'More lnsulin Successes . Problems of Nlodernization . Normon Bethune .The Manchus

Australia: A g 0.40 New Zealand: NZ g 0.40 U.K.: 25 p U.S.A.: g 0.50 Faticat mot!:er iil a Shangl'iei' park, Zirairy SlttLicltcitg Articles of the Month

PROBTEMS !N CHINA'S MODERNIZATION \D Advontoges ond shortcomings. Deueloping the Chi- i\ nese to'sks model. Selt-reliqnce ond imports. Current ond priorities. Noted economist Xue Bood,ing gives down-to-eorth opinions. Poge 2 PUBLISHED MONTHLY. lN ENGLISH; FRENCH, SPANISH, ARABIC AND BIMONTHLY IN GERMAN BY THE CHINA WELFARE INSTITUTE MEMORIES (sOONG CHING LING, CHA|RMANI OF DR. BEIHUNE Bottle-front stories of the greot Conodion internotionolist, the 40th vot. xxv!il No. 11 NOVEMBER 1979 onniversory of whose deoth comes this month, movingly recolled by well-known novelist Zhou Erlu, CONTENTS outhor of o widely populor book obout hi'm in Chinese, ond by China's Modernization: Some Current Problems Xue Bethune's lormer bodyguord Yong Baoding 2 Yoolo. Poge 16 Shanghai Window on Chinese City Tan Manni 5 - l-ife After lrrsulin Synthesis: Progress Research in Peptide SHANGHAI _ Niu Jingyi 13 wrNDow oN A Second Lile-ln Memory oJ Dr. Norman Bethune on 'His the 40th Anniversary of Death Zhou Erlu Itl CHINA'S CITY IIFE Memories of Bethune Yang Yaota 1B The post ond present of City Co-ops: More Jobs for Youth Lu Zhenhua and Liu Chino's lorgest metrop- olis, ond the multitude Chuang 21 of things the visitor con Miniature Trees and Landscapes 24 see there. Poge 5 China's Manchu Nationality Aisin-Gioro Pu Jie 28, Cooperation, Friendship and Results Joint Research with a Danish Scientist Zou Shichang- 32 The Photography of Chen Fuli Huang Xiang J+ How A Farm Family Gets lts Income Liu Chenlie 40 New Rail Artery Serves New lndustries Liu Hongta. 42 APPROACH, The Glay-Figure World of Zheng Yuhe Zhang Fenggao 46 IO The Way Every Teacher Should Be Zeng Xiangping 50 IHE Sri Lanka Dances Come to China's Stage Jiang Shimei CO Noted Japanese Orchestra in Beijing Zhao Jinglun 54 SECRET Carto.ons 56 OF Chinese History - XIV' tIFE The Glory Thal -Was Tang: 3 High Point in Culture Jiao Jian - 57 'Yang Scenes of Tang Court Life Hong 60 Lightrng Up in Xinhui County Qiu Jian 66 Do You Know? China's Currency: Renminbi 68 Language Corner: Lesson 11: Visiting West Lake 71 PEOPLE, COVER PICTURES: MY THE MANCHUS Front: Niu Jingyi (center), Gong Yueting (right) and Du Yucang who have scored new breakthroughs in Aisin-Gioro Pu Jie, brother of .l biochemical science (see article on p. 3). Chen Yi Chino's lost ertperor, tells the present situotion Back: giant panda per- history ond Wei Wei, the first ever trained lo of Chino's once-ruling, Monchu iorm, does his stuff with the Shanghai Acrobatic notionolity of which he is o I roupe. Zhang Shuicheng noted member. Poge 28

Editoriol Office: Woi Wen Building, Beijing (37), Chino. Coble: "CHIRECON" Beijing. Generol, Distributor: GUOZI SHUDIAN, P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chiho. Chima's Modernization :

$ome Gurrent Prohle $

XUE BAODING qINCE the decision to shift Chi- agriculture, light industry, heavy tricity, seventh place; and in tJ na's focus to socialist mod- industry. petroleum ninth place. China now ernization, foreign visitors have Second, there were serious has more machine tools than some noted some economic and techni- setbacks beginning with the cul- industriaiiy advanced countries. cal problems involved and won- tural revolution in 1966, during These are the achievements and dered whether we wiII be able to ten years of interference and advantages. cope" When I visited the United sabotage by Lin Biao and the However, since China started States with the delegation of gang of four which brought from such poverty and because of the Chinese Academy of Social China's economy to the brink of her large population today, she is Sciences earlier this year, Amer- collapse. still behind the first hundred of ican friends asked if we had a Third, there has been a decided the world's 150-odd countries in practicable plan for moderniza- turn for the better. since the national income per-capita. Our tion. Below I give some personal downfall of the gang. Great people's livelihood has improved vrews. efforts by both government and too slowly. They are still rather people have restored social order poor in food, clothing, daily from the recent chaos, dnd savod necessities and housing. These are .A Four-Point Evaluation industry and agriculture from the the lags and lacks. Most important is a realigtic planlessness they had fallen into. The f our modernizations, pro- overview of China's basic eco- The rapidity of recovery is re- posed by Premier Zhou En1ai at nomic situation today. Broadly, flected in the economic statistics the Fourth National People's there are four points people for 1977-78 given by Premier Hua Congress in 1975 and reiterated by should be clear on: Guofeng in his "Report on the Premier Hua Guofeng at the Fifth First, there were remarkable Work of the Government" at the in 1978, are aimed precisely at achievements in our economic Second Session of the Fifth meeting the increasing everyday construction in the 1? yeais from National Congress*. needs of the people and making Fourth, not economy prosperous the f ounding of the People's this recovery has our socialist Republic of China in 1949 to the yet wholly eliminated the im- and strong. eve of the cultural revolution in balances of the past, Hence 1966. As early as 1956, Comrade the present policy of readjust- Seeking a Chinese Model Mao Zedong summed up initial ment, restructuring, consolidation is the choice of experience in his famous work and improvement. Its aim is to Very important "On the Ten Major Relation- advance in the course of read- a road for China's modernization ships." He explained the relation- justment, to better the people's conforming to her own situation. ships between industry and agri- livelihood and make our economy Foreign friends have asked which culture, between heavy and Iight flourish. model we shall pick, The Amer- west industry, between economic and ican? The Japanese? The defense construction, between the Advantages and European? Or the Yugoslav or state, the production units and the Disadvantages Romanian models? We recall Chairman Mao Zedong's advice on individual producer, and so on. In total output of several major Later these concepts developed into the point. He said we should avoid products China, as a result of from any t'wo principles for our national post-liberation progress, copying mechanically is now foreign example, learn from the economy. Agriculture was to be among the world's leading coun- experience of others, "make viewed as its foundation and in- tries. Our grain production is .good things foreign serve China," and dustry as its leading factor. The second only to that of the United study, digest, utilize and develoP order of its priorities was to be: States, We rank third, after the things useful to ourselves. Soviet Union and the United XUE BAODING, a well-known econ- States, in coal production. In omist in China, is Vice-Director of + See "Crucial Steps in China's Modern- the Institute of Industrial Economics of steel output we have reached ization," China Reconsttucts , October the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, fifth place in the world; in elec- 1979 issue.

2 CHINA &ECONSTBIJQTS, ?ii)'*

d, :r ,l ,ii,'t- j

,-:r

w. .,r

' l;".'t:,

Electrification of the Baoji-Tianshui sectiorr of the Long- hai line. an east-lvest rail artery across central Chlna,

NOYEMBER 1979 It yields, directly or indirec{ly, a good part of our national revenue. Such is the shape of things in China's economy. In its social organization our agriculture has , been transformed by the advent of the people's com- munes. But its production is still chiefly by manual work and sub- ject to nature's whims. Of China's 100 million hectares of cultivated area less than 40 percent is work- ed by machines. Some present averages: one h. p. of mechanical power for every 2/3 hectares, one tractor per 200 hectares of farmed land, 220 kilograms of chemical fertilizer used per hectare (with the proportion of nitrogenous, phosphate and potash fertilizers often not suited to different soils and crops as science requires). Grain production per agricultural worker averages less than one ton, low productivity indeed, as com- pared, for instance, to that in the U.S.A. and Canada, generally be- Coal cutting in the Datong mining area, Shanxi province. tween 60 and 100 tons. In the last decade, the chief Chairman Mao was the first to with external assistance as a sup- stress has been on farm crops, put forward the magnificent goal plement, enlisting both central which made up about 70 percent of China's four modernizations on and loca1 initiative, developing of output, by value. Forestry, the basis of the universal truths of large, medium-sized and small animal husbandry and fishery Marxism-Leninism and our actual projects simultaneously and con- were neglected, or damaged as situation. After the founding of centrating forces to solve major when some woods and pastures the people's republic in 1949, and problems one at a time. They were destroyed and lakes drained paiticularly after the basic com- sum up the Chinese people's to make tilled land, disrupting the pletion of the socialist transforma- experiences in long years of ecological balance. Within our tions in 1956, he repeatedly called struggle and construction. They farming, overemphasis on grain on the Party to shift the focus of likewise guide us today in creat- sometimes crowded out industrial its work to economic construction ing and developing our Chinese crops such as cotton and oil-seeds. and technical revolution. Upon model. And as regional traits and experi- his suggestion, at both the Third It is too early still to say what ence were at times disregarded, in National People's Congress in 1964 this model will be in its details. spite of increased grain produc- and the Fourth in 1975, Premier They will materialize as we tackle tion the peasants' incomes in Zhou Enlai put forward the chal- current problems and make the many places did not rise but lenging objective of bringing necessary analyses, studies, experi- bccasionally even fell. Our new China's economy into the world's ments and plans. policies have aiready done much ranks to correct such shortcomings. front within this century. Solutions for Current Problems This is the behest great pro- Because China has little cul- letarian revolutionaries of the Our key economic stresses in tivated land despite her vast older generation have left to us the next few years will be the territory, our agriculturists, econ- to fulfil. following: omists and scientists look to the Chairman Mao, again with Accbleroting Agriculturot Deuelopmenl setting-up of specialized agricul- tural bases in suitable regions. other leading revolutionaries, for- Agrlculture produces about 85 Not only will farming be promot- mulated the principles of develop- percent of Chinese people's the ed on the best land for each crop ing China's economy at high speed means of subsistence. It provides but wherever possible, mountains and in a planned and propor- 40 percent raw materials need- of prairies planted tionate way. They include: com- will be afforested, ed by our entire industry, includ- grass, bining socialist education with in! 70 percent of those for light with and water surfaces used for fish-breeding for diver- material encouragement, relying industry which in turn sells two- - mainly on China's own efforts thirds of its output to rural areas. (Continued. on p. 69)

4 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS MANNI

Shanghai and the Huangpu River. Chen Chuntuott

TIfITH a population of 1l mil- serve over 2,000 dishes representr making the latter the more im- W lion, Shanghai is one of the ing all types of Chinese cuisines. portant of the two rivers. The world's largest cities. One third After dark, theaters offer Beijing towr,r of Shanghai (meaning "going of its people are packed into 150 opera and local-style operas, bal- to sea") giew up on the Huangpu's square kilometers of the city pro- let, concerts and performances by western bank. per, but the entire municipality troupes from other provinces. In the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) covers 6,100 sq. km., including The current hit is the one from Wang Daopo, an elderly Shanghai suburbs and ten rural counties. Qinghai province, with its coloiful woman, made substantial innova- Its administration is equal in rank Tibetan herdsmen's dances and tions in cotton spinning and to that of the provinces, subor- songs. Weiwei the trained panda weaving techniques, and Shanghai dinate only to the central.govern- "star" who rides a rocking-horse became a center f or handicraft ment. is a constant attraction. textile production. A 1533 scroll In economiq importance it is depicts Shanghai as a town of first among China's cities, ac- The Two Rivers moderate size. A later one shows counting for one eighth of the it as a thriving foreign trade port gross output value of the national Shanghai owes its origin and in the late 18th century. industry. One Sixth of China's rise to two rivers. One is the Unequal treaties imposed on state revenue comes from Shang- Wusong, also known as Suzhou China after the Opium War of hai. A third of all her export Creek, which links the city with 1840 threw Shanghai open to goods are manufactured there. the Grand Canal north-south rapacious foreign traffickers, And as a metropolis of millions, water route at Suzhou. The other mainly in opium. Between 1845 and Shanghai provides a good look is the Huangpu (Whangpoo). En- 1914 western imperialists seized into the people's changing ways of tering the mighty Chgngjiang 4,000 hectares of cuitivated land living and their outlook. (Yangtze) River 28 kilometers around Shanghai and placed it , "Shanghai is almost all other downstream from the metropolis, under their own administration as Chinese cities rolled into one," an the Huangpu is the sity's outlet the "international settlement" and old Shanghai resident observes. to the Pacific Ocean. In the Tang the French concession. By 1930, For those who wish to study dynasty (618-907) Qinglong Town jointly or severally, a number of China's past' and present, there which is now in the western part f oreign powers ruled enclaves are many exhibition halls and two of the city, was already a flourish- within the city. While Chinese fine museums. For those who ing port, and was the landing peasants were driven from their like temples and ancient gardens, point for Japanese envoys enroute homes, the imperialists enjoyed Shanghai's are comparable to the to Tang court (today's Xi'an in extraterri[oria] status, meaning best in Suzhou and Hangzhou. Shaanxi province) via the Grand that they and their enterprises One can find almost all varieties Canal. were not bound by Chinese laws. of Chinese artcrafts, antiques and The delta on which the great curios in its shops as well as food city stands, protruding out into River Trip specialties from aII over the the sea, was formed since the country. Six hundred restaurants middle of the tenth century. As The Huangpu River has witness- the delta grew, Suzhou Creek no ed both the old misery and the people. TAN MANNI is a staff reporter for longer flowed directly into the new joy of the Shanghai China Reconstructs. Pacif ic but into the Huangpu, One Sunday afterneon in June,

NOVEMBEB 1979 many other unemployed workers were called back to their old jobs. Two years later the mili assigned her an apartment in the. then newly-built Caoyang Village workers' housing project. It was the first of 150 new housing areas for workers that have been built uP to now, with a total floor sPace of 14 million square meters. Alto- gether Shanghai has Provided new housing for one million PeoPie. Now Xu Xiaomei and her hus- band, dra'ring Pensions which total 120 yuan a month, can afford occasional visits to famous hoii- day spots nearbY iike Suzhou, Wuxi and Hangzhou. Xu Xiao- mei's story is that of manY Shang- hai workers.

