12718 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 NAZI MINDSET SHOWS NEED FOR up in the mindset of the Nazi rhetoric, a Tuesday, May 9. There will be rollcall GENOCIDE CONVENTION mindset which called for the extermina votes on amendments to H.R. 130 dur tion of the Jewish race. ing the morning, but once it is laid aside Mr. PROXMmE. Mr. President, al The Genocide Convention was drafted no later than 12: 30 p.m., the Senate will though it has been several weeks since in the hope of keeping such a mindset then take up Senate Resolution 219, "Holocaust" was aired on television, I from ever again carrying outs its geno Calendar Order No. 682, the senior in feel that several of the points raised in cidal policies. It would make the destruc tern bill. that show were of such importance as tion, in whole or in part, of a racial, na At the time the Senate goes on that to merit repetition. Genocide is not an tional, religious, or ethnic group a crime easy crime to visualize, and the death bill, Mr. CURTIS will be recognized to call under international law. I applaud the up an amendment. There is a time limi of six million people is really beyond intent of this treaty, and I am 1ashamed most people's comprehension. tation on the Curtis amendment of not that even though President Truman to exceed 30 minutes, and under the or The antisemitic hysteria which swept signed the treaty in 1948, the Senate has der there will be a vote up or down on Germany during the Hitler era is one of yet to ratify it. Every President since the Curtis amendment, so I am sure that the most compelling arguments in behalf Truman has pleaded with the Senate to will be a rollcall vote. of the Genocide Convention. The Nazi ratify the convention, the support for leadership directed all of its hostility at There is another amendment specified this treaty has been bipartisan. I urge in the order, that being Mr. ALLEN'S a minority group within the country, a the Senate to ratify the Genocide Con hostility which grew so intense that the vention as soon as possible. amendment. At no later than 2: 30 p.m. Nazis started on a program of systematic tomorrow the Senate will vote on Senate extermination of the Jewish race. Six Resolution 219, so I see prospects for million Jews were exterminated in his ORDER FOR RECESS FROM CLOSE two or three or more rollcall votes tory's most horrifying example of geno OF BUSINESS TOMORROW UNTIL tomorrow. cide. 10 A.M. ON MONDAY The Senate will not be in session late Even the insinuation that a person Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. President, tomorrow. was of Jewish descent was treated with I ask unanimous consent that when the the gravest of seriousness by the Nazis. Senate completes its business tomorrow, RECESS UNTIL 10 A.M. TOMORROW In the film itself, Dorf, a Nazi officer, it stand in recess until the hour of 10 had to go to great pains to defend him o'clock a.m. on Monday. Mr. ROBERT c. BYRD. Mr. President, self from the charge that he may have The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without if there be no further business to come had some Jewish blood. As did many objection, it is so ordered. before the Senate, I move, in accordance Germans, he had to undergo rigorous with the previous order, that the Senate background investigations. A person stand in recess until 10 o'clock tomorrow with Jewish blood was in grave danger PROGRAM morning. of losing his life. Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. President, The motion was agreed to; and at 5:38 There were in fact indications during the Senate will convene tomorrow at 10 p.m. the Senate recessed until tomorrow, the film that Dorf had indeed been re o'clock a.m. by unanimous consent. Friday, May 5, 1978, at 10 a.m. lated to a Jew. And certainly in his youth After the two leaders or their designees he had been friends with Jews, as his have been recognized under the standing CONFIRMATION family had long been friends with the order, the Senate will proceed to the Weisses, the principal Jewish family in consideration of H.R. 130, Calendar Or Executive nomination confirmed by the the film. der No. 670, which is referred to as the Senate May 4, 1978: But as a Nazi officer, Dorf became one petroleum marketing bill. There is a DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY of the main agents in the holocaust it time limitation on that bill. On tomor Robert D. Thorne, of California., to be a.n self. At one point, he even raised his own row, only titles I and II will be con Assistant Secretary of Energy (Energy Tech nology). gun and shot down several Jews during sidered; no amendment to title III will an execution. A man who had had no be in order. The a.bove nomination wa.s approved sub ject to the nominee's commitment to respond real bitterness toward the Jews prior At no later than 12:30 p.m. tomorrow, to requests to appear a.nd testify before any to Hitler's rise to power became caught the bill (H.R. 130) will be laid aside until duly constituted committee of the Senate.
EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS WISCONSIN SUPPORT FOR THE Legislation that would enhance the The boundary waters area is immense--a BOUNDARY WATERS WILDERNESS wilderness protection afforded the BWCA million acres of wilderness lakes a.nd forests ACT . while respecting the economic needs of along the Minnesota-Canadian border. It is northern Minnesotans has been devel t.he second la.rl1'est unit in the National Wil derness Preservation System. It contains the oped by my colleagues PHIL BURTON and largest virgin forests remaining in the east HON. DONALD M. FRASER BRUCE VENTO. The Burton-Vento bill, OF MINNESOTA ern ha.I! of the United States. H.R. 12250, was reported from the House Yet, despite its nominal wilderness status, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Interior Committee on April 10. It could the BWCA rems.ins plagued by conflicts. Por Thursday, May 4, 1978 reach the floor within the next few weeks. tions ha.ve been logged, off and on, for 75 The March 30 edition of the Milwaukee years (there now is a temporary moratorium e Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, despite the Journal contained an editorial endorse on cutting). Powerboat use has marred the wealth of lakes located in Wisconsin's ment of the Burton-Vento bill which re tranquility of some of its mirror lakes. Re beautiful northwoods, approximately 10,- flects the substantial stake Wisconsin sumption of snowmobiling, now banned, 000 Wisconsin residents travel to the wil residents, as well as countless other threatens its winter peace. Mining interests derness lakes of the Boundary Waters Americans, have in the future of the eye the land. Canoe Area each year. Wisconsin visitors Boundary Waters Canoe Area. I com The compromise, proposed by Reps. Bruce constitute 7 percent of all BWCA users; Vento (D-Minn.) a.nd Phillip Burton (D mend the article to my colleagues' Ca.11!.), should guard this national treasure more than 70 percent of these visitors attention: choose to explore the BWCA by paddling against such intrusion while offering fa.ir, a canoe, hiking, snowshoeing, or cross PRESERVING A SPLENDID WILDERNESS new opportunities for commerce arld mo At long last, legislation to preserve Min torized recreation in the huge Superior Na country skiing. That so many people from nesota's superb Boundary Waters Ca.noe Area. tional Forest outside the wilderness boun Wisconsin come to the BWCA to seek a (BWCA) appears to be emerging from the daries. nonmotorized wilderness experience is legislative wilderness. A compromise bill, Specifica.lly, the Vento-Burton compromise testimony to the unique appeal of the which seems acceptable, is expected to be would maintain existing wilderness boun area: It is the Nation's only lake-land considered and then endorsed by a House In daries, with some minor additions. It would canoe wilderness. terior Subcommittee next week. set up a. national recreation area outside
Statements or insertions which are not spoken by the Member on the floor will be identified by the use of a "bullet" symbol, i.e., • May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12719 the BWCA for logging and motorized rec be the victim of torture, neglect, and because of their abundance and wide reation. It would ban logging and mining in brutality.• spread distribution in the world's oceans. wilderness portions. They also are high-speed travelers. Powerboating would be allowed on 13 lakes Tuna tagged off Baja, Calif., have been around the edge of the wilderness, but not THE 75TH ANNIVERSARY OF TUNA found, 175 days later, at Midway Island, in it--with the exception of two lakes on which motor use would be phased out by CANNING INDUSTRY halfway acros the Pacific. The fast fish 1984. To compensate logging companies for are also extremely sensitive to water loss of BWCA timber, they would be allowed temperature, constantly racing through to harvest timber outside the area. HON. LES AuCOIN the ocean to follow the changing warm It is a reasonable compromise. After the OF OREGON surface currents. expected subcommittee approval, it faces IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Now that they had been found in large rough rapids in the full House Interior Com Thursday, May 4, 1978 numbers off the Oregon Coast, Columbia mittee and on the House floor. It deserves River packers wanted to capitalize on to weather both tests, 1ntact.e • Mr. AuCOIN. Mr. Chairman, the year this doorstep discovery. 1978 marks the 75th anniversary of the Within a year, in 1939, Columbia tuna canning industry in the United River packers opened the first tuna can States and I feel it is timely to pay more nery in the Northwest, adjacent to its VOLUNTEER ACTIVIST AWARD than passing note of this event since salmon facility at Astoria. Acceptance of PRESENTED many of my constituents depend upon the new product under the Bumble Bee this industry for their livelihood. label was immediate. Since that time, Although the industry traces the the tuna canning industry has grown to HON. CLAUDE PEPPER early days of its founding to southern become the single largest U.S. :fisheries OF FLORIDA California, I am reminded by one of the industry with canneries in Oregon con IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Northwest's food processing pioneers, tributing to the total U.S. tuna pack Thursday, May 4, 1978 John S. McGowan, vice president of which in this diamond jubilee year, will Castle & Cooke Foods. and president of amount to over 30 million cases worth • Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, I want to call the attention of my colleagues to Bumble Bee Seafoods, a division of more than $850 million. a notable event that recently took place Castle & Cooke, Inc., that major develop Today, the canned tuna industry has here in Washington. A few days ago, in ments in the industry also can be at an estimated $1 billion impact on the a ceremony at the headquarters of the tributed to the endeavors of Oregonians. Nation's economy and employs over 30,- Organization of American States, the It is a matter of record that Bumble 000 persons directly with additional National Volunteer Activist Award was Bee was launched in 1899 when seven thousands in related industries. The presented to the Marion County, Fla., canneries, operating at the mouth of the product is found in more than 30 percent Task Force on Child Abuse. The award Columbia River, joined forces as the of all American homes. It is firmly estab is given by the Germaine Montell Columbia River Packers Association. lished in the American diet because it is Foundation, through the National Center Their target was the chinook salmon, for recognized as a delicious, economic and on Voluntary Action. years a favorite food of Pacific North convenient source of complete protein west Indian tribes living along the great and essential vitamins and minerals. As we are now beginning to recognize, river and a commodity which the Hud child abuse has long been one of the The State of Oregon takes its place son's Bay Co. had shipped to England among this country's leaders in the pro most sadly ignored problems in our and Australia in large wooden barrels communities. Fortunately, that is no duction of food and other agricultural longer the case in Marion County, Fla. preserved with salt. products, with nearly half the State, or Many dedicated and concerned people For 30 years the Columbia River about 30 million acres, thickly forested from all over the county, under the fine Packers Association knew only success and leading the Nation in the production leadership of Mrs. Lois Graw of Ocala, with no marketing problems until the of forest products. Oregon is also a lead have put together the Marion County Depression of 1929. Until then the :firm er in the production of berries, pears, Task Force on Child Abuse, with the had never gone out aggressively to sell cherries, filberts, walnuts and vegetables, objective of bringing this scourge out its pack, preferring to sit back and wait with a total of nearly 30,000 farms, many of the closet and seeking to conquer for customers to come in. of them worked by the same family for As the depression deepened. the Co over a century. It is a further tribute to both its causes and its tragic effects. our great state and her people to be La.st November, the task force spon lumbia River Packers Association found its warehouses overflowing, so manage among the three States respansible for sored a conference on child abuse. The the major contributions to the great suc support and participation was over ment transferred a young man named Thomas F. Sandoz from his production cess of the tuna canning industry over whelming-over 300 persons had to be the past 75 years.• turned away. Participants included over job to the marketing division with sales 400 representatives from the Florida as his primary goal. State Department of Health and Reha Sandoz, with 8 years sales experience THE 116TH ANNIVERSARY OF bilitative Services, the Marion County before joining Columbia River Packers CINCO DE MAYO Health Department, the County Mental in 1928, became the :first man in the :firm Health Association, Central Florida ever to call on customers. He startled his Community College, "Vision", and num bosses by selling 17 carloads in the Ea~t. HON. JOHN G. FARY erous other civic and professional all for cash, and he also began build OF U.LINOIS groups. I was privileged to address the ing a better relationship with the trade. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES conference, and I was considerably Made sales manager in 1938. San.doo impressed with the tremendous concern sold most of each year's pack before it Thursday, May 4, 1978 from throughout the community. ever went into cans. yet Columbia's • Mr. FARY. Mr. Speaker, on Friday, The Marion County Task Force on growth was pretty much limited unless it millions of Mexicans and Mexican Child Abuse-one of the :first of its could :find something else for its people Americans will celebrate the 116th anni kind-is helping to set a model for other to market. versary of one of Mexico's greatest tri communities throughout Florida and That "something else" as it turned umphs-the Battle of Cinco de Mayo, around the country. I am enormously out, was swimming right off the Oregon where on May 5, 1862, patriotic Mexi proud of the work they are doing, and coast, less than a day's sail from the can can forces exhibited their love of free I can think of no more deserving recip nery at Astoria. It was albacore, the dom by repelling the invading French ient of the National Volunteer Activist prized white-meat of the tuna family, force of Napoleon m, thus striking a Award. I offer my sincerest commenda and its 1938 "discoverY" by salmon fish resounding blow for the cause of Mexi tions to Mrs. Graw and the many other ermen who had gone beyond their usual can independence. committed people on the Task Force. limit. revolutionized Columbia River Collapse of the Mexican economy in Their devotion and their continuing Packers' operations. 1851 led to the suspension of Mexican efforts are helping to ensure tpat no Albacore were out there in tremendous payments on debts to several foreign Marion County child will ever again schools. Tuna, unlike salmon, are unique nations, including France, England, and 12720 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 Spain. Protesting this suspension of pay Congressional Medals of Honor were solar equipment, many have nearly ex ments, the creditor countries established awarded. hausted their capital resources. Yet a triple alliance and sent a combined Mr. Speaker, I am proud to say that SBA has consistently refused to loan land and naval force to Vera Cruz, Mex., in my own Fifth Congressional District, money to these firms because of fears demanding settlement of the debts in I have two of the three largest Mexican that solar technology is too risky. question. The English share of the force American communities in the Chicago This bill will set SBA straight. Solar consisted of 700 marines and the Span area. To them and to those of us who power technology is viable and should ish share only 300 since those nations recognize the significance of this great not be discriminated against. were interested only in a perfunctory day, El Cinco de Mayo symbolizes the Last year I introduced a package of display of force in support of their de courage and love of freedom that en three bills entitled "The Solar Energy mands. But the French Government had abled Mexican patriots to triumph over for Homes Acts." These bills would alter something else in mind, a fact made evi a · foreign power that sought economic requirements of several Federal housing dent by the landing of 4,500 troops at advantage at Mexico's expense. I am loan programs to permit them to :finance Vera Cruz in January of 1862. confident that my colleagues will Join purchase and installation of solar equip When President Juarez of Mexico an me and our Mexican and Mexican ment. nounced to the representatives of the American friends in paying tribute to I introduced these bills for a very triple alliance that he would recognize the valor and patriotism of those who simple reason. A number of builders only the claims of the holders of bonds fought and died on El Cinco de Mayo.• complained to me that various Federal that had been adjusted by formal con loan programs precluded the use of solar ventions, the Spanish and English rep heating and cooling equipment in homes. resentatives recognized the rights of SUN DAY-A FEW THOUGHTS ABOUT This concerned me because solar tech Mexico and called off their troops. Only THE FUTURE OF SOLAR ENERGY nology is rapidlY improving and can al the French failed to come to an agree ready substantially reduce fuel and elec ment and revealed their true colonialist tricity costs to homeowners. Although HON. MAX BAUCUS such equipment is expensive, its cost is intentions by invading the country, head OF MONTANA ing straight for the capital city. On the declining while the prices of fossil fuels way, they were joined by Mexican forces IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and electricity are rising. Homeowners hostile to the democratic government of Thursday, May 4, 1978 using Federal loan programs should President Juarez. e Mr. BAUCUS. Mr. Speaker, Ameri have the option of installing solar heat On May_5, 1862, · the French invaders cans should be encouraged by recent ing and cooling systems. attacked the Mexican defensive emplace congressional action in the area of solar One of these bills is now law. It ex ments at Pueblo. Three times the French energy. Congress has done more than plicitlY provides that money loaned under infantry swept forward and three times Just declare today Sun Day. It is actively Farmers Home Administration housing fell back, maimed and battered by Mexi seeking ways to promote use of solar loan programs may be used for solar can shot and shell. When the French energy. I think the 95th Congress can equipment. swung about, heading for Guadalupe, take credit for elevating solar power to The second bill is included in the Na a place among our top energy priorities. tional Energy Act that is now being con word was sent to the defenders of Guada sidered by a House-Senate conference lupe to hold fast and they complied. Once Our national energy crisis is real. An committee. It allows limits on housing again repulsed, the French retired in other Arab oil embargo could cause far loan programs under the jurisdiction of confusion and the battle was over. Mex- more disruption in our way of life than the Department of Housing and Urban ico had triumphed. · we experienced in the winter of 197 4. Development to rise by up to 20 percent The battle of El Cinco de Mayo was Our increasing dependence on foreign oil is largely responsible for our trade to cover the extra costs of solar equip not conclusive in and of itself. Reinforce ment. ments were mustered in France and dis deficit, which is a severe threat to our patched to Mexico. The French invaded economic well-being. The third bill would allow the Veter We must find and develop other sources an's Administration to increase a veter again and this time captured Mexico an's loan guaranty eligibility by up to City, driving out the Juarez government of energy besides fossil fuels, which are running out, and nuclear power, which 20 percent of the value of his home to and placing the Austrian Archduke :finance purchase and installation of solar Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico. is beset by problems, most notably waste disposal. energy systems. That bill is still being But delay in obtaining this result, Sunlight is safe. The supply is not considered by the Veterans' Affairs Hous stemming from Mexican success in the declining. There are many ways to use ing Subcommittee. battle of El Cinco de Mayo, made this it-from relatively simple water heat In the meantime, the committee has adventure long and expensive for the ers that many homeowners can afford introduced legislation establishing a re French. Napoleon's hopes for gaining to giant solar satellites costing billions volving loan program to assist veterans important commercial advantages fell of dollars. in purchasing and installing solar en before the weight of European public But the Federal Government cannot ergy systems. The bill authorizes $750,000 opinion, now admiring of Juarez and the develop solar power on its own. Congress for the program and permits loans of courageous Mexican army. can create the climate to encourage use up to $5,000. Loans would be made at the Maximilian's regime in Mexico proved of solar energy, but the private sector VA rate of interest without regard to too fragile for the intense hopes and must seize the opportunity to develop the $33,000 maximum direct loan limit aspirations of independence-minded the technology. and without any charge against a veter Mexicans, for on May 14, 1867, Maximil The biggest disadvantage of solar an's entitlement. ian finally surrendered and made way power now is its cost. I believe we can Tuesday I testified in support of this for a new dawn in Mexico's history. make the hardware affordable to all if bill before the subcommittee. While it The bravery exhibited by Mexican sol American industry attacks the problem does not go as far as my veterans' bill, diers on "El Cinco de Mayo" has never with the imagination, dedication, and I think the subcommittee's bill is a defi been forgotten in Mexico or here in the the money that has resulted in so many nite improvement over the present sit United States. That bravery is evident in things never even dreamed of by our uation. the contributions made by Mexican grandparents becoming part of our daily However, I did urge the subcommittee Americans in our own Armed Forces. lives. to conduct a complete examination of During World War II and the Korean Thus I am particularly pleased by ways that VA loan programs can be war, more Mexican Americans earned House approval Tuesday of a bill, of adapted to finance cost-effective alter the Congressional Medal of Honor (17 ) which I was a cosponsor, that would native energy systems on a routine basis, and other decorations for bravery than create a solar and renewable loan pro beyond the limits of a special loan pro any other single ethnic group. And more gram within the Small Business Admin gram. I think there is a need for the recently, during the Vietnam war, the istration tax incentives dience and the answers provided by to the political power of the ftna.nclal weapon, for homeowners installing solar equip a weapon that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Sheikh Yamani following Sheikh Ya possesses. Unfortunately I am not familiar ment. These provisions were approved in mani's lecture at Riyadh University en di1f erent forms by both the House and with the way this political power ls currently titled "Rules of the Petroleum Game." being used. His Excellency brother Muham Senate as part of the National Energy The questions and answers were pub mad Aba al-Khayl ls the one who can talk Act. I am confident that these measures lished in the Jedda newspaper 'UKAZ, to you about this power which, 1! used in an will be included in the final law. dated April 22, 1978, and republished in organized way, would deftn1tely add to our We, in Washington, have at last rec this country April 27 by the Foreign strength, God w1111ng. I hope this will be so. ognized the potential benefits of sun Broadcast Information Service of the Question. I would like Your Excellency to power as a clean and virtually unlimited U.S. Government. The second item is explain the role the 10 Ramadan (October] source of energy. I hope Americans will war played in enabling the oil-producing Sheikh Yamani's interview with two countries to gain control over their pe take advantage of it whenever possible Washington Post reporters in Riyadh troleum and to fix a suitable price !or it. in their homes and businesses. published May 2. Yamanl. This ls a very important ques Anyone who has watched a sunrise I strongly urge my fellow Members tion. Some Arab quarters believe that had it knows that glowing orange orb rising to read and consider the statements not been !or the Ramadan war the oil-pro into the sky is a thing not only of great and threats-of the Saudi Oil Minister, ducing countries would not have been able beauty, but of immense power. That to increase their prices, and we would not power warms our earth, lights our days, Sheikh Yamani: have plunged into the oceans of wealth we and provides the energy to raise all liv RULES OF T~ PETROLEUM GAME now enjoy. This ls wrong. Two months before Question. I had the impression that the the Ramadan war we notified the oil com ing things. We can make it do more.• "petroleum game" meant the use of oll panies that we would increase our oil prices among other things-for political purposes sharply. A committee-which I had the honor on, and that such use was restricted to the to chair-was set up in order to negotla.te BLACKMAil..r Palestinian Arab problem; that ls, its use with the oil companies. We met in Vienna, as a means of polltlcal pressure in order to but God decreed that war should break out HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL neutralize the Western world's support !or during the meeting. Those negotiating on Israel. But Your Excellency's reference to behalf of the oil companies were afraid of OF NEW YORK the fact that the Islamic bloc owns 70 per upsetting the countries they represented. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cent of the world's oil reserves made me un Somehow, in a m.anrier that ls stm a mystery Thursday, May 4, 1978 derstand that this game could also be a to me. they were able to make us fix the good tool 1! used positively and systematl-· prices of our oil. Then we set a date !or an e Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker, I cally in the service of Islamic causes. Is this other meeting in Kuwait in order to estab have joined a majority of my colleagues belle! or conclusion correct? lish a suitable price !or oil. Later the Arab 127122 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 countries agreed to meet 1n order to decide fac111ties in January 1976. Financial arrange Japan, West Germany and other countries. how to use oil as a means of pressure 1n the ments have likewise been completed. But Japan is refusing to lift barriers in the face service of the Arab cause. We decided that the control agreement has not yet been of foreign imports. Therefore, the United since the majority of us would meet in Ku signed. I hope that it is now in its final States, by reducing the value of the dollar, is wait 1n order to decide on oil prices, we should stages. The establishment of a national pe making U.S. goods competitive with Japa alSo discuss at the Kuwait meeting the Arab troleum company to replace the Aramco Com nese goods in all parts of the world. It is also decisions on oil. We met there for these two pany is also in its final stages. It wm not be setting up barriers against Japanese goods so purposes and adopted our decisions. There an institution but, God wming, a national that they will not enter U.S. markets easily. fore, there was no connection between what company operating on a commercial basis. The value of the yen has increased as it ls; was being rumored and what was being done. Question. Regarding the world oil market, therefore, after some time the situation will Nevertheless, the turmoil that occurred in it is esttma.ted that there wm soon be a sur readjust itself once the balance of payments the oil markets as a result of the great reduc plus of 3 blllion barrels a day (as published). becomes balanced or closer to being balanced, tion [in oil production). undoubtedly en Is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia suffering which in turn wlll normalize the dollar. abled us to adopt another decision in Teheran from a cash surplus because it is unQble Japan and West Germany call for checking to increase oil prices further. to use all the amounts that accumulate as the drop in the value of the dollar and try Question. How great a loss have Saudi a result of the kingdom's large volume of from time to time to make the United States Arabia and the United States incurred as a production? What prevents the kingdom from change its policy. The United States usually result of the drop 1n the value of the dollar? reducing production, thus realizing the two responds more with words than action. It Yamanl. With regard to the United States, objectives of protecting oil prices on the recently decided to sell some of its gold re it is the first to benefit from the drop in the world market and conserving the oil un serves in order to rectify the situation; never value of the dollar. What is happening now derground rather than selling it for money theless it is still buying and storing large is an American policy aimed at improving which is decreasing in value dally because quantities of oil. This leads to weakening the the U.S. balance of payments with regard to of the drop in the dollar? balance of payments and to a further drop in other industrial states, such as Japan and Ya.man!. rn fact, if we apply the principle the dollar. The situation is still ambiguous. West Germany. Its objective is also to absorb of supply and demand and link it to prices, I believe the real solution will come through the surplus interest on oil funds. our supply of oil, as a result of adhering to rectifying the foreign trade situation, in As for Saudi Arabia, it has undoubtedly oil prices and not giving any discounts as which case the United States wlll be able to lost a great deal because of the drop in the some countries do, automatically leads to re rectify the dollar situation without using it value of the dollar. But if we look· at the ducing our production. Production in the as a means of pressure. drop from the point of view of the amount kingdom has indeed dropped in accordance of oil we sell, then the outlook is different. with this golden economic rule. It is now 7.5 Question. It has been reported in some Should we link prices to special drawing m1llion barrels fnstead of 8.5 mmion barrels U.S. newspapers that the United States is rights or to the currencies by which we im [presumably daily). There has actually been preparing to train an army to protect oil port--the currencies of 11 countries which a reduction in Saudi production, as the orig interests in the Arab gulf. Will this happen we established and called the second "Ge inator of this question, brother 'Abd ar-Rah as a reaction to any Soviet move? neva basket"? We will not be able to calcu man Khalaf. wishes. Yamani. God only knows. I do not think late profit and loss until we make calcula Question. I understand from Your Excel that the United States would prepare an tions backdated to 1976 or 1975. This ls a lency that oil wm not be used against Mos army just to protect oil interests against some matter in which I do not wish to indulge. lems. But I believe that Your Excellency is Soviet move, because such a move would But the loss for us Saudis lies in the fact aware that accusing fingers are being mean a world war. The U.S. Army 1s already that, first, we obtain our income in dollars at pointed-alleging that oll is being used capable of protecting oil interests, but such a the rate of $12.70 per barrel. We used to con against Moslems-I mean the oil of Moslems. measure would lead the Arab oil-producing vert these dollars to Saudi riyals at the rate For example, Israel is using Iranian oil countries to adopt a national attitude, as of 3.51 riyals to the dollar and spend ac against the Arabs, and the Ph111ppines re happened during the October war. This is cordingly to pay wages, various co1;1tracts and ceives oil despite the fact that it is trying to another eventuality that would lead to a other things 1n the kingdom. uproot Islam and Moslems from its country. military or nonmllitary move by the United Now, despite the fact that we have tried What is the kingdom's attitude toward this States. In any case, present conditions do not to reduce the value of the riyal as much problem in particular and OPEC's attitude in warrant our further discussion of this matter. as possible to make it compatible with the general? We hope that the problem wlll be solved dollar rate, a gap stm exists. The dollar rate without a confrontation of this kind. Yamani. I don't think that the claim that Question. In case the dollar continues to is now 3.44 riyals. This difference, although oil 1s being used against Moslems is true. small, when multiplied by the amounts we We have recently heard an implicit threat by fall and the United States decides to devalue spend at home, allows us to see the magni it, in Your Excellency's opinion, what is the tude of the first loss. Iran against Israel-that it would cut off oil best way out of this dilemma? Is it increasing supplies to it if Israel does not act less arro As for the second loss, it lies in the con oil prices or linking these prices to other cur tracts we conclude with Japan, West Ger gantly. This is a serious threat to Israel. As rencies, such as the Japanese or German, and many, Britain, Switzerland and other coun for the question of the Ph111ppines, its con why? tries whose currency rates have increased. We sumption of oil is small and it can import that amount from many other countries be Yamani. In the past we linked oil prices to receive dollars, which we then convert into the dollar; then we changed this and linked the currencies of those countries, and thus cause its situation differs from that of Israel, which is located in the midst of our Arab them to a group of currencies which we called our financial commitments increase by 16 "the first Geneva basket." This currency bas or 20 or 25 percent. accor4ing to the country and Islamic group. Israel is now trying to import oil from Mexico, which is a distant ket included the dollar. Then we excluded the from which we import. This is the second dollar and set up a second basket which we loss. country, and thus its transportation expenses would increase greatly. called "the second Geneva basket," consisting The third loss is one that occurs on paper. of 11 currencies with which we import from Most of our