The Case of Classical Arabic and Biblical Hebrew
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Anatolian Evidence Suggests That the Indo- European Laryngeals * H2 And
Indo-European Linguistics 6 (2018) 69–94 brill.com/ieul Anatolian evidence suggests that the Indo- European laryngeals *h2 and *h3 were uvular stops Alwin Kloekhorst Leiden University [email protected] Abstract In this article it will be argued that the Indo-European laryngeals *h2 and *h3, which recently have been identified as uvular fricatives, were in fact uvular stops in Proto- Indo-Anatolian. Also in the Proto-Anatolian and Proto-Luwic stages these sounds prob- ably were stops, not fricatives. Keywords Indo-European – laryngeals – phonological change – Indo-Anatolian 1 Background It is well-known that the Indo-European laryngeals *h2 and *h3 have in some environments survived in Hittite and Luwian as consonants that are spelled with the graphemes ḫ (in the cuneiform script) and h (in the hieroglyphic script).1 Although in handbooks it was usually stated that the exact phonetic interpretation of these graphemes is unclear,2 in recent years a consensus seems to have formed that they represent uvular fricatives (Kümmel 2007: 1 Although there is no full consensus on the question exactly in which environments *h2 and *h3 were retained as ḫ and h: especially the outcome of *h3 in Anatolian is debated (e.g. Kloekhorst 2006). Nevertheless, for the remainder of this article it is not crucial in which environments *h2 and *h3 yielded ḫ and h, only that they sometimes did. 2 E.g. Melchert 1994: 22; Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 38. © alwin kloekhorst, 2018 | doi:10.1163/22125892-00601003 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC license at the time of publication. -
A Brief Description of Consonants in Modern Standard Arabic
Linguistics and Literature Studies 2(7): 185-189, 2014 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2014.020702 A Brief Description of Consonants in Modern Standard Arabic Iram Sabir*, Nora Alsaeed Al-Jouf University, Sakaka, KSA *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright © 2014 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved. Abstract The present study deals with “A brief Modern Standard Arabic. This study starts from an description of consonants in Modern Standard Arabic”. This elucidation of the phonetic bases of sounds classification. At study tries to give some information about the production of this point shows the first limit of the study that is basically Arabic sounds, the classification and description of phonetic rather than phonological description of sounds. consonants in Standard Arabic, then the definition of the This attempt of classification is followed by lists of the word consonant. In the present study we also investigate the consonant sounds in Standard Arabic with a key word for place of articulation in Arabic consonants we describe each consonant. The criteria of description are place and sounds according to: bilabial, labio-dental, alveolar, palatal, manner of articulation and voicing. The attempt of velar, uvular, and glottal. Then the manner of articulation, description has been made to lead to the drawing of some the characteristics such as phonation, nasal, curved, and trill. fundamental conclusion at the end of the paper. The aim of this study is to investigate consonant in MSA taking into consideration that all 28 consonants of Arabic alphabets. As a language Arabic is one of the most 2. -
A Different Look at the Lutsk Karaim Sound System (From the Second Half of the 19Th Century On)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Jagiellonian Univeristy Repository Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 128 (2011) MICHAŁ NÉMETH Jagiellonian University, Cracow A DIFFERENT LOOK AT THE LUTSK KARAIM SOUND SYSTEM (FROM THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY ON) Keywords: Lutsk Karaim, Karaim phonetics and phonology, Ukrainian dialects Abstract After endeavouring to examine the grammatical descriptions published in the literature to date and to reconstruct the sound system of the south-western dialect of Karaim as it was presented in the literature, it can certainly be concluded that the matter is far from clear. This is for the simple reason that these works contradict each other at various points. The reason for such discrepancies should be sought in the historical and linguistic backgrounds of the two main centres of the south-western Karaim population, i.e. Lutsk and Halich. Even though these two centres were always in close communication with one another, and the language that was spoken in them originates beyond any doubt from one common root, they remained for centuries under slightly different linguistic influences as a result of the Slavonic languages surrounding them. The present paper aims to present and, where possible, clarify the differences which follow from the studies on the Karaim sound system we have at our disposal. An attempt is also made to identify some differences between the Lutsk and Halich subdialects of south-western Karaim, and explain their origin. Since the grammatical descriptions we are dealing with here and the written sources we are able to work with concern the end of the first half of the 19th century at the earliest, the time scale of our interest is limited to the second half of the 19th and the first four decades of the 20th century. -