Behind the SkYline The skyline of Shanghai's high- rise and now park-like waterfront, once known as the Bund, stood magnificent against the glow of sky as the excursion Unloading at the ilock. Zhang Shuic'hen.g the evening reached its end. A centurY ago this waterfront was just a shoal the 1840s with a hundred f oreign and corner obiivious to everything along the river. In build- Chinese tourists, took an excur- around them. foreign imperialists began I the sion boat down the Huangpu to I struck up a conversation with ing rnansions aiong it with squeezed out Wusongkou back. Rows of a couple who were retired work- money they haci and Chinese Then freighters were in dock in the ers, and their daughter, son-in- of the PeoPIe, became Shanghai's Wall Street harbor area. Gantry cranes swung law and grandson. I asked the it banks, foreign firms andl a back and forth overhead, now stocky elder woman, Xu Xiaomei, with consulate. They seized control of moving with ease the same kind whether she had ever been

6 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS in history for the sign posted at pore over volumes of books look- At noon I dropPed in at the its entrance until 1928: "Chinese ing for information to helP them famous Wangjiasha snack shoP on and Dogs Not Adrnitted." (This tackle problems in production, Nanjing Road for a dish of crisP- did not include Chinese employed study for exams or broaden their fried noodles and a bowl of for manual jobs such as turning knowledge in other ways. "tangtuan," both Shanghai sPe- latter a heart of the carrousel.) Now the park is a I turned south onto Xizang cialties. The - favorite spot for Shanghai's work- Road and walked two biocks to nuts and sweetened sesame seeds ing people.a Some come to viefu Fuzhou Road and the first lane filled in rice flour dough and then and photograph the changing branching off from it. In the boiled are available in many - good as river scene, the elderly to do their smaller lanes between the old- places, but none are so Shanghai. Afterward, morning taijiquan (Chinese sha- f ashioned two-story hotuies, those in Nanjing Road and pass the giandmas and grandpas of vYork- continuing west on dowboxing) exercises brought me to time of day, and young courting ing-class families chat whlle keep- for a few blocks the famous Kaige (formerlY Kies- couples to take an evening walli. ing an eye on their small charges Who would think that Iing's) cake shop and caf6, where nearby. one of before liberation this was the I had an icecream soda On Nanjing Road dainties- once notorious Huile Li, "Meet-for-'Hap- the foreign-style Nanjing (Nanking) Road, the available only to the few and now piness Lane," for Shanghai's rich, 'enjoyed city's main thoroughfare for the red-light district literally, by the many. the At Shaanxi Road I turned off past century, was so named by for red lights above the- doors of north into bustling Shaanxi Beilu the imperialists not.just after 34 the houses proclaimed the of Market. One of the largest in the another Chinese city but in name the Records of "Madam." city, it serves 1,300 households "honor" of the humiliatin$ Treqty for the year 1945 show that there you can get a of Nanking in 1842, forced down were prostitutes nearby. Here 1,000 "high-class" glimpse local people's shop- China's throat at the end of the of the there from which the owners and ping habits. The coun- Opium The name has been and eating War. the gangsters linked with them well-stocked with meat, retained so that the Chinese ters are Peo- made their ill-gotten gains. poultry, eggs, vegetables, ple will not forget how that fish, 'treaty Now the street is renamed soybean products and Pickles in brought them losses of Liberation Lane. After 1949, drug neat array. For families where territory and sovereignty. It is the abuse, gambling and Prostitution both husband and wife work, the chief commercial area, with 400 were outlawed. The government ma,:ket operates a ready-to-cook stores lining its five-kilorheter heiped drug addicts rid themselves section with combinations of meat length. There I met shoppers, of the habit, and for former Pros- or fish with vegetables, or vegeta- Iong lists in their hands, speaking titutes provided medical treat- bles alone, washed and cut up the dialects of many parts of the ment, training in productive skills ready to be dropped into the skil' country. The Shanghai people, and help in finding a job. TwentY- let. A salesman told me an in- unlike those from outside the city, four former prostitutes sti1l live teresting fact: in the busiest shop- window-shop and compare many in the lane. They are all emPioY- ping hours, five to seven in the times before they buy. Depart- ed in state or neighborhood-run morning, more than half of the ment Store No. 1, the city's big- enterprises, except for five who customers are young men. Their gest at the corner of Xizang have already retired. wives a;e busy getting the children (Tibet) Road, has 100,000 custom- I talked with one of them. Now ready for kindergarten or school so ers a day and sells 30,000 items. she was dressed like the fathers do the m.arketing. Such aged about 50 'is The large area of green opposite any other housewife who had sharing of household chores the store used to be the im- gone into production. Daughter now quite common among citY perialists' racecourse. Now laid of a coolie, at the age of 15 she couples. pools and decora- on out with trees, had been sold into a'brothel A Producer City tive rocks, it forms the l2-hectare this street for 150 kilo$rarns of People's Park, a pleasant oasis in rice, and then been trained to slng Despite what I have said about the heart of the metropolis, and and "entertain" rich busihesspen, shopping, Shanghai is reallY a big People's Square. A portion of the politicians and top gangstbrs. Soon Producer city supplying the old r.acetrack grandstand serves as after liberation she tnarried a couhtry with not onlY industrial a rostrum for big meetings he),d clerk. "My past has been kept goods, but know-how and techni- there. The old Race Club now secret by the authoritles, even eel personhel. Some of its newest houses the 6.2-million-volume from my children and the netgh- achlevements are on disPlaY in the Shanghai Library, and a sectlon bors," she told me wlth a smlle, megnificent Shanghai Exhibition of the grandstand butfding has but with tears in her efeS. "l Hall. tn the elaborately-decoraied been converted to a reading roorn. have aknost forgotten it, though maltr hall one finds many numeri- Now at the place whefe gamblers sometirnes it hauirts me in mY cally-controlled machine tools with sought to make their lortunes on dreams. I am a respected worker automatical cutter change. In the horses, young men and women .with 20 years' seniority." another hall, I Passed manY visi-

NOVEMBEB T979 tors looking attentively at a laser writer Lu Xun, his grave and a gang of four, during which they scalpel that doctors say com- nearby memorial hall, and the last worked at making paper boxes. pares favorably with , the latest horne in Shanghai of. Dr. Sun Master Gan Quan, a senior monk foreign-made ones for cutting Yat-sen, leader of China's demo- says that 400 people came to bones. Shanghai has 9,000 fac- cratic revolution of 1911. sprinkle water on the statue of tories with 1.6 million industrial the Buddha on the occasion of his workers. It also has 190 scientific Picturesque Garden birthday this year and there are research institutes with a total regular services, although noW staff of 28,000. The laser scalpel Shanghai is not famed for its very few young people are among beauty, Yu Yuan is excep- is one of the many results of the but an the worshippers. As Buddhism is is garden an of- joint efforts of Shanghai scientists, tion. It the of an important part of China's engineers and w6rkers. ficial in the Ming dynasty (1368- ancient arts and philosophy, uni- 1644) preserved in all its ancient versity professors often come to charm. Hidden behind higtr walls Revolutionary History discuss' its teachings with the right in the center of a bustling monks, and 15 young men have Perhaps it lies in the dialectics bazaar in the old part ,of the city, come to learn Buddhist literature of things that Shanghai, once the it has striking dragon-decorated and history. They work in the prey of imperialism, should carved-brick walls, and a small Jade Buddha Temple, but will not also have its own revolutionaty. Iake spanned by a marvelous become monks. history. It is the city of the birth zigzag bridge and flanked by pavi- Last year 10,000 people went to of the Chinese Communist Party lions and ornamental rocks. Its the temple and the vegetarian in 1921, of the May 30 (1925) anti- scen'ery is the basis of the famous restaurant and religious glods imperialist movement which "willow pattern" chinaware design. shop next door. There are several roused the nation to the revolu- Another point of interest in the ,other well-preserved ancient tem- tionary upsurge of the late 20s, of garden is the hall that once served ples and pagodas in the outlying the general strikes and uprising led as headquarters of the Small counties of Greater Shanghai. by Zhou Enlai which in 1927 drove Sword Society of peasants and Anyone interested in the study out the old warlords and placed handicraftsmen who in 1853 of China's ancient civilization workers in temporary control of staged an uprising against the im- should not miss the Shanghai the city, of decades of heroic perialists in Shanghai and the Mrxeum. It has some of the underground work by the Com- Qing dynasty officiais who work- country's rarest bronzes, most munist Party. ed hand in glove with thern. famous paintings from the Tang A two-story brick house, knpwn The'bazaar outside the garden and Song dynasties and most pre- as No. 106 Wangzhi Road then on is famous for its traditional ]ocal cious Ming dynasty porcelains. the southern edge of the city, was products. While foreign tourists How some of these things happen the place where the Chinese Com- are attracted to shops selling to be in Shanghai is'an interesting munist Party was officially born lanterns and exquisitely-carved story in itself: during periods of in 1921. In those days of warlord walking sticks, visitors from other war, especially after the Japanese suppression this house in the parts of China are more interest- invasion in 1937, many individual French concession, rented by an ed in Shanghai spiced beans, a collectors from all over the official in the warlord govern- nationally-famous snack. And the country brought their antiques to ment, had been chosen as a meet- local bazaar visitors like to spend the "international settlement" in ing place to, avoid suspicion. their time in lhe century-old Shanghai, hoping that they would Twelve delegates sent by com- teahouse overlooking a pond. be safe there, since those countries munist groups in various cities AIso famow is the'Jade Buddha were not then at war with Japan. and provinces, including Mao Temple in the western part of the After liberation the museum Zedong from Hunan province, city, with its two rare statue's of acquired them as gifts or through slipped in through the back door Sakyamuni, each nearly life size purchase. one by one on JuIy 1, 1921. They and carved out of a single piece Artifacts are arranged by type, left quickly on the night of the of white jade. One, a seated so that one can systematically fourth day when a stranger burst figure, represents Sakyamuni follow from beginning to end the in claiming he was looking for achieving his enlightdnment, and development of a single kind of someone. The house was raided the other figure, in a reclining art, such as bronzeware or pottery. by the police 15 minutes later, but position, his pasging into Nirvana. The latter includes pieces dating the delegates resumed the meeting They were brought to Shanghai back'to neolithic times unearthed the ne>lt day on a rented tourist from Burma by a Chinese monk 'in Shanghai's outskirts in recent boat on Nanhu Lake in Jiaxing, in 1882. years, proof that in this area, 98 km. away. The Wangzhi Road Twenty-four monks living in'the, which is now taking a lead in the house is preserved as it was then. temple carry on Buddhist services country's,modernization, culture Other historical sites in Shanghai as they have since the temple was developed f rom vel'y early include the residence of the great built, except for the years of the times .tr o CHINA ITUCONS'T'ftUCTS

,r

Snttk roulri*r, onr ol i.lx;trsands in Shangleai. Youth Palace audlcnce lreitls Br"orr n Unitelsill' (U,S.r\.] studcnt chorus" F he\1 i[inmiuli Villagc, a i'eretlti:i'-bu!lt ruorkels trousing an'ea. Ylrr Irrliarr;

Model plane and ship build- ers at the Children's Palace.

Dusk in the park.

Excursion boat on the Huangptt River', :r popular sumrner-evening cooler. Pllolos bt1 Zhnng Shuithen.q $teps Toward Soluing Life's Riddle

I

NIU JINGYI

A N achievement that drew of snake venom toxin, the struc- ehickens, snakes and silver-white ,t r international attention to ture-function relationships and carp. Although all of them have science in the People's Republic of mechanism of action of insulin, insulin function and can be China was the chemical synthesis the synthesis and application of crystallized, the sequences of their of the smallest of the proteins, peptide horm'ones, and methodol- amino acids are different. These crystalline insulin, in 1965. In the ogy for the synthesis of larger are portions of the sequences that years since it has stood many peptides. clearly dd not constitute the Iaboratory tests, and stimulated vital part. This has given us new research, both at home and Structure and Function of Insulin another clue. The reasons for abroad. Domestically, it has ied Our purpose in synthesizing insulin function, like the secret of to further success in the study protein is not how to replace Iife. are very complicated and we of peptides* and proteins by many natural with synthetic protein in need to understand them one by Chinese laboratories, significant industry, but to show that a com- one. both theoretically and practically. plicated molecule like protein can In recent years new break- The deep theoretical significance be made synthetically through 5 throughs were made on how in- lies in the fact that protein is part chemical process. An important sulin is formed in the body. We of the material basis of tife, and research subject in molecular bio- have recognized the nature of its synthesizing helps us toward an logy today is the study of the the precursors of insulin (i.e., answer to life's riddle. Practical- relation of the structure of pro- proinsulin and preppoinsulin), how ly, such research has already tein to its function by changing insulin is secreted from B-ce1l of yielded some medical and other its structure synthetically and isiets of Langerhans and how applications. observing the result. In the past it regulates other hormones Efforts have been made in the 10 years a group in our institute through the target (receptor). But synthesis. of peptide hormones and has created a series of insulin we are still a long way from our analogues by.joining a portion of main the study of the crystal structure, aim - which is to explain relation of structure to function natural fragments with a synthe- the function of insulin fully. To and mechanism of action of in- tic section. find the secret we have also sulin. Particularly active in these In an insulin molecule there are synthesized glucagon, a peptide peptide efforts have been the laboratories two chains, A chain with hormone closely related to insulin 21 amino of the Shanghai Institute of acids and a longer B action. chain Biochemistry, where myself with 30 amino acids. Our I experiments show work, the chemistry department that the amino Synthesis and Application of acids glycine phenylalanine of Beijing (Peking) University, and Peptide Hormones occupying positions Nc. 23 and the Shanghai Institute of Organic No. 24 in the B-chain are Of critical Since completion chemi- Chemistry, Institute of Biophysics of the ir4portance. Their presence deter- cal synthesis insulin, have and Institute of Zoblogy. Addi- of we mines whether the synthesized used either the liquid phase tech- tionally, institute made our has product will have activity. progress in the discovery of biolog- The many synthetic analogues t ically active peptides,** the sepa- Proteins are, constituf,dd from poly- have also showh that the positions peptides, that is, chains formed by ration and sequential analysis of. B-23-24-25 cannot be occupied many amino-acids. by other amino acid residues, or r* Each protein performs a certain N-IU JINGYI (Ching-I Niu)'is Director the product will lose effect. physiological function in the living of the Division of Protein Research at body, This is called biological activity, the Shahghal Institute of Biochemistry Further, we have recently ob- Though necessary to life, this is rlot of the Chlnese Academy of Sclences. tained insulin crystals from yet life.

NOVEMBEB 19?9 13 j, i)f, ^..

