9, 1960. plemental water in late summer for our pres­ flag-raising order to the President, the Hon. ALBERT C. ULLMAN, ent storage system. Secretary of State, and to Members of House Office Building, Washington, D.C. Sincerely, the Congress, both House and Senate. DEAR CoNGRESSMAN ULLMAN: It is the un­ JAMES s. WEBER, Moreover, many of the writers have sent derstanding of the merchants committee o! President Lower Powder Irrigation District. me copies of their letters. cvn--a 114 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 4 As any competent student of the sub­ Because of their bearing on the sit­ 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Canal Convention ject could foresee, this ill-advised sur­ uation, three of my press releases, Sep­ to the United States 'in perpetuity• in order to induce the United States to construct the render to mob-dictated demands in tember 21, October 5, and December 3, Panama Canal and to undertake its per­ Panama has not had the desired etiect 1960, are quoted as parts of my remarks: petual maintenance, operation, and protec­ of ending anti-U.S. agitations in Panama SEPTEMBER 21, 1960. tion. As a further inducement, the 1903 or elsewhere, but rather just the oppo­ Con gressman DANIEL J. FLOOD, Democrat, Convention granted all the rights, power, site. of Pennsylvania, commenting on President and authority within the zone which the In Panama, it has been taken as a Eisenhower's order authorizing the flying of United States would possess and exercise as complete reversal of the U.S. position on the Panamanian flag in the Panama Canal if it were sovereign. Moreover, this Con­ Zone, made the following statement in Wash­ vention, by specific terms, provided for the the question of sovereignty and as formal ington today : entire exclusion of the exercise by the Re­ recognition of Panamanian basic sover­ "The voluntary and unilateral action of public of Panama of any such sovereign eignty over the Canal Zone; also, as sup­ President Eisenhower on September 17, 1960, rights, power or authority. plying a lever for wringing additional on the eve of Premier Khrushchev's arrival, "It is inconsistent with the sovereign pow­ future concessions of major character in ordering the flag of Panama to be flown ers of any nation to fly the flag of another from the United States. with the flag of the United States in the nation under duress or pressure. The ex­ In other countries, it has made the Canal Zone is a disregard of the limits of tortionate demands upon the United States United States a diplomatic laughing the President's power under our law and of do not come from the fine citizens of Pan­ the rights of our people to govern themselves ama who are noted for their high sense of stock. It encouraged Premier Castro of without dictatorship. The chairman of the honor and restraint in dealing with the Cuba in his arrogant demands for pos­ Senate Republican policy committee, Sena­ rights of others, but has been fanned by well­ session of our naval base at Guantanamo tor STYLES BRIDGES, as quoted from his home trained agents of international Communist and forced our Government to take pre­ in New Hampshire, was surprised and deeply influences as part of a general corrupting cautionary defense measures. shocked and saw 'absolutely no valid rea­ program to tear down the moral fiber of all These measures, Mr. Speaker, included son for the flag-flying order.' free nations. the planting of mine fields around the "It is a cowardly yielding on the part of "In this connection, we should recognize naval base, increase of its garrison, and the Executive to the pressure of mob rule in that an inexcusable policy of compromise establishment of a strong Caribbean Panama comparable to hoisting the Soviet and placation has made our Canal Zone the flag on U.S. territory. The ill-advised step, tinderbox of the Caribbean. We are dealing naval patrol force. taken with the hope of placating Pana­ with a Soviet-organized plan for conquest of When one ponders recent Caribbean manian radicals, can only incite them to in­ the Caribbean, which has the Panama Canal events in the perspective now possible crease their demands. Furthermore, it is a as its key objective. Such conquest by the and in the light of clarifications made contemptuous defiance of the Congress and Soviets would be but a prelude to their in­ to the Congress over a period of years, a flagrant ignoring of the advice of the ex­ tended conquest of the United States. it is truly tragic that our Government ecutive departments most directly concerned "The situation presented by the President's failed to take a definite stand on the with the heavy responsib111ties of maintain­ order, which, in effect, will aid and abet these Panama situation, which has been sim­ ing, operating, and protecting the Panama subversive infl.uences toward their prime tar­ Canal, the lifeline of our country. get, represents a challenge to the sovereign mering since 1956. "The Congress has been long aware of the people of the United States and their Con­ As it now stands, Mr. Speaker, the fact that subversive influences are in con­ gress that must be met if our Nation is to precedent set on September 17, 1960, in trol of important areas in our Department of remain independent and