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Nr 2(34) 2013 Kwartalnik Spis Rzeczy ARCHITECTUS Nr 2(34) 2013 kwartalnik Spis rzeczy Małgorzata Chorowska, Piotr Błoniewski, Zamek Niesytno w Płoninie według badań architektonicznych z lat 2011–2012 . 3 Rada Naukowa Zbigniew Bać (Polska) Michaił Balzanikov (Rosja) Henryk Brzozowski COr., Srebrna architektura, czyli o tabernakulach Joaquim Braizinha (Portugalia) barokowych zachowanych w granicach obecnej Rzeczpospolitej . 19 Kateřina Charvátová (Czechy) Jerzy Charytonowicz (Polska) Agata Bieleń-Ratajczyk, Eduard Petzold – twórca malowniczych Małgorzata Chorowska (Polska) założeń krajobrazowych . 45 Hugo Dworzak (Liechtenstein) Nathalie Guillaumin-Pradignac Anna Szendi, Malarstwo pejzażowe jako narzędzie inspiracji (Francja) dla sztuki ogrodowej XVIII i XIX w. 59 Tore I.B. Haugen (Norwegia) Ada Kwiatkowska (Polska) Michał Pelczarski, O kształtowaniu konstrukcji dachu katowickiej hali Spodka. Bo Larsson (Szwecja) Rozważania z wywiadów z Profesorem Wacławem Zalewskim . 69 Tomasz Ossowicz (Polska) VladimÍr Šlapeta (Czechy) Anna Bać, Laboratorium zrównoważenia – modelowy budynek uniwersytecki Elżbieta Trocka-Leszczyńska (Polska) w Vancouver . 83 Redaktor naczelny Ewa Łużyniecka Sekretarz Ewa Cisek Projekt okładki Artur Błaszczyk Adres redakcji Wydział Architektury Politechniki Wrocławskiej ul. Bolesława Prusa 53/55 50-317 Wrocław www.architectus.arch.pwr.wroc.pl e-mail: [email protected] ARCHITECTUS No. 2(34) 2013 quarterly Contents Małgorzata Chorowska, Piotr Błoniewski, Niesytno Castle in Płonina Editorial Counsel in the architectural survey conducted in 2011–2012 . 3 Zbigniew Bać (Poland) Michaił Balzanikov (Russia) Henryk Brzozowski COr., Silver architecture, Joaquim Braizinha (Portugal) namely Baroque tabernacles preserved within the current borders Kateřina Charvátová (Czech Republic) of the Republic of Poland . 19 Jerzy Charytonowicz (Poland) Małgorzata Chorowska (Poland) Agata Bieleń-Ratajczyk, Eduard Petzold – the creator of picturesque Hugo Dworzak (Liechtenstein) landscape parks . 45 Nathalie Guillaumin-Pradignac (France) Anna Szendi, Landscape painting as an inspirational tool Tore I.B. Haugen (Norway) for the art of gardening of 18th and 19th centuries . 59 Ada Kwiatkowska (Poland) Bo Larsson (Sweden) Michał Pelczarski, About shaping the structure of Katowice Spodek-arena roof. Tomasz Ossowicz (Poland) Considerations from interviews with Professor Wacław Zalewski. 69 VladimÍr Šlapeta (Czech Republic) Elżbieta Trocka-Leszczyńska (Poland) Anna Bać, Laboratory of sustainability – model university building in Vancouver . 83 Editor-in-Chief Ewa Łużyniecka Secretary Ewa Cisek Cover designer Artur Błaszczyk Editorial Office Address Wydział Architektury Politechniki Wrocławskiej ul. Bolesława Prusa 53/55 50-317 Wrocław www.architectus.arch.pwr.wroc.pl e-mail: [email protected] 2013 2(34) DOI: 10.5277/arc130201 Małgorzata Chorowska, Piotr Błoniewski* Zamek Niesytno w Płoninie według badań architektonicznych z lat 2011–2012 Niesytno Castle in Płonina in the architectural survey conducted in 2011–2012 Wprowadzenie Introduction Ruiny zamku Niesytno stoją na stromym, skalistym The ruins of Niesytno Castle are on a steep and rocky wzgórzu (550 m n.p.m.) stanowiącym skalny cypel Wil- hill (550 m above sea level) which is a rocky tip of Wilcza czej Góry, nad wsią Płonina, we wschodnim grzbie- Hill near the village of Płonina, in the east range of the cie Gór Kaczawskich, w odległości 1,5 km od Świd nika Kaczawskie Mountains, 1.5 km from Świdnik and 7 km i 7 km od Bolkowa (il. 1). Od południowego wschodu from Bolków (Fig. 1). South-east of the castle there are do zamku przylegają ruiny renesansowego dworu, któ- ruins of a Renaissance manor house which was built in ry powstał na terenie dawnego dziedzińca gospodarcze- the area of a former ward with facilities. The castle and go. Zamek i dwór zostały zbudowane z lokalnych skał the manor house were built from local metamorphic rocks metamorfi cznych – tzw. zieleńców. Charakterystyczna – called “green rocks” – which are typically fi ssile, gray jest ich łupliwość, szarozielony kolor oraz podatność na and green as well as easy to work. obróbkę. Before 1945 the name of Płonina was Nimmersath Płonina do 1945 r. nosiła nazwę Nimmersath (księs- (Duchy of Świdnica until 1742, district of Bolków), which two świdnickie do 1742 r., okręg Bolków), co w XIX w. was interpreted in the 19th century as a cluster of words odczy tano jako zbitkę słów „ród Niemira”. Niemir jest “Nie mir’s family”. Niemir is a Slavic name, Sath is an old imieniem słowiańskim, Sath to staroniemieckie słowo Ger man word meaning “family”. Its current name is the oznaczające „ród”. Obecna nazwa jest dokładnym tłuma- word for word translation of the word Nimmersath mean- czeniem słowa Nimmersath oznaczającego żarłoka i nie- ing glutton and insatiable robber who resided in the castle nasyconego rozbójnika, który miał dawniej zamieszkiwać a long time ago. According to Henel the fi rst owner of the zamek. Według Henela pierwszym właścicielem zamku castle was Conrad de Czirna of Świdnica (1307)1. It can be był Conrad de Czirna świdnicki (1307)1. Można się do- presumed that he was Konrad of Czerni or related to Kon- myślać, że był on tożsamy lub spowinowacony z Konra- rad of Czerni (von Tschirn, de Cirnen), a knight who after dem z Czerni (von Tschirn, de Cirnen), rycerzem, który po 1323 together with Henryk of Świn traveled to Rhodes as a crusader and was mentioned in 1349 as the burgrave of Bolków [8, p. 206], [11, p. 124], [16, vol. 2, p. 139]. * Wydział Architektury Politechniki Wrocławskiej / Faculty of Architecture, Wrocław University of Technology. 