:#

Bei Shizhang, famous biologist, explains the spatial struc- Xinhua ture of an insulin molecule to Beijing stu

nique or the new and . improved planning and clinical experiments stantly. Those we use today have solid phase technique to synthe- have been made. the advantages of reliable moni- size several peptide hormones toring of the chemical reac- (oxytocin, vasopressin, hypertensin Improved Methods of Synthesis tions, yield and degree of purity and pentagastrin as well as the of the product. They are far bet- two releasing factors (TRH and The methods for synthesizing ter than the way in which'uve first LRH) of thyroid and luteinizing peptides are being improved con- synthesized insulin many years stimulating hormones). Most of them are now produced industrial- ly for medicinal and related pur- Determining the activity of insulin receptors. Zhang Shuicheng poses. Particularly noteworthy among our results is the synthesis of a vasopressin analogue which is a highly effective anti-diuretic ([l-deamino 4-Va1] 8-D'Arg vaso- pressin). Its use has relieved many urinary incontinence sufferers. The luteinizing stimulating releas- ing hormone analogue (LRH-A, [DAIa6]:[Des GlyNHrlo] LRH ethylamide) showed about 100 times the activity of natural re- leasing hormone (LRH), and is now used on a mass scale in fish f arms to stimulate four major freshwater species (black, grass, silver-white and big-head carp) to ovulate in fish ponds. LRH analo- gues also hold promise in family t4 CHINA BECONSTBUCTS ago. The methods include liquid- phase and solid-phase techniques. A few years ago,. in collabora- tion with our colleagues of the Shanghai Institute of Organic ffifl8AffruE$ Fnom 0}ilflA Chemistry we synthesized the carboxyl-terminal 23-amino acid peptide derivative of the sub-unit of tobacco rnosaic virus (TMV for BEIJING REVIEW Politicol ond theoreticol weekly in short) coat protein by the conven- English, French, Germon, Sponish, Joponese ond tional liquid-phase method using Arobic, Airmoiled to oll countries. fully protected fragments. The solid-phase method was ,Cesigned CHINA PICTORIAI Lorge-formot monthly with photos, for the synthesis of larger peptides. ort works ond short orticles. Published in Chinese, Through stepwise fragment con- English, French, Germon, Joponese, Russion, densation of protected peptides Sponish, Arobic, Hindi, lndonesion, ltolion, Swedish, section by section to a solid sup- Koreon, Swohili, Urdu, Vietnomese ond Romonion. port, the distinctions between the desired product and the undesired CHINA RECONSTRUCIS lllustroted monthly of generol impurities are much greater, ren- coveroge on Chino in English, French, Sponish, dering separation much easier. Arobic ond Germon, Thus we were able to obtain the synthetic 29-amino acid peptide CHINESE TITERATURE Monthly of Chinese literoture glucagon in crystals readily. By ond ort in English ond French. further improving this method, we have synthesized two carboxyl- PEOPLE'S CHINA Conrprehensive, illustroted monthly terminal fragments, 2S-amino a in Joponese, acid peptide and a 48-amino acid peptide, of the tobacco-mosaic POPOLA virus coat protein. The former was Et CINIO Comp,rehensive monthly in Esperonto. the same as that synthesized by the liquid-phase method, anF they SCIENTIA SINICA Foreign-longuoge edition published were both found indistinguish- monthly with orticles moinly in English. able from that pait of the native JMV protein in giving the same CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL Monthly in English, product of tryptic digestion. How- ever, as the properties of the in- CHINA'S FOREIGN TRADE Richly illustroted bimonthly termediate product are hard to in Chinese, English, French ond Sponish. determine, we can find the biolog- ical function of such a large pro- WOMEN OF CHINA Monthly in English. tein fragment only after the whole sub-unit (158 amino acid CHINA'S SPORTS Monthly in English, residues) is synthesized. Our recent attempts at the synthesis of shorter fragments of protein whose function can be easily de- Distributed by: GUOZT SHUDIAN (Chino Publicotions Centre), termined have likewise been quite 'Beijins, Chino successful. your We believe that such attempts. Order from locol deoler or write direct to GUOZI SHUDIAN, will not only pave the way for P,O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino structure-function studies but also enable us to improve the methods of peptide synthesis. tr

NOVEMBEB r9i9 15 - ln Memory of " Dr. Norman Bethune on the 40th Anniversary

of His Death

ZIf,OU ERFU

The stratue of Norman Bethune in ShijiazhuanE, lhe city where he lies buried. n NE late summer day during the Sun was not very tall. Her long l. *r, with Japan, probably in braids were tied at the ends with 1940, we were on our way on horse- red wool yarn. A pair of expres- back to Pingshan from the mili- sive shining eyes was set in a round tary headquarters of the resistance face. base behind the enemy Iines on the It was a pleasant journey; we joint border of Shanxi, Chahar and chatted as we walked, not feeling Hebei provinces, where I worked. the Ieast tired. Sun began to tell quent Japanese mopping-up opera- My companion and I passed by us about herself. tions combined with hard condi- Wangkuai, a town in Fuping tions had worn her out. Her county in Hebei province where we QHE was a member of the bat- health deteriorated and she con- came across a young woman l.J tlefield service corps doing cul- tracted. tuberculosis. named Sun who was also headed tural and propaganda work in the Her companions in the corPs sent for Pingshan. We decided to go on Central Hebei Military Command. for doctors, but none were able to together and set out the next Originally a pampered young lady do anything for her given the morning. As she was on foot, we from a comfortable family and in austerity of those war days. With Ioaded her bedroll on one of the delicate health, she had been medical supplies and equipment horses and took turns riding. drawn into the struggle against the incredibly scarce, they felt her case Japanese invaders and had since of TB was hopeless. None could ZHOU EBFU, a well-known writer antl been always on the move behind bring themselves to teII her the author of the biography, Dr. Norman was rough just assured her it Bethune and the novel Morning in the enemy lines. Life truth; they Shanghai, is a Vice-Minister of Culture. then. The strain during the fre- would take time before she could

16 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS fully recover. But inwardly they all feared one day she would sud- denly collapse and die. Soon, however, news of Dr. Nor- man Bethune's arrival at the embattled central Hbbei base area i,:': reached the battlefield service tl',,: i?$ti corps. They invited the, Canadian tt doctor to come over one day to look at Sun. After carefully observing l' :: ;;*i' ', ,, her symptoms, Bethune frowned. Sun's comrades were worried. Was there no hope for her? They asked. "She can be saved," Bethune said, tapping his temple with the forefinger of his right hand, "but not here in central Hebei." "Where does she have.to go?" "Beiping." (Beijing was then called by this,name.) This was like saying there was no hope. Beiping was then under Japanese occupation. The corps was hard up for money. Even if Dr. Bethune (left) talking with Commander Nie Rongzhen (ceuter) in June 1938, after arriving in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei resistance base. the money could be scraped together, how could Sun break through the enerny blockades and then facing and suggested ,that "l want to send a girl to get into the city? Bethune not be so insistent. But Beiping for treatment ." When Bethune returned to his the doctor thought that since he "It can't be done," He Long cut unit, he wrote a letter to his was working in the army, the in without waiting for Bethune to superior, Zhou Shidi, Chief of army should help solve problems finish. He had already heard Staff of the 120th Division sta- encountered in his work. He or- about the case from Zhou Shidi. tioned in central Hebei. He asked dered his horse saddled and set out "why?" that the girl be to Beiping sent for with his interpreter for the head- anything should treatment. "What if quarters of the 120th Division. happen to her in the enemy- The letter was a tersely writ- occupiedarea.,." ten memorandum. Zhou Shidi's (^\N jumped request that she be sent to opinion was that the battlefield arrival, he off his "I u horr" and hladed 'for the Beiping f or treatment," Bethune service corps was not under his division commander's private quar- repeated. command, so he returned the note ters. He walked with precise, "That's ." with these comments: "The com- impossible rade does not belong to our unit. military steps unlike the casual "May I know the reason?" in It's not our responsibility to act on intimate attitude he adopted With his pipe in his hand, I.Ie this." the past. He strode up to He Long Long said, "Conditions are dif- salute. Dr. Bethune was so shocked and and gave a formal ficult here behind the enemy lines. angered his hands trembled. "I "General, I hope you will promise We have many wounded soldiers have no choice but to have it out me one thing," he said in a and patients. We can't send everY with Division Commander He respectful tohe. one of them to Beiping. If we set Long," he said to his interpreter, He Long, a hero of several a precedent this time, this kind of stammering a little. revolutidnary wars and one of the problem will be hard for the armY. "Why?" senior leaders of the entire people's to deal with in future. WhY not "Since the Chief of Staff doesn't forces o.f China, was standing in send her into the mountains, to agree the center of the room. A stalwart the rear that's to send the patient to Bei- Yanan, or to - ping for treatment, there's no other figure with a jet-black moustache, possible." way out but to talk directly to the he took his pipe from his mouth Scrutinizing General He Long, General !" and exhaled a, cloud of white Bethune could guess what he was The interpreter tried to explain smoke. saying. As soon as the interPreter why things' had to be solved "What can I do for you, Dr. finished translating he said, "She through the proper organizational Bethune? Sit down, flease!" He needs immediate treatment. I'm a channels. He described the im- motioned to a seat, trying to relax doctor. I can't just stand bY and mense difficulties the army was the tension. do nothing."

NOVEMBEE 1979 t7 "On this point we agreer" He "General," Bethune said, grasp- Long smiled. "Both you and I irrg He Long's hands, "do you are much concerned about our understand how we doctors feel troops. Of course we should give about the sick and wounded? We them medical treatment. But not must do everything in our power necessarily in the enemy-occupied to see to it that any patient gets areas. We can send them some- timely treatment. This is the where else." doctor's creed. Of course, what "I think, as a doctor, I know you've just said is quite true. But better than you where our I've thought of a way: Miss Hall, patients should go for treating a New Zealand missionary, is leaving soon f different illnesses," Bethune said or Beiping. I'm emories goins to ask her to take Sun with stubbornly. "The girl's condition f,"..'i +. is critical. Any delay will cause "Will she agree?" her might die before death. She "I've talked with Kathleen HalI she can get to Yanan the rear or many times. She's changed some area. But she might be saved if of her old views and wants to join we take immediate steps to send in the anti-fascist struggle." her to Beiping. It's closer." "That's wonderful," General He He Long drew long and deep on Long said with a glad laugh. They his pipe. He pondered over the shook hands warmly. time factor in saving a patient. Disguised as a country girl, Sun T WAS one of Dr. Norman Then he said mildly, "If you insist. Ieft for Beiping the next day with I B"thr.ru's three bodyguards in But better not do it in the name Kathleen Hall. the spring of 1939 when he worked of the ar:rny ." Six months later she had re- in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border "Because of financial prob- gained her health, returned and area, an anti-Japanese base led by Iems?" plunged back into the struggle the Communist Party. Memories "No, not that, we can subsidize against the enemy.. She worked of him are still fresh in my mind the expenses." in centlal Hebei f or some time today. "Then leave everything to me," before being transferred to a Bethune said, satisfied. drama troupe in the mountains 'I've Come to Work' under the subcommand rf third HAT afternoon He Long came where she did her bit ln the army's One day my commanding officer r to see Bethune in his room. told me that a Canadian doctor cultupal work. When we met her to have some named Bai Qiu En (Bethune) was "There seems been she was going to Pingshan to misunderstanding talk coming to work at Nanbeilou during our attend the United University in this morning," he said, patting village in Yixian county, Hebei North China province where we were stationed. Bethune on the shoulder. I and two other young soldiers "Misunderstanding?" Bethune S she told us her story, her were to be his bodyguards. We. fixed puzzled eyes on the General. bright eyes ranged over the were excited, and curious. We "Yes,", He Long nodded. "We green mountain slopep and the gulped down our breakfast and are very moved by your warmth ripening crops, as if she had not started to tidy a room for him in for the patients. We, too, love seen them for a long time. a simple peasant home near and are concerned for them. But Yes, if it weren't for Dr. regimental headquarters. you don't know some things we Bethune's help, she might have At the sound of hearty laughter we rushed out and saw our com- do: First, how dangerous it is for died before he did, I muSed. He mander accompanying a tall man. our people to go the enemy- rescued into her from the brink of "So that's Bethune," I thought. He occupied areas for treatment. If death and she gained a second had a broad forehead, a high nose they are discovered, the chance at life. and deep-set eyes. He was wearing consequences can be terrible. But Dr. Bethune has left us for a new gray army uniform and an Second, the Kuomintang has been one, two and now 40 years. armband inscribed "Eighth Route spreading rumors in the rear area Though he died four decades ago, Army." that people are disappearing in our Dr. Bethune lives on in our hearts "Conditions are pretty hard central Hebei base area. If a girl and mjnds. Marly doctors of new here," our commander said apolo- suddenly leaves and we can't say China, serving the people both at getically. where she's gone, it will arouse home and abroad, are inspired by' more suspicions. The expense isn't prole- YANG YAOFA is now a leailer of his revolutionary spirit of Siping Construetion Company in the probljm. We can afford it." talian internationalism. tr northeast China.

18 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS of tsethume r* ;-

YANG YAOFA

nT At the battle front, 1939. r- Dr. Bethune consults with a blacksmith while making simple medical instru- ments to serve guerrilla lvarfare behind the enemy lines.

'$, tr s*, .tt "This is just fine." Bethune looked around with satisf action. j € "That's the way it is in wartime" "{s :Bd b, We have to be hard on ourselves today so that rve can have haPPY ,*# \ tomorrows." ,l\ He unpacked his f ew belongings: a folding cot less than a meter wide, a small hurricane lamP, a leather medicine kit, Packs of surgical instruments and a mess kit. His interpreter explained that Bethune not only slePt on the cot but, when necessary, oPerated on it. No sooner had we Put awaY his things than he asked, "Where are the wounded? I want to see them at once." "You must be tired after a whole day's journeY," said the com- mander. "You'd better see them tomorrow." "Dear comrade, I've come to work, not to rest." Grabbing a box of instruments, Dr. Bethune dragged the officer out.

Rounds 121s a1 Night The medical team worked under very poor conditions, Serious cases were put uP in the Peasants' homes. Lighter ones were scat-

NOVEMBEB 19?9 19 and was about to go out again. with sesame seeds on top, They "You haven't touched the bed bought a ehicken from a villager since morning..,," I said and made it into soup. anxiously, hoping to stop him. Happily, the cook and I carried "It's time to give the regimental the feast to Bethune's room. He commander another injection." was just back. He stood up to Pointing to his watch he smiled greet us and sniffed the fragrant and said, "This gives me my cakes and steaming soup. He kept orders." saying, ! Very good !" he The "Good next day Chen's fever went said several times, down. must "You rest more and We were about to walk out when take care of yourself," he said to he stopped us, gesturing that he Bethune gratefully. more "You're wanted two more bowls. Puzzled, important," doctor laughed. the the cook went got "You have to win the war." and them. Dr. Bethune divided the soup into three bowls and dropped the pan- Three Sesame Pancakes cakes which he had sliced with a It was supper time. Throughout pocket knife into the soup. "Let's the whole day Bethune hadn't take these to the wounded," he come back even once from the said. wards. I was waiting anxiously Realizing what he was up to, I for him. objected, "The comrades in the "H,urry," the cook called out to kitchen made this especially for me, "come and help me get Dr. you. You must eat it." Bethune's supper." "I'm quite strong. I don't need "Millet and yams again?" I special c4re. But those wounded Dr, Norman Befhune with an intern of yelled thought de- soldiers do." Before we could say the Model Hospital of the Shanxi- back. The Chahar-Hebei Command, renamed the pressed me. any thing more he led the way. Bethune Int6rnational Peace Hospital "You'll know soon." out. after his death in 1939. Walking into the kitchen I saw Dr. Bethune fed one of the three sesame pancakes \nd a little severely wounded men. I and the pot of chicken soup. cook fed two others. On our way tered among the mountain caves" For several days the cooks had back Bethune fetched a bowl of, Dr, Bethune soon learned every- wanted to produce a good meal for steamed millet from the kitchen thing about the casualties: how Bethune. which their wounds When they learned that he downed along with plain were healing and he liked things made wheat yam slices, where they of boiied the only were staying. After a flour they baked three pancakes supplement. gruelling day of work, his precious D hurricane lamp in hand, he would make the rounds of the village and Checkup for patients, the mountain caves. On the third evening after Bethune's arrival, a wounded regimental commander named Chen took a sudden {v turn for the ;q'r worse. With a dozen suppurating ,* bullet wounds, he began to run a dangerously high fever. Such Serious cases would normally be sent to a hospital in the rear. But Chen insisted on staying at the front. Dr. Bethune was moved by his bravery. "You are a real hero! I'll do my best to help you recover quickly." That night Bethune went four times to give him injections and medicine. The third time, he returned to his room at two o'clock in the morning. I thought that now he would go to bed. But after a while he took up his medical kit