A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary
S. L. Nikolayev S. A. Starostin A NORTH CAUCASIAN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY Edited by S. A. Starostin ***************** ****************ASTERISK PUBLISHERS * Moscow * 1994 The two volumes contain a systematic reconstruction of the phonology and vocabulary of Proto-North-Caucasian - the ancestor of numerous modern languages of the Northern Caucasus, as well as of some extinct languages of ancient Anatolia. Created by two leading Russian specialists in linguistic prehistory, the book will be valuable for all specialists in comparative linguistics and history of ancient Near East and Europe. © S. L. Nikolayev, S. A. Starostin 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS Editor' s foreword. , . Preface List of abbreviations Literature I ntr oduct ion Dictionary ? . 200 9 . 236 5 . , . ..............242 a' i ... ' 252 a ............. 275 b ...... 285 c 322 c 3 3 L t ^39 C 352 £ 376 : 381 d 397 e 409 4 2 5 Y 474 B 477 h 48 5 h 5 00 h 5 0 3 H 342 i 625 i 669 j '. 6 7 3 k. 68 7 fc 715 I 7 4 2 1 : .... 7 5 4 X. ! 7 5 8 X ; 766 X 7 7 3 L 7 86 t. ' 7 87 n 844 o. 859 p. 865 p. 878 q . 882 q 907 r. ..... 943 s... i 958 s. 973 S. 980 t . 990 t 995 ft. ...... 1009 u 1010 u 1013 V 1016 w. 1039 x 1060 X. ........ 1067 z. ... 1084 z 1086 2. 1089 3 1 090 3 1101 5 1105 I ndices. 1111 5 EDITOR'S FOREWORD This dictionary has a long history. The idea of composing it was already ripe in 1979, and the basic cardfiles were composed in 1980-1983, during long winter months of our collaboration with S. -
Contrastive Feature Typologies of Arabic Consonant Reflexes
languages Article Contrastive Feature Typologies of Arabic Consonant Reflexes Islam Youssef Department of Languages and Literature Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3833 Bø i Telemark, Norway; [email protected] Abstract: Attempts to classify spoken Arabic dialects based on distinct reflexes of consonant phonemes are known to employ a mixture of parameters, which often conflate linguistic and non- linguistic facts. This article advances an alternative, theory-informed perspective of segmental typology, one that takes phonological properties as the object of investigation. Under this approach, various classificatory systems are legitimate; and I utilize a typological scheme within the framework of feature geometry. A minimalist model designed to account for segment-internal representations produces neat typologies of the Arabic consonants that vary across dialects, namely qaf,¯ gˇ¯ım, kaf,¯ d. ad,¯ the interdentals, the rhotic, and the pharyngeals. Cognates for each of these are analyzed in a typology based on a few monovalent contrastive features. A key benefit of the proposed typologies is that the featural compositions of the various cognates give grounds for their behavior, in terms of contrasts and phonological activity, and potentially in diachronic processes as well. At a more general level, property-based typology is a promising line of research that helps us understand and categorize purely linguistic facts across languages or language varieties. Keywords: phonological typology; feature geometry; contrastivity; Arabic dialects; consonant reflexes Citation: Youssef, Islam. 2021. Contrastive Feature Typologies of 1. Introduction Arabic Consonant Reflexes. Languages Modern Arabic vernaculars have relatively large, but varying, consonant inventories. 6: 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Because of that, they have been typologized according to differences in the reflexes of their languages6030141 consonant phonemes—differences which suggest common origins or long-term contact (Watson 2011a, p. -
Wagner 1 Dutch Fricatives Dutch Is an Indo-European Language of The
Wagner 1 Dutch Fricatives Dutch is an Indo-European language of the West Germanic branch, closely related to Frisian and English. It is spoken by about 22 million people in the Netherlands, Belgium, Aruba, Suriname, and the Netherlands Antilles, nations in which the Dutch language also has an official status. Additionally, Dutch is still spoken in parts of Indonesia as a result of colonial rule, but it has been replaced by Afrikaans in South Africa. In the Netherlands, Algemeen Nederlands is the standard form of the language taught in schools and used by the government. It is generally spoken in the western part of the country, in the provinces of Nord and Zuid Holland. The Netherlands is divided into northern and southern regions by the Rijn river and these regions correspond to the areas where the main dialects of Dutch are distinguished from each other. My consultant, Annemarie Toebosch, is from the village of Bemmel in the Netherlands. Her dialect is called Betuws Dutch because Bemmel is located in the Betuwe region between two branches of the Rijn river. Toebosch lived in the Netherlands until the age of 25 when she relocated to the United States for graduate school. Today she is a professor of linguistics at the University of Michigan-Flint and speaks only English in her professional career. For the past 18 months she has been speaking Dutch more at home with her son, but in the 9 years prior to that, she only spoke Dutch once or twice a week with her parents and other relatives who remain in the Netherlands. -