1 N. Henel jako pierwszych właścicieli wymienia w 1307 r. 1 N. Henel mentions Conrad de Czirna of Świdnik (?) in 1307 and Conrada de Czirna ze Świdnika (?), a w 1345 r. – Georga [10]. Georg in 1345 – as the castle’s first owners [10]. 4 Małgorzata Chorowska, Piotr Błoniewski One of the truly unique elements of the castle in Płonina is the tower with its salient projection pointed to- wards the most likely direction of attack (Fig. 2), which is, just like in the tower of the nearby castle in Bolków, an exceptional example of this type of defensive works in Poland. Those two towers, however, differ signifi cantly as to their function. The donjon of the castle in Bolków was a typical keep (Bergfried in German) that is the tower of the last line of defense, whereas the donjon in Niesytno Castle was a keep house with living quarters and “warm halls”2 located on two levels. The history of the castle in written accounts Il. 1. Widok ruin zamku z wnętrza drugiej kondygnacji późnogotyckiego domu zamkowego (fot. M. Chorowska) The oldest history of Niesytno Castle in the village of Fig. 1. Ruins of the castle from inside the second level Płonina is diffi cult to reconstruct due to the lack of writ- of the late-Gothic castle building (photo by M. Chorowska) ten records from before the 15th century [9, p. 68]. In 1311, the village of Świdnik belonged to Albert Bawar of Mniszków whose estate was donated to the monastery 1323 r. wraz z Henrykiem ze Świn udał się jako krzyżo- in Lubiąż. The next owners of Świdnik are mentioned in wiec na Rodos, a w 1349 r. został odnotowany jako bur- the documents from the second half of the 14th century. grabia Bolkowa [8, s. 206], [11, s. 124], [16, t. 2, s. 139]. Niesytno Castle was fi rst mentioned only in 1432 when Unikatowym elementem zamku w Płoninie jest wieża it was owned by the infamous knight Hayn (Hanusz) von ze zwróconym w stronę największego zagrożenia ostrzem Tschirn who was an ally of the Hussites and a raubritter (il. 2), która wraz z wieżą sąsiedniego zamku w Bolkowie (robber knight in German). Hanusz was a “restless spirit” stanowi wyjątkowy przykład zrealizowania tego typu szy- and a “villain” known from the 15th-century chronicles kany obronnej na terenie Polski. Wieże te różnią się dość describing the Hussite Wars, also connected with the his- zasadniczo co do funkcji. Podczas gdy na zamku w Bol- tory of the castles in Sokolec, Lwówek, and Gromnik. At kowie powstał tzw. bergfried, czyli wieża ostatecznej the present stage of survey it is impossible to determine ob rony, donżon na zamku Niesytno pełnił funkcję wie- whether it was Hanusz who founded the tower with the ży mieszkalnej, wyposażonej dodatkowo w „ciepłe izby”2 salient or some other fi gure who lived in the 14th century. znajdujące się na dwóch kondygnacjach. The shape of the tower can suggest its earlier origin – the sides which merge at the salient angle are slightly bulg- Dzieje zamku według źródeł pisanych ing, which can indicate that it was built at the end of the period when such en bec towers were popular, which was Odtworzenie najstarszej historii zamku Niesytno we at the end of the 13th century in France [4, pp. 133–197]. wsi Płonina sprawia trudności z powodu braku źródeł pi- The architectural survey of the castle conducted recently sanych pochodzących sprzed XV w. [9, s. 68]. W 1311 r. proves that the tower is located on the older, irregular wieś Świdnik znajdowała się w dobrach Alberta Bawa- rock castle. The original time of the construction of the ra z Mniszkowa przekazanych klasztorowi w Lubiążu. tower can be determined on the basis of the dendrological O następnych właścicielach Świdnika mówią dokumenty analysis of wood used to build a timberframe. There are z 2. połowy XIV w. Zamek Niesytno był wzmiankowany a few original beams in the upper sections of the walls of po raz pierwszy dopiero w 1432 r. Był on wówczas włas- the tower, but for the time being they are inaccessible to nością owianego złą sławą rycerza Hayna (Hanu sza) von be examined. It is, however, certain that the founder of Tschirna, sprzymierzeńca husytów i raubrit tera. Hanusz such a huge structure as the tower in Płonina must have był to „niespokojny duch” i „czarny charakter”, znany been an infl uential persona both socially and politically z XV-wiecznych kronik relacjonujących dzieje wojen hu- in Silesia. syckich, związany też z historią zamków: Sokolec, Lwó- The documents from the 1430s–1440s often mentioned wek i Gromnik.
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