20 (]HINA RECONSTRUCTS il ,.::==il:==. 1"1 i: il=_.-=:i: i:.=--i=.i:::":-:i: :.=.::.: ':..-ril =:]i:=.-. =:i::ii:.:..i"'1El"lE:i"l=::= ==i:::i:: l,i tiii

il Ety o-op$: or& @ $ r Ili iil iii " LU ZHENHUA and t.IU CI{UANG i; lri ,.lli

[]ROM March through June this in a neighborhood in the south- One is to expand existing r year, 67,000 young people in eastern part of the city uncovered neighborhood production groups. Beijing who had b'een waiting work the following needs: 22 families Ther:e are some in nearly every assignment were placed in jobs where both husband and wife area, mostly started during the big mostiy in newly-formed coopera- worked wanted a place where leap forward year of 1958. These tive production and service en- school children could have lunch; are collectively owned and manage terprises. The problem of jobs for 27 families couldn't send their their own affairs with guidance young people had been developing children to kindergartens because from the neighborhood committee. for severai years. Since 1968, local ones were full; and seven An example is Garment Factory during the cultural revolution, families needed someone to look No. 3 outside Qianmen Gate. It many young people went to the after elderly or ill members. Many could have been making a lot more countryside to settle down in rural asked for better laundry service. children's clqthing for export.. But communes after graduation from in recent years, influenced by the middle school. Some did'not go Does Collective Equal Capitalist? gang-of-four stress on nothing but because of their health or because Idle hands but much needing to state-ownership, the city labor one child from each famiiy could be done. Why hadn't anybody bureau had refused to'allot it any remain parents. at home with the brought them together? For a more manpower. Now it has taken Others have come back for these long time there had been hesitancy on 92 young people, operates a or other reasons, or had been in to develop such services because of second shift, and has increased its the countryside long enough (in the the ultra-Left thinking spread by output from 7,000 to 16,000 pieces recent period usualiy two years). the gang of four. Then only state- per month. Jobs in the iity would be found owned enterprises were stressed A second way is to organize co- for them through the labor oflices, and it was implied that coopera- operatives which process work for but sometimes there would be a tives, which are collectively-owned, larger factories. Sometimes this long, demoralizing wait. There or individual craftsmen giving re- is done in a makeshift workroom, jobs were not enough in Beijing's pair and other services, would lead sometimes at home. A state industry and commerce because to capitalism and should be woolen mill near Chaoyang Gate there had been insufficient gradually abolished. Since the suddenly got an extra-large order economic expansion in the years downfall of the gang of four, it of sweaters and caps for export. before the fall of the gang of four has been recognized that this idea The machines could hllndle the 1976. in was wrong, that such units have a work all right but there was a Yet there were things that place in the socialist economy and bottleneck on sewing the pieces needed doing. For instance, can make a contribution, and that together and finishing. A labor furniture stores have never been neither a collective nor a person cooperative of 100 young people able to keep up with the demand. working by himself involves ex- was organized to do the job, and But even when people had their ploitation. Early in 1979 the 58 more are being trained as own wood ahd wanted to get furni- Beijing city authorities began to knitting machine operators. ture made, there was no place that tackle the problem, urging the did it. There was a 40-day wait neighborhood committees, which Service Units to have a wool suit made in an are the lowest level of city A third way is organizing more overburdened state-run tailor shop, government, to undertake the task production and service co-ops. A survey among the 773 households in their localities. These often begin on some item They approach several which needs little capital invest- LU ZHENHUA and LIU CHUANG are it in staff reporters for China Reconstructs. ways. ment or utilizes waste materials.

NOVEMBEB 1979 2t In a cooperative art siore set up by young people. Xinhua

One was started on the initiative craft to a group of young people Having your photo taken at some of a worker in the Beijing Stage in order to preserve it. The well-known site is a favorite Costumes Factory who had a products are sold through foreign pastime of the many visitors to daughter waiting to be assigned trade channeis. the capital, and now service co-ops work. His factory has a lot of Cooperatively-run servlces have members posted in strategic scraps of gorgeous silk and satin include binding volumes of places with cameras. left from making Beijing opera magazines and repairing books. A fourth method is placing costumes, which it used to sell as repairing furniture and electrical young people in temporary jobs in waste material. Now the co-op, appliances and mimeographing, state-run enterprises and other using them with scraps from and also tea stands on the streets temporary work. The labor of- other factories, makes hanging in the hot weather. In a busy fices make necessary arrangements figures of silk-padded cardboard neighborhood that has never had for this purpose. for home decoration. Another sufficient facilities for shopping Where some small initial invest- cooperative consists of glass and after-theaier crowds one ment is needed for equipment or blowers. A hundred years .ago group opened a eo-op wine and materials, the neighborhood com- there was a Mongolian artist snack shop. To make shopping mittee advances the sum, which is named Chang Zai whose glass more convenient, others have paid back out ..of the proceeds. grapes were reputed to have been opened up cooperative outlet Co-op members who lend tools as taken for real' ones by Dowager ihops on consignment for goods equipment, for instance, a camera Empress Cixi. His five daughters also sold by state stores. Services or darkroom fittings, receive extra carried on his art until their also include barber shops, a unit payment for their use. workshop was closed dlown during that whitewashes walls and a Happy with Earnings the cultural revolntion. In'June moving service, staffing neigh- the Beijing city government asked borhood kindergartens and can- Wages are decided by the arnount the only surviving daughter, teens where none ex.isted for school of business. Most enterprises are Chang Yuling, 68, to teach the lunches. the type which bring in quick

,, CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS returns, so very soon the young people can be earning as much as a beginner in a state enterprise an average of 30 yuan per month,- which is sufficient for a single person. Many of the jobs are on a piece-work basis, at which a fast worker can earn considerably more. One of the best for wages is the furniture co-op near Chong- wen Gate, also one of the first in the city. It has 24 members or- ganized in 10 teams who go to peo- ple's homes to repair or build furniture, or do it in their wbrkroom. In its first three chang Yuling passes on the art of blowlng glass grapes, practiced in her family months it took in'4,032 yuan. for 100 years" Here wages accord with skill about two yuan per day and- with the principle of "more- work more pay." This co-op, like others is managed by an elected admin- istration of chairman, vice-chair- man and three board members. Problems of production and fi- nances are discussed at weekly membership meetings. The young people are happy to be in the co-ops and to be earning. As of now most of them view these jobs as a temporary measure until, as government-owned undertak- ings expand, jobs become available in them. They are free to join or to leave the co-ops whenever they wish. However, the co-ops them- selv'es are expected to be long- lasting. Thus 20 percent of each co-op's net profit is retained for A new apprentice at a Beijing garment faciory learns frorn a veieran seamstress, expanding production and emer- gency needs From March through June, 1,200 Chen Jizhong (first left), who is hanrlicapped goa a job in a cooperative making painted eggshells, a cratt, such cooperatives were set up in traditional art Photos by Tian Feng Beijing. The same thing is being x done in other large cities. Their work fills in gaps in China's social- ist economy that state ,enterprises so far fail to cover. tr

CORRECTIONS In our October 1979 issue: Page l9 - The second line of the up- permost caption should read: "east of the gorges, under con- struction." Page 41 The second line of the caption- for the top photonhn*n chnrrli F6ai. ..i^-+-^.,^r L., should read: "destroyed bV , Anglo-French troops in 1860.,'

i

NOVEMBEB T979 qINCE ancient times Chinese \J craftsmen have been growing miniature trees and'gardens in pots. It is one of this countrY's traditional arts. Nature and scenes from classical paintingS are repro- lMflnfiature 'Trees duced on a much smaller scale. A shallow tray can contain an ex- quisite dwarfed tree or a delicate landscape complete with streams, andl tandlseapes hills, winding paths, some trees here and a pavilion there, and even a fisherman in his boat. These miniatures are from 20 cm. to one meter high. A few pots of . these miniature gardens placed around a room can relax the viewer after the day's pressures and seemingly transport him to a serene mountain toP. Parks often display them, as do some restaurants and hotels. Usual- ly ranging in price from ten to sev- 'eral hundred yuan (some several Methods for growing miniature trees and plants:. centuries old are priceless), theY 1. Soil is kept moist all the time. Plants are watered twice make lovely and unique gifts. daity in summer, Iess during spring and autumn, and in winter These picturesque microcosms only every few days. Too much water rots the roots. fall into two main categories: one 2. The miniature trees are kept in sunny rooms with good dominate'd by trees, the other bY ventilation, especially during their growth period. In summer, rockery. trees like maples'and Japanese white pines are kept out of direct sunlight which would burn their tender leaves. Landscapes with Trees 3. The plants are pruned and thinned in winter and oc- About 150 species or varieties of other seasons to keep them graceful and let in light casionally in which and air. slender-branched trees Fertilizer is applied frequently in small amounts. An sprout easily are suited to minia- 4. em- exception are pines and cypresses which only need to be fer- turization. Those commonly ployed pine, tilized three or fourtimes a year. In China, phosphate and potash today are Buddhist fertilizers, beancake and partly'ferm'ented rapeseed cake (made elm, box, broom and Japanese also from rapeseed husks after the oil has been pressed out) are used quince. Heavenly bamboo is to enrich the soil. used. Styles vary with the differ- 5. The soil is changed every two or three years; for the ent regions of China because of larger landscapes, every four or five. In spring new soil is added local plants and methods of cultiva- and dead roots are cut away to let new ones grow. tion. Stones, clay figurines and The plants are weeded and checked for pests or disease. tiny pagodas are often arranged Plants from.southern regions or those in shallow trays should around the diminutive trees. .River be protected against the winter cold. Along the Changjiang valley, craftsmen usually tie the young branches with palm fiber to train them into the desired shape. The elm, yellow flax, pomegranate and Mei flower trees grown in Su- zhou are known for their graceful, antique appearance. Craftsmen in Yangzhou coax the trunks of pines and cypresses into'.the shape of writhing dragons; the leaves look like floating clouds. Artisans in Shexian county, Anhui province, Miniature rock. Goo Minggi train the trunks of cypresses and plums to curl upward like a dragon playing.

24 CHTNA RECONSTRUCTS Rock chrysanthemums. Lava in sta- lactite shapes.

Yellow flax, 70 years old.

Elephant-like elm, groln for over 80 years, triiariatule rockcries and trres, fi.rruiig,-lt iir .,",indolr., In Sichuan province miniature are usually of redwood, sandal- became a pastime among the rich Japanese persimmon, Japanese wood, boxwood or black bamboo. and several works were written quince and Serissa are twisted to giving expert advice on how to resemble earthworms or dragons History of the Art cultivate and arrange the diminu- holding a pearl in their mouths. tive trees and rocks. Horticulturists in Guangdong prov- The art of miniature gardening To,Cay, horticulturists through- ince in the south pinch the trunks can be traced back to the Tang out the country are encouraged to and train the branches of orange- dynasty 1,200 years ago. For exam- keep up this traditional art. As- jessamine elms, yellow flax and ple, a mural ih the passageway of sociations have been formed to ex- Fujian tea bushes to keep the the tomb of Prince Zhang Huai, change experience and techniques. trees the size they want. The second son of Tang Empress Wu Sohe people have made it their result is a look of elegance, Zetian, which was l-rnearthed in hobby. Special gardens have been strength and natural beauty. Shaanxi province in 1971, shows a set up for displaying these minia- Shanghai craftsmen have studied maiden holding a miniature tures in the major southern cities. the tochniques of other places and landscape. Tang and Song dynasty The Miniature Garden of the created a distinctive style of their poems in praise of these creations Shanghai Longhua Nursery, found- own. are still appreciated today. During ed in 1954, is one of the largest Great skill is needed to grow the Ming and Qing dynasties such centers in China with a these tiny trees which have to be (1368-1911) miniature gardening collection numbering 10,000. tr constantly clipped and pruned, watered, f ertilized, transplanted and sprayed with insecticides. The oldest trees are extremely valua- ble. Some pine and Chinese juni- per miniatures in Yangzhou and CHINA SCENES Nantong have been preserved for 400 years. A dwarf pomegranate An Album of Photographs in Shanghai, planted 240 years ago, still blossoms anC }.rears fruit each year. HE ancient Iand of China is possessed of a great variety of seenie beauty. Tiny Rock Gardens On the occasion of the 30th anniversary oI the People's In miniature rock gardens the Republic of China, we present this album of photographs stones are arranged with bits of of some of the famous scenic spots, 15 special site's grass, moss, elf in bridges and including the Lijiang River, West Lake, Mount Huangshan. dainty pavilions to look like an en- Mount Lushan, Mount Taishan, Mount Huashan, the Great tire mountain. Connoisseurs ap- Wall and Mount Qomolangm&, Bnd views of 30 provinces, praise a miniature landscape by its munieipalities and autonomous regions including Taiwan Iayout. province. The 211 pictures were taken by 140 professional A Song dynasty book, A manual and amateur photographers. of Yunlin Rock, records 116 kinds Text in Chinese and English with separate caption of stone that can be used in making inserts in French, German, Japanese and Spanish. these landscapes. Most common are sandstone, slalactites, pumice and Sieer 36.4 X 25.9 cm. other loose-textured rocks which lend themselves to carving. Being Linen cover with colorful plastic-coated jacket porous, they also absorb water so us$ 39.00 that in time the rock surface acquires a growth of moss. Hard De luxe edition: rocks like silexite, axinite and 1$0 eopies numbered by hand, stalagmite are also used. The ea'ch in a brocade box particularly Songhua Rock is us$ 90.00 precrous. vessels The containing these CHINA PICTORIAL Beijing, China miniatures Published by PRESS, are themselves works Distributed by GUOZI SHUDIAN (China Publications of fashioned marble, porce- art of Center), Beijing, China lain or finely levigated clay. The glazed porcelain pots from Fcishan Order from your local dealer or write direct to the and the earthy-red clay ones from Mail Order Dept,, GUOZI SHUDIAN,'P. O. Box 399. Yixing are most the famous. The Beijing, China short, decorative stands which fit snugly around the base of the pots

NOVEMBER T979 27 the Sushen nation mentior-red in Chinese historical records as early as the 11th century B.C. The Sushens inhabited a vast area around the Heilong and Wusuli river valleys bounded on the east by the sea and the south by the x.. Changbai Mountains. They were .t,a hunters known for their skiil in making bows and arrows. From very early times they had rela- tions with the people of the Huanghe (Yellow) River valleY, who later became known as the Hans, China's ethnic majoritY. ," ,u: gi After a long period of develoP- ment and evolution a section of the Sushens, known as the Nti- zhens, founded the Jin (or Kin Ilu Jic and his wife Hiroko Sage at homc. Zltang Jilgde meaning gold) dynasty which ex- isted from 1115-1234. It began in northeast China, then spread over much of north China" while the Southern Song dynasty ruled south China. It was later defeated and dispersed. Studies show that fiino's ilundiu llotiottolity the Manchus were among the des- cendants of these Nuizhens.

A New Nationality AISIN.GIORO PU JIE In 1616 Nurhachi united the scattered groups in northeast Chi- na into a kingdom with the name of Jin*. Under it were many na- tionalities including Hans, Mon- golians, 1635 Brother of the late Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi, China's last emperor Daurs and Xibos. In Nurhachi adopted the name Man- usho reigned briefly in 1908-11 and d"ied in 1967, the 72-gear- chu to replace the name Niizhen, old Aisin-Gioro Pu Jie i,s the senior member of the Aisin-Gioro to cover alt the nationalities under cl,on, formerly rulers'of the Manchus, one oJ China's mtnori.ty his control. nationalities. From 1644 to 7911, as the Qi,ng dynasty, they uere In 1636 Nurhachi proclaimed the imperial house oJ China. Below he telles about hi,s nqtional- himself emperor of this kingdom itA's traditions, their past and their present. and changed the name from Jin to Qing. In 1644 the Manchus march- ed south through the Great Wall and established the Qing dynasty over all China. The Manchus had had a social A LL MANCHUS, according to child. Obviorxly it was told to system of slavery which was grad- deify our lineage. But there is one f!- 1sgsn6, descendecl from my ually changed to one of feudalism bit of reality in it: the magpie was reputed ancestor Aisin-Gioro Bu- at about this Under Nurha- the totem clan. time. kuliyongshun who was conceived of our poli- Manchus themselves chi they were organized into by a heavenly maiden after eating The count as a nationality in the early 17th tical, military and economic units a red haw dropped into her lap century, when scattered groups known as "banners," each under by a magpie while bathing in a living in northeast China were its own flag. At first there were pool atop the Changbai Mountains united by the outstanding states- in northeast China. Every Man- man and strategist Nurhachi. But 3 Meaning rrgold", also the meaning of chu used to hear this tale as a our origins can be traced back to the clan name Aisin-Gioro.