investments are in U.S. dollars. Question. In his recent speech at the open abroad. Then we went back to the dollar once If the dollar loss is temporary and will be ing of the meeting of the Board of Governors again. In 1975 we decided to link prices with recouped once the dollar rate goes up once of the Arab Bank, His Royal Highness Prince Special Drawing Rights [SDR], but then again-we believe that the dollar will go up Fahd said that Saudi Arabia wm balance its again we suspended our decision and went once again-it is in our interest not to take production 1n order to conserve it for our back to the dollar. In fact this is a double any action that may cause a further fall in coming generations. Does this mean that the edged weapon. If we link ourselves to a group the dollar rate. This explains the attitude of kingdom will reduce its production? of currencies and the dollar goes up, then we Saudi Arabia that you hear about regardini;? Yamani. Saudi production has reached very lose. And if we stick to the dollar and its the question of the dollar. It is a sound high levels. His royal highness' statement value goes down, then we lose. Therefore, our attitude despite the great loss and despite has clarified this matter very precisely. He actions must be wise and calm. Furthermore, the fact that it contradicts the attitude of stressed that the interests of future genera Saudi dollar investments are subject to other the other oil-producing countries. But it is tions must be taken into consideration de burdens and considerations that may be dif an attitude that stems from Saudi interest. spite all the pressures to which we might be ferent from those of the rest of the 011- Question. wm you please tell us what stage subjected. producing countries. the negotiations between the Kingdom of Question. The dollar crisis is worsening Question. You said that great efforts need Saudi Arabia and the companies owning the daily. wm it remain so or wm measures be to be exerted for a whole generation at least Aramco Company have reached, and what is taken to curb this crisis? before an economically viable substitute for the future outlook for this public utmty Yamani. I have said in response to other oll is found. What does this mea.n? after the government has taken control of questions that I believe that the United Yamani. A generation in fact is meant to it? wm it become a public institute like States itself planned what is happening now. represent 25 years, but I cannot be sure in other institutes? The reason for this is that the U.S. balance the present circumstances. We now expect Yamant. In fact the negotiations have been of pavments has changed to its disadvantage that after 25 years we will have reached such concluded and we took control of all Aramco and that foreign trade is now in favor of an advanced technological state that we wlll May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12723 be able to rely on new energy sources other or the yen because, otherwise, the following could finance its ambitious economic devel than oll. But the matter depends on radical would happen: First, it would lead to a sharp opment program with an output of only 5 changes in our outlook, our methods of ac drop in the dollar; second, it is almost im million barrels a day instead of the present tion and our style of work. possible to find another currency as large as 8 mlllion. Question. Since everything is bound to the U .s. dollar-a currency large enough to In fact, he said, his country was losing come to an end, will you please tell us about ·accommodate the demands of world oil money by producing so much oil to meet substitutes for oil? The kingdom depends transactions. No other country would accept Western needs instead of leaving it in the on oll revenues a.nd should the oil be ex the use of its currency in oil transactions. If, ground where its value appreciates much hausted-God forbid-we would have budget for example, we were to use the yen, the faster than any dollar investment. Referring deficits in all sectors. Japanese prime minister would come to us to the loss of revenue due to such high pro Yamani. Yes, God is going to permit [the in Riyadh and beg us to change our de duction paid for mostly in dollars, Yamanl oil to be exhausted]. OU will be exhausted cision because it would shake the Japanese said, "It is on the whole not a pleasant thing because we produce it. Every barrel that economy. The use of the yen as a means of todo." leaves this country wlll not come back. 011 is payment is unimaginable. People who un Asked whether Saudi Arabia's level of oil going to be exhausted and, in my opinion, it derstand currency matters understand this production could be effected by the congres represents industry, mining, agriculture and and know that it is impossible. sional decision on the F15 Jet sale, Yamani manpower. Technology and science are the I can see that there are more than 50 said, "I am not ruling out completely any real wealth. Without technology we will re questions yet to be asked, and if I have to an linkage." main as we are-a poor, underdeveloped state swer them all it would take us long hours. The United States is counting on a sub suffering from all the problems we are suffer However, the lai,6e number of questions stantial boost in Saudi production to meet ing now. should encourage me to meet with you again. its ever growing energy consumption. Question. If an oil-producing country stops Peace and God's blessings be upon you. In Washington and other Western capitals, producing oil, how serious is the impact? Yamanl is seen impecably dressed in three Yamani. Very serious. Some countries can YAMANJ: LINKS F15s To OIL, DOLLAR HELP piece suits from the best international tailors. not stop producing. For example, if Kuwait (By Peter Osmos and David B. Ottaway) But here in his plush office at the Petroleum stops, life there would come to a halt. Ministry, he was garbed in the simple, tradi This is because the gas used for electricity RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA.-Saudi OU Minister Sheikh Zaki Yamani warned yesterday that tional long-flowing gown and headdress worn and water distlllatlon is the gas that comes by the Saudi men. out with the oil. The same thing applies to a refusal by Washington to sell F15 jet fight ers to his country would have an adverse Yamani said be had just been forced to Saudi Arabia. We cannot reduce our produc cancel a trip to Washington because of the tion below the level of the gas we need, es effect on Saudi Arabia's present oil produc per.111.llv if ma1or industries are established tion policy and support for the U.S. dollar. press of work. But he said that he felt the in the kingdom. Nevertheless, the gas project In an interview, the soft-spoken Saudi oil Carter administration "fully appreciates'' which we have be~un implementing is, God strategist said, "We place great importance the importance of the plane sale and of the willing, about to be compl~ted. This project and s1gnificance on this transaction. We feel overall Saudi-U.S. partnership. He noted will provide the gas we need for energy for we badly need it. It's for our security. It is nonetheless an imbalance in the. weight each industry as well as for export. depending on to defend Saudi Arabia. country seems to attach to the special rela how much we can increase or decrease pro "If we don't get it, then we will have a tionship. duction without jeopardizing our use of it feeling you are not concerned with our secu "From our side, it is developing without as a oolitical weapon. rity and you don't appreciate our friend any restrictions and at a very great speed. Question. In Your Excellency's talk about ship," he said. I don't think it is developing in the same the front of oroducin~ countries you spoke The Saudis have been expressing their manner and speed from your side,". he about various changing factors, such as the concern privately to Americans, but this is remarked. volume and quality of production, political thought to be the first time a high official He said he would like the United States to tendencies and the sea lanes for oil exports has publicly warned of the possible conse do more in providing technology to Saudi all of which could be a source of disagree quences of the failure of the F15 deal. Arabia, spurring its development and helping ment when a certain strategy needs to be While asserting that Saudi oil production it solve its financial problems. laid down for the petroleum game. Can Your and doJlar pollcles are based first on eco "We need especially your help to bring Excellency throw light on three additional nomic considerations, Yamani said that U.S. peace to this area and I should put much factors and discuss their impact and dimen failure 'to supply the aircraft would certainly emphasis on this," he said in a reference to sions in this game; namely, increasin~ or diminish "the amount of rsaudl l enthusi the Arab-Israeli hostilities. fixing production, increasing or pegging oll asm to help the West and cooperate with the One matter that ls unlikely to be affected prices, and payment in dollars or other cur United States." by the outcome of the plane sale con rencies? Yamani's comments on the proposed sale troversy is the Saudis' progressive takeover Yamanl. Regarding fixing or increasing pro of 60 F15 fighters to Saudi Arabia were de of the huge Arabian-American oil Company duction. we have fixed it. This has now led to livered without a hint of rancor. But in the (Aramco), which produces about 98 percent past, as in the case of the 1973 oil embargo, checking the decline in world oll prices be of all Saudi oll. cause we have both fixec· production and the Saudis gave warning signals in a simi larly guarded manner. Yamani said that his government planned pegged the prices. We have shouldered the to buy out the last 40 percent of Aramco stm burden of reducing production alone. Other Comments by Yamani and other senior Saudi officials leave no doubt that. as Yamani held by four American oil firms "very soon" countries, like Nigeria, Algeria and Libya, re and that it was only a question now of finish duce their prices from time to time, but we put it, the plane sale is regarded here as a "test" of "the first importance" for the "spe ing up "homework" on the establishment of turn a blln ~ eye to this. When Kuwait also cial relationship" between the United States a national oil company. wanted to do so we agreed with it, because and Saudi Arabia. When that occurs, Aramco wlll cease to the kingdom ls a big state and can endure Yamani said that Saudi Arabia's continu exist. Its senior staff will be transferred to this. We also reduced prices at times, but ing willingness to support the dollar at enor the new Saudi company and a fl.rm will be set we resorted to increasing production at one mous cost to his own country depended in up by the American oil companies to "help" time in order to prevent an excessive in some measure on this special relationship. the Saudis, he explained. Americans, he said, crease in oil prices followin~ the Ad-Dawhah If it were upset, he said, so too would be the wlll perform the functions they have in the conference. However, we did so calmly and Saudi attitude toward the continued backing past, ''except make policy. In matter of fact, within narrow limits. This is because rela of the U.S. currency. this is what is happening now."e tions with OPEC are far deeper than our re "We prefer right now to stay with the dol lations with any other quarter and our in lar. We don't want to further deteriorate the terests are closer and bigger. value of this currency. But this doesn't mean As for increasing or pegging the price of we are not going to change our position," he PRESIDENT'S COMMITI'EE HONORS oil, I do not believe that the price of oil is said. HANDICAPPED AMERICANS now likely to increase, because prices are Despite heaVY pressure from most other oil currently dropping and there is a surplus in exporting countries, Saudi Arabia continues world production. As for pegging prices, this to support the pegging of oil prices to the HON. PAUL FINDLEY we have done even though other countries U.S. dollar, thus helping maintain the value are not doing the same. of the American currency. Tn addition, it has OF ILLINOIS As for payment in dollars or in other cur been investing billions of its surplus oil dol IN THE HOUSE OF REPRFJ3ENTATIVF.S rencies, payment must be in dollars. We must lars in U.S. banks and industry-in effect Thursday, May 4, 1978 distinguish between the use of the dollar as recycling American energy costs. a means of payment and as a means of pric Yamani pointed out, as he often has in • Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, today the ing. I sell a barrel of oil at $12.70 and can the past, that Saudi Arabia l"tas no need to President's Committee on Employment of not use other currencies such as the mark produce as much oll as it does today and the Handicapped presented the Presi- CXXIV--801-Part 10 12724 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 dent's trophy honoring the handicapped cal year 1978, and an administration re The bet may be a bad one. In Turkey's American to James D. Jeffers. quest of $175 million for fiscal year 1979. politics, no time is a good time for conced ing territory to Greek Cypriots. And Mr. Mr. Jeffers lives in Chatham, m., and As we have seen, the objectives of the Ecevit's position seems less strong now than works in Springfield, the hometown of Congress in partially lifting the embargo it did when he returned to office last Jan. 1. Abraham Lincoln. He has carried out the have not been realized. Yet this new In Parliament he has been able to govern Lincoln spirit in devoting his life to help effort to completely repeal the embargo without the votes of ultranationalists. But in clear the way so that handicapped per has been undertaken despite the lack of the streets extremists continue their cam sons receive opportunities for having full any substantial progress toward a settle paigns of violent intimidation that have and meaningful lives. That is the right of ment on Cyprus. taken more than 100 lives thi"s year. There every American. Mr. Lincoln would be As stated by the New York Times in its is no reason to think that Mr. Ecevit proud of Jim Jeffers. April 9, 1978, editorial, this action to himself does not want to be generous Mr. so as to remove the Cyprus problem from When Jeffers served as the first repeal the embargo as argued by Secre his crowded agenda. But in the preva111ng executive director of the Architectural tary of State Vance- political climate, concessions that are even Transportation Barriers Compliance Is thus urging the Congress to join him in remotely acceptable to the Greek Cypriots Board here in Washington, he t.ook the betting that once the American restrictions may be impossible. And once American pres lead in getting the Federal Government are removed, the Turkish government of sure is removed, Mr. Ecevit will have even to overcome architectural barriers in its Prime Minister Ecevit will be able to make less reason to take political risks. buildings so that those who are handi large concessions that could not be made Secretary Vance emphasized the strains capped could have access to their Gov while the limits remain . . . the bet may that the limits on arms shipments impose ernment. While serving on IDinois Gov. bea bad one. on Turkish politics and Turkey's links to Richard Ogilvie's staff he coauthored the In an earlier editorial on March 31, NATO. But he glossed over the comparable lliinois Equal Opportunities for the strains on Greek politics, and Greece's links 1978, the Times correctly pointed out to NATO, if removal of the restrictions ts Handicapped Act of 1971. That act pro that: not accompanied by a satisfactory outcome tects the disabled from discrimination in Strong sentiment continues in Congress on Cyprus. Greece is no less important to employment, housing, and in financtal that Turkish concessions are necessary before NATO's southern flank than Turkey. Any and property transactions. normal military relation can resume. That bargain that "saves" Turkey for the alliance Mr. Jeffers has been a paraplegic since sentiment is justified. Turkey broke United at the cost of losing Greece would be hollow an automobile accident while he was States law and violated the spirit of its indeed. And if, as is likely, Congress should attending high school. Yet he has al alliance when it used American weapons to refuse to ease the limits on Turkey, the Ad lowed no obstacle to stand in his way. By expel Greek Cypriots from their homes and ministration's present approach risks alie accepting the award, Mr. Jeffers sym farms. Having made its point, Ankara should nating both countries. bolizes in the most practical way that, now pull back. Turkey's spokesmen decry what they see as an American tilt toward Greece, and they given a reasonable chance, handicapped The editorial continued by pointing say that they only want Americans to be persons can make some of the most valu outthat- "even-handed." Yet in the present Cyprus able contributions to American Iife. • the Turkish occupation force is the central situation, removing the arms limits would issue in contention, the first moves must amount to a tilt toward Turkey. So long as come from Ankara. Ankara's troops remain where they are on the island, Congress should retain the only TURKISH ARMS EMBARGO By voting to maintain the embargo, I leverage it has. am not seeking punitive or discrimina HON. BENJAMIN A. GILMAN tory action against Turkey and I am not [From the New York Times, March 31, 1978) questioning her strategic importance or THE WAY BACK FROM CYPRUS OF NEW YORK association with NATO. What I am seek Since 1974, when Turkish troops, using IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing is that Turkey live up to the respon American weapons, occupied two-fifths of Thursday, May 4, 1978 sibilities required of all good allies and the island of Cyprus, relations between An full partners in the defense of the free kara and Washington have been sour. Con • Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, yester world. gress has limited the flow of additional arms day I voted against the action taken by When this legislation is brought to the ~til Turkey pulls back its forces; successive the Committee on International Rela floor of the House for consideration and Turkish Governments have refused to define tions to repeal the current arms embargo final passage, I urge my colleagues to their conditions for withdrawal under such against Turkey. By a vote of 18 to 17, pressure. Both the United States and Turkey reconsider the action taken in the Com , will end up losers if no way can be found the committee agreed to an administra mittee on International Relations to lift to break out of this bind. Turkey could point tion request to lift the congressionally the arms embargo against Turkey. The the way by revealing its proposals for a imposed ban on arms sales to that na lifting of this embargo will remove the Cyprus settlement. tion. This embargo, as you recall, was major incentive for Turkey to respond. Turkey's invasion was scarcely unprovoked. legislated after Turkey violated U.S. laws I urge a retention of the current The 18 percent Turkish minority on Cyprus by using American supplied weapons for embargo. had never been well treated by the Greek ma offensive purposes in its August 1974 For my colleagues' · information, the jority. And in July 1974, a coup brought to invasion and occupation of Cyprus. power a hard-line Greek-Cypriot faction that complete text of the New York Times seemed likely to take even less account of Unfortunately, the Cyprus crisis re editorials follows: mains unresolved. The adverse conse Turkish-Cypriot rights. Although the insur quences of a continuation of the current [From The New York Times, Apr. 9, 1978] gent regime lasted only a few days, that was TAKING A CHANCE ON TuRKEY long enough to precipitate Ankara's unrest increases with each passing day. invasion. In my opinion, the United States must Secretary of State Va.nee told Congress last Thursday that if only it would lift its re Ankara has reacted to the limit on arms continue to use the influence and lever strictions on shipments of American arms to sales-$175 million this year-by sharply re age provided by the embargo to insist Turkey, the Turks and Turkish Cypriots stricting American use of NATO facUities in that the violation of our law is ended would put forward new proposals for a Cy Turkey. Under steady pressure from Greek with the removal of the Turkish troops prus settlement. He may be right. But the Americans, Congress has remained fl.rm. But in Cyprus. issue is not whether there will be new pro the Ford Administration strongly deplored In October 1975, I voted with the ma posals. Rather, it is whether the proposals the Congressional restrictions as harmful to jority of the Congress in passing legis will move Turkish troops back from the 40 NATO-and thus caused the Greek Govern lation to partially lift the embargo percent of Cyprus they now occupy to a zone ment to curtail its military cooperation with more nearly proportional to the 18 percent NATO. The Carter Administration has tried against Turkey. It was our hope that of the island's population that is Turkish. to straddle the issue. It has continued dis such action would encourage Turkey to Secretary Vance is thus asking Congress to cussions for a defense agreement that would reach a settlement on the Cyprus ques join him in betting that once the American substantially increase American military aid tion. As a result of that action, we have restrictions are removed, the Turkish Govern to Turkey. But it has implied that it would permitted military sales totaling $125 ment of Prime Minister Ecevit will be able not conclude the agreement until there had million in fiscal year 1976, $125 million to make large concessions that could not be been progress on Cyprus. Early this month, in fiscal year 1977, $175 million in fls- made while the Umits remain. Secretary of State Vance was explicit: Wash- May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12725 ington would not move, he told Congress, The loan will be used to purchase agricul decide who develops the land. The units of until it had examined proposals for Cyprus tural land and develop an industrial site. government decide. Then it becomes a very promised by Turkey's new Prime Minister, The project wlll help to attract private busi political issue as to how the rest of the land Bulent Ecevit. ness enterprises which will alleviate unem is going to be developed. I ask myself if I More intolerable "linkage," responded Mr. ployment in the trade area." am being led on a wild goose chase being Ecevit-and this time from the Administra asked for input. tion, not merely from Congress. He countered Mr. Speaker, I am very concerned I come back to the fact that I don't repre with reverse linkage: no Cyprus proposals about the removal of land from the sent an area of government except as my until the heat is off. That message, and sub production of agricultural commodities, vote counts in the city elections, and it seems sequent hints that Turkey might withdraw especially its effects on family farmers to me that maybe we are being asked to set its half-million men from NATO's command and those who are trying to get started up another huge bureauracy to play around and even sign a nonaggression pact with Mos with what is left once the unit of govern cow, caused a high-level American delegation in farming, but my concern is more a ment decides to extend the fa.c111ties neces to hurry to Ankara this week to attempt to fear of Government policies that pro sary for development. set things right. , mote industrial and residential develop I close by quoting last night's (March 15) That won't be easy. Strong sentiment con ment of prime agricultural land than editorial in the Globe-Gazette. "Zoning is tinues in Congress that Turkish concessions fear emanating from private develop honored at least as often in the breach as in are necessary before normal military rela ment. the observance." It goes on to ask how we tions can resume. That sentiment is justified. Recently, an article by Frances de are going to curb this proliferation of glob Turkey broke United States law and violated bling up of Iowa's valuable farm land. the spirit of its alliance when it used Amer Buhr appeared in the opinion section of Well, it would seem to me that if federal ican weapons to expel Greek Cypriots from the April 13 edition of the Mason City government funds were cut off tomorrow in their homes and farms. Having made its Globe Gazette in which she expressed the form of loans and in the form of grants point, Ankara should now pull back. Greek in a concise and commanding fashion for water and sewer, we wouldn't have to Cypriots--and Greece-realize there can be many of the same concerns I have just worry about any further development of Iowa no return to the old arrangements on Cyprus. stated. In order that I might share this land beyond agricultural means.e They acknowledge that Turkish Cypriots article with my colleagues, the text of should enjoy nearly complete autonomy, in cluding a territorial zone of their own, but her opinion follows: one roughly proportionate to the size of the LAND USE .ALREADY CONTROLLABLE SEVENTY-FIVE PHILIPPINE JESUITS Turkish-Cypriot population. (EDIToR's NOTE.-The following commen There is every reason to believe that both tary is a transcript of remarks made by PROTEST FRAUD IN THE RE Prime Minister Ecevit and the Turkish mili Frances de Buhr at the third public hearing CENT REELECTION OF PRESIDENT tary leadership would like to pull back. Be of the Cerro Gordo Land Preservation Pol MARCOS cause the Turkish occupation force is the icy Commission.) central issue in contention, the first moves (By Frances de Buhr) must come from Ankara. Since the issue con HON. ROBERT F. DRINAN tinues to be the most explosive -one in Tur I represent no group. I am here because I OF :MASSACHUSETTS have noticed in the paper that you wanted key's politics, such a move would be painful. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATI\TES But Mr. Ecevtt is in a strong parliamentary input from private citizens. Having listened position; unlike his predecessor, he does not to the legislature debate a land-use policy Thursday, May 4, 1978 and having read in the newspaper the proce depend upon ultranationalists for his • Mr. DRINAN. Mr. Speaker, I attach majority. dures you are attempting to follow, I have Turkish disassociation from NATO would a couple of questions to ask. herewith a statement issued by 75 Jesuit be costly to the United States. But it is the It seems to me as I observe the develop educators and churchmen in the Philip Turks who should calculate the benefits of ment of Iowa land, there are no new develop pines. The first signature on this protest full participation in NATO; it is they who ments that haven't been made possible by is the Very Reverend Joaquin G. Bernas, face the risks of weakened ties to the West. decisions by some unit of government to S.J., provincial of the Jesuit Order in Meanwhile, those who would support NATO extend water and sewer beyond the existing the Philippines. Other signers include by lifting the restrictions on arms to Turkey city limits. The junior college was taken east the former provincial, Father Francis X. should remember that Cyprus is Just as emo of town. Water and sewer was provided by a Clark, S.J., and Bishop Francisco F. tion-wrenching an issue in Greece. It would unit of government. The city limits were ex not strengthen the alliance to appease tended, and now the Zoning Commission will Claver, S.J. 'Virtually all of the other Turkey at the expense of turmoil in Greece.e decide how that land ts to be developed be signers have been associated with the tween here and there. Ateneo University in Manila. West of town, first the fairgrounds had All of the signatories are Filipino citi water and sewer extended. Now Armour and zens; they protest the widespread irreg LAND USE ALREADY the hospital are being built west of town ularities in the recent elections in the CONTROLLABLE with the promise that water and sewer Philippines. The letter states that at would be provided. The roads already existed. this time "there are no effective legiti The city limits were extended, thereby mate avenues of Justifiable protest" and HON. CHARLES E. GRASSLEY guaranteeing the protection of fire and police. · that, as a result, President Marcos is re OF IOWA I haven't seen any unscrupulous land de quested to create an independent investi IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES velopers developing agricultural land whose gative group to look into the conduct of Thursday, May 4, 1978 actions weren't preceded by a decision meted the elections. The letter of the Filipino out by a unit of government! Federal funds Jesuit leaders also requests that Presi • Mr. GRASSLEY. Mr. Speaker, we are have assisted state and city and county de dent Marcos drop the charges of the continually hearing about how devel cisions for development. No private citizen many people seized in a mass arrest of opers in the private sector are respon has gone out and developed agricultural the protesters in a demonstration held sible for removing vast amounts of agri land west, east, north or south of Mason on April 9, 1978, to protest the illegali cultural land from production. However, City who wasn't following in the steps of a unit of government extending water, sewer, ties in the election. in my opinion, too often we overlook the roads and police protection. The statement, which was denied pub effects of decisions of units of govern Why are you asking for citizen input? Do lication in the press in Manila, follows: ment at all levels on taking agricultural you want suggestions for some superstruc APRIL 16, 1978. land out of use. ture or commission overseeing federal and H1s Excellency FERDINAND E. MAacos, For example, everyone is aware that state and county and city decisions? These President of the Philtppines, the placement of water and sewer lines units of government are the ones making MaZacanang Palace, Manila. around a town or city, to a great de the decisions. Not I. Not you. Not even our MR. PRESIDENT: We the undersigned F111- gree, dictates where development will Zoning Commission. They simply decide who pino citizens are convinced: occur. To further illustrate the point, is going to develop the rest of the land once 1. that widespread irregularities, some of water, sewer, roads and police protection are them Violative of human rights, character a recent project announcement from the provlded. ized the last elections in the Metro Manila Farmers Home Administration in the I followed the charts that Mr. Willla.ms area; U.S. Department of Agriculture approv ( Spencer Williams of Iowa State University 2. that the widespread irregularities sub ing a. loan application in the comments Extension service) showed us and I have no stantially affected the outcome of the last section stated: objections to the suggestions, but we don't elections in the Metro Manila area; 12726 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 3. that therefore the protest march held be in attendance at sessions of the nal price of the structure was $7 ,597 .93, last April 9, 1978, was a Justifiable form of House on Monday, May l, Tuesday, May a bargain for the education return on the protest; 2, and the beginning of. session today, 4. that therefore the mass arrest of the investment. protestors was violative of human rights; May 3, because I was in North Dakota The present structure was erected in :S. that the political climate now is such attending funeral services for my April of 1929 and was part of district 7 that there are no effective legitimate ave mother-in-law, Mrs. Anna Lokken which now is district 5 of the Philadel nues of Justifiable protest and that, for as Reiten. phia school system. The cornerstone of long as this climate continues, recurrent dis I would also like to express my ap the present building was in place in turbances will endanger the nation and the preciation to the distinguished gentle 1928; 50 years this May. welfare of the people. man from Iowa, Representative NEAL Mr. Speaker, Richmond School is more We therefore ask, in the name of the hu SMITH, for the ability which he demon than an educational institution-it is man and Christian values sacred to our nation: strated in assuming the floor manage part of the history and culture of the 1. that you create an independent inves ment responsibilities for me on H.R. Port Richmond area. The school is the tigation body, other than the COMELEC, with 11 713, solar energy sources loan program. representation of the strength of the sufficient authority to look into the conduct I would further like to thank Representa Port Richmond area and its citizens, of the last elections and to recommend ap tive BERKLEY BEDELL of Iowa for his ex most of whom have lived there for all of propriate action; cellent statements on the floor in support their lives. It is a unique school, with a 2. that you open up effective legitimate av of the bill, and to commend! the whole' unique history and a unique spirit. The enues of protest; House for passing this legislation by such pride that our people have for their 3. that the charges against those who were an overwhelming margin.e school is a source of real strength to all arrested in connection with the April 9 pro the residents of the city. test march be dropped. We have written this letter in our own The graduates of the Richmond name and ln the name of the many voice School have gone on to serve their city, less, especially the poor, who have suffered RICHMOND PUBLIC SCHOOL CELE State, and Nation in both war and peace. from these injustices, and we offer it in the BRATES 50TH ANNIVERSARY Many of these graduates have distin spirit of true reconcmation among our guished themselves in service of their people. community and all have been good Signed: HON. RAYMOND F. LEDERER citizens. Joaquin G. Bernas, S.J., Elmer A. Ro OP PENNSYLVANIA Someone once said, "the purpose of mero, S.J., Ramon Mores, S.J., Samuel IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES C. Dizon, S.J., Vicente San Juan, S.J., education was to teach people to deal E. P. Hontiveros, S.J., Mateo A. San Thursday, May 4, 1978 with their fellow human beings." The chez, S.J., F. X. Clark, S.J., Bienvenldo, •Mr.LEDERER. Mr. Speaker, over the history of the Richmond School as wit F. Nebres, S.J., Antonio B. Lambino, last 50 years, the Richmond Public nessed by their graduates proves that ·S.J., C. Silverio, S.J., Arsenio c. Jesena, education of the highest order has been S.J., J. Diaz, S.J., D. Macala.m, S.J., School located at Belgrade and Ann Streets in my congressional district in the goal of this school. Agustin L. Nazareno, S.J., Sim Sun Yes, Philadelphia has real problems payco, S.J., 0. A. Millar, S.J., H. Ma Philadelphia has served the community ceda, S.J ., J. Marlo Francisco, s.J ., and has provided an education to count like most big cities--yet, because of the Pedro C. Sevilla, S.J., Al Nudas, S.J., less thousands of Philadelphia's chil community devotion exhibited by the Victor R. Salanga, S.J., Ando Maca dren. The school will be celebrating its residents of Port Richmond to their linao, S.J., Santiago A. Gaa, S.J., Sul 50th anniversary on May 25 and 26, and school, I am quite confident the chal picio Qulpanes, S.J., Rey Ocampo, S.J., I think it :fitting that as the Representa lenges we face as a city can be met. Atilano Quidlat, S.J., Placido Que, S.J., Mr. Speaker, may I extend my sincere Juan E. Montenegro, S.J., Benigno A. tive from this congressional district, I Mayo, S.J., C81ta.lino 0. Arevalo, S.J., bring the inspiring story to the Members congratulations to all the residents of Francisco F. Claver, S.J., Luis E. Pacqu of this House. the Port Richmond area on this anni ing, S.J., Francisco Demetrio, S.J., The h'istory of the Richmond School versary of the Richmond School. May I Renato V. Jimenez, S.J., Willlam P. goes back to 1846, when the :first school also extend these congratulations to Mr. Klintworth, S.J., and Ramon Pruden was erected. This section of Richmond, Irving Rosen, principal of the school and cio S. Toledo, N.S.J. sometimes called Port Richmond, orig to Mrs. Phil Carroll, president of the Jose C. Blanco, S.J., Tim Ngodcho, S.J., inally the name of a tract of land on Home School Association and to all the T. M. Ofrasio, S.J., Raphael de Ocampo, distinguished members of the associa S.J ., Ruben M. Tanseco, S.J ., Alex the township of Northern Liberties, ad ander C. Benedicto, S.J., Walter L. joining the Delaware north of Ball Town tion. Additionally, may I express my per Ysaac, S.J., Faustino G. Refuerzo, S.J., and south of Point-to-Point is the home sonal pride for the opportunity these Mon H. Taroy, S.J., Danilo M. Madrazo, of this famous school. The name of Rich wonderful people have given me to rep S.J., Joe Vibar Nero, S.J., Antonio s. mond was derived from the two county resent them in this august body.