its people are to defiance of officially expressed views of State. It is the gradual growth and spread remain free. the Congress, raises constitutional issues of this subversive influence that has alarmed "The President's order has lifted the lid to of the gravest importance for the future the Congress. a Pandora's box. After having acceded to conduct of our foreign policy and the "The Communist-inspired demand that mob rule demands in 1959 and 1960, what rights of our people to govern themselves the Panama flag be flown in the Canal Zone answer shall we give to further demands for was designed to appeal to emotional nation­ concessions not supported by treaty? Also without dictatorship. alism of Panamanian radicals. It has had In addition, the President's action on our failure to stand up now for our undi­ that effect. luted sovereignty in the Canal Zone when September 17 brings up the question of "Associated Press dispatches from Havana, the issue is clear cut, opens the door to the the identity of the influences that led dated September 20, 1960, make it clear that final loss of the Panama Canal through the him to sign the :flag-raising order against Acting Prime Minister of Cuba, Raul Castro, machinations of these international forces. the wishes of the Congress and view of notorious Communist brother of Prime Min­ "As an example, the following is a quota­ important elements in the Defense and ister Fidel Castro, who is now at the United tion as translated from the front page of the other executive departments. Nations in New York with other Red leaders, Panamanian newspaper, La Hora, of Septem­ declared: 'It is within our possibilities in ber 12, 1960: So far the persons responsible have a determined moment to reclaim that piece not been determined but a start has been " 'We will not rest in our struggle toward of our national territory, the U.S. naval base our sovereignty over the Canal Zone, that made on this task in the form of an in­ at Guantanamo Bay in eastern Cuba.' This is a fact, real and unquestionable, and it shall quiry by the Committee on Government is the first effect of the chain reaction set be full and effective in all of its multiple as­ Operations into subversive activity in in motion with the President's authoriza­ pects such as the fiscal, the juridical, the the State Department. This inquiry, Mr. tion on Panamanian sovereignty in the political, and the economic, and at the same Speaker, should be pressed with vigor Canal Zone. time we demand that our flag shall fly in "Now we have here the case of one man the Canal Zone as a juridical symbol of that until the situation in that Department without the power of any authority taking is fully clarified, the influences identi­ sovereignty, and that the Republic be recog­ an action which is in betrayal of the vital nized as participating equally and justly in fied, and corrective actions taken. interests of our Nation in defiance of the the profits of the canal, one who has all of In this connection, let me now repeat expressed will of the people. Thus, we have the right as one of the two nations who made what I have so often said on this floor: one more example of the spread of the power its construction possible.' that the exclusive sovereignty over the of these subversive infiuences. "Certainly, the timing of the President's Canal Zone conferred by treaty on the "It is especially to be noted that the Con­ order immediately prior to the arrival in this United States was in nowise a coercive gress, in the exercise of its constitutional country of prominent Communist leaders for action but was deemed and found to be powers, in the Gross amendment, provided conferences has a significance that is most that no part of the Department of Com­ impressive as emphasizing a surrender of absolutely necessary for the construction, merce appropriations should be used for the maintenance, and operation of the canal national pride and a jesture of yielding to formal display o! the Panama flag in the dedicated enemies of our system of govern­ by the United States. What has been Canal Zone. ment. true for more than half a century of "In addition, the House of Representatives, "This feverish surrender by Mr. Eisenhower canal history must likewise prove true on February 2, 1960, in House Concurrent bodes ill for the administration's standing up Resolution 459 passed by the overwhelming for America in the face of Khrushchev and so long as the United States continues vote of 381 to 12, took the stand that acced­ to exercise the responsibility of main­ the other heads of Communist governments taining, operating, and protecting the ing to Panamanian demands for display of in the coming weeks. The congressional in­ the Panama flag in the Zone would be a quiries into subversive activities in the De­ canal. A divided or diluted sovereignty 'major departure from established policy' partment of State, which are now under way, would bring utter confusion and chaos. and 'should not be accomplished through should be pressed with increased vigor to the This may be the goal sought by com­ Executive fiat' but 'only pursuant to treaty.' end that these influences may be identified munistic influences but can never be the (See H. Rept. 2218, 86th Cong., Aug. 31, 1960.) and corrective