28 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS only four: yellow, white, blue and Wall they learned to speak the red. Later they were increased to language of the Hans, and it came eight with the addition ot borders to be used in their everyday life to the original. In times of peace both north and south of the wall. the "bannermen" did farming and However, official documents were other work. But they became sol- written in both the Manchu and diers when fighting was demand- Han scripts. ed. This banner system became I was told that father and grand- the basis of Manchu society. father used to speak Manchu in Living intermingled with the court, at family ceremonies and Hans, our people learned from when entertaining relatives and broth- them more advanced culture and friends. As a child my elder ways of production than they er Pu Yi had a tutor to teach him But themselves had. The Manchu lan- to speak and write Manchu. going guage and customs underwent by the time I started to school neither the opportunity nor marked changes despite strenuous environment for learning Manchu efforts by the rulers preserve to existed. I, like most Manchus of old traditions. today, never iearned it. It is now spoken only by some old people in Disappearing. Language remotb villages in the extreme north of Heilongjiang province. Manchu language a The is Riding and archery were once Tungus sub-group branch of the favorite Manchu sports. Bef ore of the Ural-Altaic group. Toward the 1?th century children started the end of the 16th century the As a Manchu noble, Pu Jie learned to target practice at the age of six or ride at the age of 10, Manchus began to use the Mon- seven. When they were a little gollgp alphabet (known as the older they began their riding train- "old script"). Later circles and ing and would go hunting in the dots were added to indicate Man- mountain forests. The women It was the custom among Man- chu pronunciation more precisely were as skilled as the men. But chu men to shave their heads, (the "new script"). After 1650 as after they became China's ruling leaving a portion of hair in the more and more Manchus settled nationality they gradually neglect- center which was braided into a among the Hans south of the Great ed these skills. Iong queue. During their rule

The household of Pu Jie's father in Manchu dress. From right to left: the father, the father's mother and secondary mother, and Pu Jie's bwn mother.

i,ii !'J : !

NOVEMBEB 1979 29 Pu Jie and his wife (first and second right) and Pu Yi (second left) were received by Premier Zhou Enlai in 1961. Also present was the famous novelist Lao She (third left, tront row), a Manchu by nationality. they made this style mandatory In early times the Manchu reli- done to the accompaniment of a throughout China. They wore a gion was a form of shamanism singer backed up by the rest long straight gown with slits at which divided the world into three marking the rhythm in unison. the sides and full bell-shaped levels, heaven where the gods sleeves, and over this a vest, also lived, the middle for humans and - Hid Among the People with slits on'the sides. The wom- the lower depths for devils. I-;ater en wore high-collared side-slit Tibetan Buddhism was introduced After the overthrow of the Qing robes over long trousers and dress- among the aristocrats, the Manchu dynasty by the Revolution of 1911, ed their hair in two high coils on rulers attempted to make it a tool we Manchus were discriminated either side of the head. They did to strengthen their ties with, and against. Things got even worse not bind their leet as was then the control over, the Mongolians and under Kuomintang rule which, custom among the Han women. Tibetans who shared this religion. out of Han chauvinism, oppressed Their shoes were of embroidered The Manchus observed a strict all minority nationalities. Many silk or cotton with a high rounded etiquette. People saluted each Manchus had to pass themselves platform in the middle of the sole. other by bending the right knee off as Hans or they could not get The Manchu emperors issued with the right arm downward" work. A survey made before lib- decrees forbidding intermarriage When relatives and close friends eration in 1949 showed only 80,000 between Manchus and Hans. They, met both men and women em- people throughout the whole coun- and the princely families, never braced cheek-to-cheek. They liked tty registered as Manchus, the had Han women as empresses or to sing and dance. At celebrations majority residing in big or me- first wives, only as concubines. or banquets guests and hosts dium-sized cities. A few of the However, the attempts to prevent danced in turn in a circle, one arm more highly-placed were able to ordinary Manchus from marrying raised to the forehead and the live off the sale of their property, Hans proved a failure. other behind the back. This was jewelry or antique scrolls of calli-

30 CHINA RECONSTRLICTS graphy or paintings. Most Man- Shortly after our return to Beijing later became members of the com- chus, however, worked as rick- we were received by Premier mune. The people's government shaw pullers, handicraftsmen, Zhou Enlai. He encouraged us to lent the brigade funds to build an small traders or school teachers. do our best to serve the people for irrigation system which has in- Since liberation in 1949 under the rest of our lives.* creased grain output year after the Chinese Communist Party's Today my younger brother and year. They live in solid, well-built policy of equality and unity among si{ sisters are all living in Beijing houses. Every fami.ly has surplus all nationalities, we Manchus are (Pu Yi died of cancer of the kid- grain and money in the bank. still recognized as a separate na- ney in 1967). My nieces and A survey in 1977 found 2.8 mil- tiona).ity even though so little re- nephews are working in different lion Manchus throughout China. malns of our customs and lan- flelds. Last year I myself was They live in Beijing, Chengdu, guage. In 1952 the people's govern- elected a deputy to the Fifth Na- Xi'an. Guangzhou and other cities, ment decided that minority people tional People's Congress and a and are scattered throughout the ."vho live scattered among the peo- member of the Nationalities three provinces in northeast China ple of other nationalities are enti- Committee. (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning), in tLed to have delegates for their na- Manchu commoners have aLso Hebei, Gansu and Shandong prov- tionality in the people's congresses experienced a great change in inces; and in Inner Mongolia, in addition to the usual locality de- their living cclnditions. The Tan- Xinjiang and Ningxia autortomous legates. Seventeen Manchus were ying production brigade of the regions. Many outstanding Man- elected deputies to last year's Fifth Mujiayu commune in Miyun coun- chus have made a contribution to National People's Congress. ty north of Beijing is a Manchu China's , education, science, medi- Today there is no discrimination community. Its members are cine and the arts. Among them against any of us, whether from descendants of a group of banner- are the writer Lao She, the Bei- f amilies of former aristocrats or men sent there in 1780 by Emperor jing opera singer Cheng Yanqiu, workers. My brother Pu Yi and Qian Long. After the fall of the' the linguist Lo Changpei and the I had been pressed into serving Qing dynasty the 2,000 Manchu painter Pu Xinshe. n the Japanese imperialists as head-s families there Ied a rniserable li{e. Manchukuo, puppet of their state Only 200 of the families were still + Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi tells about this in the northeast and sentenced as there by the time of liberation. , episode as well as his early in his war criminals. We were released During the land reform right autobiography From Em r to in special amnesties tor war crimi- after liberation Citizen published in 1965 by the For- they received land eign Languages Press, Beijing" and nals in 1959 and 1960 respectively. along with the other peasants and reissued in 1979.

FROI}I EMPEM(IM TO GIIITEfi Ftom l',ntperor t{ Cittzen is the outobiogrophy of the mon who wos the k:st emperror of Chincr ond loter puppet emperor o[ (in English) "Monclrukuo," .loponese imperiolism's pseudo-stote in northeost Chino. The AutobiogrGphy ln Volume One he gives o vlvid picture of the lost decodent ol Aisin-Giors Pu Yi doys of the Qing dynosty court" He reveols how olter the overthrow cf the dvnosty he ond other representotives of the feudol forces (in two volumes) plotted wlth foreign powers to restore the monorchy, ond how he beconre the Joponese irnperiolists' puppet, ln Volume Two he describes his life os "Emperor of Monchukuo," ond then loter in prison os o wor erlminol, He gives o lively oc- count of how his thinking chonged through lobot ond study. The finol chopter tells obout his oew life os on ordlnory citizen of peo- ple's Chino ofter his releose. Cloth binding, Published by the Foreign Longuoges Press, Beijing, Chino Distributed by: GUOZI SHUDIAN (Chino Publicotions Center),

Beijing. Chino + Order from your locol deoler or write direct to GUOZI SHUDIAN, P.O, Box 399, Beiiing, Chino

NOVEMBtsII I,979 31 different countries. Socialist co- operation in China, he went on, had provided conditions favorable for scientific work. He himself said modestly that most of the work had been done by his Chinese colleagues and he had only been the catalyst. We, how- ever, regarded him as the guiding and leading member of our team, and appreciate greatly both the help and the impetus he gave to our research. This was not Prof. Deutch's first acadernic exchange visit to China. He had been here in 1972 and again in 1974. It was at his suggestion that the Shanghai Institute of Prof. Bernhard I. Deutch of Aarhus, Denmark lecturing at ihe Shanghai Institute Metallurgy and the Institute of of Metallurgy. Nuclear Research set up their first. equipment f or research on ion backscattering and channeling ef- fects. Then, however, the work was stalled by the situation created by the gang of four. Prof. Deutch himself saw how our scientists were restricted in their efforts. ffiEt qHARING the happiness of the v Chinese people at the ousting Research with a Danish Scientist of the gang, he wrote us last Year -Joint expressing his desire to do some- ZOU SHICHANG thing for China's four moderniza- tions and suggesting cooperative research with the two institutes on A LETTER from Prof. Bernhard nique for integrated circuits, solar the laser annealing of semicon- A I. Deutch, of the Institute of batteries and microwave devicesl ductors. He told us that work Physics at the University of this subject has received much at- abroad had just begun on this Aarhus in Aarhus, Denmark, to tention in international semicon- subject, and hoped our cooperation our institute recently informed us ductor research in recent years. - would help narrow the gap. that an article+ we had written Just before Prof. Deutch went between China.and the rest of the about a project we had worked on back to Denmark early this year, world in this field. together in Shanghai had been ac- he spoke at China's first sympo- Also last year, with some other cepted for publication by the sium on laser annealing of ion- Chinese scientists involved in ion Danish magazine Radiation Ef- implanted semiconductors in implantation and ion beam analY- fects, and that he was ready to Shanghai, at which Chinese re- sis, I attended an international look at two other articles we sent searchers from institutes of symposium in Britain and visited him. All are results of our three metallurgy, nuclear research and Prof. Deutch in Denmark on the months of work in late 1978 on optics instruments in and fine way. He took us to the Institute laser annealing of ion-implanted presented the results of Shanghai of Physics where he works in the semiconductors. As a new tech- joint their work with him. Prof. University of Aarhus. We also Deutch said these results showed ZOV SHICHANG, &tr associate re- searcher at the Shanghai Institute. of the importance of international co- + "Pulsed, Q-Switched RubY Laser Metallurgy untier the Chinese Academy operation and free exchange of Annealing of Bismuth Implanted SiIi- of Sciences, is one of the people who con Crystals Investigated by Chan- worked with Prof. Deutch, opinions among scientists from neling."

32 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS visited his family and met his table tennis. Our friendly cooper; valuable to our country. Though parents who were on home leave ation bore fruit. Using lasers Prof, Deutch has gone horne, our from their work in the United we've sueceeded in annealing, or cooperation continues. He sends States. At that time, with Prof. restoring the structure of, gallium us literature and information on Deutch we drew up a rough plan asemide which had broken down new developments in the field, And and prepared samples f or our when implanted with ions of tin, descriptions of our work are being future work. and of silicon after implantation made available to other Chinese In October 1978, Prof. Deutch of bismuth ions. This is China's scientists through publication in came again to Shanghai w.ith his first breakthrough in the subject. two Chinese magazines Electronica wife and two daughters. He was Three months is a brief time, Sinica and Foreign Dlectronic eager to get started. He streSsed but it yielded significant results in- Technologg. ! that he had come to work and not as a tourist. We ourselves had Conferring witb Chinese colleigues. everything ready to begin. He took -of this as a sign the neVr atmos: phere in Chinese scierice. Prof. Deutch brought with him a number of very recent scientific papers and filled us in on world research on our topic. He helped us to revise our plan for work and analyze the experimental data and later to sum up experience at every step and define new goals. He often stayed with us far into the night when problems came'up. To speed up progress on our experi- ment we often worked round the clock. It was Prof. Deutch who made suggestions on how to raise effi- ciency and overcome the handicap of our backward equipment. Fre- quently, he lunched with us right in the lab to get to know his fellow workers better and to have more time to mutually discuss teehnical problems. With the cooks rvho laught him lo make Chinese dishes.

T N SHANGHAI Prof. Deutch and I his family lived in a hostel not far from our institute. They en- joyed the Chinese food very much. He even went to the kitchen and got our cooks to teach him to make some dishes. During their stay, his wife Bente Deutch taught English in Fudan University. Their two daughters attended a nearby primary school where they learned in Chinese. At Christmas'the family invited us to their home, and on New Year's Day we 'had a gay get-together. The professor read some poems and his wife sang some beautiful Danish songs. The two girls danced bits of Suan Lake with two Chinese friends. In other free time we wor:Id go walking in nearby parks, visit flower gardens or play

NOVEMBEB 1979 33 The Photography Chen Fuli

HUANG XIANG

Chen Fuli at Mt. Huangshan in 1978,

rFUO work of the well-known sionals and amateur camera en- Many of his works extol the new I Hongkong photographer Chen thusiasts considered it an excellent China's achievements. Such is his FuIi (Chan Fook Lai) was fre- opportunity to learn from him. "Glory of Daqing" (the oil field in quently shown and acclaimed at Deeply patriotic, Chen Fuli has the northeast) and "Youth Tun- China's national photographic ex- focused his lens on many subjects. neI," taken at the Red Flag Canal hibitions before 1966. Last July he The greater part of the 120 pictures project. "Huangyangjie" and presented a one-man shbw in Bei- showp were taken since 1959 over "Sanwan" show scenes in the jing at the invitation of the Chinese the length and breadth of China, former revolutionary base areas. Photography Association. Profes- from Xinjiang in the northwest to The 63-year-old photographer has Xishuangbanna in Yunnan prov- rhade many working trips to Mount ince in the southwest, and from Huangshan and Guilin two of HUANG photo- XIANG, a well-known Heilongjiang places. - grapher, is a board member of the Chi- in the northeast to his favorite nese Photography Association. Fujian in the southeast. HEN FULI Ieft his native Chao'an in Guangdong prov- Answering visitors' questions at his exhibition. ince as a youth and in the ensu- ing decades traveled throughout southeast Asia in search of a li.ving. Like most Chinese abroad he has known oppression and exploitation by the imperialists. Love for the Chinese people who have thrown off the yoke of oppression and for the beautiful homeland illuminates alL his photographs. Well-versed in Chinese literature and art, this master of the camera incorporates their distinctive fea- tures in his work. He embodies the Chinese traditional painter's principle of "a'fusion of sentiment and scenery, and an integration of object and viewer." His "Ode to the Morning Lighl." taken at Mount Huangshan not only depicts the soaring peaks and green pines

CHINA IItrCONS'IIIUC S Struggle (Hongkong) Serried Peaks on Guard (Mt. tluansshan)

Winrl in the Pines (lfXt. Jiuhua)