• Samon, S.J., Vic Ibabao, S.J., William seats in the vicinity-the Richmond J. Schmitt, S.J., Alberto V. Ampil, S.J., John N. Schumacher, S.J., Florencio R. Lodge, which in 18-08-09 belonged to the Cuerquis, S.J., Vitaliano R. Oorospe, Fox family. It was incorporated as a dis trict on February 27, 1847, a year after the PLIGHT OF PAVEL PERETZOVICH S.J., Jose R. de Leon, S.J., Raul J. ABRAMOVICH-A TRAVESTY OF Bonoan, S.J., C. 0 . Lim, S.J., Nico school was erected, under the title of medes T. Yatco, S.J., Edmundo M. "The Commissioners and Inhabitants of JUSTICE Martinez, S.J., Will H. Kreutz, S.J., the District of Richmond, in the County Rodolfo A. Malasmas, S.J., Dennis Ma. of Philadelphia." It extended along the C. Rago, S.J., R. Javellana, S.J., Ru HON. WILLIAM LEHMAN ben G. Reyes, S.J., F. Ll. Ramirez, S.J., Delaware River to a point some distance OP FLORIDA Vicente Marasigan, S.J., Frank Lynch, northwest of the upper end of Petty Is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES S.J., Nemesio S. Que, N.S.J., Ludovico land; then northwest nearly to the point M. Eduave, N.S.J., Nick Luna, N.S.J., where Frankford Creek makes its most Thursday, May 4, 1978 Solito Barana, N.S.J., Ted Butalid, S.J ., southerly bend; then southwest to West • Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. Speaker, I wish Antonio J. Ledesma, S.J., and Miguel moreland Street; northwest along the to call attention to the plight of Pavel Ma. Varela, S.J ·• same to Emerald Street, southwest along Peretrovich Abramovich who wishes to the same to a lane running from Frank emigrate from the Soviet Union to Israel. EXPLANATION FOR ABSENCE ford Turnpike to Nicetown Lane; along Mr. Abramovich, a respected electronics the Frankford Turnpike to the north. engineer, applied for permission to go to boundary of Kensington and down the Israel in 1971 and has been repeatedly HON. ALVIN BALDUS same to Gunner's Run and along the refused. OF WISCONSIN stream to the Delaware River. The area The courage and endurance which Mr. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES was 1,163 acres. It became part of the Abramovich and his family have re city in 1854. to Thursday, May 4, 1978 vealed is a lesson us all. It is coura Mr. Speaker, indeed this area is rich geous that Mr. Abramovich now openly • Mr. BALDUS. Mr. Speaker, colleagues, in history. Richmond School was the lists his occupation as a Hebrew teacher, I rise to explain that I was unable to 40th school in the city system. The origi- unremarkable in any place but the May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12727 Soviet Union where it is impossible to government and a confident vision of its of Justice is little more than a century old. future. For over eighty years the nation had only an obtain textbooks, training, or the official After only a few weeks on the job I began Office of the Attorney General. This fact recognition accorded teachers of other to question my expectations. Now, well into alone, and the reasons for it, go far to ex foreign languages. Pavel Abramovich is my second year, I believe I fully appreciate plain the absence of strong traditions and one of a small group of heroic figures, the the realities of the Department of Justice. clearly defined roles to undergird the present Hebrew teachers of Moscow, who are The truth is that the Department of Jus Department. self-taught and dedicated to a future in tice is strong. But it is a strength born The first Congress created the Office of At Israel. solely of the outstanding individuals who torney General in the Judiciary Act of 1789, Pavel has publicly renounced his So comprise it. The Department as a whole at the same time it created the federal court draws little strength or stability from a system. The Act called for "a meet person, viet citizenship, claiming instead, Israeli clear conception, either within the Depart learned in the law, to act as Attorney Gen citizenship. He has sent appeals to the ment or elsewhere, of the role that the De eral for the United States," but gave him United Nations Human Rights Commis partment should play 1n our Fe<1era1 govern little power. He was to do nothing more than sion, issued press statements, and has ment. Least of all is there a clear course represent the United States before the Su been arrested on several occasions for charted for the future of the Department. preme Court and, upon request, to give opin protesting the treatment of Soviet Jews. As Attorney General I am unavoidably ions on matters of law to the President and His home has been repeatedly searched caught up in several great issues: the inves heads of departments. Congress also clearly tigation of Korean influence-buying in Con intended the Attorney General to rank be and personal property confiscated. gress, the investigation of past abuses in low the heads of the three departments Pavel has now been threatened with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the na War, Foreign Affairs, and Treasury-which the familiar charge of "parasitism," an tional effort to develop a response to the existed at the time. First, it ranked the At example in "Catch-22" logic, despite the influx of undocumented aliens, and several torney General behind them for succession fact that he has been earning his own others. But these headline-grabbing issues and protocol purposes. Whereas the salary for income by teaching. This pattern of will pass, many to become mere footnotes to the heads of departments was set at $3500, harassment begins with the first applica history. As much as possible without short that of the Attorney General was only $1500. changing sensitive matters of the immediate And, whereas the department heads were tion for an exit visa. The loss of liveli moment, I am focusing on the Department given ample staff and quarters, the Attor hood, the curtailment of mail, the of Justice as a whole-past, present, and fu ney General received nothing beyond his harassment of being searched, arrested, ture. It is my firm belief that clarifying the salary-no funds for office rent, clerk hire, and finally tried for "parasitism" and position and role of the Department of Jus stationery, postage, candles, oil for lamps, or sentenced to years in labor camps or tice in the order of government is of first coal for a heating stove. The Attorney Gen prisons is this kind of persecution en importance to the long-range interests of eral was required to pay all expenses out dured by those who wish only to leave the nation. of his own pocket. Tonight I want to share some of what I Historians have discerned two motives be Russia and live in Israel. have learned about the Department, some hind Congress' treatment of the Office of The willingness o:: Pavel Peretzovich of m;- perceptions of its current problems, Attorney General. The first was frugality; the Abramovich and other Soviet Jews to and some tentative views on its proper place new nation was unsound financially and stand up and to resist Soviet violation in our system. Congress had to cut corners wherever pos of the Helsinki accord, and to endure The Department of Justice today has sible. But the second and lmpor.tant motive the hardships resulting from this choice 54,528 employees, including 3,806 attorneys for our purposes was fear of a strong At of conscience, should move those of us (2,008 in the Justice Department and 1,798 torney General. Those early representatives who are not bound by such constraints in the United States Attorneys Offices). About vividly remembered the tyranny that could 92 % of our attorneys are involved in the result from strong central enforcement of to speak out against this travesty of trial and appeal of lawsuits. The other 300 laws, and they hesitated to create machinery justice. Our action on behalf of Soviet attorneys supervise divisions or offices, render in the executive branch that possibly could Jews can only give them strength to legal advice, consult with Congress or other serve as an engine of oppression. Nowhere persevere until freedom has been departments and agencies regarding legisla was this concern more evident than in the achieved.• tion, and-to a quite limited extent-draft arrangement for the enforcement of penal and interpret rules and regulations. law and the representation of the federal Shortly after I took office, the President government ln civil litigation at the trial DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE HISTORY asked me to determine the total number of level. The Judiciary Act gave the Attorney lawyers in the Government and their func General no role ln either matter, vesting tions. I learned that such information had both powers exclusively in the thirteen HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. not been gathered in several years, so we United States Attorneys, then called district started an inventory of every department attorneys, who were totally independent of OF NEW JERSEY and agency in the Government. We discov IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the Attorney General. ered 19,479 lawyers who are performing "law The first Attorney General, Edmund Ran Thursday, May 4, 1978 yer-like" functions-litigating, preparing dolph, made his first report to the President legal memoranda, giving legal advice, and in 1791. In It he sought redress of the very • Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, recently drafting statutes, rules and regulations. handicaps that Congress had intentionally the Attorney General of the United These lawyers are distributed throughout the placed upon him. He requested authority to States, the Honorable Griffin B. Bell, departments and agencies, and practically no participate in litigation in the inferior gave the "Sonnet Lecture" before Ford agency ls too small to have its own "General courts, in order to have some input into Counsel." making the records in cases which he ham Law School. The title of the lecture Some of the 15,673 Federal lawyers in Gov was "The Attorney General: The Fed eventually would have to argue in the Su ernment agencies outside the Department of preme Court. He requested authority to su eral Government's Chief Lawyer and Justice are handling litigation themselves; Chief Litigator, or One Among Many?" some are involved in direct support of the pervise the district attorneys, because they It is a thoroughly well-researched, Justice Department's litigation efforts. already had shown tendencies toward uneven Others are Involved in other administra enforcement of the laws. And he requested well-articulated history of the Depart a clerk to help him with the simple mechani ment of Justice and its role as the Gov tive law functions within their agencies. About one-fourth of all the Federal govern cal chores of his office. President Washing ernment's chief legal voice. It points up ment's lawyers, 5,2471 to be exact, are in the ton endorsed all three requests and trans some disturbing facts. Judge Bell is to Department of Defense and the military mitted them to Congress-where they got be commended for his inciteful look at services where they administer a totally sep nowhere. the problem and his desire to bring sta arate court-martial system under the Uni The congressional snub of Randolph's rec form Code of Military Justice. ommendations in 1791 established a pattern bility to Federal law. that was to persist for decades. Seven At I would like to take this opportunity Although I am the chief legal officer in the Executive Branch, I have learned that I torneys General has succeeded Randolph be to share the Attorney General's remarks have virtually no control or, direction over fore Congress in 1818 finally appropriated with my colleagues: the lawyers outside the Department of Jus funds for the hire of a clerk. Despite renewed THE ATI'ORNEY GENERAL: THE FEDERAL Gov tice, except indirectly in connection with recommendations by President Jackson in ERNMENT'S CHIEF LAWYER AND CHIEF LITI pending litigation. 1829 and 1830, by President Polk in 1846, and GATOR, OR ONE AMONG MANY? I. HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT by President Pierce in 1854, it was not until 1861-a full 70 years af.ter the first request I became Attorney General with fixed ex It may come as a surprise to many of you, pectations about the Department of Justice. by Randolph and Washington-that Con Despite its size and recent history I expected as it did to me, to learn that the Department gress finally gave the Attorney General some to find a strong Department with a clear measure of authority over the district understanding of its place in the nation's 1 Including 3,739 in uniform. attorneys. 12728 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 The congressional opposition to these re the United States, that this bill proposes that sion." After a vigorous debate in Congres& quests by successive Administrations lllus all the law officers therein provided for shall centerl'ng largely on whether the Department trates the persistence throughout much of be subordinate to one head." of Justice would have authority to second the nineteenth century of the fear of a The a.ct establishing the Department of guess the Commission on the merits-Con strong Attorney General. As the federal gov Justice sought to remedy the problem of gress enacted legislation allowing the Com ernment grew its legal business grew along divergent executive branch legal views by giv mission to intervene as a party and, as such, with it. There were periodic attempts by ing the Attorney General supervision over the to be represented by its own attorneys. some Administrations and some members of several departmental solicitors as well as the Justice Department attorneys could therefore Congress to gain support for the idea of a district attorneys and any outside counsel oppose the Commission's attorneys in court, centralized law department to handle that employed on behalf of the United States. The and indeed, that bas happened on a number legal business. The unfa111ng reaction of Con position of Sollcitor General was created as of occasions, although the Commission and gress to each new increment, however, was to an assistant to the Attorney General, as were the Solicitor General have cooperated to file create a law officer, usually known as a So two positions of Assistant Attorney General. joint briefs in the Supreme Court in most licitor, in the department generating the The act also gave the Attorney General and cases. legal issues and put him in control of the the Department of Justice control of all During most of the pre-World War I resulting litigation with no duty to answer criminal and civil litigation in which the period, however, the Attorney General was to the Attorney General. The first Solicitor United States was interested. nominally the head of all federal legal was created in the Treasury Department in On its face the fact of 1870 seemed to pres activity, but the solicitors and their offices 1820. The next fifty years witnessed a steady age preeminence for the new Department of retained their actual independence. The stream of such officers-Solicitors for the Justice and a new era of economy and har Labor, Commerce, and Agriculture Depart Navy, for the War Department, for the State mony in the legal business of the federal gov ments were created, each with its own solici Department, for the Post Office, for Internal ernment. But two serious oversights by Con tor. And at the Attorney General's suggestion Revenue. gress at the time effectively doomed from the the two Assistant Attorneys General in the As for the Attorney General, the Congress outset this attempt to consolidate and ra Post Office and Interior departments were was perfectly willing to add piecemeal to his tionalize the federal legal activity. First, Con maae Solicitors in acknowledgment of their duties, for instance placing him on the Pat gress failed to repeal or modify the statutes real independence from him. ent Board, making him a member of the establishing the various solicitors as inde There was one bright spot for the Attor Sinking Fund Commission-wnatever that pendent legal officers and defining their ney General during this period. In 1886 the was, and rerouting Executive Clemency peti duties. The 1870 act did state that they now last vestige of the earlier concern with down tions from the State Department to him. But were subject to "supervision" by the Attorney grading the Attorney General was removed Congress refused to authorize any enlarge General, but that ls a vague term and the when the Attorney General was restored to ment of his legal domain. And it was careful solicitors continued to claim their same pre- the fourth rank among Cabinet positions for to keep the Attorney General's staff Just 1870 powers and independence. The second protocol and succession purposes. Previously large enough-some would say too small-to oversight greatly compounded the difficulties it had ranked behind all other heads of assist him with his already assigned duties, caused by the- first. Congress gave the new departments, even those created after the so there was no chance of his augmenting his Department no building or other quarters Office of Attorney General. power by asserting de facto control over legal where all of the attorneys under the Attorney business where Congress had refused him de At the outset of World War I many new General's supervision could concentrate their agencies were created in the federal govern Jure authority. In fact, in debates over how offices. The solicitors stayed in the buildings to handle new increments of federal litiga ment to meet the emergency situation. Fol housing their old departments, where they lowing the lead of the older departments, tion, those who opposed the creation of a law were subject to continuing supervision by department invariably cited the overworked these agencies all insisted on their own legal the heads of those departments rather than counsel and authority over their own litiga state of the Attorney General as proof that their nominal new boss, the Attorney General. the new business could not be lodged with tion. Their demands created enough confu him. Congress was exhibiting a curious am sion that the question of the lack of cen bivalence about the role of the Attorney tralized litigating authority was bro:µght to At some point, of course, the fear of cen General and the Department of Justice, ap President Wilson's personal attention. The tralized authority had to dissipate as the pearing to give them total control over the result was an Executive Order under which memories of legal oppression from the old nation's legal business on the one hand but all solicitors and other law officers were di world receded and the federal government !a111ng to take action necessary to make that rected to submit to the Attorney General's increased in power without becoming more control effective on the other. Within five authority, and the Attorney General's legal prone to abuses of the states or individuals years of creating the Department of Justice, opinions were made binding on all executive in the process. Added to that development Congress took three steps that showed it had departments. But this Executive Order was was a growing belle! that centralization of not been serious about centralizing all legal promulgated under an act glving the Pres the legal activity of the federal government activity under the Attorney General. In 1871 ident temporarily expanded powers for the would be more efficient and thus cheaper and 1872 it created two new Assistant At war effort and it expired along with the act than the system of Solicitors and relatively torney General positions but expressely as six months after the armistice. The predict independent district attorneys. That system signed them to the Interior and Post Office able result was an almost immediate return had effectively broken down under the con Departments where they were subject to to the status quo ante, with all solicitors tinuing press of new business in the 1860s, supervision by the heads of those depart and other legal officers reasserting their in resulting in the hiring of numerous outside ments rather than the Attorney General. dependence from the Attorney General. counsel at considerable expense. And in 1874 Congress re-enacted all of the In 1920, the Interstate Commerce Commta The conjunction of these two threads old laws defining the roles of the solicltors, sion attorneys were granted statutory au acceptance of the idea of centralization, and with no attempt to modify their powers so thority to appear for the Commission "ln any a desire for economy-helped to create the as to subject them to more effective Attorney case in court." Later that same year, the Department of Justice in 1870. The debates General control. United Shtes Shipping Board was given the in Congress at the time evidence a third The creation of the first independent regu right to employ attorneys to "represent the reason for the move: the need to insure that latory agency, the Interstate Commerce Com board in any case in court.'' Soon a Veterans the federal government spoke with one voice mi~slon, in 1887, with the expreqs Congres Bureau was established, and its attorneys in its view of and adherence to the law. Sen sional intent that it not be under the control were given control over all veterans' litiga ator Jenckes of Rhode Island, in explaining of the President or the Executive Branch, the proposal to the Senate, addressed him tion. added a new dimension of what Congress Before long, different parts of the govern self to the existing Solicitors and expressly intended the role of the Department of spelled out this purpose: ment again were making different interpre Justice to be. There ls some evidence tbat the tations of the same laws and again tak1ng "I need not dwell upon the manner in Commission handled most of its cases in the which these officers have performed their inconsistent oositions before the courts. In lower courts from the beginning, and that it 1928, the Attorney General in his Annual duties. I have no doubt they have performed cooperated with the Solicitor G 0 neral in the them to the best of their ab111ty and honestly Report likened the situation to that whtch presentation of its cases to the Supreme existed prior to the creation of the Depart in every case. But we have found that there Court. rn any event, in 1910 PreRldent Taft has been a most unfortunate result from this ment of Justice in 1870. He noted that only sent a special message to Cong't'ess recom 115 of the 900 2 legal oositions in the execu separation of law powers. We find one inter mending that all litigation affecting the gov pretation of the laws of the United States in tive departments and agencies in Washing· ernment be under the control of the Depart ton were even nominally under this control. one Department and another interpretation ment of Justice and specifically ob1ecting to in another Department.... " The Attorney General recommended that the practice of the Interstate Commerce serious consideration agaln be glven to con•. • • Commission in employing its own attorneys " ... It ls for the purpose of having a unity who, "while subject to the control of the of declslon, a unity of Jurisprudence, if I may Attorney General, act upon the lnttiatlve s Compared to 8.806 of the 115,740 Peden.I uae that expression, ln the executive law of and upon the instructions of the Comm18- civllian lawyen today. May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12729 soUdating all legal activities under the chief body which works closely with an agency, nor from agency general counsels to the Attor law officer of the Government. the agency itself, wants the Justice Depart ney General contributed to the diversity of A few months into his Administration, ment ma.king decisions counter to their de legal positions in the Federal Government. President Franklin Roosevelt issued an Ex sires. Felfdoms have been created, and the The report of that study strongly supported ecutive Order centralizing all litigating au Justice Department's efforts to ensure uni centralized lltigation authority in the De thority in the Department of Justice and formity in Government litigating postures partment of Justice. giving the Attorney General the exclusive can constitute a real threat to them. President Carter last August directed his right to supervise United States Attorneys. Some recent grants of independent liti Reorganization Project to study the way the Roosevelt's action, like that of the Congress gating authority have occurred in strange Government's lawyers are used, stating that 1n 1870 and President Wilson in 1918, re ways. For example, the litigating authority he considers "the effective use of legal re sulted from a perception that decentralized of the Federal Trade Commission was signi sources to be a vital part of ... (the) Admin control of the government's legal affairs had ficantly enlarged in 1973 by an amendment istration's effort to improve the performance led to chaos and excessive expense. ta.eked onto the Trans-Alaska Pipeline of the Federal Government... .'' The Presi Roosevelt's effort met the same fate as the Authorization Act on the floor of the Senate dent hopes that better use of these resources two before it. The trend away from central by Senator Jackson, thereby avoiding veto. will enable the Federal government better to ized responsib111ty started again almost im I recognize that Congress intended some comply with its own rules and regulations mediately. The National Labor Relations regulatory agencies and government corpo and thus prevent unnecessary lltigation and Board was established in 1934 and the Se rations to be independent of the Executive administrative delay. The President stated curities and Exchange Commission in 1935, Branch and the President. The independence that he also hoped to improve the procedures and both were given the power to conduct has extended to independence from the for conducting government lltigation in or their own litigation. The cycle of disintegra Department of Justice in legal matters, der to ensure more uniform application of the tion and reform had continued. including litigation. The price of such inde law.a The exceptions to centralized litigation pendence is high, as it can and sometimes m. THE FUTURE authority which were created during the does result in two sets of government The President's Reorganization Project ls next 35 years mostly involved new independ lawyers opposing ea.ch other at taxpayer completing its study and will forward its ent regulatory agencies, although one Ex expense. More importantly, it requires the recommendations to the President in the ecutive Department, the Department of La Judicial Branch to decide interagency dis next few weeks. This seems a particula1 ly ap bor, also received some independent litigat putes that might be resolved more easily propriate time to discuss the proper role of ing authority. Agencies such as the Federal and better through the mediation of the the Department of Justice in the future. Communications Commission, Federal Power Department of Justice. It is clear that the Solicitor General must Commission ( now Federal Energy Regula I do not favor the independence of these continue to perform his current function of tory Commission), Federal Maritime Com representing all the Executive Departments mission, Atomic Energy Commission (now regulatory agencies a.net Government corpo rations in legal ma.tters. I think it is unseem and the independent regulatory agencies. As Nuclear Regulatory Commission) , and the counsel for the Federal Government, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commis ly for two Government agencies to sue each other. It requires the Judicial Branch to Solicitor General is responsible for present sion, were granted at least some degree of decide questions of Government policy, a role ing cases to the Supreme Court in the man independent litigating authority. Since ner which will best serve the overall interests about 1969-70, new grants of independent never envisioned by our country's founding fathers. It ls time-consuming and expensive. of the United States. He ls also responsible litigating authority have literallv seemed for deciding whether lower court decisions to explode, with authority not only going I believe it would be possible to prooerve the independence of thooe bodies even if they adverse to the Government should be ap to independent agencies such as the Con pealed, and whether the Government should sumer Product Safetv Commission, the were represented by the Justice Department. Such a system would be more efficient and file amicus curiae briefs in cases to which Commodities Futures Trading Commission, would reduce the amount of judicial intru it is not a party. During the past Term, the and the International Trade Commission, sion into intra-government disputes. The Government filed or supported petitions for but also some Executive Branch agencies Department of Justice can exercise a review writs of certiorari in 107 cases, 76% of which such as the Environmental Protection and supervisory function in an effort to vrere granted. That percentage should be Agency. Today some 31 separate Federal gov bring uniformity to Government legal posi compared to the percentage of all petitions ernment units have or exercise authority to tions and still recognize the independence of granted-6%. This reflects the Solicitor Gen conduct at least some of their own litigation. the regulatory agencies' enforcement efforts. eral's careful screening of the Government's ll. THE PRESENT My predecessors as Attorney General have cases, and his skillful advocacy in presenting The basic statutory scheme today is the shared my view that the Justice Department the Government's views in an accurate and same as in 1870: except as otherwise author should represent the regulatory agencies. To balanced manner. Last year was not excep ized by Congress, the conduct of litigation date, however, Congress has been willing to tional-over the past decade, the Supreme in which the United States, an agency or pay the price of independent Utiga.ting au Court has reviewed only 6-10% of the cases officer thereof ts a party, or is interested, is thority for those agencies. presented to it, but taken 60--70% of the reserved to officers of the Department of If separate litigating authority is going to Go'11ernment's cases. Justice, under the direction of the Attorney continue for independent regulatory agencies The United States ls involved in about General. The problem is the number of and government corporations, then we should one-half of the cases decided on the merits exceptions authorized by Congress. Professor a.t least c:evise a rational system for the con by the Supreme Court each year. The Solici John Davis has aptly characterized the duct of such litigation. One agency's case tor General's overview of all these cases lS situation as follows: often will affect other regulatory agencies or critical to avoiding inconsistencies in the " ... a continuing effort by Attorneys Executive Branch departments. At the least, Government's positions. His responsibillty General to centralize responsibllity for all an agency should be required to alert the to the entire Government helps him avoid government litigation in Justice, a con Justice Department in such cases so that the litl~ating a significant legal issue with Gov tinuing effort by many agencies to escape views of the Executive Branch can also be ernment-wide impact in a case which, be from that control with respect to ciVil liti presented to the Court. If a case could affect cause of its factual or procedural context, 18 gation, and a practice by Congress of accept the entire Government, such as an employ a poor vehicle. An agency often does not see ing the positions of the Attorneys General ment discrimination claim or a Freedom of this broader picture-vindication in the in principle and then cutting them to pieces Informa.tion Act complaint, the Justice De pending case ls often more important than by exceptions.'' partment should have control of the litiga the long-range interests of the United States. Prosecution of all crlminal violations ls tion rather than the single a.gency which Solicitor General Erwin Griswold made that controlled by the Department of Justice, is party to the case. The position taken by point in this way: and I do not understand that authority to a single agency on a question of general con "The Solicitor Genera.l's client in a partic be seriously challen~ed. but there ls no con cern should not bind the entire Federal ular case cannot be properly represented be sistent or rational statutory scheme appllc government. fore the Supreme Oourt except from a broad able to agencies in civil litigation. The curi It is my view that the Justice Department point of view, taking into account all of the ous patchwork of clvtl Utlgatlon authority should represent all Executive Branch de factors which affect sound government and cannot be explained in terms of a congres partments and agencies. The Department the proper formulation and development of sional conception of the role of the Justice must, of course, work closely with its clients Department. Some grants of separate liti in a cooperative effort, recognizing the pe 3 In addition to studying the proper allo gating authority seem to have been enacted cullar expertise and abillties of agency cation of litigation authority, the President's simply because of loud and persistent com lawyers and delegating authority to agency Reorganization Project is examining several plaints from the agencies seeking such lawyers in certain circumstances, but al other issues that touch on the future role of authority. Others seem designed to increase ways retaining final control in the Justice the Justice Department. These include the the control of particular Congressional com Department. flow of information between Government mittees or subcommittees over particular A study of federal legal offices in 1955 lawyers, the hiring and retention of lawyers, agencies or programs. Neither a Congressional found that the absence of lines of authority and ~heir training. 