actions taken by the Congress desire or purpose of the free nations of "The use, occupation, and control of the to repudiate the President's ill-advised action the world. Canal Zone was granted by Panama in the of surrender. I appeal to the people of the 1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 115 United States to make their views on this said, "we have not stood firm and have con­ Mr. ULLMAN, to address the House for crucial issue known to their Senators and tinuously made concessions to the radical 10 minutes, today, and to include ex­ Representatives." elements in Panama which we should not have made." traneous matter and to revise and extend OcTOBER 5, 1960. FLoon's formal statement on the crisis in his remarks. Congressman DANIEL J. FLooD, Democrat, the Caribbean follows: Mr. FLooD

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

National Seashore on Cape Cod Cod provides rich opportunities for ap­ fore, that a small amount of the land preciation of these values, but it is a be eliminated from the area of the sea­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS compact area, containing communities shore prior to enactment of the legisla­ developed to a greater degree than is tion. The officials of each of the six OF usual in national parks. towns presented their cases very effec­ HON. HASTINGS KEITH In drafting our original legislation, tively to the House Subcommittee on OF :MASSACHUSETTS therefore, we took pains to spell out in Public Lands last month. The subcom­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES detail our provisions--many of them mittee came down to the Cape in De­ unique in park legislation-unique in or­ cember, toured the area, and conducted Wednesday, January 4, 1961 der to satisfy an unusual situation. We extensive and thoughtful hearings. I Mr. KEITH. Mr. Speaker, I have re­ are hopeful that our proposal will serve know that the committee is giving care­ introduced today legislation to create a to enhance the establishment of other ful and conscientious study to the views national seashore on Cape Cod. national seashores in the future, for it of the town officials, and I hope that my Senator SALTONSTALL, President-elect recognizes many of the problems in­ colleagues will also give this testimony Kennedy, and I spent several months herent in the conserving of areas of na­ their serious consideration. drafting the bill prior to its introduction tional significance in this era of tremen­ In several of these towns a very sub­ in the last session, and came up with, in dous population growth. stantial portion of the revenue-produc­ my opinion, an excellent piece of legis­ Following the introduction of our bill, ing property is recommended for inclu­ lation. the Department of the Interior sent to sion within the park. The sponsors of Upon introduction of this bill early in the Congress a report which recom­ the bill feel very strongly that the towns September of 1959, I explained that in mended changing or eliminating some of need the revenue from this property in dealing with Cape Cod, we are not con­ its essential features. order to maintain their economies; and, cerned with the usual, relatively unde­ At this time I would like to say a few therefore, provided for Federal payments veloped national park area. Several words about the Department's recom­ in lieu of taxes. Although the Depart­ well-developed and prosperous communi­ mendations which I feel could create ment of the Interior recommended ties are involved in this proposal. There­ rather than resolve problems. against such payments, we have retained fore, any legislation creating a national Our original bill provided that, in this provision. seashore on the Cape must recognize the order to keep the six towns involved in Our bill provides for an advisory unique character of the area and its the proposal self-sufficient and dynamic, commission to help the Federal Govern­ problems. 1C percent of the land taken in each ment in its policy decisions affecting the I believe that our bill does this. It is town would be returned to that com­ more than a statement of the principle munity as needed for its normal expan­ park and the surrounding towns. This that preserving shoreline areas deserves sion and growth. would permit and encourage the pro­ our Nation's support. It embodies a The Department of the Interior has posed seashore's administrator and the knowledge of the distinct nature of the recommended that this provision be town governments to exist harmoniously area, the people, and the character of stricken. Furthermore, there was some and act in unison. The Department's the Cape. · feeling among the bill's sponsors and recommendation that the Commission Of course, I do not have to tell the the towns that the administration of be terminated after 10 years tends to Congress that there is tremendous na­ the clause would be cumbersome. destroy its very purpose--long-range tional interest in reserving for future The towns, recognizing that the pro­ cooperation. I hope the Congress will generations the scenic, historic, and sci­ vision would be stricken from the bill give serious attention to making the entific treasures of our Nation. Cape in all probability, have requested, there- Commission permanent.