Coming f,{orne in t.he Rain (Nanjing) ,q

3 Warrn Winds Caress the Earth (Mt. Huangshan) of the famous mountain it cap- uses a mechanical Ignored is way - tool. change from China's former tures the swirling morning mists the fact that the camera is greatly of holding one-man exhibitions after a rain. It has the lyric beauty hampered by such factors as when viewers saw the photographs of a classical painting or poem, or weather, time, location, subject but not the photographer. It creat- a traditional landscape done in matter and other obiective condi- ed rapport between artist and Chinese ink. This is the result of tions. To produce a masterpiece, audience, which not only benefited insight and adeptness in app).ying many intellectual and artistic the latter but was of interest to certain rules common to Chinese qualities are necessary, as well as the former seeking further to im- art forms, such as the rendering great mental and physical effort. prove his art. of perspective and the concealing Chen Fuli did not come by his Vast and ancient, China is rich or revealing of particular details artistic achievements easily; they in places of historit interest and to create special effects. The are the crystallization of long, scenic beauty. Her political and mounting of the works adds to hard work. economic situation is improving their Chinese flavor. and tcjurism beginning to expand. "The Road Mounts Skyward," T\URING the exhibition Chen This will bring better facilities from a line in Chairman Mao's IJ P,r11 was invited to many pro- for both Chinese and fgreign poem "Reascending Jinggang- fessional discussions. He spent the photographers. shan," seems to draw the viewer rest of his time in the ha]l itself, In the years to come,. Chen Fuli right into the picture. It calls to meeting amateurs and profes- will certainly create more works mind the heroism with which sionals, replying to their questions showing China's beauty and China's old revolutionaries in those and noting their suggestions to achi.evements. And China will mountain f astnesses f ought su- him. With great patience, he gave warmly welcome photographers, perior enemy forces. viewers step by step accounts of whether our compatriots in Hong- Some say that photography is how he took. and processed ,them kong, Macao and Taiwan or easier than painting. That is a in the darkroom. the vivid and friends from al1 over the world, very one-sided view, perhaps based thrilling "Struggle" and the serene who will find' ample scope for on the fact that the photographer "Herdsmen's Yurts." This is a their talents here. tr

Herdsmen's Yurts (Tian- shan Mountains, Xin- jiang)

NOVtrMBER T979 39 enough to eat atter paying exorbitant rent to the landlord. Feng had to work as a rickshaw coolie in the city during non- farming seasons. After liberation, the land reform of 1950 brought them a three-room How I Farm Farnily house and one-third of a hectare of iand. Life improved still more after f arming became collective and Feng j'oined an agricultural Gets lt$ lncome producers' cooperative. and later a people's commune. However, for a very long time the ideas of the LIU CHENLIE gang of four disrupted the rural economy. The principle of "to each according to his work" was A T 60 Feng Maoru is patriarch and the tWo daughters are married replaced by a crude equalitarian- .t I. of a big family. He and his and live with their husbands, ism (equal pay to everybody no wife and three of their five sons families. The Fengs live in an old- matter how much or Iittle he live with them in their village worked), sideline in style house of rooms built around while family the Wugui brigade in western pioduction was regarded as a courtyard (four "capi- Sichuan's Xindu county. Two , facing south, talist" and virtually prohibited. three north and rooms other sons are working elsewhere along both This naturally aff ected the sides). peasants' incomes. LIU CHENLIE is a saaff reporter for Before liberation they had no After such ultra-Leftist ideas of China Reconstructs. house, and since' they didn't have the gang of four were got rid of,

Part of the Feng family in their bamboo-riagerl yaril,

40 CHINA IIECONSTBUCTS Party policies on the rural economy top of this is their income from were restored. Now compensation family sideline production. The is in accord with the work done main item is pigs. The old couple and family sideline production is raised seven of their own last Year, encouraged as long as it does not and sold five to the state for 70 interfere with the collective yuan each. They. took in another economy. The income of the 60 yuan from selling for use as Fengs, as of other commune mem- building material 400 kilograms ot bers, has improved as a result. bamboo which they grow around As the youngest son spends most the house. This brought the of his time at the middle school he family's income from sidelines to attends in the county town, the 410 yuan, or nearly 23 Percent of three full-time workers at home their total 1978 income oI 1,798. are the two remaining sons and a Some farm families augment daughter-in-law. The latter, being their income with sales of Produce The a whiz at rice transplanting, is a from their private Plots. good workpoint earner. Feng Feng family has a 0.02 hectare . their 25, lvorks for the bee farm plot in front and behind Shifu, grow grain run by the commune brigade. His house. On it they can and vegetables for their own use brother Feng Shigui, 27, works as pigs, and if theY carpenter in one of the brigade's and fodder for have surplus they can sell it to the sideline units. Since these sons state or at rural fairs. Last Year are skilled men and contribute a they got i.20 kilograms of grain and Iot to the brigade's collective large amount of vegetables and get pay a income, they extra in ad- fodder from this land, but used it dition to the workpoints they all at home. They also raised seven earn. chickens and ducks for eggs for had visited the Fengs to find Photos by Wang Hongxutt I their own use. Feng Maoru's wife. out about their family ineome. No sooner had I begun asking OId SPending Feng for more details than he went owns its house, so there is no rent. to get his wife. "Aunt Feqg really Expenditures included the They make their own small farm controls the purse-strings," joked following: 521 yuan for 2,605 kg. tools and bamboo baskets. They Xiao Zhang, a cadre in the produc- of food grain, 169 yuan for 121 cook with marsh gas manufactured tion brigade, who had come with kilograms of meat, 24 yuan for in their own family-size tank in me. "No," observed Aunt Feng 1?.5 kg. of cooking oil and 250 Yuan the back yard. Haircuts are free with a smile, "my oid man's for fodder for their pigs. All these at the brigade barbershop and film memory just isn't as good as it were deducted from their YearlY showings by the comrnune's mobile used to be." income by the production team. projection team are also free. Other outlays were 70 yuan for Many families use their surplus to Itemized .A.ccount special food for the son's wife buy consumers' goods, but the after childbirth, clothes for the Feng family already has five wrist Feng Maoru suffers from ar- baby and a celebration when it'was watches, three bicycles, a radio agrd thritis so is semi-retired. The old one month old; 15 yuan 'for a sewing machine so last Year couple's chief contribution to electricity, seven yuan to the co- they bought little except for a few collective production is taking care operative medical care fund (one articles of clothing. of a sow at home for the team. yuan a Year Per Person, after In addition to the family savings, They get workpoints for this and 'which all treatment at the brigade the old couple have a savings extra ones when the sow gives clinic is without charge); 25 Yuan account of their own. The two birth to piglets. They also get tor grain processing; 20 yuan sons working outside send them workpoints for the manure col- for the youngest son's 300 400 yuan a year for their tuition to'expenses lected at home and given to the schooling; and 180 yuan as a gift own but the couPle team. to a married daughtef who was prefers to bank it with the aim ot Last year the family earned building a new house. using it for the weddings of the 13,020 workpoints, the equivalent AII these added up to L,28L younger sons. of 1,,240 yuan. With the two sons' yuan, leaving a qurplus ol 51? When I asked whether this extra pay of 108 yuan and bonuses yuan, part of which was put into family's income was the best in the of 40 yuan their total income from the bank, for there were few other brigade, I was told no, but that it collective work came to 1,388. On necessary expeflses. The family was better than average. tr

NOVEMBER 1979 4L One of the 716 bridges along the line between Xiangfan and Chongqing.

Shaanxi .T * ?' t - nl l .L. \5 r, .rYl "" t11 '1-, ' - Xiangfan

A

e il[t rtery

$eruel tew Imduglries

LTU HONGFA

October 1 a new rail line spent 40 days f)Nv traveling along the tion it had orrly 30,000 people and officially opened which links Iine to see the changes it has covered about seven square two of China's large industrial brought in these mountain areas kilometers. cities, Chongqing and Wuhan, and where difficult communications Xiangf an made some recovery serves long a major new industrial area held back economic develop- after liberation but turned into an ment. to the north. Previously the only industrial city only after 1970 when Xiangfan, freight route between the two meeting point for the it became the intersection of two two sections, treally Cities, cities, used for thousands of years, is two rail lines, the one from Wuhan to Xiangyang was the Changjiang (Yangtze) and Fancheng, sur- Xiangfan and on to Danjiangkou rounded mountains three River. The line passes through 1g by on a bit to the northwest, and a north- sides cities and counties in northwestern and bisected by the Hanshui south section running from Jiaozuo Hubei, southern Shaanxi and River, a big tributAry of the in Henan province to Zhicheng in eastern Sichuan provinces, where a Changjiang. It is the junction of an Hubei province. The jatter is part new industrial area is being ancient land route with river trans- of a much longer north-south line created. port network, so there has been a with connections to the southern The first section cif the rail route, city here for 2,800. years. History coast and to the north and east up the valley of the Hanshui River records that it had a population of through the rail center of Taiyuan to Xiangfan in northern Hubei, was 150,000 in A.D. 206. But in the in Shanxi province. completed around 1960. The re- Since semi-colonial, semi-feudal century 1970 the state has set up maining section, 901 kilometers quite a few factories in Xiangfan. prior. to 1949, it steadily declined. from Xiangfan to Chongqing over They include a cotton printing and It was severely damaged in the big very difficult terrain, was com- dyeing mill and plants making flood pleted in -May 19?8. Recently I of the Changjiang in 193b bearings, pharmaceuticals, tractors, and by bombing by the Japanese chemical fertilizer and cement. invaders 1945 just LIU HONGFA is a staff reporter for in before their Total industrial output ha.s qua- China Reconstructs. surrender. By the time of libera- drupled since September 1976 when

42 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS the northern section of the base here. Some buildings and second automobile plant, which Xiangfan-Chongqing railway was other relics of that stirring time went into production in 1976. Its completed. The city now has a can still be seen today. designed output capacity is four population of 200,000 and an area A tunnel 5,200 meters long brings times that of auto plant No. 1 built 16 times that at liberation. Three- the rail line out of the mountains. in Changchun in northeastern fourths of the streets many of - From Xiangfan to Chongqing there China in the 1950s, them lined with buildings of five are a total of 716 bridges and 405 Eight years ago when work or slx stories were built since - tunnels, two of 5,000 meter length began, Shiyan was a smalL village 1971. and 10 of 3,000 m. or more. Bridges in a barren gully. Today factory A scenic spot in the suburbs is and tunnels make up 45 percent buildings, five or six-storied tongzhong, home of Zhuge Liang, of the line. workers' apartments, shops, schools the famous statesman-strategist of Next the train reaches Shiyan in and hospitals stretch for 30 km. the third century, whose name is northwestern Hubei, site of China's along the valley. Some people known to practically every Chinese, ano to some foreigners, from the classical novel The Three Ki.ng- A shop in the forging mill of automobile plant No. 2 at Shiyan in Hubei. doms it which he is a main hero Recently the state allotted funds to improve its grounds and provide facilities for tourists.

The Wudang Mountains @ Westward from Xiangfan on the way to Chongqing the train crosses the Hanshui River and enters the Wudang Mountains lvith a peri- I meter of 400 kilometers, riddled '^9 with deep valleys, steep precipices and 72 peaks that poke up into the sky like swords. The train snakes along the northern edge of the range. In the mountains are a number of big Taoist temples dating from the Yuan (1271-1368) and Ming (1368-1644) dynasties. In one of these is the Golden Pavilion, a structure of gilded bronze standing atop Tianzhu peak, 1,600 meters above sea level. It is the largest of several anci.ent bronze structures still extant in China. In these mountains the famous Ming dynasty pharmacologist Li Shizhen (1518-1593) collected over 400 of the total of 1,800 medicinal herbs which he described in his monumental Compendium of Materia Medica, a landmark in Chinese medicine and pharma- cology. The mountains remain a natural siorehouse of medicinal plants today. They have their place in revo- lutionary history as well. Here Li Zicheng (1606-1645), leader of the peasant army which overthrew the Ming dynasty, trained his initial troops. And in May 1931 units of rhe Red Army led by Marshai He Long established a revolutionary

NOVEMBER 1979 43 joke that when the lights are on planting trees on the mountain carrying them into the mountains at night it looks like the Milky Way slopes. The line has to pass on their backs. Salt was carried in had fallen down. through a 40-km.-long zone of from Sichuan in the same way. A Built under a pol.icy of dispers- montmorillonite, a claylike sub- round trip for a salt porter would ing some indrfstries inland from stance containing aluminum sili- take about a month. Goiter was the coast, the auto plant depends cate. The local people describe it prevalent among people deprived on the railroad. Chen Zutao, chief as "hard as steel in the sun, sticky of this source of iodine. engineer, says 17 tons of ma- as glue in the rain." After the railway came, Ankang terials including steel, coal, Still further west, the train constructed a 5,000-kilometer local lumber- and oil are needed to reaches Ankang prefecture in highway network reaching into 80 manufacture - a single auto, which southern Shaanxi .province. This percent of the people's communes. means 120 freight cars of materials area used to be very poor, though This spurred economic develop- per day. With transport of finished actually it abounds in natural ment. Today state commercial and autos from the plant and of sup- resources. There are thick forests foreign trade agencies purchase plies for the workers added in, and the climate is mild with dozens of times the bulk of local Shiyan keeps a dozen freight trains abundant rainfall. Lacquer, tea, products they did before. The working daily. silkworm cocoons, tung oil, edible average income has increased by fungi, medicinal herbs and musk 50 percent. The area of tea groves Ankang in Shaanxi from deer are some of its products. has increased by 3.5 times. of 'In the past it was difficult to ship lacquer-tree Traveling westward the train forests 1.5 times. and them out. Waiting for transport, the output of tung oil 1.8 passes through many tunnels, so by natural tung oil was often kept in times. that even though it is daytime, the storage iill it went bad and had to A musk deer farm has recently passengers have the feeling they be used as fertilizer, and tea been set up in the mountains. The are traveling bv night. Here, along would go moldy in the warehouse. traditional way getting the border, between Hubei of musk and For lack of transport, the eucom- was to kill the deer and remove Shaanxi provinces, the is terrain mia ulmoides, a valuable medicinal the musk sac. For each kilogram geologically complieated. While herb, growing in the forest was not of musk 140 deer were destroyed. this part of the was being line protected or harvested but simply Now the farm has succeeded in constructed, no less than 240 cut and burned as firewood. obtaining musl; from live deer, so Iandslides brought down a total of , Even transportation of essentials one deer produces musk for a three million cubic meters of was a problem. In 1975 when the dozen years. earth and stone. The danger of state allocated some relief grain Grain production has also risen landslides had to be overcorne and other supplies to Ziyang since f arm machinery, gradually chemical through building walls, county, half of its 80,000 labor fertilizer and insecticides have digging drainage channels and f orce had to spend two weeks been brought in by train.

Five-ton trucks for civilian use produced at the plant.