12730 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 the law. In providing for the Solicitor Gen most bewildering variety of cases and prob the issues common to all affirmative action eral, subject to the direction of the Attor lems involving the Federal Government. programs we are able to advise of potential ney General, to att.end to the 'interests of I recognize that our lawyers must better legal problems. Thus, the experience gained the United States' in lltigation, the statutes utlllze the expertise of our client agencies. in filing a brief c:zmicus curiae on behalf of have always been understood to mean the Since taking office I have recognized that we the United States and representing the De long-range interests of the United States, not need to improve onr day-to-day working re partment of Commerce might be utlllzed simply in terms of its fisc, or its success in lationships with other agencies. We have in advising the Department of Defense or the particular litigation, but as a govern taken new steps to ensure advance consul representing the Labor Department. ment, as a people." tation with client agencies before cases can Because the Department has become fa The Solicitor General's screening function be settled, and to ensure that our cUent miliar with potential problems in the affirm ls an aid to the Supreme Court itself because agencies are properly informed of the prog ative action area, I have brought those of the large volume of cases filed there. The ress of pending cases. In short, we have questions to the attention or the various de Court recognizes and supports this role. tried to develop a new sensitivity to treating partments and have offered the services of Chief Justice Burger sent a letter to Con our client agencies as any private lawyer the Department in advising them on the gress in 1971, on behalf of a unanimous would treat a client. To help nurture this establishment of such programs. For exam Court, ln response to a Congressional inquiry sensitivity, we are devising a new system or ple, the Department ha.s taken the position whether the Securities and Exchange Com evaluating the performance of our lawyers that an affirmative action program is legally mission should be empowered to conduct its which will include consideration of com justified if necessary to remedy the effects or Supreme Court litlgatlon independently of ments from the agencies they have repre past, public, and private discrimination. the Solicitor General's office. The Chief Jus sented. Artlculation of such a purpose wlll aid a tice noted the Solicitor General's "highly We are considering other steps to more court in evaluating the legality o! a pro important role in the selection of cases to be effectively and better serve our client a.gen".' gram if it is later challenged. Moreover, we brought here" and predicted that diluting cles. A number of agencies feel that the can advise agencies how to tailor their pro the Solicitor General's authority would very Justice Department has not devoted suf grams to accomplish their remedial objec likely increase the workload of the Supreme ficient effort to affirmative enforcement or tives. In this way we hope to establish a Court. their programs because of the demands or uniform position throughout the govern The various Solicitors General have been an increasingly heavy civil defensive caseload. ment, to enable agencies to better accomplish careful in the exercise of their authority, One way to meet this problem may be the their goals and to avoid lltlgatlon. and the Office is well-respected by other establishment of a group of attorneys who The Freedom of Information Act ls an departments and agencies for its expertise, would litigate only affirmative agency cases. other example of a set of legal principles and independence, and objectivity. Although Overburdened and stra.ined resources con public policies which pertain to all federal Congress has authorized several agencies, tinues to be a problem for the Justice De a.ctivltles ·and which should be interpreted independently to file petitions for a writ of partment. just as it was during our early a.nd respected throughout the government certiorari in certain categories of cases, such history. We are examining ways to better with a fair degree of uniformity. There ls a separate petitions have been relatively infre manage the resources we have, including a clear need for effective governmentwide co quent, presently averaging one or two a year. better system of dividing civil cases between ordination to a.void conflicting interpreta The Solicitor General's Office recognizes that Washington and the field. We also have to tions by various Government agencies. In control over the Government's litigation is work with our client agencies to make the 1977 the Justice Department consulted with not intended to transform the Department most effective use of our attorneys. For ex other federal agencies over 400 times on of Justice into a super-agency sitting in ample, every case does not need an agency Freedom of Information Act questions not judgment on the policy decisions of other lawyer in the field, an agency lawyer in then in lltlgatlon, and we feel these efforts departments or agencies. With a few notable Washington, a Justice Department lawyer ln make an important contribution to securing exceptions, such as the antitrust and the Washington, and an Assistant United States a. uniform application of the law. civil rights laws and the Freedom of Infor Attorney to review and agree to the filing of Since 1789, the Attorney General has been mation Act, Congress has committed else each pleadlng. More sensible delegations of charged by statute with responsiblllty for where the primary responslblllty for most responsib111ty simply have to be worked out. providing the President and the heads of de of the policy decisions in the Government. As a first step we are considering signtlicantly partments with hls opinion on questions of It ls my belief that all 3,800 lawyers in the increasing the authority of United, States law. With regard to the President, this re Justice Department can perform with the Attorneys to settle monetary claims against sponslblllty was extended in 1870 to the giv same degree of independence, objectivity and. the Government without first getting ap ing of the Attorney Genera.l's "advice" as litigation expertise as the twenty attorneys proval from Washington. In keeping with our concern for the views of our client agen well as hls opinion on legal questions. ln the Solicitor General's office. Agency law Most opinions are rendered on questions yers are enmeshed in the dally routine of a cies, however, lf the client agency objects to the proposed disposition we wm require re that wm not ultimately be resolved by the specific Government agency, and cannot be view of the matter at a supervisory level of courts in litigation. Attorneys General have expected to litigate cases with the broad per traditionally declined to render formal legal spective and objectivity that ensures proper the Justice Department in Washington. I would like to speak for a moment to opinions on questions then ln lltlga.tion. representation of the best interests of the another issue related to the Justice Depart These opinions of the Attorney General are entire Government, and therefore the peo ment's role of representing agencies in liti generally regarded as authoritative within ple. Justice Department lawyers have the gation. I believe Justice can and should play the Executive Branch, and they may often perspective and objectivity, but they must a greater role in pre-litigation counseling of have the salutary effect of avoiding lltiga. take care not to interfere with the policy other departments and agencies. tlon by acting as a check on Executive con prerogative of our agency clients. An agen After all, one of the principal functions of duct that may not be in accord with the law. cy's views should be presented to a court a lawyer ls to "keep all clients out of court" Historically Attorneys General have per unless they are lnoonslst.ent with overall tha.t ls, to advise him or her how to accom sona.Uy approved and signed their opinions. Governmental interests, or cannot fairly be pllsh objectives without leaving him or her Until 1950, prep!l.ration of those opinions argued. vulnerable to suit. This legal counsel role was vested generally ln the Solicitor Gen Agency lawyers are often experts ln their for government agencies is now generally eral or the Assistant Solicitor General. In own regulatory and enforcement programs performed by their own geneTal counsels. 1950, the latter position was abolished and and statutes, and are often deeply involved. Functioning as a lawyer independent of the the opinion preparation function was trans in their agency's programs. Justice Depart agency, the bepartment of Justice can pro ferred to what is now the Office of Legal ment lawyers and United States Attorneys vide the agency a dispassionate view of legal Counsel, headed by an Assistant Attorney are litigation experts, and perform a critical problems associated with policy objectives. General. In addition to preparing his formal function in. translating the agency's pro Moreover, as chief Utigator for the govern legal opinions, that office, acting for the grammatic expertise into effective briefs and ment, the Department ls able to apply the Attorney General, renders legal advice and arguments for Judges who deal with an al- knowledge and experience it gains in that opinions to the Executive Branch and agen arena to anticipating potential legal diffi cies on a dally basis under the same rules as culties presented by agency activities. 'These include the Federal Communica are followed with respect to formal opinions A good example of how that experience has of the Attorney General.5 tions Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Com been put to use ls in the area of agency af mission, Interstate Commerce Commission, firmative action efforts. The Department has Federal Maritime Commission, Maritime Ad probed this complex area of the law through 5 Formal opinions of the Attorney General ministration, and. Secretary of Agriculture its experience in formulating a position in have been published ln the past. We are now (under the Packers and Stockyards Act and the Bakke case, as well as in representing preparing for publication the first volume Perishable Commodities Act). Additionally, the Department of Commerce in extensive which will contain the separate opinion the Tennessee Valley Authority has in some litigation over the minority business enter letters and memoranda of the Office of Legal cases represented itself before the Supreme prise provision of the Public Works Employ Counsel as well as the formal Attorney Gen Court. ment Act of 1977. By gaining familiarity with eral opinions. May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12731 The increased complexity of our society wishes would be highly gratiffed by your the opinion was hammered out in oral dis and the Government's relationship to it over acceptance." cussions between Justice and State Depart the past several decades ls reflected in the Notwithstanding those noteworthy inde ment lawyers. Notwithstanding grave ques opinion-giving functions performed by the pendent beginnings, our attorneys general tions of constitutional and international Attorney General and his subordinates. To soon ca.me to know the tensions created law, the opinion was favorable to the Presi day, the subject matter encomp'3ssed by that when the independence of their deliberations dent's wishes. function is as broad as the activities of the came in contact with the policy preferences This is due in part to the multi-faceted Government itself. It is not an overstatement of the Presidency. Senator George H. Wil nature of the Attorney General's job. The to say that, in this complex society, the need liams, who was later to become Attorney Attorney General has a variety of responsi for sound legal advice in advance of Gov General himself, related such a clash during b111ties: to prosecute violations of federal ernmental action has become particularly the controversy in 1830 over the national law, to represent the United States in judi acute. There is no substitute for doing some bank: cial proceedings, either as lawyer for client thing right the first time. "Consulting with his Attorney General agencies and departments or as amicus in Another important objective-and one (President Jackson) found that some doubts cases of national importance, to provide legal perhaps more difficult to achieve-furthered were entertained by that officer as to the opinions on questions submitted by other by the opinion function is ensuring that the existence of a.ny law authorizing the Exec departments and agencies, to provide re many diverse agencies of Government speak utive to (designate certain banks to be de quested comment on pending legislation, to with one voice on the many legal issues that positories of U.S. funds], whereupon Old propose and steer Justice Department legis cut across the responsibilities of more than Hickory said to him, 'Sir, you must find a law lation through the Congress, and to advise one department or agency. In the past, the authorizing the act or I will appoint an At the President on the appointment of fed reconciling of inter-agency disputes regard t.orney General who wlll.' " eral judges and prosecutors. These tasks and ing questions of law arising in litigation has This tension between the Attorney Gen responsib111ties require varying degrees of often not taken place until specific cases eral's role in dispassionately defining the contact and coordination with the Executive are brought to the attention of the Solicitor legal limits of execution action, or in steer Branch on the one hand, and independence General after a decision by a federal district ing the course of litigation, and the Presi from the Executive Branch on the other. court on the question involved. Where no dential desire to receive legal advice faclli Thus, the independence of the Attorney Gen litigation is iiivolved, the opinion function tating certain policy decisions, has occurred eral has only a general, and uneven, tradi may serve and has served to harmonize di in modern Administration as well. tion to support it, and a complexity that verse legal opinions and to ensure that the In 1940, President Roosevelt determined to resists easy resolution. Government acts legally. provide the British with 50 destroyers in ex The Executive Branch inevitably en As we examine what the role of the De change for long-term leases on British ter counters legal qu~stions arising out of its partment of J.ustice should be in the future, ritory in the Western Hemisphere. However, policy formulation and implementation al we must consider the fact that the past the United States had in 1939 proclaimed its ternatives. As a matter of good government, several years have seen a frequent voicing of neutrality, which potentially barred such an it is desirable generally that the Executive the idea of an "independent" Attorney Gen exchange. As a result, three legal questioru Branch adopt a single, coherent position with eral. This concept encompasses the entire were posed to then-Attorney General Robert respect to the legal questions that arise in Department of Justice and contemplates H. Jackson: the process of government. Indeed, the com some kind of formal measures to insulate (1) Could the President acquire the leases mitment of our government to due process it from Executive Branch pressures in carry of law and to equal protection of the laws ing out its law-defining and law-enforcing by an executive agreement between himself and the British Prime Minister, or must the probably requires that our executive officers responsibilities. The currency of this "inde proceed in accordance with a coherent, con pendence" movement is partly due to the agreement be submitted to the Senate as a treaty? (2) Did the President have the au sistent interpretation of the law to the ex Watergate experience. Many people called tent that it is administratively possible to not only for a cleansing of the Department thority to dispose of the 50 destroyers, and but for the removal of the potential for if so, on what conditions? (3) Did the stat do so. It is thus desirable for the President abuse forevermore. In 1976, President Car utes of the United States forbid delivery to entrust the final responsibility for inter ter made the subject a part of the national of such war vessels by reason of the belllig pretations of the law to a single officer or debate by proposing during his campaign erent status of Great Britain? department. The Attorney GenP,ral is the one that the Attorney General be appointed for Although each of these issues was difficult, officer in the Executive Branch who is charged a term of between five and seven years, with Jackson answered each in the affirmative in by law with the duty of advising the others removal occurring only upon Congressional an opinion issued on August 27, 1940, and about the law and of representing the inter a.nd Presidential approval. the exchange was made. But a respectable, ests of the United States in general litiga Discussions about the role of the Attorney though by no means unanimous, body of tion in which questions of law arise. The General and his need for independence from legal opinion in the United States thought task of develooing a single, coherent view of policy matters are not new to the political that Jackson had gone too far in accommo the law is entrusted to the President him scene. From the inception of the office of dating the law to the exigencies of politics. self, and by delegation of the Attorney Gen Attorney General, in the Judiciary Act of A somewhat different account of limited eral generally. That task is consistent with 1789, there has been ambiguity about the independence of an attorney general is re the nature of the office of Attorney General. role, and disagreement about the independ ported in Francis Biddle's account of the Moreover, with a few rather significant ex ence, of the Attorney General. The Judciary internment of Japanese in World War II. ceptions, the Attorney General is removed Act described the functions of the office in Biddle, Attorney General under Roosevelt, from the policy-making and policy imple terms seemingly without relation to the pol stated that at the time of the internment mentation processes of government, and this icy-making, politically-rooted tasks of the proposal he thought the program "111-advised, is especially true when he deals with legal rest of the Executive Branch: unnecessary, and unnecessarlly cruel.'' How questions that arise in the administration of ". . . to prosecute and conduct all suits in ever, he did not so advise the President, and departments other than his own. It makes the Supreme Court in which the United the Justice Department subsequently de sense to assign the task of making definitive States shall be concerned, and to give his fended the action successfully before the legal judgments to an officer who ls not re advice and opinion upon questions of law Supreme Court. Biddle explained that he quired, as a general matter, to play a decisive when required by the President of the United "was new to the Cabinet, and disinclined to role in the formulation of policy. Such an States, or when requested by heads of any insist on my view to an elder statesman officer enjoys a comparative advantage over of the departments, touching any matters [Secretary of War Stimson] whose wisdom policymakers in the discharge of the law that may concern their departments." and integrity I greatly respected.'' giving function. The opinion-giving responsib111ty of the A final 111 ustra tion of the pressures on an Therefore. some haue sugge!:ted that the Attorney General was for "questions of law" attorney general when a President seeks a independence of the Attorney General should only. Moreover, President Washington's let legal opinion on a course of action he deems be increased and secured institutionally, ter to Edmund Randolph urging him to be to be necessary took place during the 1962 within the limits imposed by the Constitu come Attorney General, indicates he was Cuban miEsile crisis. President Kennedy had tion. It has been suggested that an executive seeking a skilled, neutral expounder of the determined to take some action, but there order could be issued that would endorse law rather than a political adviser: was concern whether Soviet ships bearing the concept that the Attorney General must "The selection of the fittest character to arms to Cuba could be stopped and searched, be free to. exercise independent judgment 1n expound the laws, and dispense justice, has since a blockade is normally considered an his litigating function and in his counseling been the invariable object of my anxious act of war. The question posed to Attorney function, subject only to the constitutional concern. I mean not to flatter when I say General Robert Kennedy was whether the prerogatives of the President. Such an Order that considerations like these have ruled in ship searches could be denominated a "quar could provide that the Attorney Genera.l's the nomination of the attorney general of antine," and thus be a lawful defensive meas opinions on questions of law, as O!)posed to the United States, and that my private ure short of war. Because of time pressures, questions of policy, would be binding in 12732 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 certeJ.n circumstances. It could establish re spurred the entry of a never-ending "undocumented alien" instead of "illegal moval procedures that would require the stream of illegals into this country. This allen," despite the fact that the former President to justify the removal of an Attor flood, if not stopped, threatens to -sap term ls a misnomer. There are "lllegal allens" ney General because of differences of opinion who are documented and "legal aliens" who ov~r questions of law. It might also include our country of many millions of dollars an expiration provision, terminating the of fraudulently-collected benefits under are undocumented. Criminal investigators Ord.er on the inauguration of President Car various programs. Mr. Richard W. have been told to drop the public use of the ter's successor, but the order could be a model Walker, a constituent of mine and a word "criminal" !tom their official job title for future admln.lstratlons. I haven't reached 6-year veteran criminal investigator with established by the U.S. Civil Service Com any conclusions as to whether I would rec the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization mission. Exclusive of allen stnuggllng, what ommend to Preslden t Carter that he issue Service, recently offered his assessment enforcement occurs in the interior cities of such an Executive Order. However, as we dis of the Carter administration's illegal the United States occurs in spite of and not cuss a.nd decide the future role of the Depart alien policy in an article in the San Diego because of any support from the president ment of Justice, careful consideration must Tribune. and commissioner Castlllo. Nowhere in the be given to this problem. Castmo or Carter proposals is any mention In the Bakke case and in some other in I commend this article to my col of increased efforts at removal of the mil stances, I have played an important role as leagues for the excelJent inside look it llons of megal aliens presently in the a buffer between our truly independent llti takes at a difficult problem as viewed by United States. gatlng lawyers in the Department of Justice, one who must cope with this problem including the Sollcitor General and his staff, every day. Castlllo proposes a stepping up of the and other government officials outside the naturalization applications of legal resident Department of Justice. In these specific in I commend Mr. Walker's candor, and allens so that they may more quickly im stances, I think I have been successful in should I find his forthrightness is re migrate immediate famlly members and preserving the independent positions taken warded in the same fashion General delay the present periods of required de by our Justice Department lawyers. A re Singlaub's was, I plan to battle this ad parture for 1llegal alien famlly members fined definition of the Attorney General's ministration tooth and nail in his behalf. already in the United States in violation of role ln such disputes ls something that ls AN IMMIGRATION MAN SPEAKS 0uT law. This proposal is clearly aimed at reward clearly needed as we decide our charter for (By Richard W. Walker) ing those who have violated both United the tuture. I have been employed for the last six years States criminal and administrative law. In I have mentioned a number of important with the U.S. Immigration and Naturaliza conjunction wtih the administration's pro questions tonight that deserve careful con tion Service as a criminal investigator. posal to create various new categories of sideration as we re-examine what the role of non-deportable allens, the president and the Attorney General and the Department The recent request of Immigration and of Justice should be in the future. Although Naturallzation Commissioner, I.-eonel Castillo, commissioner Castmo have provided the long our cllent ls the Government, in the end to the Attorney General regarding short-term sought key to law enforcement. megal we serve a more important constituency: the action to reduce the number of lllegal allens activity can be reduced to a "mere frac American People. As the President seeks to to a "mere fraction of the current number" tion" by simply legalizing that activity. make our increasingly complex Federal Gov parallels in its logic the Carter administra castlllo proposes raising the ce111ng on le ernment more responsive to the needs of the tion's allen package now pending in Con gal immigration from Mexico from 20,000 per people, we must improve the performance of gress. A close examination of these proposals year, the maximum quota limitation possi the Government's lawyers, including the De refl.ects that they wlll not stem the flow of b111ty for every other country in the world, partment of Justice. I hope we can do that 1llegals into the United States, nor ls there to 50,000. What justification is there for con in part by developing a clear concept vf just going to be any concerted effort by this ad sidering such a privilege for Mexico? Do the what the role of the Attorney General, the ministration or the Castillo leadership to remainder of the world's countries not con Justice Department, and indeed, the Govern stop that flow. ment lawyer, should be. tain persons equally desirous and qual11led Castillo's proposal to hire 500 new Border to immigrate to this country? Under present We covered a lot of history tonight. I Patrol officers for the next three years is laws, this country accepts a half milllon new don't know if you've been as fascinated listen needed. However, even if deployed solely ing to the history of the Department as I legal immigrants per year, far more than along the 2,000 mile unfenced southern bor any country in the world. There ls no quota have been ln researching it and telllng the der of the United States, this increased per story. I must share one llttle tidbit with you Umitation on the numbers of spouses, minor as an aside. I was very pleased to learn that sonnel will not create a substantial new children, and parents of United States citi the Attorney General when the Department obstacle to mega.I entry. This ls not to de zens who may immigrate. of Justice was created, A. T. Akerman, was mean the heroic efforts of our Border Patrol Practical support for family planning ln from Georgia. I admit that I subsequently officers. The present Chula Vista, Calif., Mexico and increased economic investment discovered that he was born in New Hamp Border Patrol Sector now apprehends as in Mexico as proposed by Castlllo may be shire, but he moved to Georgia at an early many as 1,000 megals per day. Being caught welcomed by some in that country. However., age and grew up there. Whlle that rather once only means that the alien will have to coming from an administration that appears slgnlfl.cant fact doesn't have much to do with try aga.in until he eventually succeeds. The unable to curb domestic infl.ation, or decrease tonight's speech, lt was an important dis Border Patrol now apprehends no more than unemployment, especially among blacks, covery for an amateur Georgia historian. His one out -of every three illegal entrants. such efforts would surely make an insign11l lack of fame in Georgia ls no doubt the re Increased enforcement of the service's cant dent in the economic and population sult of his having been appointed Attorney antlsmuggllng effort ls needed, but only as General by President Grant shortly after problems of that country. At present, 40 per one aspect of the enforcement prograll!. The cent of Mexico's population ls unemployed or what we in the South sometimes call the War present increase of anti-smuggling activity of Northern Aggresslon.e underemployed. At the present birthrate that to the near abandonment of any emphasis country will double its present 65 milllon on other investigative enforcement activity population in the next twenty years. A time ls a "sop" being tossed to the American bomb is ticking across our southern border publlc in the name of enforcement of the that will not be stllled by the location of • THE CARTER IMMIGRATION POL immigration laws: Remove every alien few new factories in the interior of Mexico. smuggllng ring from operation and the tide ICY-AN INSIDER'S OPINION No other country in tht;l world would tol of humanity wlll continue without hesita erate such blatant violation of the integrity tion. The expressed commitment to the anti of its borders. A physical barrier, a fence, smuggling effort in conjunction with pro HON. CLAIR W. BURGENER must be constructed along the southern bor OF CALIFORNIA posals for increased enforcement of labor, safety, and wage law violations by employers der of this country and secured by as many IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVF.S border personnel as are necessary. Until our who habitually hire.1llegal aliens ls laudable. Thursday, May 4, 1978 borders are secure, no program will succeed. However, as isolated programs they are Serious consideration must be given to a • Mr. BURGENER. Mr. Speaker, the aimed at the exploiters of 1-llegal aliens, not counterfeit-resistant national identity card. President's proposals for dealing with the 1llegal aliens themselves. Remove the lllegal Remarkably, the government which now doc alien and you remove the source of exploita illegal alien problem were an utter dis uments its population from cradle to grave tion. in the form of Social Security Cards, drivers aster when they were put forward last The present I&NS leadership must be licenses, welfare, medical, and food stamp year. The President's suggestion for a described as anti-enforcement. Service cards etc. is reluctant to recommend naitonal wholesale amnesty for illegal aliens has omcers have been ordered to use the term identUlcation u proof of the right to re- May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12733 celve all of those benefits. There must be a commun~ty by the larger society. It does not "public" interests is sort of like that commitment to the enforcement of the im exempt any professor from discrimination on between black hats and white hats in a migration laws presently in existence. This the basis of ideological or political views. TV western, nobody seems to be able to means an increased efforts to remove illegal As a state school, Maryland University pinpoint just what a special interest is. aliens presently in the United States. should be responsive to the citizens who sub or for that matter, who. The "knowing" employment of Ulegal sidize its operations. For the university to aliens must be made a criminal violation with plant this Marxist on the top rung of its A recent essay in Newsweek, by writer penalties severe enough to deter such activ department of government ls to kick its bene Tom Bethell, explored the possibilities of ity. If such proposals are not acceptable to factors in the teeth. And the taxpayers have what all those journalists and commen the American population, then a new Immi every right to kick back at budget time. tators are talking about when they refer gration and Nationality Act is needed. Service As anticipated, the busybodies of the Amer to the "powerful special interests." I was policy as set by the present leadership and ican Association of University Professors parachuted into the conflict. In a letter of both entertained and enlightened by the Judicial interpretation have emasculated author's thoughts on the subject, and I the law to the point where the immigration surpassing ·arrogance-one Jordan Kurland of controls of this country can only be termed the association penned this epistle to Mary wanted to share his words with my col as hypocritical and chaotic.e land's Gov. Blair Lee: "Fundamental to aca leagues. demic freedom . . . is the principle that the THE "PusLIC INTEREST" LoBBY appointments of professors should not be ( By Tom Bethell) influenced by their political views but should be based on their academic qualifications as From time to time we are told that the MARYLAND DOES NOT NEED A scholars and teachers." "special interests" exercise an undue influ MARXIST Nonsense. A Catholic university should ence over our lives. President Carter has d.lscriminate in its philosophy department used the phrase often. So has Common Cause, against any professor found speaking up for a Washington-based "citizen's lobby." Jour abortion on demand. A Baptist school has nalists have sometimes taken up the refrain. HON. ROBERT E. BAUMAN every right to fire a closet socialist teaching a In a New York Times column early this year OF MARYLAND materialistic view of life. And no Jewish col entitled "Does the System Work?" James IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.SENTATIVF.S lege is under any obligation to ret.ain or tol Reston suggested that the answer might be no because of the threat posed by "special Thursday, May 4, 1978 erate anti-Semites in the faculty or student body. interest lobbies." e Mr. BAUMAN. Mr. Speaker, my Of late our academicians, like my brother Special interests are often contrasted with good friend Pat Buchanan has a re Journalists, have come to see themselves as something called "the public interest," which markable ability to articulate the views a new priestly class in the secular society is always spoken of highly. Why special in free to carp, criticize and condemn with im terests are bad and the public interest la of many Americans on many issues. He good is not immediately apparent. It has has done so for many Marylanders who punity from their privileged sanctuaries of the college campus and the city room. Yet puzzled Sen. Mark Hatfield of Oregon, for have been dismayed to learn that the when roasted politicians respond in kind, one. He said in a Senate debate last year: University of Maryland is considering suggesting that some of our academics and "I hope the sponsors [ of campaign-financing the appaintment of an avowed Marxist Journalists are political imbeciles who can't legislation) will identify who they think are as head of the Department of Govern park a bicycle straight, we are invariably special interests. Furthermore, I hope they ment and Politics. treated to pious lectures about the First will define for us what they mean by the Amendment and academic freedom. term 'public interest.' And I hope they will I have taken the time to read some show us where the two are inconsistent.'' of the writings of the professor in ques If Ollman were up for chairman of the He received no reply. department of chemistry, his political views tion and have found him to be not only would be of no relevance. But that ls not the Jimmy Carter is not the first President a militant Marxist but a radical ac case. He is an individual With an ideological to sound the "special interest" alarm. Theo tivist seeking coverts to a political and slant on history, economics and politics ab dore Roosevelt invoked the phrase; and after economic philosophy that most Ameri horrent to the majority of Americans. And him Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman. cans find totally objectionable. In one there is no obligation on the part of Mary Roosevelt had in mind such capitalists as of his writings he openly attacks the landers to subsidize the propagation of his J. P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller, who political faith at their state university.e admittedly succeeded in cornering a dispro Christian religion. portionate share of the wealth. over the While such views may not be popular, years, the phrase seems to have maintained anyone should have the right in this the same meaning. For instance, Woodrow country to express his thoughts. But Wilson said tha4; "the business of govern THE PUBLIC INTEREST LOBBY ment is to organize the common interest there is certainly no obligation on the against the special interests." President car part of the taxpayers of Maryland to ter would have substituted the word "peo hire and pay for this kind of person in HON. BILL CHAPPELL, JR. ple's" for "common." a major academic post at our State uni OF FLORmA NO PAT PHRASES versity. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.SENTATIVES Who, then, are the special interests? I I have urged Dr. Wilson Elkins, presi Thursday, May 4, 1978 sought a definition from Common Cause, dent of the university, to veto this pos which has specialized in criticizing special sible nomination. Let the professor get e Mr. CHAPPELL. Mr. Speaker, all of interests. "It's hard to put it in a pat his own soapbox without Maryland tax us, drowning in the daily flood of incom phrase," a spokesperson told me. "Basically, payers footing the bill. ing mail, are subjected several times per it's business, labor and professional groups. The article follows: hour with pleas not to succumb to this Anything not in the public interest." That or that---or all-so-called "special inter seemed to embrace almost everyone except MARYLAND NEEDS A MARXIST? children. Certainly Rockefeller would have ests." It's difficult to pick up the editorial been surprised to learn that 40 years after (By Patrick J. Buchanan) page of any newspaper or magazine WASHINGTON.-The University of Maryland his death, "labor" would be perceived as a has Just nominated an avowed Marxist so without finding reference to those same special interest. cialist to chair the department of government "special interest" groups. With all of the I requested a clarification from David and politics. The professor ls Bertell Ollman, words being generated about such enti Cohen, the president of Common Ca\18e. a 42-year-old scholar of impressive creden ties, I have come to recognize that it is He reassured me that labor was indeed a tials, an avowed Marxist, but no Communist. a broadly used title, but not a very special interest. "There is a plethora of spe or so he contends; and the usual progressive meaningful one. Even though I have been cial interests," Cohen added. "Education can forces are circling the wagons in support of bombarded with warnings about the ne be a special interest, health can be a special his appointment. farious objectives and overwhelming interest. It has come to mean people who Can a man be both an exponent of aca power of the "special interests,'' I have advocate specific interests, usually with great demic freedom and an opponent of Oilman's nomination. The answer, simply, is yes. yet to see the term defined consistently. skill, resources and money." Academic freedom is nothing more than What indeed is a "special interest"? The suggestion is that when people are the freedom of a scholar to inquire, to study, Or, more to the Point, what-really-is concerned enough to organize themaelvee to teach, in the arena of his acknowledged its counterpart, the so-called "public around particular isaues, that interest la not expertise. It is not a constitution right. It interest"? Other than the vague idea a legitimate one because lt amounts to a •lf• la a prlvilep, conferred upon the academic that the difference between "special" and intereat. It la not aurprlalDC, howeftl', that 12734 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 most people are so organized because most OUR NATION'S "FIGHT FOR INDE from the French West Indies. This strangled people are paid by one boss to work in one PENDENCE" CHRONICLED IN MY trade between the colonies, mainly those of specific field-for example, making automo AMERICA ARTICLES BY ED SALT, New England, and the French West Indies. It biles, or selling them. In this respect they are also imposed a tax on foodstuff and lumber, to be contrasted with public-interest law AWARD-WINNING YOUNGSTOWN, and contained provision for strict enforce yers, who are collectively financed by small omo, JOURNALIST ment. donors and given a vague mandate to "re The next year Parliament approved the form" society. HON. CHARLES J. CARNEY Stamp Act which required a government UNDUE INFLUENCE? stamp on all legal documents, newspapers OF OHIO and licenses to help support British troops The charge that the special interests are IN THE_HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES which were "protecting the colonists." unduly influential might be true if the num Colonial protests were bitter and reaction ber of beneficiaries of legislation they lntlu Thursday, May 4, 1978 violent. Stamp distributors were the targets enced were small. But they are not. Con • Mr. Mr. will of demonstrations. Some stamp distributors sider the automobile. It ls estimated that CARNEY. Speaker, as you were hung in effigy, some were forced to resign one out of six workers in the country has a recall, I recently commented on the fine and some had to flee for their lives. Stores job in some way dependenil on the automo series of articles discussing the greatness of tax stamps were destroyed. bile. Or oil-an oft-criticized "special inter of our Nation which were forwarded to Sons of Liberty clubs were organized and est." The six largest on companies have 14.3 me by Mr. Ed Salt. soon there was a network of them through mllllon shareh<:>lders, who, compared with At that time, I inserted the first ·ar out the colonies. These groups erected John D. Rockefeller's tightly held trusts, con Liberty Poles in various places as rallying stitute an enormously broadened on inter ticle of this award-winning series in -the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. I am pleased to places and as symbols of their resistance to est. It should not be surprising that such British acts. constituencies as these find a sympathetic present another of Mr. Salt's articles to Massachusetts proposed an lntercolonlal ear in Congress. day. This article, "Fight for Independ congress to take action against the Stamp What is surprising ls that the far smaller ence, Part I," is the first of 13 articles Act. The protests, demonstrations· and re public-interest lobbies should have suc which chronicle the beginnings of our slstence affected business between the ceeded in putting the vast majority on the Nation. I believe that these timely and colonies and the Mother Country. defensive. They have done this by appearing Early in 1766, when London merchants in the guise not of self-interested lobbyists informative articles deserve the atten tion and consideration of all of us. realized the value of their exports to the but of disinterested "reformers," roaming all American colonies had dropped about 15 per over the political landscape to seek out "con [From the Boardman News, July 7, 1977] cent, they petitioned Parliament to repeal the filct of interest," which, by default, .they FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE, 1-"MY AMERICA" Stamp Act. Its repeal was given royal ap alone define. We should bear in mind that (By Ed Balt) proval less than a year after it was enacted.e such people have a "vested interest" in per suading us that "the system doesn't work." Two hundred years ago the United States One result of their endeavors is that of America celebrated its first birthday. But "polltics" gets a bad name. The competition there was no assurance that it would cele for legislative favor among special-interest brate its second. LEAA AND THE FINGERPRINT groups is almost a definition of politics. Reso The actual fight for independence began MACHINE lution of these competing interests calls for with the battles of Lexington and Concord, compromise. Thus, politics ls "the art of Mass., on April 19, 1775. Fighting would con compromise." But now this art ls_often iden tinue for six and a haJf years, and nearly two HON. HENRY J. HYDE tified with corruption. By contrast, the pub more years would elapse before the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war in the fall of OF ILLINOIS lic-interest advocate ls virtuously tagged IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "uncompromising," as though that were the 1783. only moral posture. It ls well to remember While the war began at Lexington and Thursday, May 4, 1978 that an uncompromising person can be dis Concord, the feud between colonists and the dainful of the interests of others. Mother Country had been going on for many, • Mr. HYDE. A few weeks ago, Cissi Politics deserves a better press than it many years. Falligant, an extremely capable reporter gets. Sen. s. I. Hayakawa made this point Early in colonial history, England, as she for the Suburban Trib, a suburban well in a debate last year: "Disgusted with did in other parts of her empire, sought to newspaper in my district, called my at politicians," he said, "some people from time protect British business and industry. Colo tention to a serious situation. to time yearn for government without poli nies could furnish the Mother County with all kinds of raw materials, but they were Since September 19'72, an extremely tics. Sometimes, to their dismay, they get it, sophisticated $1.3 million fingerprint as in Soviet Russia, Poland and North Korea, llmited in what they could manufacture and where the poli tlcal process has been where they bought their supplies. identification machine, purchased with abolished." In 1651 Parliament decreed that no goods Law Enforcement Assistance Adminis Public-interest groups want to minimize could be shipped to England, Ireland, or to tration funds, has been sitting unused English colonies except in English, Irish or and crated in the Illinois Bureau of or abolish the influence of special-interest colonial ships manned primarily by subjects groups in the political arena. Common of the English commonwealth. Identification in Joliet. cause's favorite cause, the public financing There was a loophole in this provision, When the $1.3 million grant was of Congressional elections would have this however. Colonial ships could take material awarded to lliinois, the State committed effect. Candidates would ~ financed with public money-pure and untainted. In fact, from the colonies and sell to other countries, $451,000 to pay 31 people to convert then buy supplies there to bring back to the the State's 1.1 million fingerprints into candidates would be financed roughly in the colonies. same way that Common Cause ls financed. the computer. Third, it was a serious blow of the rum If things had proceeded as planned, Donations from groups would be replaced by industry, particularly in New England, which donations from individuals-that ls, tax used large quantities of molasses to man Illinois would have been one of three payers. This change would undoubtedly ufacture rum. It also hit the New England law enforcement agencies in the world make politicians more responsive to the goals to own what criminologists call the most of the reformers. and middle colonies which exported huge amounts of fish, flour, lumber and horses sophisticated fingerprint identification POWER SHIFTS to the French, Dutch and Spanish West equipment in the world. In addition to We should bear in mind that reforms Indies, receiving "hard cash" and molasses Illinois, Scotland Yard and the Royal -.... do not eliminate power, they merely reform in return. Canadian Mounted Police own such a it, to give the word its root meaning of Another effect was that it promoted smug If in "reshape." "There's no question that we're gling, and smuggling became a big business system. the system were full opera trying to shift some power relationships all along the Atlantic coast. It became so im tion in lliinois, it would save $500,000 a around," Cohen candidly admitted, although portant that in 1775 the British government year by reducing the necessary number of he did not go so far as to say that he was ordered writs of assistance to be used in :fingerprint technicians. trying to-channel power in his direction. Massachusetts. Why is the niinois machine sitting That would be the practical effect, however. Under these writs, customs officials could idle and crated in Joliet? Public-interest groups have a "special inter call on local authorities to enter warehouses The reason is quit.e simple, a.nd no est" in reforming society. The public interest and private homes without search. warrants, doubt simiJar instances have happened vs. the special interests is not a contest be to look for smuggled goods. Within a few in tween righteousness and corruption. It is years writs were used in Boston to seize 1lllc1t other States. The $1.3 million grant simply a power struggle. A comparatively cargoes. One of the largest was a cargo from was applied for by lliinois Governor small clerical class of bureaucrats, professors Holland valued at 10,000 British pounds Ogllvie's administration which also com and public-interest lawyers stands to gain (roughly $50,000 in American money). mitted $451,000 in State funds to run the even more power than it already has-at the Needing more money for the royal treas machine. The funds were received from expense of "the special interests," which ls ury, Parliament, in 1764, adopted the Sugar LEAA in late 1972 and conversion be to say, you a.nd me.e Act which imposed duty on sugar imported gan in early 1973. May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12735 A new Governor, Daniel Walker. took RECENT ms ACTION FINANCIALLY cember ·31, 1978, and prevent the IRS office in 1973 and would not honor the CRIPPLING TO SELF-EMPLOYED from changing these practices for an commitment made by his predecessor. other 2 years. The current Governor, James Thomp I feel that H.R. 12451 will provide Con son, is faced with the problem of find HON. HERBERT E. HARRIS II gress the time needed to complete the ing a use for the equipment which, in in OF VIRGINIA study on the tax treatment of the self flated 1978 :figures, represents a loss of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES employed, and allow us to give full and $2 million. Thursday, May 4, 1978 complete consideration to this important My office. with the very capable assist policy matter. A major change in tax ance of Judiciary Committee. Counsel • Mr. HARRIS. Mr. Speaker, since the treatment such as this should be de Tom Boyd, has been working with the Internal Revenue Code was enacted in cided by Congress and not the IRS. I urge State of Illinois and LEAA in an attempt 1954, the classification of whether a per my colleagues to support this legislation. to place the machine elsewhere. I am · son was self-employed for tax purposes H.R.12451 follows: confident that a .solution will be found. has been determined by law. After 1975, H.R. 12451 the Internal Revenue Service began mak However, I am concerned about why A bill to disregard, for the purposes of certain ing this determination by issuing new tax taxes imposed by the Internal Revenue it happened in the first place. There ap rulings that reclassified many self-em Code of 1954 with respect to employees, parently has been little effective LEAA ployed individuals as employees, and de certain changes since 1975 in the treat monitoring of such grants for equip manded that they pay back taxes for the ment of individuals as employees ment. I should point out that under years they were allowed to file as inde Be it enacted by the Senate and House of the block grant concept, designed to pendent contractors. Representatives of the United States of maximize local control, there is pur America in Congress assembled, That, for the posely a lack of Federal interference This reclassification has resulted in period beginning on January 1, 1976, and once the grant grant is awarded. staggering tax assessments-and often ending on December 31, 1979, the deter double taxation-for many self-em mination of whether any individual is an Nevertheless, a costly and wasteful ployed persons. If allowed to continue, employee for the purposes of chapters 21 situation developed in minois which it could easily force millions of individ (relating to the Federal Insurance Contribu could have been prevented by carefully tions Act), 23 (relating to the Federal Un uals, including real estate agents, beau employment Tax Act), and 24 (relating to drawn language amending the Omnibus ticians, barbers, door-to-door salesper Crime Control Act. the collection of income tax at source on sons and gas station operators, out of wages), of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, I am introducing such an amendment business or into the bankruptcy courts. shall be made under audit practices and today. An analysis follows: I believe that these ms rulings reflect regulations which are not inconsistent with 1. Section 1 adds a new paragraph to sec a drastic reversal of more than 20 years the practices and regulations in effect De tion 519 ( 1) of the Omnibus Crime bill of cember 31, 1975.e 1968, which llsts materials contained in an of Treasury policy on the taxation of annual report by LEAA to the President and independent contractors, not to mention to Congress. The new paragraph mandates a dubious interpretation of the Internal that LEAA include with that report a de Revenue Code. FOREIGN TAKEOVER PRECEDES scription of equipment costing $100,000 or RELIEF NEEDED NOW PULLOUT more, as well as its current use status. On May 1, 1978, I introduced H.R. 2. Section 2 provides, in effect, the penalty 12451, a bill to revoke for 2 years ms section of the bill. It gives LEAA the au rulings that would reclassify certain in HON. JOSEPH M. GAYDOS thority to require a state Planning Agency dependent contractors as employees. The to refund the "federally assisted part" of the bill would prevent the from apply OF PENNSYLVANIA cost of any equipment purchased through ms IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVF.8 LEAA :which has not been placed in use ing new or duly-stated positions regard within one year after the stated date for the ing the classification of independent Thursday, May 4, 1978 commencement of such use. Furithermore, contractors are inconsistent with general • Mr. GAYDOS. Mr. Speaker, at a time the State is required to update its status audit practices in effect as of December when it seems everyone is rushing to throughout the "useful life" of the machin 31, 1975. welcome foreign investors to the United ery. "Fedel'ally assisted part" is referenced be This legislation will relieve self cause the funds which contribute to the States with open arms I would hope some purchase of the item may not come from employed persons from arbitrary and pause long enough to consider what can LEAA while still coming from the federal unfair IRS audits that have threatened happen through the takeover of an government. A State should not be per the collapse of many small businesses in American firm. mitted the loophole of Juggling these funds the past 3 years. Without this bill, self The following "letter to the editor," to keep from technically falling under this employed individuals could be assessed which appeared in the April 26 edition of legislation. retroactively for payroll, unemployment, the Daily News, McKeesport, Pa., cites 3. Section 3 adds a new paragraph nineteen withholding, and social security taxes, to section 303(a) of the current law. Section an example. It describes the plight of the 303 lists information which must be in meaning that they would have to pay the Copperweld Corp. plant in Glassport, cluded in the annual State plan outline sub same taxes twice on the same income Pa., a plant which is an economic main mitted to LEAA. To make certain the State once as an employer and once as an stay of that community. Three years ago divulges the status of equipment costing employee. We cannot and should not let Copperweld Corp. was taken over by $100,000, his new paragraph requires that this happen. H.R. 12451 will provide the Societe Imetal of France. Today, its the State make assurances to LEAA that the relief many independent contractors Glassport plant is in danger of a shut equipment has been put to practical use need now in order to stay in business. down or a drastic cut in production and within the time period stated. CONGRESS--NOT THE IRS-SHOULD DETERMINE employment. Because of the absence of such lan WHO IS SELF-EMPLOYED The letter follows: guage, it is impossible to determine how In response to the IRS rulings pro THE READERS ExPREss THEm VIEWS widespread the problem really is; $1.3 posed after 1975, House and Senate COPPERWELD PROBLEM million in taxpayers• money is now lost conferees on the Tax Reform Act of 1976 I am writing in reference to the recent to the State of lliinois. Are there sim recommended that Congress study the Business Mirror column by Michael L. Geczi, ilar situations throughout the country? issue of who may file as self-employed "U.S. Investment Polley Reaping Big LEAA does not know. for Federal tax purposes and resolve any Dividends." I urge my colleagues to check with ambiguities in the present law. Until this We in Glassport are not particularly en their State planning agencies arid de study is completed, I believe that self thralled by Mr. Geczl's celebration of the termine if equipment purchased with employed individuals must be protected $210 mlllion invested in a 67 percent share of "Pittsburgh's Copperweld Corp." by So LEAA funds is being properly utilized, or from arbitrary interpretations of the ciete Imetal of France. We are certain th&t is sitting idle. And I invite my col present law by the ms. My bill will pro Mr. Geczi is convinced that throwing hun leagues to join me in cosponsoring leg vide an interim solution by waiving any dreds of mlllions of dollars across oceans is islation designed to prevent a similar rulings dealing with the classification of good business. It enhances the bottom line waste of tax dollars in future LEAA ex independent contractors that conflict of most corporations, therefore it is good for penditures.• with those practices in effect as of De- most people. No so Mr. Editor. 12736 EXTENSIONS OP REMARKS May 4, 1978 In the case of Copperweld, a brief history THE NEED FOR QUIFT IS AN Of those airports answering, the resUlta 1a in order. The Copperweld Corp. was INTERNATIONAL CONCERN are as follows: founded in the mid 1920's in Rankin, Pa. It soon outgrew that raclllty. The company Number Percent moved to Glassport in 1928, moving into the HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL evacuated facll1t1es of Glassport Ax and Tool OF NEW YORK Fliaht and test restrictions______26 37 Oo. The company did prosper! It paid its Fliaht restrictions only______10 U ant dividend in 1935, some seven years after IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES moving to Glassport. The dividends have Thursday, May 4, 1978 i:~:s~~}~~i~:~-~~'!::======2~ 36 continued every year. Total______------70 100 Somehow over the years, without the help e Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker, many of Le Baron De Rothschlld ( Boctete Imetal) , countries around the world have recog thla factory in .Glassport did provide the nized that their citizens have a right The average duration of night flight a/o fUnds to procure a steel m111 in Warren, o., and a need to be free from the disruption test restrictions are from 11 P.M. to 6 A.M. which dwarfed the size of the.parent plant in to their lives which is caused by the con Night restrictions on flight operations go Glassport. A ftne wire plant was established tinual roar of aircraft engines, partl~u into effect as early as 9 P.M. at two faclllttes in OSwego, N.Y. A structural. tubing plant. [Stockholm-Arlanda and Copenhagen] and A capital investment in the .Glassport plant larly during the normal sleeping hours. as late as 1 :30 A.M. at Bremen EDDW Inter resulted in "Alumoweld," an aluminum clad It is at such times when the need for national Airport in Germany. w1J'e which found an 1mmed1a.te market peace and quiet is essential for the At Dusseldorf I.A., take-offs are forbidden world wide. · health and well-being of the public. between Midnight and 7 A.M. and landinp The result was Copperweld international For this reason, many foreign airport., between 1 A.M. and 7 A.M. with wire drawing faclllttes in Japan, Spain, have instituted night restrictions on air Kristta.nsand I.A., in Norway, has manda Brazil and everywhere in the world the wire craft operations. Curfews have been im tory noise abatement restrictions in effect 1a needed. All this expansion and growth during the entire time it ts open for traffic, posed on both night flight., and runup namely, Monday through Friday from 7 A.M. generated by a small plant (maximum 600 and warmup test.,. These are the find employees) in Glassport. SO astounding a to-Midnight and on Saturdays and Sundays growth could not escape notice. Enter Le ings of a survey conducted by the Town from 7 A.M. to 10:30 P.M. This airport has Baron De Ro.thschlld and Societe !metal. A Village Aircraft Safety and Noise Abate tts nearest population [IHJ,000) about 10% tenure offer was made, the battle enjoined. ment Committee of Lawrence, N.Y. In miles from its borders. . , The workers in the Glassport plant, the yesterday's RECORD, I inserted that Por Speclflc restrictions range from speclflc Warren plant, and other citizens of the area tion of the committee's report which take-off procedures, propeller driven aircraft who held Copperweld shares, were asked to only, use of specified runways, restrictions on deals with curfews imposed at our the number of Jet operations, no transit hold on to their shares. In the name of pa domestic airpart.,. Today I would like triotism and company loyalty the good folks flights, only with special authorization, only puaed up a chance for a good solid profit. to follow up . with the results relating noise certlfled aircraft to emergencies only. They did take up the flag to do battle With to foreign airports. At Manchester I.A., in England, the only air the Baron, in hopes of fending off a foreign The repart states that 37 percent of craft allowed to use the airport between 11 takeover. the airport., have restrictions now in P.M. and 7 A.M. are those who do not exceed They mounted buses, marched on Wash 102 PNdB. Their daytime noise limit ts 110 effect on both flight and test operations; PNdB. ington, a congressional panel was convened 14 percent have flight restrictions only in what was described in the Wall Street Night flight restrictions have been in effect .Journal aa a "fl.rehall in a grimey m111 ·town." and 13 percent have test restrictions from 1957 [Belize I.A., Belize, Honduras] to In attendance were federal officials, state of- only. As in the case of U.S. airport.,, the 1975 at Helslnk1-Ventaa I.A. in Hels1nk1, Pln 11.cSala, county officials, company officials, . typical restricted hours are from 11 land. unlon officials, all Joined in a common cause p.m. to 6 a.m. Several of the airports •. ·. a lost cause. We had amassed an army surveyed commented that they had Number Percent of Don Qulxotes to go against Baron Roths taken additional steps to reduce the ef chtlda' wind mllls. The results inevitable fect of noise from low-flying aircraft on Over 10 yr______9 25 the monied Wind mill ca.st us into the 5 to 10 yr______12 33 mire.•.• the surrounding papulace. For example, Tegel International AirPort in Berlin, ~~ ~!!n______f ~ What has happened to this former Ameri Germany, reparted that it has installed ------can Company and in particular the Glass Tota'-·------36 100 port Bimetallics plant should be of interest soundproof windows in all buildings in to Mr. Geczt who celebrates these foreign their approach and takeoff sectors. • takeovers. These findings lend support to my ENGINE BUN-UP .AND WARM-UP USTBICTIOMl!I The Glassport plant ts now in dire danger legislation, H.R. 70, the Airport Noise Ma.ny of the airports have regulations that of shutdown. According to officials, the plant CUrfew Act, which would establish a call for the use of mufflers on engine run-upa la obsolete, utlllties too high, labor costs nine-member commission to investigate and only in speclfled areas of the airport prohibitive, domestic market slow, competi the establishment of curfews on night that are farthest from the closest popula tion fierce, etc., etc., etc. Ma.y we note the men flight operations. The repart concludes tion areas. At some airports, run-ups require working in the plant did not cause its ob- that night restrictions are a feasible special perm18s1on from the airport director. 9C!lesence. The Copperweld products suffered At most airports, warm-ups are restricted u management neglect for years. short-term answer to the growing noise to length of tlme. We are told this 1a all happening in the pollution problem. Until such time as 35 or 50 percent of airports responding re name of hard business facts-The facts are all aircraft are manufactured according ported restrictions on engine run-ups a/o a profitable plant ts being closed for lust of to established specifications for the re- warm-ups. more and bigger profits. The questions of duction of noise, curfews may help to HolJ'BS or oPDATioN morality or patriotism are never brought up in these decisions. alleviate this problem which is so dis- Of those faclllttes responding, 58 or 80 per- turbing to the emotional and physical cent are <>pen for traffic 24 hours a day, seven These questions must be asked. When ,_ a1 "- days a week. One, Allee Springs I.A. in these corporations invest American money we 11 -bei ng of those liV.u..,,g near rpor.....,. Australia, ts normally open only during ctay- and technology in unstable third world Noise is truly an international con- llght hours but ts available for 24 hour op countries, are we to send our children to de cem, and airpart., both here in the eratton. fend their property? Wh~n an American United States and abroad have shown At Montreal Dorval I.A., Canada, turbo company bu1lds massive on tankers in Japan that night restrictions are an effective Jets are only accepted between 7:015 A.M. and mans them With Taiwanese sailors, with~ solution. I am inserting below the,second 10:55 P.M. With propeller driven aircraft ac Italian captain, under a Liberian flag are partion of the study on night restric- cepted 24 hours a day. American boys on American ships commit tions I trust m n 111 find it The normal hours of operation at Hong ted to protect them? It ts time the corpora · y CO eagues W . Kong I.A. are from 8:30 A.M. to Midnight. If tive heads.in their glass.. walled offices ponder as informative and impressive as the a carrier wishes to use the facllity bett,een these questions. Per~aps the halls of Con first: Midnight and 8:SO A.M., a written requeet greu and the Senate as wen as the White SuaVZT OJ' NIGHT RuTaICTIONS ON Amcurr must be made to the Director of C1v11 House should begin to ring With debate •vta- about these questions .... OPDATIONS AT AlBPOaTS TmtotJGHOUT THI: tion before Midnight and the reasons for WORLD · such a request must be fully explained. Th18 Mrs. Alu.Elu BcHINost, A total of 183 airports were sent question- · regulation has been 1n etrect for m.&J)Y Jean Mrs. MUNA RzTNoLDS, na1ree with replies received from 70 for a and reiterated in 1972. Glauport.e . return of 88% (Tabl~ a~. The average houn of operation of UloN May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OP REMARKS 12737 airports not open 24 hours a day ts from 6 should not be taken as an Indication that all rlers. They have a night curfew between AM. to 11 P.M. respondents are either equipped to, or nec 11: 30 P .M. and 6 A.M. They also allow no essarily willing to, accept the Concorde. engine run-ups or warm-ups between 10 Number Percent POPULATION OF AREA CLOSEST TO AIRPORT p.m. and 8 A.M. Bangkok I.A. Bangkok, Thailand reported Sidney [Kingsford-Smith] I.A. reported the that night restrictions are planned for the Open 24 hr a day...... 55 79 population close to the airport as 3,000,000. near future. They have a population of Other_ --····---·-·-·---·--·----··- 14 20 Dacca--1,000,000 to the north, 25,000,000 Not specified...... 1 1 40,000 within 5 Km. of the airport. to the south. Heavy populated area all Berlin Tegel I.A., Berlin, Germany re Total...... ------70 100 around. 12 airports or 17 percent are surrounded ported that the population around their by populations ranging from 200,000 to airport 1S also affected by operations at AVERAGE DAU.T OPERATIONS 600,000. Schoenefeld Airport ln East Berlin, and that The number of operations at the airports 23 or 33 percent are surrounded by popu they have installed sound proof windows In responding ranged from a low of 19 to a high lations ranging from 10,000 to 77,000. all buildings ln their approach and take-off of 900. 15 or 21 percent are surrounded by popu sectors. lations ranging from 1,000 to 10,000. Dusseldorf I.A., Dusseldorf, Germany With a population of 9,000 at their border ls work Number Percent 8 or 11 percent are surrounded by popu lations of less than 1,000 with 4 reporting ing to get land use restrictions enacted. less than 100. Aeroport Francios de Valier, Port Au 500 to 900 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 10 Prince, Haiti, normally closed from 10 P .M. 100 to 499 ••••...... •...•.•••••••• 49 70 12 or 17 percent of the airports did not report population data. to 6 A.M., commented that if they ever open 1 to 99 •. ·--·····-·-·-·-·-···-······- 14 20 for night traffic, they will consider night Total. ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 70 100 restrictions. Number Percent Bahrain I.A. State of Bahrain commented AVERAGE DAU.Y NIGHT OPERATIONS that the approach to their main runway 2 3 ls over the sea, but because of noise curfews 65 93 % reported night operations that Over 1,000 000 ••••••••••••••••••••••• or 0 12 17 ln Europe and the Far East, all their main ranged from a low of 1 to a high of 85. Two ff~~ 7~~~:::::::::::::::::::: 22 32 line scheduled traffic a.rrtves and departs were closed down completely at nlgb.t. 1,000 to 10,000 •• ----···-··----·····-· 15 22 Less than 1,000••••••••••••••••••••••• 8 11 at night. Other than Singapore I.A. (85 Not reporting .•••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 15 night operations), Bahrain has the second Number Percent highest amount of night operations [60). It Total. ••• ·-·--•••••••••• --•••• - 70 100 should be noted that Bahrain ls, at present, a 61 to 90 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 4 Distance of populated areas to airport: terminus for Concorde from London. _ 31 to 60. ·--···-····-········---·--·· 6 9 At boundary ••••••••••••••••••••• 13 19 Melbourne I.A., Tullamarlne, Victoria. II to 30 •••.•••.••...... ••• · ·-····--·· 61 87 · U lo 12 mi. •••..•.•.••••••.•.••• 47 67 Australia reported that land under the ap Not given •••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 14 proach paths ls clear or residential develop Total. ••••••••• ·-·-···--·-····- 70 100 Total. ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 70 100 ments for 4% miles execpt south of the &lr port where lt ls clear for only 2% miles. TYPE OF AIRCRAIT ACCEPTED GENERAL COMMENTS RECEIVED Allee Springs Airport, Northern Ter The. type of aircraft accepted ranged all ritory, Australla Indicated that they are the way from small private planes up to Matquetia I.A., La Ouaira, Venezuela, open separated from the nearest town, popula B747's etc., With 2 [Bahrain I.A. and Bor 24 hours a day, With average dally traffic at tion of 10, by 9 miles and a range of hills. deaux I.A. J accepting Concorde's. 180, and 11 night operations, Indicated that The land around the airport was purchased by government decree, there ls a land use 51 or 73 percent accept all types of aircraft by the government for a dust eradication but ~co I.A., Wlnnlpeg I.A., and Lagos/ program ln effect. Nairobi I.A. In Nairobi, Kenya reported no project and Will exclude building on the Murtala Muhammed speclftcally noted "all property. except Concorde". residential areas close to ftlght paths, yet tb.ey have a restriction on engine run-ups Dacca IA ls going to be shifted 5 miles 16 or 23 percent of the airports respond (not more than 50 percent power at all NE of persent site. Restrictions will be con ing said they were not equipped to accept times J. They are open 24 hours a day with an sidered, if necessary, after new faclllttes the larger aircraft. average of 100 dally operations and 16 night open. 1 respondent did not specify types of air operations. Essendon Airport has a noise abatement craft accepted. Oslo I.A., Fornebu, Norway commented committee with representatives of the com It should be noted that while no question that they work closely with a community munity, town planners, airport authority was specifically asked about Concorde, this noise abatement committee and the car- and airlines.
