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Briofitos De Corantioquia Informe Final Unificado PROGRAMA IV GESTIÓN INTEGRAL DE ÁREAS ESTRATÉGICAS PROYECTO 9: CONSERVACIÓN Y MANEJO SOSTENIBLE DEL BOSQUE , LA FLORA Y LA FAUNA DIVERSIDAD , DISTRIBUCIÓN , USO Y ESTADO DE CONSERVACIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES DE BRIOFITOS (MUSGOS Y HEPÁTICAS ) NATIVOS EN LA JURISDICCIÓN DE CORANTIOQUIA Informe final contrato 7567 de 2007 Autor ADRIANA CORRALES OSORIO Ingeniera Forestal Magíster en Bosques y Conservación Ambiental Interventor JUAN LÁZARO TORO MURILLO Ing. Forestal, Subdirección de Ecosistemas MEDELLÍN ENERO DE 2008 Tabla de contenido 1. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................7 2. GENERALIDADES SOBRE LOS BRIOFITOS ..........................................................9 2.1 Morfología ............................................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Morfología de los musgos .................................................................................9 2.1.2 Morfología de las hepáticas ............................................................................13 2.2 Ciclo de vida ......................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Ecología de briofitos .......................................................................................... 18 2.4 Diversidad de briofitos ...................................................................................... 20 3. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO .....................................................................................................22 - Bosques húmedos tropicales de tierras bajas ....................................................23 - Bosques secos tropicales de tierras bajas ..........................................................23 - Bosques subandinos o premontanos ...................................................................24 - Bosques andinos o montano bajos .......................................................................24 - Páramos y subpáramos ..........................................................................................24 4. METODOLOGÍA ............................................................................................................26 4.1 Recopilación de la información ....................................................................... 26 4.1.1 Información secundaria ...................................................................................26 4.1.2 Información de herbario ..................................................................................26 4.2 Elaboración de la base de datos de los briofitos nativos de la jurisdicción de Corantioquia .................................................................................. 27 4.3 Especies con necesidades de conservación .............................................. 28 4.4 Especies de importancia por su uso actual o potencial .......................... 28 4.5 Áreas con vacíos de información ................................................................... 28 5. ESTADO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE BRIOFITOS EN LA JURISDICCIÓN DE CORANTIOQUIA ...........................................................................29 6. DIVERSIDAD Y RIQUEZA DE ESPECIES DE BRIOFITOS PARA LA JURISDICCIÓN DE CORANTIOQUIA ...........................................................................31 2 Distribución de las especies en el rango altitudinal ..............................................32 7. ESTADO DE CONSERVACIÓN DE LOS BRIOFITOS EN LA JURISDICCIÓN DE CORANTIOQUIA ........................................................................................................36 8. USO ACTUAL Y POTENCIAL DE LOS BRIOFITOS .............................................40 Los briofitos como bioindicadores de condiciones ambientales .........................43 9. NECESIDADES DE INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE BRIOFITOS EN LA JURISDICCION DE CORANTIOQUIA ...........................................................................45 9.1 Estado actual del inventario de briofitos de la jurisdicción de Corantioquia ................................................................................................................ 45 9.2 Necesidades de investigación con relación a la conservación de la diversidad .................................................................................................................... 50 10. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES .........................................................53 AGRADECIMIENTOS .......................................................................................................56 BIBLIOGRAFIA ..................................................................................................................57 ANEXOS ..............................................................................................................................65 3 Lista de Tablas Tabla 1. Área y porcentaje del territorio de la Jurisdicción de Corantioquia ocupado por los diferentes biomas. Tabla 2. Distribución de las especies de musgos, hepáticas y briofitos en el rango altitudinal. Tabla 3. Distribución de la riqueza de especies en la jurisdicción. Tabla 4. Especies de musgos y hepáticas citadas en listas rojas o como especies endémicas. Tabla 5. Distribución de la especies en algún grado de amenaza en los municipios de la jurisdicción. Tabla 6. Distribución de las colecciones de musgos y hepáticas en los municipios pertenecientes al área de la jurisdicción de Corantioquia. 4 Lista de Figuras Figura 1. Morfología del gametofito y esporofito de musgos y hepáticas Figura 2. Morfología del esporofito de los musgos Figura 3. Morfología de la hoja de las hepáticas foliosas. Figura 4. Morfología de hepáticas foliosas y talosas. Figura 5. Ciclo de vida de las hepáticas. Figura 6. Ciclo de vida de los musgos. Figura 7. Mapa de la Jurisdicción de Corantioquia. Figura 8. Distribución de los estudios realizados en el área de la jurisdicción. Figura 9. Distribución de la diversidad de musgos. Figura 10. Distribución de la diversidad de hepáticas. Figura 11. Distribución de las especies de briofitos, musgos y hepáticas en el rango altitudinal. Figura 12. Ubicación geográfica de las colecciones de especies endémicas o amenazadas Figura 13. Distribución de las especies raras de musgos y hepáticas en el territorio de la jurisdicción. Figura 14. Distribución espacial de las colecciones de hepáticas en el territorio de la jurisdicción. Figura 15. Distribución espacial de las colecciones de musgos en el territorio de la jurisdicción. Figura 16. Intensidad de muestreo de musgos en los municipios pertenecientes a la jurisdicción. Figura 17. Intensidad de muestreo de hepáticas en los municipios pertenecientes a la jurisdicción. 5 RESUMEN Los briofitos son un grupo de plantas terrestres muy antiguas que se dispersan por esporas y que han habitado el planeta por al menos 300 millones de años. Estas plantas poseen características que les permiten crecer sobre cualquier sustrato, ser colonizadoras primarias de terrenos y rocas desnudas, brindar protección al suelo, tolerar épocas de sequía y actuar como reservorios de agua, por esto, llevan a cabo funciones biológicas y ecológicas importantes en los ecosistemas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo consolidar la información sobre diversidad, distribución, uso y estado de conservación de las especies briofitos nativos de la jurisdicción de Corantioquia. El compendio se realizó mediante la revisión de información secundaria y bases de datos de herbarios locales, nacionales e internacionales. En total se encontraron 577 especies de briofitos, distribuidas en 226 géneros, 73 familias y 21 órdenes, encontrándose 13 especies amenazadas y 99 especies raras. La mayoría de las especies estuvieron presentes entre los 2000 y los 3000 msnm. En cuanto a su uso se resalta el hortícola y ornamental efectuado principalmente por los campesinos del corregimiento de Santa Elena (Medellín). De los 80 municipios que se encuentran en la jurisdicción de Corantioquia 53 presentan al menos una colección de briofitos, siendo los municipios más muestreados Medellín, Belmira, Caldas, Bello, Buriticá y Jardín. En 57 municipios se considera prioritario realizar inventarios de briofitos pues no poseen ninguna colección o se encuentran submuestreados. Además, es necesario realizar investigación ecológica y monitoreo de las poblaciones de especies amenazadas. 6 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Los briofitos son plantas no vasculares que están presentes en casi todos los hábitats (Tan y Pócs 2000). Se encuentran conformados por tres grupos: musgos, hepáticas y anthoceros, los cuales se separan entre sí por diferencias en su morfología (Gradstein et al . 2001). Estas plantas poseen características propias que les permiten crecer sobre cualquier tipo de sustrato, ser colonizadoras primarias de terrenos y rocas desnudas, brindar protección al suelo, tolerar épocas de sequía y actuar como reservorios de agua, entre otras. (Churchill y Linares 1995; Delgadillo y Cárdenas 1990; Gradstein et al . 2001; Parra et al . 1999; Eldridge 2000). Por esto, llevan a cabo funciones biológicas y ecológicas importantes en los bosques, tales como la regulación hídrica, la disminución de la erosión, captación y almacenamiento de nutrientes fácilmente lixiviables y generación de condiciones adecuadas para la germinación de algunas especies (Saxena y Harinder 2004). Estas plantas al no poseer tejido vascular, son muy sensibles a las condiciones del hábitat y por ello han sido usadas como bioindicadoras (Saxena y Harinder
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