44 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS r,r

"$r Srchuan's abundant bamboo is turnerl into products which, with the rall connection, can now be sold all over China' Photos by Xinhua

From Ankang the line turns base established by Marshal Xu Ior the products, canning anil south into the Daba Mountains. Xiangqian. Other veteran revolu- winemaking industries have Because of an ancient rock slippage tionaries like Li Xiannien, Liao developed. deep in the earth, these mountains Chengzhi and Yu Qiuli also fought South of Daxian the train skirts are siowly, invisibly shifting, caus- there. the western edge of the HuaYing ing tunnels to crack and the tracks Mountains, rich in coal, iron and to twist. To stabilize certain Outlet for Productg phosphorous ore! natural gas, points, in 20 places the railroad Beyond the Daba Mountains ,the Iimestone and other minerals. builders dug 288 pits a dozen train passes through Daxian From the train one can see many meters wide and 40 meters deep, prefecture in northeastern Sichuan. new factories and gas wells. each f illed with reinf orced With a mild subtropical climate Finally, crossing a 1,600-meter- concrete. and plenty of rainfall, it is one of long bridge over the Jialing River producing Construction on this part of the the province's main the trai.n arrives at its last stop areas for both rice and industrial - Iine was extremely difficult. One Chongqing in Sichuan province at crops, especially ramie, of which it the joining of the Jialing and 70-km. section where the ltne produces 3,000 tons year, Also a Changjiang rivers, a land and crosses from Shaanxi into Sichuan grown here is a white furrgus used water communications hub and contains 78 tunnels with a total as a tonic. county in the Quxian the Iength oI 11 km. and 87 hridges prefecture produces oranges and the major industrial city of totaling 14 km. One big station, tangerines, day lilies for use in southwestern China. in which four trains can stand side cooking and white wax used in The famous eighth century poet by side, is entirely underground. Chinese herbal medieine. Other Li Bai (Li Po) once wrote, "It is The workers dubbed it "the products are beef cattle, kidskin easier to climb to heavei. than to subway depot." and bamboo and rattan furniture. walk the road to Sichuan." If the This area used to be the The railway will help ship all of poet were alive today, he would Sichuan-Shaanxi revolutionary these to market. I#ith an outlet marvel at a world so changed. E

NOVEMBER 979 45 Arts where he continued his study under Zhang and others. Zheng Yuhe's style, which com- bines simplicity with elegance, humor with reserve, is distinctly Chinese. That is perhaps why his works appeal to both ordinary Ihe fluhliourr lllorlil people and professional artists and have won acclaim at home and abroad. of Zheng worked in a number of styles before developing his own highly succinct and compact style, with simple lines and as little Ilteno Yulte detail as possible. Toymaking in his native region was characteriz- ed by simplicity, exaggeration and rather crude, highly-stylized color- ing. His teacher, Zhang, worked ZHANG FENGGAO in a style that was realistic and very detailed so that it often iook a month to complete one piece. lry Adapting these smaII, toy-like figures to real-life subjects was no i easy matter. First there were the A. limitations of their tiny size for expressing larger themes. Then there were age-old craft customs Zheng Yuhe ai work, Zhang Shuicheno to be overcome. Chinese folk toy rrrodeling used to be regional in character, handed down from master to student. Each region was noted for a set range of f)r,o-TIUORS will reca[ rhe the tracks leaning forward to peer subjects which it produced in r-z clay toys that used to be sold into the distance. Fronl the look quantity, without change through in Chinese marketplaces and of eager anticipation on their faces the years. Zheng had to explore bazaars at the lunar New Year one can alrhost hear a train puffing and experiment a long time until and Bearing other holidays. such and rumbling into view. Another he achieved what he wanted. fanciful names as Fat Afu, Greedy shows a Shanghai street cleaner Cat, Rabbit in the Moon and Red pleased to be driving the new Lf IS WORK often captures Carp, these toys would be spread machine that will replace his hard -fl 16r.51.,g little sidelights of out in such an eye-catching array and tedious manual labor. life and brings out their signifi- that passers-by would stop to cance. An ensemble shows a girl smile, and chiidren clapped their A S a poor boy on the banks of giving a bunch of unruly piglets hands in delight. These inexpen- fI ths Huanghe River. Zheng a bath, holding one down in the sive toys were one of China's Yuhe used to watch craftsmen tub while the others away or finest folk arts. run who tried to make their living by hide like naughty children, or The clay sculptor Zheng Yuhe. modeling and selling clay toys. gambol about biithely. The girl has taken this traditional art, im- When he grew up, luckily he got goes about her work, common- proved on its techniques and a job as a handyman fine in a place as it is, with devotion. The adapted it to show the immeasur- arts supplies concern Beijing. in humorous group is realistic despite ably richer and wider-ranging life He used to ask for bits of leftover the use of exaggeration, as in the of the people today and China's clay from professional artists. One roly-poly bodies and stumpy legs successes in socialist construction. of these was the f amous "Clay of the piglets. The new style he has created has Scuiptor Zhang," whose old The artist draws widely on life given the art a significance far Tianjin family had followed the greater under socialism for his subject than that of mere toy- craft for generations. Seeing that matter such as working people at making. the younger man showed talent, their jobs, children at play and A recent work celebrates the the old master took him on as a encounters of Chinese people with Chengdu-Kunming rail line com- private student. In 1952 Zil,eng those from other countries. He pleted in 1970. It shows two Yuhe was formall.y accepted at also illustrates scenes from folk children on a stone wall beside the Central Academy of Industrial tales, legends and stories of the

46 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Ballad Singer

Figurcs lrom the i3eijing Opera- Drivon to Jcin tho Liarrgshal-i Mountaitt Rebels: Lin Chong, thc hero, and (lrelor,v) Lin Chong bids his u,ite farewell.

t-i1gur Sister and Ernthcr on tr)onkcv Aclobnt P/rolos b17 Z!tutt11 SlLuit ltcttgl Mu Guiying, Woman General, Sets Ou[ for Battle (group scene from an opera)

Catching Sea Turtles (group) I minority nationalities, and does motion, but leaves the life-giving figures of stage personages and touch to a few seemingly casual animals. strokes of the brush. Perhaps most vivid are his His works are more elegant, children. A child floating in the vivid and corhpact than most folk water on a rubber ring, one toe figurines. Ashma, for instance, a hooked in the string of a toy girl in a legend of the Sani nation- sailboat, has captured the carefree ality who dies and turns into a dreamy mood of childhood sum- rock but still yearns for her lover mer. A group he has entitled Ahei, is modeled in vague outlines "Childhood" shows two children on a cylindrical clay roughcast, on a big rock, intent on blowing and her arms and hands are painted quiet, upi a balloon. The boy has knotted merely on. The well wifh a handkerchief into a makeshift restrained colors blend protection against the sun, the the natural tones bf the clay. The its origin- girl has a scarf thrown carelessly work is remarkable for ality and simplicity of means. over her hair. Their look of utter Zheng, reticent, mild-manner- absorption in what they are doing a man his mid-40s, makes is warmly comical. ed in careful notes of his observations and impressions for future use. 1| laV modeling of this type does \-.r not usuallv lend itself to the The broad range of forms and depiction of background or methods in his work show that surroundings. But Zheng Yuhe he is also constantly searching for expression, but conjures up such settings with a new ways of remained basic minimum of means. In "Child- simplicity has a element in all. He wants to r"efine hood", f or example, a pile of his art to even greater simplicity veined stones evokes sunlit sand of line, he says. In his youth, he and rocks on a south China shore. added, he had little chance to see In other works he has employed new things; now simplicity of pebbles, fine sand and sorghuln line is important to him so that he stalks the latter to depict - can create more works expressing bamboo rafts in a scene of fishing more of the new things in his j on the Lijiang River. His use of world today. tr Ashma Zhang Shuicltertg almost every kind of material wirb, strips of wood, knitting- vrool, cotton, twigs, paper, bits of Floating Sima -Xiaoming cioth, glass, porcelain, plastic foam to. create .textural effects has -considerably widened the scope of expression of clay model- ing and broadened its possibilities. The traditional Chinese clay figurine is said to involve 30 per- cent modeling and 70 percent coloring. This does not imply that shape is less important than deeoration but rather that the modeling outlines the theme while coloring brings it to life. Zheng Yuhe applies this old rule very flexibly. His bold and imaginative sculpting, never a superficial like- ness, is nearly always in simple lines, and in coloring he inclines to use a minimum of brush strokes. The posture of two wrestlers, suggesting rather than stressing detail, imparts a sense of

NOVEMBER 1979 49 goes to Dong's homeroom teacher. even a single bowl of water you 34-year-old Liu Chunpu. For might be able to save a few rice things Iike thi.s he was named a seedlings from droughl." Once model lor teachers trying to he stopped Dong Bniwan af ter straighten out mixed-up young school and said he'd iike to talk peopie and problems of discipline to him. "I have to do something left over from years of gang-of- at horne," Dong said and ran away. four disruption. A bo;' in a higher grade, talier Already in grade schooi Dong and stronger than him, viewed the Baiwan's class had had a reputa- cocky Dong as his gi',,+} as school tion for poor discipline. They "tough guy." One rlay a fight came late. ieft eiirly, had a high broke out between ihem in the truancy rate anci very often got classroom. Just as ihe bigger boy into fights in the classrorrm. And swung a stooi at f)ong's head, Liu the worst were Dong and four ol Chunpu, who th.e racket had r his cronies. They disturbed the broughi in frorn the hallway, Iessons with whisties and catcalls stepped in front of Dong to protect so that sometimes it was im- him. The stool struck Liu on the possible ro carry on. That was the shoulder" Though the blow had time of the gang of four. The hurt, Liu ignored it. "How could gang had turned everything upside you stri.ke a boy so much younger down. They had infiated short- than vou?" he said. His directness comings in education before the hit home. The older boy adinitted cultural revolution into a theory that he had been wrong. ZENG XIANGPING that the entire school system had Dong Bairvan was speechiess. been bad, that it had discriminated The teacher seized the opportunity against the working people, and to have a talk with him about should be overthrown. Thus, fighting, and nrged him to work rebelling against even normal harder at his studies. For the firsi classroom order became "revolu- time Dong confessed that he, too, tionary." had been wnong. Even in those days, when After that. Liu Chunpu visited students were at their most Dong's home several times to talk unruly, Liu Chunpu had done all with his parents about how to help he could to try to help them. He the boy. He also asked the class remembered the old saying, "With officers to be friends with Dong

Wang Luyan and his parents thank the teacher for his help. rflHE BELL rang for class to I begin and the teacher had just quieted down her first-year class in Middle School No. 1 in Tongxian, a suburb east of Beijing. The door opened and in swaggered Dong Baiwan with a big snake twisted around his neck. The room broke into an uproar. Girls in the back of the room unable to get out began to scream. Even the teacher backed away. "Cowards," sneered Dong. That was typical Dong Baiwan behavior only four years ago. Now Dong has given up his smart- alecking and settled down to become a good student. The credit

ZENG XIANGPING is a staff reporter for China Reconstructs.

50 CIIINA EECONSTRUCTS Liu Chunpu in mathemaiics class. Photos b1t Xinhua and pay special attention to him. had gone right in without even Liu Chunpu continlled to en- Gradually Dong began to change undressing. courage and praise Do-ng's slight- his behavior and did not cause Instead of scolding him, the est progress. When he learned the trouble in class any more. teacher took him to his own res- boy was a good football PlaYer he Liu Chunpu was also helPed in idence and gave him a set of drY organized a class team of wtrich his work with Dong by the fall of clothing. Then he urged Dong to Dong became captain. Liu would of the gang of four. After it, PeoPle go back to school. At the end practice with them himself some- began criticizing the wrong ideas the day when Dong went to the times. He used those occasions to they had fostered. Gradually the teacher's home to get his own heighten their sense of discipline normal attitudes of China's social- things, he found them all clean and whet their scientific interest had washed ist society returned again. and dry. Liu Chunpu as to why the baII behaved as it them his lunch hour. in did under a certain imPetus. The be a hero, but ANn DAY. after a long time of "You want to troublemakers gradually became don't know what a hero is," Liu L/ ,egrrla. attendance, Dong was good students and at the end of Nobody knew where he observed as he handed Dong his absent. the year the class !\'as Praised for Fearing something had haP- clothes. Then he proceeded to tell was. being an outstanding one. pened to the boy, Liu ChunPu him a few things real heroes had searched the neighborhood and done, and asked what did cutting finally found him beside a lake a class have to do with that. Dong long way from the school, soaking Baiwan's "tough guy" facade fell A NOTHER of Liu Chunpu's suc- wet, standing in the sun to drY away and he began to crY like the fl. gs5ss5 was wi.th Wang Luyan. his soaking wet clothes. He had boy he still was. The year he started middle school, cut class with some other boys to The next day Dong came to Liu the gang-of-four's followers in go there. When they dared him to Chunpu again and gave him a education cooked up a campaign jump in, Dong's old inclination to knife he had kept in case he got against the so-called "absolute show off reasserted itself and he into a fight. authority of the teacher." This,

NOVEMBER T979 51 in effect, made the teacher "the Liu offered to give him special years. The gang of four's follow- eneiny" and heckling teachers a tutoring in mathematics. ers in education, pushing to the ex- "revolutionary action." Working ahead of the class, treme Chairman Mao's observation Wang Luyan was deeply in- Wang Luyan finished junior that tests should not be an attack fluenced by such ideas. He swag- middle school math in a short time on the pupil as on an enemy, had gered around in fpont of the and with the teacher's aid started stopped almost all testing, even for teachers with a cigarette in his on the senior middle school course. checkups. Gradually Liu got the mouth, though he knew smoking Liu Chunpu showed him different students to view tests as a chance was forbidden. He used to stand ways of solving the same problem. to find out what they could do in- outside different teachers' rooms The boy seemed to go crazy bver dependently. Sometimes he asked and call their names, but when mathematics. In the evenings and every student to work out a test to they came out he would be even on Sundays he would seek out check on the others. It was a good nowhere to be seen. People re- Liu Chunpu to discuss difficult sti.mulus to review. ferred to him "the mustang.l' problems. Sornetimes he wculd In this class there was a boy Teacher Liu tried to get close to do 100 problems in one night. named Chen who was considered him, . hoping to find positive The two became close friends. mentally slow, the result of an elements which he could en- In another half-year Wang Luyan electric shock in childhood. He courage. He tried to talk with had finished senior middle school learned with great difficulty and Wang many times but, the boy math. In the 1978 round of senior never got more than 40 or 50 on would always run off. middle school math contests he math tests. His parents said they The clue turned up in a math placed in third class in the Beijing would be satisfied if he could just examination. Wang Luyan finished test and second class in'a competi- read and do simple arithmetic, but the problems in half the allotted tion involving eight provinces and Liu Chunpu felt that perhaps the time. As he sat there and waited municipalities. He was only 14 boy could do better. Perhaps he he saw the others sweating over and in his second year in junior had not, developed what potential their test papers and thought, middle school, the youngest winner he had because everybne had writ- "How can I not help my friends within the lowest grade. .{n his ten him off as handicapped and put when they're having a hard time?" own school he was also commended no more effort into teaching him. He took a piece of carbon paper as a "three good student," good Liu paid 'special attention to out of his bag, wrote the ans\Mers morally, mentally and physically. Chen, trying to give him con- down and stealthily passed them to Dispensing with the usual en- fidence. In a class story-telling ses- several people. trance examination, Beijing Uni- sion he assigned the boy a story When the reSt of the class found versity accepted him straight from about how the late Premier Zhou out, they were furiotx. Even junior middle school and enrolled Eniai had studied hard even in the March, how Wang Luyan himself felt the seri- him as a student in its math de- saddle on the Long and ousness of the matter. But then partment. during hi.s last illness he had per- he thought maybe it wasn't so bad sisted in reading documents even after all. According to ideas with a temperature of 40'C. The spread by the gang four, any- story went to Chen's heart. He of N the spring of 19?7 Liu Chunpu body who studied hard and be- rT worked very hard in preparation, took over a new second-year even rehearsing before a mirror haved himself was despised as a home room. He began by giving least nobody late into the night. Being able to "goody-goody." At them a math test. It revealed that hAd called tell the story well before the class him that. 60 percent of the students were Liu Chunpu decided that mathe- gave him a big boost. He deter- unable to do math'that they should matics was the way to reach Wang mined to try harder, coming to have studied in previous years. Luyan. Looking back over the school early and leaving late and Some could hardly manage the four boy's performance in this subject, often going to the tel:rcher for help basic arithmetical- processes, so he concluded that one reason Wang in the evening. With Liu Chunpu's badly had the quality of education was a troublemaker was that his aid he gradually made up previous fallen gang four intelligence was far beyond the during the of work and caught up with the class. years. demands made on it in class. He In the midterm exam he scored called the boy in. Contrary to Liu reorganized the class into six over 80 in all six courses. what Wang expected, the teacher groups according to their level and At the. end of the year the class gave did not scold, but simply discu-qsed help to each in what it needed was first among 14 of the same the purpose of tests and asked most. He was always trying to find grade in the school, with average what Wang had really accoin- ways to make his teaching more marks of 88, 80 and 82 in Chinese, plished by "helping" his friends interesting. In the beginning he mathematics and physics. With the way he did. found considerable hostility to Liu Chunpu's help, one third of Wang began to feel that maybe examinations and quizzes, which the students proved able to do this teacher was different. Then had not been given for several senior middle schooi math. tr