TABLE 3.-NIGHT RESTRICTIONS AT FOREIGN AIRPORTS
Ai1ht Enaine warm Ai1ht Enaine warm restrictions, up A~ run-up restrictions, up A/0 run-up ni1ht hours restrictions niaht hours restrictions
I Coolid1e IA, Sl John's Anti1ua •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Ruahaffen-Hambur1 IA.1.Hambur1, Germany ••••••••••••••••••• X Jan Smuts IA, Johannesbor1, Republic of South Africa ______Stutt1att IA, Stutt1art, '"41rmany ••••••• ------·-····-~---·····------ Dr. Albert Plesman IA, Curlel(!_l Netherlands, Antilles •••••••••• X X Timehri IA, East Bank Demorara1 Guyana ••••••••••-----·····------····---- Princess Beatrix IA1 Aruba, Nemerlands, Antilles. __ •• ·--·-·····-____ •••••• __ Aeroport Francois Ou Valier, Port au Prince, Haiti.. •••••••••••• X Bahrain IA, State or Bahrain ••••••• ·------' DublinBelize IA,IA Belize,Dublin, HondurasIreland ______•••• ------X • X Melvourne IA, Tullamarine, Victoria, Australia •• ·------·······-·----·---- x 1 Perth IA, PerthA Western Australia ••••••••••••• ______x Shannon 1A, Limerick, lreland ••••-----···------···-----·-····------ Alice Sprinp I , No~ffn Territory, Australia ••• ~------Ben Gurion IA, Ben Gurion Airport, Israel ••••••••••••••••••••• X Sldney (Kinpford-Sm1th) IA, Mascot. N.S.W., Australia ••••••••• X x Napoli Airpo~ N.a11oli, Italy ••.-~------············ Essendon Airport. North Essendon, Australia ••••••••••••••••••• X X Leonardo DaV1nc1, Roma-Fium1c1no, Italy ______X Santa Maria IA, Snata Maria, Azores, Portu1at. ______Osaka IAl Osaka, Japan ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• X • X Nassau IAT Nassau, Bahamas •••••• ______-·------•• ____ •• ______Nairobi IA, Nairobi. Kenya ••••• ------····--··------······-·-·-·-···-· X Dacca IA, ~~aon, Dacca-IS, Ban1ladesh. _------X Sinppore (Paya LebarJ, Sin1apore, Maylasia ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Cllpry IA, ~ary, Alberta, canada •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Rotterdam IAI Rotterdam, Netherlands •••••••••••••••••••••••• X X Wlnnif:1 I\ 1nnipecfj Manitoba, canada ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• X Christchurch A Christchurch, New Zealand ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• X Toron IA, oronto, ntario, canada ______X Las Mercedes IA,1 Manaqua, Nicaraqua •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Montreal (Dorval) IA, Dorval Providence of Quebec, canada ••••• X . x La1os/Murtala Muhammed, lkeja, Ni1eria ••••••••••• .: ••••••••••••••••••••••• Edmonton IAA Edmonton, Alberta, canada ______1 Hon1 Kon1 I :z. (Kai Taki, Kowloont Hon1 Kon1------X X s:rcm. :::..:::.nN~c;:a~:======·======:======· x·· -- ·· ·· · - · x Eldorado IA, ts010ta, Columbia, S."····------·· x Kristiansand IA, Kjevic, ~orway •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• X X Ernesto Cortisspz IA, Barranquilla, Columbia •••••••••• ------Stavan1er Airport. Sola, Norway •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Copenha1en Airport, Kastrup, Denmark ______X X Tocumen IA, Republic of Panama •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• X X Birmin1ham IA, Birmin1hamtUnited Kin1dom ______X Puerto Rico IA, San Juan, Puerto Rico •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• X Manchester IA, Manchester, nlland ••• ______, __ X X Khartoum Airport, Democratic Republic of Sudan ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Luton IA, LutonA Bedfordshire, Enatand •••• ------X X Stockholm-Arlanda IA, Stockholm; Sweden •••••••••••••••••••• X Bole IA, Addis baba, Ethiopia ••••••••• ______; ______Zurich IA, Zurich, Switzerland ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• X X Helsink1-Vantaa IA, Helsinki-Vantaa-Lento, Finland ••••••••••••• X X Aeror.ort de Geneve, Geneve, Switzerland ••••••••••••••••••••• X X Base -Mulhouse, Basel, Switzerland ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• X X BerlinBordeaux T'rl IA, IA,Merianac, Berlin, Germany"France ••• ______------x x Co101ne/ nn IAI Co101ne/Bonn, Germany ______X x Bremen (EDDWJ A, Bremen..c.Germany ______X X Dusseldorf IA, Dusseldorf '"41rmany. ______x X x 1 it-1f.tlif~t:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Frankfort/Main IA, Frankrort, West Germany ______X X Edinbur1h Airport, Edinbur1ht Scotland ••••••••••••••••••••••• X X Munich-Rian IA, Munich, Germany ______X X Vancouver IA, British Columbia, Canada •••••••••••••••••••••• X X Nurnbera IA, Numbera, Germany ______x SCbiphol Airport, Schiphol Airport, Netherlands •••••••••••••••• X
I Normally-doled it nllhL 12738 EXTENSIONS OP REMARKS May 4, 1978 TABLE 4.-POPULATION OF HEAVIEST IMPACTED AREAS AND DISTANCE FROM AIRPORT-FOREIGN AIRPORTS
Distance Population Distance Population
Jan Smuts Airport, Johannesbor1, Republic of South Africa ______1 km ______30.t,.~· Nurnber1 Airport, Nurnber1, Germany ______7 km ______1,000. Coolid1e IA, Sl John's, Anti1ua •• ------4 mi______5,uuu. Au1haffen Hambur1 Airport, Hambur1, Germany ______Not 1iven ••••• Not 1iven. Dr. Albert Plesman Airport, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles ______6 mi______21,.000 homes. Stutt1art Airport, Stutt1art. Germany ______do______Do. Princess Beatrix Airport, Aruba, Netherlands Antilles ______~ nmi______l:>,000. Timehri IA, East Bank Demorara, Guyana ______2 mi______20. Bahrain IA, State of Bahrain ••• ------2 mi______Not 11iven. Aeroport Francois Du Valier Port Au Prince, Haiti.______6 mi______!~· Melbourne Airport, Tullamarine, Victoria, Australia ______.______2~ mi. •••••• 10,000. Belize IA, Belize, Honduras •• ------~ mi______IIIJU. Perth Airport, Perth, Western Australia ••• ------~ ------At border _____ 30,000. Dublin Airport, Dublin, Ireland ______2 mi______35.t~· Alice Spnn1s Airport, Northern Territory, Australia ______9 mi. ______10. Shannon Airport, Limerick, Ireland ______1 mi______11,.~· Sydney (Kin1sford-Smith) Airport, Mascot, NSW, Australia •••••• At border _____ 140,640. Ben Gurion IA, Ben Gurion Airport, lsrae'------2-4 mi______2:iu,000. Essendon Airport, N. Essendont Australia ______do ______21!,i>!M) •. Napoli Airport,_N~poli, Ital~---:-:------2 km ______200,000. Santa Maria Airport, Santa Mana, Azores, Portuaaf.. ______Not 1iven ••••• l,:iuu. Leonardo Da Vine,, Roma-Fium,c,no, Italy ______5 km ______13,000. Nassau I Ai.Nassau, Bahamas ______------______do __ ------400. Osaka IA, Osaka, Japan ------Not 1iven _____ Not given. Dacca IA, 1tj1aon, Dacca-15, Ban&ladesh ______At border _____ 1125 million. Nairobi IA, Nairobi, Keny•------do______Do. Cal1ary IA, Cal11ry, Alberta, Canada ______3 mi______Not 1iven. Singapore IA, (Puya Lebarl, Singapore, Malaysia ______3-4 mi______60,000. Winnipe, IA'-W,nnipeJ, Manitoba, Canada ______At border _____ 500.t,.~· Rotterdam Airport, Rotterdam, Nethenands ______1 km ______750. Toronto A..l 1oronto, Ontario, Canada ______do______77,uuu. Schiphol Airport, Schiphol Airport, Netherlands ______At border.. ••• Not given. Montreal (uorvall IA, :>orvall Province of Quebec, Canada ______do ______200,000. Christchurch IA, Christchurch, New Zealand ______1~ mi.._____ Do. Edmonton IA, Edmonton, Aloertai.. Canada ______12 mi. ______15,000. Las Mercedes IA, Nanaqua, Nicaragua ______5 mi ______15,000. Vancouver IA, British Columbia, l;anada ______3 mi______43,500. Lagos/Murtala Muhammed, Ni1eri•------1-2 km ______50,000. Copenhaaen Airport, Kastrup, Denmark ______Not civen _____ Not aiven. Bergen Airport, Beraen; Norway ______Not 1iven _____ 300. Hon1 Kon1 lKai Tak) IA, Kowloon Hon1 Kon&------~ m1______200,000. Oslo IA. Fornebu, NorwaY------8 km ______Not given. El Dorado Airport, BoaotaL. Columoia,1 South America ______3 nmi.. ______500,000. Kristiansand Airport, Kjevic, Norway ______17 km ______5-'.i,000. Ernesto Cortissoz Airport, isarranquilla Colurnbia, South America. Not aiven. __ _ _ Not 1iven. Stavenger Airport, Sola, Norw•Y------13 km ______15,000. Birmin1ham Airport, Birminaham, United1 Kin1dom ______5.5 nmi. _____ 250.t~· Tocumen IA, Republic of Panama ______3 mi. ______10,000. Manchester IA, Manchester, Enaland ______At border _____ 40,uuu. Puerto Rico IA, San Juan, Puerto Rico ______~ nmi______8,000. Luton IA, Luton Bedfordshire, Entland ______do ______25,000. Stockholm-Arland• Airport, Stockholm, Sweden ______3 mi ______50. Bole. IA_. Addis A~aba, Ethiop_,a·:------3 km ______200210. Zurich Airport, Zurich..t Switzerland ______500 meters ••• 45,000. Helsink1-Vantaa Airport, Hels1nk1-Vantaa-Lento, Finland ______do ______40,uuu. Aeroport de Geneve, \ieneve, Switzerland ______4-5 km ______20,000. Basel-Mulhouse, Basel, Switzerland ______2 nmi.. ______20,000. BordeauxBerlin Teael IA, Airport, Meri1nac, Berlin, France·--- Germany------______('>------Within ______200,000.5,000. Bangkok IA, Bangkok, Thailand ______5 km ______40,000. ColoanefBonn Airport, Coloane/Bonn, Germany ______4-5 nmi.. ____ 2,000. Piarco ;A, Piarco Trinidad ______Not given _____ 50. Bremen EDDW Airport, Bremen, Germany ______2 nmi______600,000. Maiquetia IA, La 6uaira, Venezuela ______800 meters ___ 5,000. Dusseldorf Airport, Dusseldorf Germany ______At border__ ___ 9,000. PIJO Pago IA, American Samoa ______~2 mi. ______2,800. 1 Frankfort/Main Airport, Frank,ort, West Germany ______2 nmi______53,000. Edinburgh IA, Edinburgh, Scotland •• ------~ mi______Not given. Munich-Rien Airport, Munich, Germany ______2 mi. ______61,000. Khartoum Airport Democratic Republic of Sudan._------Within._----- 3,000.
1 Center of city, 7 miles.
PAC'S AND PUBLIC FINANCING thing. As a COmmon Cause spokesman notes, resent. I am familiar with his record the money PACs glve "ls of an investment and his reputation and I can assure you nature; they're investing in power." that Wisconsin-and the country-has HON. WILLIAM LFJIMAN Even House Speaker Tip O'Nelll-not lost a noble citizen. OF FLORmA noted for hls dedlcatlon to reform-has ex pressed concern. "I worry about thls O>n A former teacher, school principal, IN THE HOUSE OF REPR&':JENTATIVF.S gress lf the PACs keep going crazy llke thls," lawyer, and district attorney, Mr. Steven Thursday, May 4, 1978 he declared shortly after the PACs ganged son served his community and his State up to help klll publlc financing of election with integrity and diligence for almost - • Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. Speaker, I am in campaigns. cluding in the RzcoRD an editorial which we share the concern over the role that half a century. He served as a Member appeared on April 22 in the Miami contrlbutlons play in congressslonal deci of this Chamber during the most turbu Herald. sion-making, whether the PACs giving the lent years in the Nation's history. Mr. I share the Herald's concern a.bout money are corporate or unit>n. Stevenson was a solid and unassuming the interaction of campaign contribu Moreover, the concern grows as we see man, who preferred the certainty of qulet tions and congressional decisionmaking. evidence that the PACs of all kinds are be achievement to the lure of public ap coming more sophisticated in channeling plause. In 1949 he retired to private prac Political action committees are proving their funds to congressmen whose commit to be Just a more sophisticated form of tee assignments place them in a position to tice in the community he had served so influence buying. do the d.bnor some good. long. Public :flnancing of congressional The remedy, as we see lt, ls twofold: For There is neither room here nor need to campaigns would eliminate this danger now, complete disclosure of all contributions list all of Mr. Stevenson's contributions of undue influence. Members of Con ls a must. For the long run, publlc financing as a public servant. His value to his com of congressional campaigns should be tried. munity and his State may be measured gress would be freed from the unseemly Public financing wl1l cost taxpa.yers some obligations that accompany large con money, but It may well tum out tt> be a in part by the number of friends and tributions. They would instead be able bargain compared wlth government by neighbors and former colleagues who r to concentrate on doing their best for all PAC.e now mourn his passing.• their constituents and for the country as a whole. The editorial follows: OBITUARY FOR THE HONORABLE WILLIAM STEVENSON, FORMER SOME FACTUAL INFORMATION ON CAMPAIGNS MUSTN'T RUN WrrH PAC MEMBER OF THE HOUSE The rapld growth t>f corporate "Polltlcal SOLAR ENERGY Action Committees" (PACs) bes.rs watching. Just since 1974, they've prollferated to 566 HON. ALVIN BALDUS from 89, and their contrlbutlons to candi HON. MIKE McCORMACK OF WISCONSIN dates in 1976 topped $6.7 mllllon. OF WASHINGTON The corporate PACs are modeled after IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVF.S slmllar groups maintained by many of the Thursday, May 4, 1978 nation's labor unions. Those unlt>n PACs Thursday, May 4, 1978 actually contributed sllghtly more money • Mr. BALDUS. Mr. Speaker, I would during the 1976 campaign, but the corporate like to take this opportunity to honor the e Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I am PACs have been growing much fast.er, wlth memory of one of our former colleagues, inserting herewith in the RECORD factual 58 new ones thus far this year alone. the Honorable William Stevenson, who information on congressional accom Some observers believe the growth of cor represented the Third District of Wis plishments with respect to solar energy, porate PACs may be a good thing. At least consin in this Chamber from 1941 to and to provide the Members with facts their ct>ntributions are aboveboard, unlike 1949, and who died recently at the ven that may be of value in reporting to con some past corporate practices of giving se stituents, or in making speeches or an cretly or disguising contributions as hono erable age of 86. rarla for speaking appearances by favored Although I never had the privilege of swering questions about our progress on, congressmen. knowing Mr. Stevenson personally, I feel and the prospects of solar energy. But the explosive growth of corporate a special kinship with him, for he repre Again this year, the Committee on Sci PACs could prove to be tt>o much of a good sented the same district that I now rep- ence and Technology has taken the lead_ May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12739 in maintaining unusual aggressive, but only $341.5 mlllion for solar energy re tion and solar installations on Federal fiscally and technologically responsible, search, development, and demonstra buildings.> solar energy research, development, and tion fiscal year 1979-an actual reduc The Science and Technology Commit tee has increased the authorization demonstration programs, providing tion in existing programs. (In addition, levels for solar energy research, develop maximum feasible support for each solar the administration requested $26.9 mil ment, and demonstration by $134.7 mil energy technology. lion for bioconversion programs and lion (and bioconversion by $25.7 mlllion> This year, the administration requested $28.4 m1llion for solar commercializa- as shown below.
SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION (In millions of dollars)
Fiscal year Fiscal year Science and Fiscal rear Fiscal rear Science and 1974 1978 Fiscal year ·Technolo1Y Total 974 978 Fiscal year Technolo1Y Total actual estimated 1979 admln. Committee committee actual estimated 1979 admin. Committee committee obli1ations obli1ations auth. req. action auth. obli1ations obli1ations auth. req. action auth.