Velar Segments in Old English and Old Irish
In: Jacek Fisiak (ed.) Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1985, 267-79. Velar segments in Old English and Old Irish Raymond Hickey University of Bonn The purpose of this paper is to look at a section of the phoneme inventories of the oldest attested stage of English and Irish, velar segments, to see how they are manifested phonetically and to consider how they relate to each other on the phonological level. The reason I have chosen to look at two languages is that it is precisely when one compares two language systems that one notices that structural differences between languages on one level will be correlated by differences on other levels demonstrating their interrelatedness. Furthermore it is necessary to view segments on a given level in relation to other segments. The group under consideration here is just one of several groups. Velar segments viewed within the phonological system of both Old English and Old Irish cor relate with three other major groups, defined by place of articulation: palatals, dentals, and labials. The relationship between these groups is not the same in each language for reasons which are morphological: in Old Irish changes in grammatical category are frequently indicated by palatalizing a final non-palatal segment (labial, dental, or velar). The same function in Old English is fulfilled by suffixes and /or prefixes. This has meant that for Old English the phonetically natural and lower-level alternation of velar elements with palatal elements in a palatal environ ment was to be found whereas in Old Irish this alternation had been denaturalized and had lost its automatic character. -
Kazakh Phonology Edward J
Kazakh Phonology Edward J. Vajda Although Kazakhstan is now an independent country, information about the Kazakh language remains largely in accessible to English speakers. The present work provides a general introduction to the language and a thorough description of its phonology. Kazakh sounds are described with reference to the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet presently in use in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakh words appear in bold face type, followed by phonetic transcriptions enclosed in brackets [ ]. Standard symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet have been used for transcription, and any instances where no IPA symbol exists to represent particular nuances of Kazakh sounds have been noted. The transcriptions are not intended as transliterations: they reflect pronunciation rather than spelling, and apparent inconsistencies between ortho graphy and pronunciation are carefully explained in the section "Native Kazakh Phonology." Particular attention has been devoted to three aspects of the phonology which previous studies have examined inadequately: the status of diphthongs and diphthong-like vowels, the phonetic nature of the "hard" vs. "soft" distinction in vowels, and the inter dependence of synharmony and stress. I. Preliminary Discussion 1. Turkic and Altaic Languages Kazakh is a member of the Turkic language family, which consists of about 40 languages distributed across Asia from Turkey to northern Siberia. The tribal pre decessors of the Kazakhs seem to have coalesced by the 16th Century into a single ethnic group with a single language (Krader 1962:123). At various times in the past this people and language have been called Kirgiz, Kirgiz- Kaisak, or Kipchak (Krader 1962:124-125). -
Equivalences Between Different Phonetic Alphabets
Equivalences between different phonetic alphabets by Carlos Daniel Hern´andezMena Description IPA Mexbet X-SAMPA IPA Symbol in LATEX Voiceless bilabial plosive p p p p Voiceless dental plosive” t t t d ntextsubbridgeftg Voiceless velar plosive k k k k Voiceless palatalized plosive kj k j k j kntextsuperscriptfjg Voiced bilabial plosive b b b b Voiced bilabial approximant B VB o ntextloweringfntextbetag fl Voiced dental plosive d” d d d ntextsubbridgefdg Voiced dental fricative flD DD o ntextloweringfntextipafn;Dgg Voiced velar plosive g g g g Voiced velar fricative Èfl GG o ntextloweringfntextbabygammag Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate t“S tS tS ntextroundcapftntexteshg Voiceless labiodental fricative f f f f Voiceless alveolar fricative s s s s Voiced alveolar fricative z z z z Voiceless dental fricative” s s [ s d ntextsubbridgefsg Voiced dental fricative” z z [ z d ntextsubbridgefzg Voiceless postalveolar fricative S SS ntextesh Voiceless velar fricative x x x x Voiced palatal fricative J Z jn ntextctj Voiced postalveolar affricate d“Z dZ dZ ntextroundcapfdntextyoghg Voiced bilabial nasal m m m m Voiced alveolar nasal n n n n Voiced labiodental nasal M MF ntextltailm Voiced dental nasal n” n [ n d ntextsubbridgefng Voiced palatalized nasal nj n j n j nntextsuperscriptfjg Voiced velarized nasal nÈ N n G nntextsuperscript fntextbabygammag Voiced palatal nasal ñ n∼ J ntextltailn Voiced alveolar lateral approximant l l l l Voiced dental lateral” l l [ l d ntextsubbridgeflg Voiced palatalized lateral lj l j l j lntextsuperscriptfjg Lowered -
An Autosegmental Account of Melodic Processes in Jordanian Rural Arabic