Hatin1 and coolin1 includ- Ocean thermal conversion .•. 0 36.5 33.2 +28.9 62.1 in1 a1riculture and in· Other pro1rams ••...... •.. 0 10.8 14.1 0 14.1 dus~ process heaL ...•• 3.3 106.3 81.1 +36.5 117.6 Therma electric production •• 1. 7 107.8 96.3 +.1 96.4 Total solar ener1Y •••• 7.6 3n.8 341.5 +134.7 476.2 Wind enerp .•..••••••.•••• 1.2 37.6 40.7 +20.0 60. 7 Bioconversion •• ___ ••••••••• .2 23.9 26.9 +25.7 52.6 Photovoltarcs. ···.------·- 1.4 78.8 76.1 +49.2 125.3
You will see that there has been phe If the cost goals can be met, the twenty direct combustion of wood residues, and in nomenal growth in all solar energy re generating plants would require an invest gasification and liquefaction of various or ment of about $1.3 b1111on. Their energy con ganic materials. If by the end of the cen search, development and demonstration tribution would be the equivalent of about tury we can convert 50% of our waste ma programs-6,700 percent in just 5 years; 15 thousand barrels of oil per day with po terials into liquid and gaseous fuels or into and a 43 ·percent increase this year over tential fuel savings worth $100 m1111on per usable heat, this will be equivalent to about the administration's request. This is year. one m1111on barrels of oil per day, worth consistent with committee and congres 3. Wind Energy. Wind energy ls created as about $5.5 b1111on per year. sional policy to bring energy technol a result of the sun's interaction with the To summarlY.e: ogies to the point where commercializa atmosphere. A 100 kilowatt wind generator With continued generous funding for solar tion can occur, when and if it is econom has been operating at Sandusky, Ohio for energy research, development and demon many months and a new 200 kllowatt gen stration, we may, if we are extremely fortu ically competitive. erator has Just gone into operation at Clay nate, produce 3% to 5% of our total energy Some highlights of progress on solar · ton, New Mexico. A 2 megawatt installation demand from solar energy, including blo energy research, development and dem ls under construction at Boone, North Caro converslon, by the year 2000. This ls equiva onstration, as initiated by the Science lina. Several other large wind generators will lent to about 2.5 m1111on barrels of oil per and Technology Committee, are listed be in operation soon and many small wind day. At todays price of e15 per barrel de below. generators are being tested. livered, the contribution of solar energy 'in 1. Solar Heating and Coollng: The solar If we can get 100 very large (2 megawatts the year 2000, will at today's prices be w9rth heating and hot water phase of the Solar each) and 100,000 small (1 kilowatt each) almost e14 b1111on per year. Heating and Cooling Demonstration program wind generators in operation by the year Solar won't solve our energy problems dur ls already a sparkling success, of which we 2000, they wm produce the equivalent of ing this century, and even optlmlstlc pro can all be proud. More than 7,000 individual about 5 thousand barrels of oil per day, hav jections for solar production won't reduce residences are now equipped ( or being ing a potential fuel savlngs worth $35 mil the critical demand for clean synthetic fuels equipped) with solar heating or solar hot llon per year. If cost goals are met, the total from coal, and expanded nuclear energy water systems or both, and more than 1,300 cost for these machines would be about $500 production. industrial fac111tles and commercial and m1111on. Nevertheless, the contribution that solar publlc buildings are ( or soon wm be) on 4. Photovoltalcs: This technology involves energy can make ls worth celebrating, and solar energy for process heat, space heating, arrays of solar cells, which convert sunllght we should continue with the aggressive sup hot water, and, in a few cases, solar energy directly into electricity, (such as are used for port for solar energy research, development used for coollng. "solar panels" on space satemtes). Technical and demonstration, as set forth in the solar Testing and monitoring of these demon options that are now being developed in programs establlshed by the Committee on stration units wm continue during the next clude single-crystal fl.at plate arrays, con Science and Technology·• 5 years, and additional emphasis will be centrating systems and advanced material/ placed on developing solar cooling systems. thin film arrays. We expect to bring at least 2,000 combined A photovoltaic irrigation experiment using solar heating and coollng demonstration a flat plate system ls operating successfully ANTOINE'M'E SLOVIK units on the llne during this period, provided in Mead, Nebraska and a grant for a photo that rellable and competitive solar coollng voltaic system has been awarded to Missis systems for individual residences can be de sippi Community College in Blythevme, HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE veloped. Arkansas. OJ' TEXAS The goal of our new photovoltaic b111 (HR IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVF.S The President has called for 1nsta111ng solar . 10830) ls to achieve an annual production systems in 2.5 mllllon residences by 1985. Our of 2,000 peak megawatts of generating capac Thursday, May 4, 1978 goal should be to have 15 m1111on residences ity within ten years. Jf this can be accom equipped with solar heating, hot water and pllshed at competitive costs, then the system e Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Sneaker, Members coollng by the year 2000. This will provide may grow to 20,000 peak megawatts on line will recall that there is pending before the equivalent of about one m1111on barrels by the end of the century, at a cost of roughly the Subcommittee on Administrative of on per day, about 2 % of total energy con '20 bllllon (1978 dollars). The energy thus Law and Governmental Relations of the sumption at that time. produced would be the equivalent of about Committee on the Judiciary a bill, H.R. If we assume the average installed cost 200 thousand barrels of oil per day. which 9114, which pronoses to pay the sum of of solar units to be $10,000 per residence. the at today's prices ls worth about $1 b1111on $70,000 to Antoinette Slovik, the widow total Investment for 15 m1111on residences per year. of private Eddie Slovik who was executed will be $150 b1111on. At today's world price 5. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: This of on, the potential savings in full will be technology ls focused on the development in World War II for desertion. This worth about $5.5 bllllon per year. of floating power plants for converting ocean measure has been endorsed by the Presi 2. ~ermal Electric Production: A 10 mega thermal energy to electricity, for either trans dent in a press conference and the Vet watt solar thermal electric generating plant mission to on-shore ut111ty grids or for ship erans' Administration has formally ap ls now being constructed near Barstow, Call board production of energy intensive prod proved the proposal. fornia. It will be in operation within three ucts such as hydrogen, ammonia and alumi For those of us who are opposed to this years. num. We hope to have several such systems If we can get twenty 50 megawatt thermal in operation before the end of the century, matter on philosophic as well as other electric power plants on the line by the year and we expect OTEC to make a measurable bases, the compilation which the Vet 2000, they will generate electricity at the contribution to our nations energy produc erans' Administration has made at my rate of 1,000 megawatts, when the sun ls tion durtn!? the next century. request showing the amount of money shining. 6. Bioconversion: Projects are underway in Mrs. Slovik would have received if Pri- CXXIV--802-Part 10 12740 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 vate Slovik's national service life in dren, Judy, Fred, Paul, Lucy and I have about creases. However, property taxes, rather surance had been paid at the time of his our mother. Everything about her centers than decreasing. in magnitude, increase around the fact that she 1s a giving lady. She death and the amount she would have always expresses her concern and love for as property values are driven up by in received from death compensation and others by her involvement in people and in· flation. As a result, senior citizens who dependency and indemnity compensa stltutions within the community. Mother be have resided in their houses for many tion ls more than of casual interest. By lieves that caring ls an everyday thing and years, but do not possess sufficient funds a strange coincidence, the $70,000 au that people are more important than any to pay property taxes, may have to sell thorized by H.R. 9114 is $909.27 less than thing else in the world. She always finds their homes. This situation could be im that which she would have received if something good in everyone-even those who proved by implementing a property tax Private SlovUt's service had been honor others feel are totally hopeless and impos relief program. able and he had died under honorable sible people. Mother 1s a woman of few words. By her The legislation I introduced yesterday conditions. The report provided me by example she taught us valuable concepts on would permit senior citizens to pay their the Veterans' Administration is as which to bulld our lives. Some of the values property taxes from the equity in their follows: that she inst111ed in us as children were as homes, built up over many years of Showing the amount of money Mrs. Slovik follows: faithful mortgage payment. would have received if Private Slovik's Na 1. First and foremost she taught us to take Under this act, the Federal Govern tional service Life Insurance had been paid pride in ourselves and by doing this we not at the time of his death and the amount she only respect ourselves, but we have a respect ment would pay local property taxes for would have received from Death Compensa for others. the elderly as they become due. In ex tion and DIC. 2. Mother demonstrated how to strive and change, a lien would be placed against With regard to insurance, if he had died persevere-that there 1s never a mountain up to 90 percent of the homeowner's under circumstances that would have re that cannot be climbed and that one must equity. These payments would amount to sulted in the payment of his National service accept the challenges of climbing that moun interest-free loans which would be re L1te Insurance policy, his widow, .Antoinette tain in life, even if we are unsure of how we paid from the estate of the senior citi 81Qv1k, would have received eH,925.00 as of will get there. March 1978. zens or upon sale of the property prior The figure of •14,926.00 1s based on the fol 3. She taught us the value of prayer. Mom to death. Under this system, the only lowing: showed us how to talk to God and to depend on him to assist us through llfe. cost to the Federal Government would Date of Death: January 31, 1945. be the imputed interest on the loan. In Birthday of Widow: 'March 13, 1915, mak 4. She pointed out the value of institutions addition, there would be small adminis ing her 29 years old at the time of Private such as marriage, the church and school Slovik's death. that these are tools to help us live a happier trative costs accepted by the several Law requires payments to be made in and better life. States. monthly installments of '37.50 each for life 5. Mother ls not afraid to make decisions The approach embodied in this pro with 267 installments guaranteed. As of and stand by them, therefore we also learned gram has numerous advantages. It March 1978, 398 installments would have to be C,.eclsive by the example she set for us. achieves the desired end of property tax come due. Lump sum payments were not au At this point, I would llke to make some relief through leveraging Federal ex thorized at that time. comments about our mother in the Nevels The calculations for Death Compensation home. Not only ls our mother successful penditures many times over. It is volun and DIC are as follows: within the community but she Js a very suc tary for the States and for the individual Had Private Slovlk died in service in line cessful parent. She and my father are very participants. No State ls obliged to adopt of duty, his widow would have been entitled supportive of us. such a program, although most States to the following benetfls: Mother is a good listener; we can always go have already adopted some property tax Death Compensation: January 1, 1946 to to her and discuss our problems. In fact, relief for their elderly citizens. This bill December 31, 1956--tl0,264.00. when we were children sometimes we would was not written with the intention of Dependency and Indemnity Compensa all talk at the same time. Mother would tion: January 1, 1957 to February 28, 1978- listen quietly and attentively. · replacing existing State programs. '40,050.27. Mother was never afraid to discipline us. On the contrary, I hope that this pro Public Law 90-631, etrectlve December 1, She and my Father always stood together gram will provide a nationwide supple 1968, amended Chapter 35, Tltle 38, to in in decisions about us. Consequently, there ment to State programs, at a mlnlmum clude educational benefits for widows of vet was consistency, continuity and stabllity in cost to both the State and Federal gov erans who died in service. Private Slovlk's our home. ernments. Senior citizens would remain widow would have been entitled to receive The last point that I will make about the following amounts: mother ls that she has achieved to a great free to sell their homes if they wish. But Chapter 35 Educational Benefits: Decem extent the goals that many people are striv now the option to continue life in the ber 1, 1968 to January 31, 1970--el,820; Feb· ing for today-a sense of identity and pur home they have worked so hard to buy ruary 1, 1970 to November 30, 1971--.S,860; pose in llfe. will be available without unreasonable total, ,5,670. Because . of the honor you have bestowed or impossible sacriftce. The above benefits totaled e65,984.2'7.e upon our Mother, you have truly given us an The low cost and simplicity of such a opportunity to express to our mother why we love and respect her so much.e program are self-evident. That such a program could allow senior citizens the freedom to retain their property in spite NEBRASKA MOTHER OF THE YEAR of high property taxes should demand CITIZENS' PROPERTY TAX RELIEF attention from any member with concern HON.CHARLES THONE ACT OF 1978 for the aged.• · or :NDBASKA IN TBB BOUSJ: OP REPRESENTATIVES HON.ANDREW MAGUIRE Thursda11. Ma11 4, 1978 or NEW .JEJUD:Y O. KEITH FUNK HONORED BY • Mr. THONE. Mr. Speaker, on April 19, IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVJ!'S BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA 1978, one of Nebraska's truly outstanIdaho in 1969. Nationally, he has gives Mr. Steiger 19 votes, a majority, with served on the national local council fi formance and the promise of extraordi additional members undecided and potential ·nance committee, served as council nary rewards for extraordinary accom converts. plishments. For more than a decade these The Carter tax package, already reeUDg chairman for a project for six councils in vital incentives for individual ingenuity from other setbacks, has been stopped in tt.a an experimental project for council and enterprise have been systematically tracks by the Steiger amendment. Mr. Cart.er financing; and is the Valley Forge Coun eroded by tax changes and Government wants to raise, not lower, the capital galnl cil's national council representative. expenditure growth. The net effect has rate. soaking the rich investor ls such an Mr. Funk's civic activities do not end been a drastic reordering of the rewards article of faith among liberal tax "reformers" with the Boy Scouts of America. He has that they are likely to vote against any bill system in American society. When we tax with the Steiger amendment, without even served on the a.dministrative board and nearly 40 percent of national income, we Ust.enlng to the arguments that have per as finance chairman of Haws Avenue can only expect one result: less produc suaded a majority of Ways and Means. SO the Methodist Church. In business in the tion in every sense-quantity, quality, tax bill, originally scheduled for mark-up on Philadelphia area since 1946 Mr. Funk utillty, innovativeness--because income May 3, has been put off for a week or more. was recently honored by his peers at the is the reward for production. And when The chief purpose of this delay ls to stop Water Quality Association Convention we in turn redistribute nearly half of Mr. Steiger by trying to horse-trade_away by induction into the Water Quality Hall that extraction from producers to non some of his 19 votes. of Fame, the organization's highest producers via transfer payments we get The key to Mr. Steiger's sudden success !a In one argument: A lower tax on capital ga1na award. addition he is a member of the precisely what we pay for-mounting will raise more money, not less, for the gov Rotary Club of Norristown, a past presi rolls of nonproductive, dependent citi ernment. The Treasury of course calculat.ea dent of the Norristown Jaycees, a special zens. that the rate cut would lose money, handing · gifts chairman for the United Way, and Mr. Speaker, so long as we permit it out to rich investors. But the Treasury for 8 years a member of the Central Keynesian taxing, spending and redistri lnslsts on using "static analysis," which Montgomery Chamber of Commerce. bution programs to anesthetize the fun calculates the effects of tax cuts by making The Boy Scouts of America will honor the convenient but plainly sllly aasumption damental rewards structure of our so that nothing else in the economy changes u o. Keith Funk at their national meeting ciety, all the pump-priming, stimulative a result of different tax rates. Others work in Phoenix, but I would like to honor him deficits in the world will not restore our wlth "dynamic analysts," trying to calcul&t.e here. Mr. Funk has lent his time and his economy to full employment. The em the feedback effects from the rate cuts efforts to many civic projects in the Fifth pirical evidence for this proPoSition is themselves; often they argue that some kind District of Pennsylvania. His contribu already clear and unchallengeable for of tax cuts will increase total revenues. tions have been immeasurable. Webster anyone who cares to examine the evi With most taxes, you have to argue about defines community as "a unified body of dence. Since the trough of the recession the possible dynamic effect. But on the individuals." A community is more than in 1975, we have chalked up more than capital gains tax tt ls written in black and white: In 1968, the last year of the lower that-it is people working together, $250 billlon worth of stimulative deficits. capital gains rate, the tax pulled tn •7.2 sharing and caring about each other. O. And yet by nearly consensus admission, bllllon in revenues. In 1969, at the higher Keith Funk exempllfies the best elements the failure to inject another round of rat.e, the tax took in '4.8 billion. After • of community spirit, and it gives me $60 to $70 bllllon of deficit stimulus into decade, tt la only now getting back to the great pleasure to pay tribute to him ~ere the economy in fiscal year 1979-wlll re 1968 level, and in Inflated dollan. t.oda,y•• sult in a renewed recessionary tailspin. So Mr. Stelpr la MldDC' the Uberala 12742 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 whether they want to cut off' their nose to of the true authorship of the essay in shall some day pay a very high price." spite their face. Are they really so intent on the recent Ann Landers column. Joining He states that already in this century soaking the rich investor they want the government to give up money in the process? Ms. Landers in setting the record the world has lost 70 species of mam Understandably, the "tax reform" legions are straight, I would like to share Mrs. Stan mals, 50 of birds, and that the rate of ex running for cover. ley's words with my colleagues. I believe tinction among higher species animals is We are prepared to argue that the Steiger it holds special meaning for us all. running at the rate of 1 per year. He amendment would not only boost the reve The column follows: stated further that it 13 estimated that nues from the capital gains tax itself, but ANN LANDERS 20 percent of the animal and plant forms would give the economy a. powerful shove alive today will not be alive by the year and boost revenues from other taxes as well. DEAR READERS: I promised to print "at The 1969 change effectively cut In half the some later date" the original, ungarbled ver 2000. He says that habitat destruction is Jackpot for high-risk capital Investment. sion of the definition of Success as It was the direct cause of most extinctions. The Reversing that move would double the Jack written in 1905 by Bessie Anderson Stanley. continued spread of deserts, the clear pot and send the economy onto a. real growth The author's son, Arthur J. Stanley Jr., a. cutting of rain forests, the sterilization pa.th. senior Judge of the U.S. district court in of land by parking lots and eroded tim This prospect of growth is spawning new Leavenworth, Kans., has provided documen tation from the Kansas State Historical so berlands also diminish the land's ability political coalitions as well. Los Angeles Mayor to grow food, to protect us against dis Tom Bradley, a. black liberal Democrat, has ciety that his mother ls indeed the author. testified on Mr. Steiger's side, seeing that When I first printed the essay in 1966, a. ease, and to moderate our climate. Al higher rewards for risk would boost the reader said it was by Ralph Waldo Emerson. lowing marginal species like the Snail young electronics companies in his city. Subsequently, 28 people wrote to say THEY Dater to become extinct is moving us Black bankers and energy groups, seeing that had written it and wanted credit. With pleas one more notch toward our own extinc favorable ca.pita.I gains treatment helps rising sure (and a sigh of relief) I set the record tion. enterprises, are pushing ha.rd in a. new, un straight. The other article, "A Clean Environ usual a.ma.nee with the U.S .. Chamber of SUCCESS ment-a Healthy Economy," by Gregory Commerce. (By Bessie Anderson Stanley) A. Thomas, argues quite persuasively Meanwhile, the Business Roundtable and He has achieved success who has lived well, that environmental protection and a the National Association of Manufacturers laughed often and loved much; who has en stand silent, tempted to throw in their lot joyed the truth of pure women, the respect healthy economy are no4i incompatible. with Ralph Nader and Jimmy Carter against of intelllgent men and the love of little chil On the contrary, by adding a new type of Mr. Steiger. Big Everything does not relish dren; who has filled his niche and accom productive activity, investments in en competition from young upstarts. It prefers plished his task; who has left the world a. vironmental quality create new indus tax boondoggles like the Domestic Interna better place than he found it, whether by an tries and new jobs. In fact, according to tional Sales Corporation, an export-subsidy improved poppy, a pretty poem, or a rescued Mr. Thomas, it is the failure to abate scheme with no economic Justification but soul; who has never lacked appreciation of of considerable help to multinationals that pollution that robs the eJonomy of out earth's beauty or failed to express it; who put, robs crop land and forest land of can hire hordes of lawyers to figure out its has always looked for the best in others and provisions. given them the best he had; whose life substantial yields, robs people of their So the battle is brewing. It remains to be was an inspiration; whose memory a. health and a portion of their economic seen whether Mr. Steiger-perhaps with benediction.e ally productive years and destroyed rec help from Ways and Means minority leader reational opportunities. Barber Conable, who also recognizes that a. That does not mean that Government cut in the capital gains rate would boost THE SNAIL DARTER, A HEALTHY revenue~an hold together 19 votes against should not help industry pay for the the Inevitable temptations of log-rolling. HABITAT AND YOU added direct costs of installing pollution Everyone should know that the Steiger controls. On the contrary, it should, and amendment is not one tax provision among I and other Members of Congress have many, but the cutting edge of an important HON. JOHN F. SEIBERLING introduced bills to provide such as intellectual and financial breakthrough.e oF omo sistance. However, the point is that, the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES question of healthy environment or SUCCESS Thursday, May 4, 1978 healthy economy is not an "either-or" e Mr. SEIBERLING. Mr. Speaker, on issue but a question of finding a reason Monday, the Washington Post's op-ed able balance. HON. LARRY WINN, JR. page contained two excellent articles The articles follow: OF KANSAS dealing with environmental issues. I am [From the Washington Post, May 1, 1978) IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES offering them for inclusion in the RECORD OUR HABITAT-AND OUR SURVIVAL Thursday, May 4, 1978 following these remarks. (By Jeff' Wheelwright) The first of the articles, "Our Habitat- South of Knoxville, in the last undammed • Mr. WINN. Mr. Speaker, earlier this stretch of the Little Tennessee River, the spring, I ran across an essay in an Ann and Our Survival," by Jeff Wheelwright discusses the significance of the contro snail darters are preparing to spawn. While Landers column which was written by the males flash their courtship colors in the an outstanding Kansan, but which, versy between the TVA and the En fa.st, shallow water, the females are nuzzling through the years, has been misquoted dangered Species Act's protection of a the gravel bottom, searching for places to and falsely attributed to several other small fish known as the Snail Darter. lay and cover their eggs. When the young famous authors. The article points out that this fish re darters hatch later this spring, they will In 1904, Bessie Anderson Stanley, the quires a shallow, pure, fast, wide, gravelly float downstream through the unfinished river and that there used to be dozens gates of the Tellico Dam. If those gates mother of our distinguished senior judge should ever be closed, the snail darter will of the 1;,r.S. district court in Leavenworth, of rivers of that description in the South become extinct. Kans., Arthur J. Stanley, Jr., entered a eastern United States, but by the time But because this three-inch fish is pro 100-word essay in a nationwide essay this fish was discovered in 1973, dams, tected by the Endangered Species Act, it contest on "Success." She won the first channelization, and pollution had re has so far manaied to frustrate all efforts prize of $250 and generously offered to duced its habitat to a 17-mile stretch of by the Tennessee Valley Authority to com the Little Tennessee River. Mr. Wheel plete its Tellico pro_iect. The Supreme Court share the award with her husband who is now considering the TVA's appeal. Mean had urged her to submit the essay in the wright also notes, "by no coincidence at while, anti-darter forces are drafting first place. all, that 17 miles also provides the finest amendments to the act itself. They would Since then, Mrs. Stanley's essay has trout fishing in the entire region." like to establish a. Cabinet-level commit been printed in various journals and The controversy arises because if the tee with the power to exempt public works has been misquoted in such publications TVA completes the last of its 68 dams like Tellico. as Ladies Home Journal, the Wall Street on the Little Tennessee River system, In effect, that committee would have the Journal, the Christian Science Monitor, the Snail Darter's habitat, and with it power to decide that the snail darter is less important than the dam, and that the and the Masonic News Digest. Among the Snail Darter, ·will be lost forever. fish may reasonably be consigned to extinc others, it has been falsely attributed to Thus the Darter's plight is a . warning tion. Such adjudgment would set a dizzying Robert Louis Stevenson and Ralph light about a disappear~ng habitat. biological precedent, because for the first Waldo Emerson. The writer points out that "If we con time in history man's foreknowledge of an It was with great pride that I read tinue to strip nature of its diversity, we extinction would establish his complicity. May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12743 Always before-as in the case of the passen the passenger pigeon and, quite possibly, un that a shUt of economic activity in the direc ger pigeon-the extinction of a species has known cousins of the snail darters. The peo tion of pollution control lowers labor produc come as a rude surprise. We'll know what ple stayed on, as did their tough urban tivity. If so, it means that the ratio of labor we're doing to the snail darter. minions: the English sparrows, the crab grass to gross national product is increased. Is that The case for preserving endangered species and the stray dogs. undesirable? rests on several lines of argument. There That history did not upeet me; I'm not Three basic inputs that result in economic are speculative arguments (their rare ge such a bleeding-heart as all that. But now, output a.re labor, resources (particularly en netic material may contain the cure for can though clear of the fumes, I had a. steady ergy) and ca.pita.I. Hardly a day passes but cer) and moral arguments (we are the guard headache, and that did upset me. ~ one what The Post itself orovides additional evi ians of all earth's creatures). But there is minute's exposure can do this, I thought, dence of the increasing shortage of two of a third reasoning, based on cold self-inter what would an hour's do? How long could I, thes~ inputs: energy and ca.pita.I. In fact, est: If we allow marginal species like the one of the invincible species, have survived reduction in energy inputs has been singled snail darter to become extinct, we promote tn that habitat? By the time the last animal out by President Carter as the highest domes the day of our own extinction. It is simply a becomes extinct, those of us who remain tic priority. Capital scarcity has precipitated question of preserving habitat. will be walking about in spacesuits. equally grand responses such as the presi All living things, from the lowliest fish dent's proposal, in the guise of tax reform, to the most advanced human, need a suppor (From the Washington Post, May 1, 1978] to greatly extend the investment credit. In tive habitat, a place in which life can safely A CLEAN ENVIRONMENT, A HEALTHY ECONOMY sum, our national economic policies are call develop. In the darter's case, the need is ing for a substantial increase in the produc highly specific. The fish requires a. shallow, (By Gregory A. Thomas) tivity of scarce energy and capital resources. pure, fa.st, wide, gravelly river. There used to In its April 5 editorial "Cleanliness, at a At the same time, reduction of unemploy be dozens of rivers of that description in Price," The Washington Post held that more ment is a third high-priority domestic politi the southeastern United States, and it is environmental protection and more economic cal program aimed at improving the nation's believed that many of them harbored popu activity a.re both worthy social gains, but economic well-being: National pollcy is call lations of snail darters. But the species was ones that, unfortunately, counteract ea.ch ing for an increase in labor inputs into the only discovered in 1973; by then the mod other. To arrive at that conclusion, The economy. ern order of dams, channelization projects Post asserted, correctly, that (1) expenditures Pursuit of these objectives simulta.neousl: and pollution had reduced its habitat to a. to protect environmental quality a.re in should bring about exactly the phenomenon 17-mile stretch of the Little Tennessee. By creasingly relative to other economic activity that The Post notes in its editorial-namely, no coincidence at all, that 17 miles also and (2) the productivity of labor is not grow a lowering of the productivity of labor whlle provides. the finest trout fishing in the en ing as fast as it used to. Then, whimsically, it the GNP continues to grow. That wlll be a. tire region. lnferred that (3) the former must be the consequence of not only the recent and siz The point is not that the TVA was wrong ca.use of the latter. Since the "standard of able investments in environmental pollution, to have built its 68 dams on the Little Ten living" (an economic index th9.t measures but of a myriad of federal economic programs nessee River system. The point is that a only the amenities that money can buy) aimed at producing exactly that result. Nor unique combination of natural elements will depends in some fashion upon such produc does it presage economic gloom or reduced be lost forever if the la.st dam is completed. tivity, The Post fears that environmental economic well-being. Quite the contrary. It In this sense, the darter's plight is an indi quality may, in time, jeopardize our material is probably the strategy most likely to keep cator, a. warning light above a. disappearing well-being. the economy vigorous. habitat. Viewed from th9.t angle, pollution control The future portends even greater changes. How would the loss of this fish and its is found to adversely affect the economy like It is becoming plain beyond dispute that ecosystem promote our own extinction? In other specified crimes against property, in desirable increases in GNP will be sustainable itself, it would and could not. We are the cluding "holdups, shoplifting, and ... em in an increasingly resource-short world only most resilient, resourceful species on earth. bezzlement." To a.void the ta.int of having if we succeed in shifting the mix of goods We a.re capable of adapting to the most in consorted with the criminal el~ment, The and services away from those that a.re re hospitable of environments. We do not need Post explains its past support for environ source-intensive and toward those that, llke the Little Tennessee, as beautiful as it is. mental legislation as having been based upon communication, education and good health, But as pa.rt of a. worldwide pattern, this moral, not economic, justification. a.re not. That does not mean that we will be small loss would be ominous. The Post is astute on one point: Environ worse off. It Just means that we wlll be differ The rate of extinctions among the higher mental quality relates much more directly ent off.e mammals is running at one per year. Already to the quality of life than do conventional in this century the world has lost 70 species economic mea.suremen ts such as "st9.ndard of mammals, 50 of birds and untold numbers of living" or "gross national product" or of reptiles, fish, insects and plants. It is esti even "productivity." To that extent, it ls IF U.S.A. CONTINUES TO PLAY "Am mated that 20 percent of the animal and fair, if not particularly informative, to plant forms a.live today will not be a.live by PLANE CHICKEN" EVERYBODY treat environmental protection as a. moral LOSES the year 2000. Each of these premature ex issue. tinctions marks the disappearance of a. spe But there is more to it. The substantial cial habitat; habitat destruction is, in fact, increase in investments in environmental HON. JIM SANTINI the direct ca.use of most extinctions. quality does have a. marked effect on the What do we mean by habitat destruction? economy. But The Post is mistaken in believ OF NEVADA We mean th~ spread of the deserts in Africa., ing th':1..t the effect is a. reduction in economic .IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the clear-cutting of the rain forests in Asia output. Quite the contrary. By adding a. new Thursday, May 4, 1978 and South America, the homogenization of type of productive activity, these expendi the landscape in the United States. Deserts and eroded timberlands and coast-to-coast tures stimulate the economy while shifting e Mr. SANTINI. Mr. Speaker, I cannot parking lots cannot kill us directly, of course. the mix of goods and services the economy support the diplomatic ploy of airplane But those sterile places, increasing as fast as produces. These expenditures buy important, "chicken" that is presently being ad we do, cannot grow food for us, at a time even essential, benefits to both our economic vanced by the administration. It is not when we need more and more food, they and physical lives. They create .new indus fair, it is not logical, and would appear cannot protect us effectively against disease tries and new investment opportunities. Demonstrably, they cre:i.te new jobs. doomed to legislative demise. or epidemics, nor can they help regulate our Three years ago this country promised climate. If we continue to strip nature of its Most important, investments in pollution diversity, we shall some day pay a very high controls a.void unnecessary and wasteful the state of Israel that in return for its price. claims against nature's bounty. If polluticm withdrawal from the Sinai these planes These and other dark thoughts I enter control has an analogue in crime, the re would be sent. Now the administration tained while driving recently on the Con lationship is the diametric opposite of that proposes to off'er a "tit for tat" arrange necticut Turnpike. Approaching Bridgeport suggested by The Post. It is the failure to ment that was not part of the original I smelled smoke. Near the waterfront, an abate pollution that robs the economy of U.S. commitment. So much for fairness. industrial dump was burning. It projected output, robs crop land and forest land of onto the city a. steady stream of acrid fog, as substantial percentages of their yield, robs If logic has any place in these inter if from a giant firehose. Within seconds my human beings of their health a.nd a portion national machinations I would like to eyes were smarting and my ea.rs and throe. t of their economically productive years, em be able to point to a specific quid pro quo hurt. bezzles everyone of recreational opportunities in return for our commitment to arm The biological history of Bridgeport passed lost by polluted waters or destroyed wilder one of Israel's potential adversaries. before me. I saw, in the 17th century, the ness. Given the present state of Mideast ne big animals disappear: the wolves, panthers The fundamental mistake in economic gotiations, it would seem me that most and elk. As Bridgeport grew over the yea.rs analysis that The Post makes is one of con to from a settlement to a town, and from a town fusing productivity of any particular factor of Members of Congress would be willing to an industrial city-state, I saw the passing production with performance of the economy to consider military assistance to any of smaller species: the bobcat and the otter, as a. whole. Let's give The Post its thesis Arab nations that had advanced tangible 12744 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4, 1978 proof in the form of a treaty commit held 1f no loss of income occurs. Thus, social itol Hill. After extensive hearings were ment that we would not find these war security ls more like an insurance plan than held on this issue by the Economic. Sta planes doing battle with each other in a pension plan. Also, Medicare helps pay medical expenses for people aged 65 and over bilization Subcommittee, a bill was sent the near future. In the absence of such and for people who have been receiving dls to the full Banking Committee which an agreement, what is the sense or sanity a.billty benefits for two years or more. The provides for $2 billion in loan guaran in peddling these planes. standard pension plan may not provide such tees over a 15-year period. That bill was Continuing our intrusion into logic, if medical benefits. rePorted out yesterday with overwhelm there be some sub rosa quid pro quo for Is social security a savings pla.n? No. Even ing supPort on a vote of 32 to 8. the sale to the Saudis and the Egyptians a savings plan that has been in effect for Still, many of our colleagues have not then we legislators should be provided years will not provide nearly as much in sur vivors or dlsa.blllty benefits as may be pay had the opportunity to study the nature with something more than an edict on able under social security in the event of a of New York's problem in depth as our which to base our own resolve. As yet, worker's death or dlsab111ty. In addition, so committee has. A frequent question that no tangible explar.ation has surfaced. cial security benefits are protected against I have been asked is, "Why not let New Finally, there ought to be some expec inflation by a cost-of-living escalator. York declare bankruptcy and start tation of legislative success when pro Is social security a pay-as-you-go system? over?" pasals of this magnitude are advanced. Yes. Current taxes pay current benefits, with This morning's Wall Street Journal What is the legislative prospect here? the trust funds serving as contingency re contained an article which explains in Why are we leaping to push the irresist serves. In this respect, social security ls not like private insurance which must build up simple terms why bankruptcy is not a ible force against the immovable object? reserves to protect against the posslblllty of practical solution. To help the House Maybe the rhyme and reason for all having no future participants. A private in achieve a better understanding of my of this will become clear in the course surance plan must have sufficient funds on reasons for SUPPorting Federal loan of our legisiative pursuits. But until ha.nd to be able to pay all obligations. How guarantees for New York City, I request those reasons become known I am ever, social security is assured of continued income. Its financing ls sound as long as its unanimous consent to include that ar forced to deal with the all or nothing ticle in the RECORD: gauntlet that has been passed down income ls sufficient to meet program costs as Pennsylvania Ave. they fall due. [From the Wall Street Journal, May 4, 1978] Who makes sure that social security ls fis WHY BANKRUPTCY WON'T CURE THE BIG At this time I must reject the entire cally sound? Several groups, both public and proposal.