International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature E-ISSN: 2200-3592 & P-ISSN: 2200-3452 www.ijalel.aiac.org.au An Autosegmental Account of Melodic Processes in Jordanian Rural Arabic Zainab Sa’aida* Department of English, Tafila Technical University, P.O. Box 179, Tafila 66110, Jordan Corresponding Author: Zainab Sa’aida, E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history This study aims at providing an autosegmental account of feature spread in assimilatory situations Received: October 02, 2020 in Jordanian rural Arabic. I hypothesise that in any assimilatory situation in Jordanian rural Arabic Accepted: December 23, 2020 the undergoer assimilates a whole or a portion of the matrix of the trigger. I also hypothesise Published: January 31, 2021 that assimilation in Jordanian rural Arabic is motivated by violation of the obligatory contour Volume: 10 Issue: 1 principle on a specific tier or by spread of a feature from a trigger to a compatible undergoer. Advance access: January 2021 Data of the study were analysed in the framework of autosegmental phonology with focus on the notion of dominance in assimilation. Findings of the study have revealed that an undergoer assimilates a whole of the matrix of a trigger in the assimilation of /t/ of the detransitivizing Conflicts of interest: None prefix /Ɂɪt-/, coronal sonorant assimilation, and inter-dentalization of dentals. However, partial Funding: None assimilation occurs in the processes of nasal place assimilation, anticipatory labialization, and palatalization of plosives. Findings have revealed that assimilation occurs when the obligatory contour principle is violated on the place tier. Violation is then resolved by deletion of the place node in the leftmost matrix and by right-to-left spread of a feature from rightmost matrix to leftmost matrix. -
Other Vowels and Consonants (Advanced) This Chapter Has Considered Only the Vowels and Consonants of English, Many of Which Are Found in Other Languages
www.pearsoned.ca/text/ogrady/phonetics/other Other vowels and consonants (Advanced) This chapter has considered only the vowels and consonants of English, many of which are found in other languages. There are also many speech sounds found in the world’s languages that are not heard in English. Since phonetic descriptions are universally valid, once the basic articulatory parameters have been mastered it is not too difficult to describe and even to pronounce less familiar sounds. This section presents a number of speech sounds found in other languages. Vowels Front vowels, which in English are always unrounded, can also be rounded. A high front tense rounded vowel is heard in French pur ‘pure’, German Bücher ‘books’, and Turkish düg˘ me ‘button’. It is transcribed as [y] in IPA transcription, but as [ü] in North America—a difference that sometimes leads to confusion. A rounded high front lax vowel [] is heard in Canadian French lune ‘moon’ and duc ‘duke’. A rounded mid front tense vowel, transcribed [ø] (NA [ö]), is found in French peu ‘few’ and German schön ‘beautiful’. A rounded mid front lax vowel, transcribed [œ], is heard in French oeuf ‘egg’ and peur ‘fear’, German örtlich ‘local’, and Turkish göl ‘lake’. Back vowels may be unrounded; a high back unrounded vowel, transcribed as [ɯ], is heard in Russian words like byl ‘was’, and Rumanian mîna˘ ‘hand’. These vowels, as well as other ‘exotic’ ones, are found in many other languages as well. Table 1 illustrates the vowels presented in this chapter (UR = unrounded; R = rounded). Note carefully that the tense vowels are presented without glides. -
UC Berkeley Phonlab Annual Report
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report Title Turbulence & Phonology Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4kp306rx Journal UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report, 4(4) ISSN 2768-5047 Authors Ohala, John J Solé, Maria-Josep Publication Date 2008 DOI 10.5070/P74kp306rx eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2008) Turbulence & Phonology John J. Ohala* & Maria-Josep Solé # *Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley [email protected] #Department of English, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain [email protected] In this paper we aim to provide an account of some of the phonological patterns involving turbulent sounds, summarizing material we have published previously and results from other investigators. In addition, we explore the ways in which sounds pattern, combine, and evolve in language and how these patterns can be derived from a few physical and perceptual principles which are independent from language itself (Lindblom 1984, 1990a) and which can be empirically verified (Ohala and Jaeger 1986). This approach should be contrasted with that of mainstream phonological theory (i.e., phonological theory within generative linguistics) which primarily considers sound structure as motivated by ‘formal’ principles or constraints that are specific to language, rather than relevant to other physical or cognitive domains. For this reason, the title of this paper is meant to be ambiguous. The primary sense of it refers to sound patterns in languages involving sounds with turbulence, e.g., fricatives and stops bursts, but a secondary meaning is the metaphorical turbulence in the practice of phonology over the past several decades.