• APPLE private, monitor social security. The General (By W. Bernard Richland) Accounting Office, the Congress, the Library of Congress, the Boa.rd of Trustees and a To come at once to the heart of the mat SOCIAL SECURITY FACT SHEET blue-ribbon panel of private citizens (the ter: In order to advoca,te that New York Advisory CouncU) all share responslb1llty for City go into bankruptcy it ls necessary that assuring that the program ls meeting all ex one know practically nothing about bank HON. LEE H. HAMILTON isting and projected needs. ruptcy and less about the city government. OF INDIANA How can we be sure that social security ls Suggesting bankruptcy as a cure for the city's fiscal ms makes about as much sense IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES soundly financed? Social security ls a "con tract between generations." The financing of as proposing decapitation as a cure for Thursday, May 4, 1978 the program will continue to rest on the com headache. mitment of government to use its taxing "In fact, the city would be further along e Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, I power to meet program obligations. towards recovery than it ls today if it had would like to insert my Washington Re What ls the present dispute over social se filed for the protection of bankruptcy back port for May 3, 1978, into the CONGRES curity financing all about? The dispute ls in 1975, when these columns were almost SIONAL RECORD: about the extent to which social security the only voice advising it to. Whatever the SocIAL SECURITY FACT SHEET taxes should be reduced by using general trauma, by today it would at least have a revenues to fund a portion of social security balanced budget, the lack of which remains These are some questions that people fre the essence of the problem." quently ask about social security: obligations. Some Congressmen favor Ya gen How blg ls the social security system? eral revenue financing. Others want to retain Thus spake The Wall Street Journal in Social security taxes constitute about % of the payroll tax to finance the retirement sys an editorial ea.rller this year. The theme all federal taxes on individuals and about % tem, but remove Medicare and/or dlsabllity has been repeated since and will doubtless of all federal tax revenues. The money spent insurance from the program. be reiterated as the city's labor negotiations How compulsory is social security coverage? for social security represents ~ of all federal get down to the pinch. outlays. About 34 milllon people receive $7.4 Nine out of ten gainfully employed workers That "the city would be further along billion in benefits each month. These include in the country must be covered by social towards recovery" of course assumes recov 21.5 mlllion retired workers and their de security. The workers not covered are federal, ery from suicide. The "trauma." which 1s pendents, 7.6 mill1on widows, widowers, chil state and local government employees. ticked off so bllthely is spelled "disaster." dren and aged parents, and 4.9 m111ion dis Why a.re government employees not cov What overwhelming importance a "bal abled workers and their dependents. ered? There are legal problems in a. compul anced budget" purchased at such a price What happens to the money collected for sory federal tax levied on state and local gov ls to anyone but a bookkeeper ls left unde social security? The money collected ls used ernment employees. As a result, coverage for scrlbed. only to pay the benefits and admlnistrative these employees ls voluntary and only about Consider: The two major factors usually expenses of the program. Any money not im 70 percent of them have chosen to partici pointed to as standing in the way of a mediately needed for these purposes ls re pate. Federal employees are not covered be "balanced budget" are annual debt services quired by law to be invested in government cause the federal retirement system was al on city bonds outstanding ($2 bllllon) and securities. The money derived from social ready well-established when the social secu annual city pension contributions ($1.4 bil security taxes is placed in four trust funds. rity law was passed. However, the mandatory lion). But it ls very doubtful that either About 72¢ of each social security dollar coverage of all government employees ls being would or could be affected by bankruptcy. goes for retirement benefits, 15¢ for hospital seriously studied today. Congress will prob For the fact ls that under Chapter 9 of the benefits under Medicare and 11¢ for dlsabll ably act on this issue when the studies are Bankruptcy Act and under the Constitution tty benefits. Only 2¢ goes to pay administra oompleted.e as construed by the United States Supreme tive costs. Court, federal municipal bankruptcy can Is social security only for older people? take place only if, as, when and to the ex No. In addition to its well-known retirement BANKRUPTCY IS NOT THE SOLU tent authorized by the legislature of the benefits, the program provides cash benefits TION FOR NEW YORK CITY state in which the municipality ls located. for dependents of retired workers, for sur The state legislature, in turn, ls limited vivors of deceased workers and for disabled in its authority by the constitution of the workers under age 65 and their dependents. HON. STEWART B. McKINNEY state. And there's the rub. For as far as It also provides health benefits :for aged peo OF CONNECTICUT city oension contributions are concerned, ple and for those with severe, long-term dls IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the New York constitution forbids a.ny im ablUtles. pairment or diminution of state and local Is social security a pension plan? No. The Thursday, May -4, 1978 ~overnment pension ri~hts and benefits. As basic purpose of social security benefits ls to for debt service on cltv bonds, the same furnish a partial replacement of earnimzs • Mr. McKINNEY. Mr. Speaker, the constitution as conclusively construed by which are lost to a family because of death, question of whether the Federal Gov New York's highest court compels payment dlsabillty or retirement in old age. In line ernment should provide financial assist of principal and interest come hell or high With t'..118 purpose, the social security law ance to the city of New York has once water, saving only. as that court indicated. provides that these benefits are to be with- again become a topic of debate on Cap- "a nuclear Armageddon." May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12745 Nor is that all; for there a.re nasty prac national debt, I think it is unfortunate country and then some. Every taxpayer tical problems for a. city which dives into ·that very little-if anything-is ever in the country is responsible for $150,550 the murky darkness of the uncharted wa said about the total, overall amount that of these obligations. ters of Chapter 9. Immediately upon the fil If Government debts continue to grow, ing of a. petition under Chapter 9 all the United States is obligated to pay. "claims" (which in New York's case would I commend to my colleagues' atten it can mean nothing but disaster. Each number in the hundreds of thousands) tion the following estimates, prepared by new deficit increases inflation which in against the city a.re stayed; they become the National Taxpayers Union, which turn causes still greater deficits, causing unenforceable. Now that would surely help show that our real national debt is $9 still more inflation. The Office of Man balance the budget. But . . . suppliers of trillion. This estimate accounts for the agement and Budget has predicted that goods and services to the city-its schools, total debts, liabilities (actuarial and a continuation of present budget trends its prisons, its hospitals, its firehouses, its contingent), plus fiscal commitments of would lead to an annual budget deficit of police stations, etc.---stuck with uncollecti the U.S. Government as of February $700 billion by the end of the century. ble bills for which they can't even assert We are only just now beginning to feel claims, would simply stop supplying sup 1978. Estimates are based upe>n an an plies and providing services, except for ca.sh nual U.S. Treasury report to Congress. the consequences of our overwhelming on the ba.rrelhea.d. PuBLIC Now INDEBTED $9 TRILLION public debt. The inflation we experience No food, no coal, no oil, no medical sup DEBT OR LIABILITY ITEM is bad, but the brunt of today's extrava plies, no gasoline for police cars, fire en Billion gance will never be fully felt by this gen gines and chauffeured limousines, no yellow Public Debt: Money borrowed by the eration. It will be suffered in full by our pads, no pencils, no red ink, no nothing. Federal government. (Bureau of the children and our children's children. I No enterprise, however small, can exist Public Debt total as of 31 agree with Thomas Jefferson, when he and operate without a line of credit. New Jan. 78)------$ 721 York City, less than any other institution, said: can live on a cash basis; it simply cannot Accounts, Payable: Deposit fund One generation has no right to incur debt.a be done as a physical, practical matter. liab111ty accounts, checks outstand- for another. Each semimonthly payday the city must ing, deferred interest, etc.______80 Will our children be able to afford come up with $120 million for its regular Undelivered Orders: Payment due houses when inflation has driven mort city staff and board of education payroll. for things ordered. Also includes gage rates so high that none can afford And that is only pa.rt of its monthly, semi commitments against appro- them? Will our children be able to afford monthly, weekly, daily ca.sh requirements. priations ------332 If its credit vanishes, as it must upon the Long Term Contracts: Contracts anything at all as the Federal Govern filing of a. Chapter 9 petition, the city will placed by the federal government ment takes over half of their income die, not with a whimper, but with a Bang. which have not yet been fully per- merely in order to meet minimum pay The notion that because Chapter 9 au formed, nor paid.______15 ments on the public debt? thorizes the federal court to provide for the Loan and Credit Guarantees: Con In 1950, the share of income absorbed issuance of preferred "certificates of in tingent liab1lities for low-rent hous by the Government came to only 25.8 debtedness" current ca.sh needs could be ing, rural electrification, farm loans, met by such means assumes that banks maritime loans, urban renewal, Ex percent. But in the intervening years, the would be willlng to lend vast sums of-money port-Import Bank, small business Government share of national wealth on such certificates. Don't believe it. loans, student loans, mass transit, has grown enormously: 29 .9 percent in Bank lawyers would quickly advise foreign mmtary sales, etc ______5, 900 1955, 33.1 percent in 1960, 39.1 percent in their clients of the very shaky basis of Insurance Commitments: Contin 1970, 44 percent in 1975. If present trends preferential treatment for particular city gent liabilities for crop insurance, continue, the Federal Government will securities. Nor could city pension funds be student loan insurance, crime, flood, absorb over 60 percent of all income by seized for such purposes, for they simply mudslide, riot insurance, FDIC, nu- the year 1990. don't belong to the city. It would be un clear accident indemnity, etc______209 thinkable for any employee represntative on Annuity Programs: Unfunded liabil The time has come to stand up and a city pension boa.rd to vote to liquidate ities or actuarial deficits in approx ask ourselves what we are doing to fu· pension fund holdings to buy such "pre imately 68 federal retirement or ture generations. For Congress and the ferred" pa.per of a bankrupt city. pension plans. Includes Military President to refuse to balance the budget A comparatively minor point: The com Retirements, Civil Service, Rail and keep spending like there is no tomor plexity of bankruptcy proceedings on such road Retirement, VA Compensa row, is to insure that for our children a scale is unimaginable. The swarm of credi tion, etc. Also includes Social there will be only the poverty of a so tors, claimants, lawyers, accountants; the Security System with a $5.3 trillion cialized nation.• pa.per-generating process; the motions in actuarial deficit as of 30 court by the thousands and tens of thou Sept. 1977. • ------1, 733 sands ... and more, more, more, unto sheer Unadjudicated Claims, International madness. All of this points to the unattain Commitments, and other Financial able objective of a plan for the adjustment Obligations: Claims pending against NEW EMPLOYMENT POLICY NEED of debts approved by two-thirds of the total the Federal government, funds amount of all claims and 50 percent of the pledged to foreign nations, and other number of such claims. miscellaneous commitments______43 HON. PAUL SIMON Imagine the wildest scenario and still it OF ILLINOIS is impossible to overstate the turmoil, the Total "Taxpayers Burden" _____ 9, 033 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES misery, the crazy mob scene. • Deficit based on estimates before enact Thursday, May 4, 1978 The city will teeter on the thin edge of ment of Social Security Amendments of 1977 disaster. But, praise the Lord and pass The (Public Law 915-216) on 20 Dec. 1977. Cur • Mr. SIMON. Mr. Speaker, some days Wall Street Journal, the budget will bal rent deficit figure unclear until final Con ago the New York Times, on its editorial ance.e gressional action. page, contained an article by Gar Al This is the real amount that the tax perovitz and Jeff Faux of the National SPENDING OUR CHILDREN'S payers of this country will be called upon Center for Economic Alternatives, which FUTURE to pay. Thus when the Federal Govern suggests strongly that we should target ment repe>rts a national debt of $721 bil our economic stimulus in the United lion, it is only reporting $1 out of every States so that it really hits those areas $9 that is a contingency debt. with high unemployment. HON. JAMES M. COLLINS In order to put this $9 trillion into I have been concerned for some time OF TEXAS perspective, it is important to note that that we have overplayed the general eco IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES this is more than four times the value of nomic stimulus-as I frankly think the all goods and services the Nation will President's tax package does-rather Thursday, May 4, 1978 produce this year-some $2 trillion than moving in on structural unemploy •Mr.COLLINS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, worth. Looked at from another perspec ment and pockets of unemployment in A great deal has been said in recent tive, the total value of all property in certain areas. years about the ever increasing public the United States raise dollar, worth one-thirty-fifth of an ounce of age" of currencies, including the mark and the price of the raw materials they sell to gold, as the yardstick by which value was the yen. If this were done, Americans would advanced countries--or both. The industrial gauged. The American economy flourished pay substantially more for their energy, with nations, with the United States in the van as none ever had before, and it was but devastating consequences to the U.S. economy guard, have, of course, been resisting these tressed by the most formidable miUta.ry ma. and that of the whole "free world." pressures If they continue to do so, there chine ever known. Virtually every nation Compounding this instability is the is increasing likelihood of more revolutions outside the communist bloc found it ex mounting debt load carried by the less de in the Third World (and secessions from the pedient to follow the econoinic lead of the veloped countries (LDCs). As of 1972, the Pax Americana.), or of outright repudia United St;1.tes. non-oil-producing LDCs owed $83 billion to tion of the debts. But the dollar, like the pound of the private banks and international lending These alternatives pose serious difficulties 1930s, has foundered. In terms of gold, it is agencies; by 1976, that total was $179 billion, for the international financiers. As of 1976, worth only one-fifth of what it was only and by the end of this year it will be $235 American banks a.Ione held $50 billion in six years a.go; in terins of domestic purchas billion. A substantial portion of these loans LDC pa.per, and the thirteen largest U.S. ing power, it is worth ha.If of wha.t it was in can not be repaid because the countries in banks earned profits of $886 Inil!ion--a.bout 1965. Charles Schultze, chairman of President volved simply do not have the money. Of ha.If of their total profits-on their two Carter's Council of Economic Advisers, says every four dollars now owed, one goes to thirds share of this business. Suppose that the fall of the proud dollar is a problem liquidate previous loans; by 1980, that por $5 billion or $10 billion or $20 billion of that "but not a. ca.ta.strophe." It seeins obvious, tion is likely to be two out of every four. loan portfolio should default: American however, that what is at stake is the "free The problem is not that LDCs will go bank bankers would have to write off those loans, world" economy and its political alliances, rupt and that the Pentagon will send in the and to maintain their liquidity they would and that we may soon confront the sort of in Marines to auction off, say, the government have to call in their loans to U.S. corpora ternational disorder that wracked the planet house in Zaire or the pyramids of Egypt. tions, thereby ca.using a serious industrial in the 1930s, when neither Brita.in nor the There is no danger that the International cutback-and unemployment--a.t home. On United States was able to impose discipline Monetary Fund (IMF) or the multinational the other hand, if the LDCs a.re allowed to on Germany, Japan, and It;1.ly. banks ( which increased their loans to LDCs The symptoins of the crisis a.re, in some to $SO blllion as of the end of 1976-fifteen raise prices on bauxite, sugar, and other respects, bizarre. In the la.st dozen years times what they were nine years earlier) will commodities, the cost of producing a.lumi- · num, cereals. and other products will also the United States has exacted from its allies let any "friendly" LDCs go under, If a coun a sort of reverse lend-lease. It rang up ever try can't pay, the banks and IMF simply ply increase. There does not seem to be a com increasing balance-of-payments deficits to it with more loans-to pay off previous ones. fortable solution. pay-in pa.rt--for such military adventures There are two difficulties, however, with A few nations e.re benefiting from the as the Vietnam war and for the worldwicte this sleight-of-hand exercise: One is that as present crisis--the OPEC members, especially network of U.S. military bases. In settlement a condition of the loan, the recipient nation Saudi Arabia and Iran. Oil prices have more of those deficits, central banks of foreign must agree to keep its doors open to multi t:ian quadrupled in five yea.rs, and these nations were flooded with dollars which national corporations' investments and trade countries are accumulating wealth at a until mid-1971-were redeemable for gold. even if that runs counter to the nation's in rate that would put Nineteenth Century But since 1971, when the dollar was divorced terests. The LDCs would, of course, be better .American robber barons to shame. It is gen from gold, these gluts of U.S. currency can off if they could establish native industries erally a.greed that the twelve OPEC members 12748 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 4,, 1978
will have $250 billion in foreign reserves by come "world assets": In effect, they would through 1974. Three additional current per 1980. be canceled and everyone would start over sonal involvements take what free time Mr. But what can they do with the money? again at square one. Obviously those who Bishop may have from his business and per7 Some is invested in the economic infrastruc hold dollars, sterling, or LDC paper are not sonal life; serving as trustee of the New ture and industrial plant of their nations. overly enthusiastic about this approach. Rochelle Boys Club, vice president of the Some goes for conspicuous consumption ·of All of the banking measures and pollti.cal New Rochelle Development Council and luxury goods. Quite a bit ls spent for arms maneuvers are clearly only stopgaps. The member of the New Rochelle YMCA Presi purchases from the United States-pur basic reality is that the Pax Americana has dent's Advisory Committee. chases that the Carter Administration can run its course but that no alternative has not or will not terminate for fear of suffer emerged to exert the kind of discipline needed In continuing to outline Mr. Bishop's ing a retaliatory increase in petroleum if the international economic order is to areas of community involvement, Ms. prices. remain at even keel. Haas pointed to Mr. Bishop's member But billions of dollars are left unspent Unless the nations of the world choose to ship in the Men's Club of the Holy Fam each year, and the o:.ily place to put them resolve their problems in a futile war that ily Church, the New Rochelle Knights of since they obviously can not be invested will destroy them all, the logic points inex Columbus and the New Rochelle Hospital in the Soviet bloc and since the OPEC states orably to the formation of a genuine inter Medical Center. "We feel," Ms. Haas do not have the industrial wherewithal to national political compact-one that encom invest in developing countries-is in the passes international planning to husband dated, "that this year's recipient pos West. dwindling world resources and divide income sesses and executes the level and quality That provokes other problems and other and wealth equitably among people and na of sustained leadership that has and will sources of world friction. The United States tions. Without a world plan in which the continue to help mold the quality of life wants to receive petro-dollars from OPEC motivation for economic development is hu in the greater New Rochelle area." states to absorb part of the U.S. ba.lance-of man need rather than corporate profit, the Mr. Thomas Fanelli stated: pa.yments deficit. But it certainly does not present crisis wlll endure.e The community as a whole owes Mr. James want those funds used to buy out General Bishop a most sincere thanks for his efforts Motors or Exxon or the Chase Manhattan on their behalf. It is the distinct pleasure of Bank. Nor does it want too many oil dollars the New Rochelle YMCA on behalf of the placed in bank accounts to be withdrawn at TRIBUTE TO JAMES K. BISHOP greater New Rochelle area to recognize Mr. will; a sudden withdrawal would cause a Bishop for his truly outstanding service to run on those banks. the greater New Rochelle area.e So far, the oil countries have been per HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER suaded to put a major share of their surplus OF NEW YORK funds in special nonmarketable U.S. Treasury IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES bills. Tl'lis allows petrodollars to be recycled WHAT THE PRESIDENT AND CON with the least impact while easing, to some Thursday, May 4, 1978 extent, the U.S. balance-of-p':l.yments GRESS MUST DO TO STOP INFLA problem. The difficultv is that the added e Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, I am TION NOW funds ultimately find their way into private pleased to announce that James K. Bish banking channels and, through those big op of New Rochelle, N.Y. has been se banks, into tbe world economy as loans, lecred as this year's recipient of the New HON. ELDON RUDD including loans to LDCs. It is a vicious circle, Rochelle YMCA "Outstanding Citizen OF ARIZONA and nobody knows how to break out of it. Award." Mr. Bishop will receive this IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES What we do know is that the international economic order fashioned under the Pax award at the New Rochelle YMCA an Thursday, May 4, 1978 Americana grows more fragile day by day, nual dinner and meeting on Monday • Mr. RUDD. Mr. Speaker, the .Ameri a.nd that the political sta•· llity it has sus evening, May 8 at the Beach and Tennis can people have known for a long time t:l.ined for two decades ls also crumbling. We Club in New Rochelle. that inflation is our Nation's No. 1 have what Michael Hudson, a percentlve Heading this year's selection commit problem. writer who used to work for Chase Man tee are Mr. Thomas Fanelli, Sr., presi hattan and Continental 011, calls a "global Now that the President has acknowl dent of the New Rochelle YMCA and Ms. edged the problem-a necessary begin fracture": Tnstead of a reasonably disciplined EveJyn Haas, second vice president and global system, it threatens to fragment into ning before the Federal Government can regional or even national entlt.ies. Thv com chairperson of the public relations com work to stop inflation-what do the mitment to free trade is being abandoned, mittee for the New Rochelle Y. President and Congress proposed to do and the new cry ls for protectionism. The In selecting Mr. Bishop as this year's about it? foundatio:c. of the postw'l.r international recipient, Ms. Haas stated: To his credit, the President has prom money system-the dollar-is "floating," It is not often that we find a man, such ised to veto bills passed by Congress mostly float.Ing downward, with severe con as James K. Bishop, who has continued to that he considers to be inflationary. As se01~ences for world trade. give of himself for the benefit of the Greater The United States is not totally helpless in New Rochelle Area over such a sustained a Member of Congress who has consist this state of affairs: It still can exert im period. Mr. James K. Bishop is a director, ently voted against such bills, but which portant levers of power-its military forces, vice president and general manager of Plunk have nonetheless been passed by the ma its great industrial potential, its enormous ett-Webster Lumber Co., Inc., and has been jority, I recognize that the President will purchasing capacity, and, not least, its posi a resident of New Rochelle since 1936. Tn the need to exercise that veto often if he tion as the world's leading exporter of grain. 42 years that James K. Bishop has served keeps his promise to the American As a. CIA report put it in August 1974, "The our greater New Rochelle area, his leadership people. U.S. now provides nearly three-fourths of has been felt in such widely diverse areas STOP FEDERAL DEFICITS the world's net grain exports, and its role is as director of the New Rochelle Community almost certain to grow over the next several Chest and its president from 1961 to 1962, I am cosponsoring legi~lation to end decades." Despite this immense power, how chairman of the Agency Relations Commit Federal deficitc; and require a balanced ever, American leverage is declining; it no tee from 1962-64 and is currently a member Federal budget (H.J. Res. 188). longer suffices to enforce the discipline of of a United Way of Westchester Agency Eval Congress must stop enacting, or the Pax Americana. uation Team. President must veto. legislation that will In these circumstances. the nations of the Mr. Bishop is a past member of the Presi put the Federal budget over anticipated world are bound to seek realignment. The dent's Advisory Board c! the College of New tax revenues. The estimated level of next Common Market nations of Western Eurooe, Rochelle. He has served as a member of the for instance, would like to make a deal with executive board of the Hutchinson River year's Federal budget is already about the ftra.b co11ntrles that wo,•1d reduce their Council of Boy Scouts, beginning his scout $575 billion. whkh will add another $70 dependence on the United States. And it is activities as a troop leader and serving as billion or ~80 billion deficit to our $777 quite possible that Japan may once again vice pre"ident of the council from 1959-1963, billion national debt. try to establish an Asian community of na a.nd chairman of the Special Council Study This national debt has to be financed tions encomoassing China. and separate from Committee from 1960-1961. Mr. Bishop also by the Federal Government each year. Washington's "free world." was a member from 1942-1967 of the New This is done by selling U.S. Treasury At the same time, the United States is Rochelle Lions Club where he served ac; presi striving for a new world banking system that dent from 1948-1949. He served the New notes and issuing bonds, which takes would transfer the dollar "overhang" ( along Rochelle school district from 1962 to 1970 dollars out of circulation that would with the LDC debt and the British debt) from and was the president of the schf)ol board otherwise be available for investment in one central bank to another-but never allow from 1964-1970. The New Rochelle Day Nurs job-creating economic expansion, and in the debt to come back to the debtor for re erv selected Mr. Bishop to serve on its board dividual and corporate borrowing to gen demption. In this way, the debts would be- of directors and elected him president in 1972 erate other economic growth. May 4, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12749 Interest alone on the Federal Govern pital facilities; expanding the regulatory STOP CATERING TO ORGANIZED LABOR BOSSES ment's current national debt is $55.4 bil jurisdiction of such agencies as the Fed Some of the most inflationary legisla lion a year, the fourth highest item in eral Trade Commission, Food and Drug tion considered by the current Congress the entire Federal budget. This is more Administration, Equal Employment Op has been demanded by the bosses of than the Federal Government spends to portunities Commission, Environmental organized labor. support all research and development, Protection Agency, and Occupational The administration and the majority agriculture, health programs, and most Safety and Health Administration. in Congress went along with the labor other efforts. I also oppose the proposed multi-mil bosses' demand for the largest increase This annual interest on the national lion dollar gun control registration in the minimum wage in our country's debt costs each and every taxpayer an scheme of the Bureau of Alcohol, To history, an increase from $2.30 an hour average of $423.22 per year, which does bacco and Firearms. I have sponsored to 3.35 an hour over a 3-year period. This nothing to pay off the principal that legislation (H. Con. Res. 578) to dis will have a staggering inflationary im keeps going up as Congress indulges in approve these proposed BATF regula pact on our economy, forcing up prices more and more vote-buying deficit tions. They are inflationary, and a viola in every area. spending. tion of Constitutional rights of law Congress refused to accept my amend I hope for passage of House Joint Reso abiding citizens. ment exempting young people between lution 188 to stop this deficit spending LIMIT GOVE'RNMENT SOCIAL PROGRAMS the ages of 16 and 19 from the minimum But realistically I recognize that this will Medicare, medicaid, the Federal food wage. This would have provided mil not happen until the liberal majority in stamo program, and other Government lions of young people with needed em Congress has been replaced by fiscally social programs are examples of special ployment, instead of pricing them out of responsible legislators who will not ap programs that have an inflationary im the labor market and creating more rea prove every program demanded by in pact. son for them to be frustrated with our terest groups seeking a larger share of Whatever their social merits, these system. My Youth Opportunities Act, to the people's earnings through Federal programs which were designed to aid the exempt young people from this unreason programs. 1 poor and the elderly have resulted in able minimum wage (H.R. 8649) is still If Congress will not be responsible, and higher costs for everyone. This happens pending before Congress. stop deficit spending that causes infla because the programs make more money Other inflationary legislation de tion, the President will have to honor his available for doctors' bills and food with manded by organized labor which I op promise to the American people by wield out doing much to increase the number pose includes the so-called common situs ing a heavy veto stamp on inflationary of doctors or the amount of food pro picketing bill, cargo preference, and bills legislation, no matter what it is. duction. Also, doctors generally charge to apply the Davis-Bacon Act, requiring There are other cures for inflation that the maximum fee allowed when bills are payment of the prevailing union wages the President and Congress must support. paid through medicare or medicaid. on all Government contracts, to profes END GOVERNMENT OVER-REGULATION I believe that the Federal Government sionals, engineers, and others. Government regulation of business must reduce and restrict these programs STOP TAX INCREASES has increased immensely in recent years, to the truly needy, to reduce their infla I oppose all efforts by the administra imposing a burden on taxpayers who tionary impact. In addition, I opposed tion and Congress to increase taxes to must fund the regulatory agencies, on the recent $227 billion social security tax discourage energy use, rather than cre consumers who must pay higher prices increase, which was the largest and most ating incentives to increase energy pro because of production cost increases, and inflationary single tax increase in our duction. on businessmen who must absorb at Nation's history. Increased energy taxes are highly in least some of the increased costs. The Federal Government should stop flationary, and completely contradict This avalanche of Government regu trying to redistribute the people's income the President's stated opposition to legis lations keeps pouring out of Washington with every new or enlarged program, es lative or regulatory acts that will in on a daily basis. pecially in the welfare area. These pro crease costs and prices for the American Studies at the University of Washing grams are tremendously inflationary, and people. ton in St. Louis have estimated that the discourage self-reliance and work which I support an energy program aimed at cost imposed on the American people by are the cornerstones of our productive encouraging new energy exploration and Federal regulation totaled at least $65.5 enterprise system. · development, ratJier than one that will billion in 1976, $79.1 billion in 1977, and STOP INCREASING PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT impose a host of new taxes upon the is estimated to cost $96.7 billion this year Congress must stop transferring em citizenry. The taxes proposed in the ad and $102.7 billion in 1979. ployment from the private to the public ministration·s energy package would cost Again, these Government-mandated sectors through increased public employ the people a minimum of $100 billion per cost increases are generally passed on to ment programs. year by 1985. the consumer in the form of higher Legislation such as the Comprehensive The administration should also stop price3, and are therefore a principal Employment and Training Act