52 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS rE ffiH',r

m ffitm [? u tagm

JIANG SHIMEI

ltrewisi Drum Dialogue Luo Wenla

HE national music and dances The "Training Dance" was ple's relentless struggle against of Sri Lanka are vigorous and strong and swift, done to stirring, the false and the evii, and their beautiful. In an August perform- quick-timed and constantly chang- aspirations for the good, the true ance in Beijing by the Hewisi ing percussion rhythms. Its move- and the beautiful. Music and Dance Troupe, the ments are based on the hurling of Drums play an important role chief place was occupied by the weapons as done by Sri Lanka's in the Sri Lanka dance. Much dances ancient warriors. acclaimed by the audience were of the Kandy area, central " Sri Lanka. Originating there as The "somersault Dance," for the "Drum Dialogue," "Drums of a simple form in the 16th century, centuries popular in the island Fortune" and "Ensemble of country's they later spread widely and de- highland areas, is intri- Drums." Five different kinds of cate and vibrant, imbued with veloped in a variety of styles and drums were used, accompanied by performing methods, the mountaineers' indomitable cymbals, horns and other instru- suited to a spirit. broad range of portrayal of per- ments. The effect was electrifying. Items performed from southern Though held down by colonial sonalities and life situations. Lanka included the fantastic rule hundreds years, 'the Srit'Mask for of "Harvesting," "Winnowing," Dance," reverent t'Prayer music and dance of Sri Lanka "Picking Tea" and "Fetching Dance" and pungently satirical have emerged in more than their Water" reflected the work of the "Driving Out Ghosts and Disas- ancient splendor to express the people through group dances ac- ters." They expressed themes spirit of a resurgent independent companied by lyrical song, common to all lands peo- nation. - the tr

Cl'mhal Dance Luo Wenfa

NOVEMBER 1979 53 TI-re NHK Symphony, a nearlY all-maIe ensemble, f eatured two young women soloists. Mitsuko Noted Japanese Orchestra Uchida played Beethoven's Piono Conceito No. 4 in G Major with Beijing conviction and technical polish. in With a consistent sense of line and proportion, the notes sParkled ZIJAO JINGLUN under her sensitive touch. Her perf ormance of the Scarlatti EIJING had a rare treat of fects of ancient Japanese instru- Sonata in D Minor, given as an modern Japanese music when ments. But surprise gave way to encore, was delightful. the Japan Broadcasting Corpora- rapt attention as the music soared Teiko Maebashi gave an. tion (NHK) Symphony Orchestra to a resounding climax. impressive reading of Yuzu toured the Chinese capital in The NHK Symphony, the oldest Toyama's violin concerto with the August 1979. in Japan, has become a first-rate composer himself leading the The programs for the three ensemble under the baton of orchestra. This is a well-con- concerts included European rvorks Hiroyuki Iwaki, who is also prin-' structed modern work based on with shorter Chinese pieces as en- cipal conductor of the Melbourne Japanese folk melodies. The other cores. But it was the modern Symphony Orchestra. This was work Maebashi played in Beijing Japanese compositions that amply demonstrated in the per- was the familiar TchaikovskY aroused the greatest interest. Two formance of Brahms' magnificent Concerto in D Maior. His meas- concerts opened with the ballet Sgmphong i,n C Minor. Although ured pace enabled her to etch the music Bugaku by Mayuzumi. the tempo was somewhat rushed, phrases with firm, decisive strokes. Though distinctly modern in or- the articulation was precise and It was an enjoyable performance, chestration, it is based on a 1,200- the treatment was fairly straight- though marred somewhat bY oc- year-old Japanese court melody. forward. Iwaki handled the dou- casional lapses in pitch in the There was a murmur of surprise ble simultaneous syncopation to- higher registers. from the audience at the beginning ward the end of the first move- Toyama's Rhapsody for SAm- over the weird harmonics and glis- ment particularly effectively. The phong Orchestra with its exu- sandos imitating the tonal ef- strings were outstanding; the berant percussion was Partic- - symphony was played as if in one ularly weII received. A familiar ZIIAO JINGLUN is on the research giving striking textural work to the Beijing audience, it staff of the Foreign Languages Publish- breath, it ing and Distribution Bureau. unity. was recenUy played by the Central

54 CHINA BECONSTBUCTS Conductor Hiroyuki Iwaki.

'Pianist Mitsuko Uchida. Photos by Zhang Shuichcno

Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra of China. The composer's con- ducting was both precise and versatile. Appropriately, on the eve of the first anniversary of the signing of the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 47 Chinese mem- bers of the Central Radio Orches- tra joined their Japanese counter- parts in rendering Beethoven's Fifth Sgmph"ony conducted by Iwaki. Unlike the joint perform- dnce by the Central Philhar- monic and the Boston Symphony earlier this year when the two combined forces to form a huge Violinisl Teiko Maebashi. Luo Wenla band of 217 strong, this time the orchestra was kept to its normal !+ ,,.1 size with half of the players Jap- anese and the other half Chinese. They gave a commendable rendi- tion, considering they had re- hearsed together only once earlier that afternoon. For encores, the joint orchestra played Li Huanzhi's Prelude to Spring Festioal and a popular Jap- anese tune Sakura (Chemy BIos- sam). Friendship and festivity climaxed during Sakura when Iwaki turned to face the audience, which was humming the tunes as the orchestra played. !

NOVEMBER 1979 DD CARTOONS

B=fr.

Adaptable l'ornr Wang Yisheng

Paying Attcntion to One End Only

Qiving trhe Son I AI! He Wants Binshentl I Li

i L- 56 Chinese History - )(Itl The GIory That Was Tang 3 - High Point in Gulture JIAO JIAN

f) ROSPERITY under a strong central government ments, he created an armillary spherg with an eclip- I and lively interrelations with f oreign lands tically mounted sighting tube for observing the during the Tang dynasty (618-907) provided condi- positions of the stars. With its help, many posi- tions for reaching unprecedented heights in culture. tions were found to be differGnt from those previously One breakthrough was the use of printing. Pa- assumed, stimulating astronomers to further study. per, first made toward the end of the Western Han In the years 724-25, at the proposal of Yi Xing dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 24), had long replaced silk the Tang court had people measure the height of the and strips of wood or bamboo as material to write Polar Star and summer and winter solstice shadows on. But books had continued to be copied by hand, at 13 places in the country. Using data obtained in a laborious process which lent itself to error in Henan, Yi Xing for the first time calculated a length copying. But at some time during the intervening for the earth's meridian, from which the size of the centuries the method of printing an entire page from earth could be estimated. one carved wood block had been discovered, and Medical science also made marked advances. In during Tang times it came into wide use. A skilled the reign of Emperor Tai Zong (626-649) medical worker could run off 2,000 pages in a day. Buddhist schools with several departments were set up. The scriptures, calendars and poems were among the subsequent emperor, Gao Zong, sponsored the com- works reproduqed this way. The world's earliest pilation of the Tang Materia Medica, the world's first extant printed book is an illustrated scroll of the pharmacopeia edited and published by the state. Diamond Sutra in Chinese from 868. Its fine quality Most famous among the Tang physicians was Sun shows that the craft was already well-developed by Simiao (Sun Szu-miao 581-682). He made a collection that time. of the abundant medicinal he;bs in his native place, In astronomy, great contributions were made by Huayuan (today's Yaoxian county in Shaanxi prov- Yi Xing (673-727), a Buddhist monk who was an ad- ince), and in 652 finished the compilation of. Valuable viser to the Tang court. In cooperation with Liang Prescriptions. It listed 800 medicinal ingredients and Lingzan, an ingenious mhker of astronornical instru- 5,300 prescriptions by earlier doctors. In further

,[fi ix

L tI & I fr rfr Illustration from the Diamond Su- r{I tra, earllest extont printed book. fttx

NOVEMBER I9?9 17 studies Sun found several new cures: the root of Straight down three thousand feet the Chinese pulsatilla and the rhizome of the coptis (Chi- torrent leaps. nese goldthread) for dysentery, betel nuts for tape- It seems as if the Siluer Rioer* worm, and cinnabar and realgar as antiseptics. He Has fallen from the Ninth Heat:en. was revered by later generations as the "king of Li Bai's works were also widely known in Japan, medicine." Korea and other lands. Age of Poetry During the last years of Du Fu (712-770), friend and contemporary of Li Bai, the Tang dynasty began The Tang dynasty is considered the golden age decline. A native of what is today Gongxian of Chinese poetry. Nearly 50,000 of its poems have to Henan province, lived ten been preserved down to today. Many of them mir- county in Du Fu for years well rored the social life of the time. Best known among in the capital Changan, and knew the Tang poets are Li Bai (Li Po), Du Fu (Tu Fu) and the corruption of the court, which was one of the Bai Juyi (Pai Chu-yi). themes of his poems. He wrote many reflecting real Li Bai (7Ot-762) lived during the dynasty's most Iife and the social contradictions, which he felt keenly prosperous period. Born at Suiye south of Lake Balk- through his own sufferings. He sought an officiai hash, and later taken by his father to Sichuan prov- position but was'successful for only a short time, ince, he traveled widely in both north and south and spent most of his days in deprivation. One China in later life. His poems describe the beauties winter day he came home from a trip to find that of his motherland in vivid language, illumined by his youngest son had died of hunger. The tragedy brilliant flashes of imagination. Often quoted are produced some of his most memorable lines. On his his lines on the Changjiang (Yangtze) River: way he had passed Lishan Hill where Emperor Xuan The lonely sail Zong was lavishly entertaining aristocrats and high Vanishes beyond the h.orizon. officials. He wrote: And I see only the riuer Behind the red-Lacquered gates, toine is Fl.owing at the edge of Heauen. l,eft to sour, nleat to rot. Equally famous is his description of the Huanghe Outside lie the bones of those who hat:e (Yellow) River: frozen or di,ed, of staroation. Don't Aou see that the Huanghe uaters After Changan was seized in the An-Shi rebellion Flota from heatsen and, (see the next article in this series), Du Fu left it to RolL to the sea neuer to return. lead a wandering life. On the event he wrote: Expressing his admiration for a waterfall in the Lushan Mountains in Jiangxi, he wrote: t The Milky Way.

Bai Juyi

Li Bai by Qing dynasty painter Shang- cuan Zhou (left). Du Fu in the rural surroundings he chose, painting by Fu Baoshi, present-day artist.

58 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS the people to furnish large quantities of silk to weave huge carpets as tribute to the emPe(or. He wrote: Doesn't the Xunncheng magistrate knou That ten feet of carpet takes a thousand ou,nces of silk? The earth does not need stlch uarnxth as much as the freezing PeoPle, . His poems were written in a popular style. It is said that when he finished a poem he would find an illiterate old woman and read it aloud to her, changing the wording until she fully understood it.

Painting and Grotto Art The Tang dynasty produced many outstanding 'painters and fine works. Among the masters Yan Liben (Yen Li-pen) and Wu Daozi (Wu Tao-tzu) had Yi Xing, the Budtlhist Sun Simiao, the far-reaching influence on the development of Chinese monk and astronomer. famous physician. painting. In early Tang times Yan brought figure painting to new heights with vivid individual charac- terization. One plcture that has come down to us The Land, is in ruins a sedan chair Yet the ntountains and riDers endure, depicts Emperor Tang Tai Zong in Songtsan The grass grolDs taIL amonq unpruned receiving the envoy sent by Tibetan King Han princess in trees Gambo to ask for the hand of a Palace Mu- Within the ualls oJ Changan. marriage. This painting is kept in the Disasters for the nation and the sufferings of the seum in Beijing. perspective in people moved him to write a great nqmber of poems, Wu Daozi (c. 700-?) employed pigment in dif- many of which have become immortal. They include figure drawing and applied vermilion points of the body several about conscription officials at Xinan, Shihao ferent thicknesses so that the high was an advance and Tongguan, "Lament of a New Wife," "The Part- stood out from the surface. This painted 300 ing an Old Couple" and "The Hoitreless" about in creating natural-looking figures. He of and Luoyang. families broken up when the mdn were taken to war. murals for the monasteries of Changan characters with All protest the oppression of the people by the feudal They contain' Iifelike scenes, some ruling class. Written in a vigorous style yet in ribbons flying in the wind. and the polished language, they so accurately reflect the con- Buddhists continued to create.grotto art, most ditions of a compldx, turbulent period that they have Tang dynasty accounts for some of the brilliant Dunhuang in Gansu been called in poem." achievements in this respect. At "history a thousand Du Fu spent a long time in Sichuan. Outside the province the Mogao Grottoes*, more than of the county city of Chengdu he built himself a thatched cottage cdves, were dug into the cliffs southeast to sbventy and lived the life of a farmer. Its site has been town from the 4th to 14th centuries. Sixty grottoes were done during maintained as a memorial to him. percent of the 480 extant Bai Juyi (772-846) lived a generation later during the Sui and Tang times. the decline of Tang, He was magistrate of Hangzhou Known as the Thousand Buddha Grottoes, the realistic in where he earned the acclaim of the people for having Mogao Grottoes contain Buddhist statues graceful posture. The highest, 33 a dike built across West Lake and promoting irrigaT appearance and in His poems, like those of Du Fu whom he ad- meters tall, is housed in a huge building. The walls tion. in mired, criticizdd the abuses of the court, exposed and and ceilings of the caves are covered with murals 'and land, satirized the ruling class breathed sympathy with glowing colors. They show scenes of tilling the the suffering of the people. One describes well-fed harvesting, rearing livestock, music-making and nobles after a banquet: dancing. They also picture leading figures of some Sated ui.tlt, delicacies their hearts are at of the other nationalities in China' Through por- eASe., trayals of both the luxurious life of the ruling class Raphnouslg drunk, theg put on eDen and the labor of the working people, the murals re- grander airs. flect the active economic life of Tang. These lines are immediately followed by sharply If linked together, it is estimated that the Mogao contrasting ones about the plight of the working folk; cave paintings'could cover a wall five meters high This year south of the long riuer theg stretching over 25 kilometers. Today they are pre- hatse had" d,rought. served as one of the great art treasures of the ln Quzhou hungrg people are eating world. tr human flesh. In the poem "Red Silk Carpets," he denounced * China Recon'structs carried artiiles on Dunhuang and the the magistrate of Xuancheng who every year forced grottoes in the February, March and October 1978 issues'

NOVEMBE,n, 1979 59 Palace guards, detail of Iarge mural depicttng q 196-man corps, yi De tomb'

painted by verY lamous artists. Wu Daozi, one of the masters of the ,A 8th century is said to have done .:' rooms the Bud- ?'l them for 400 in i diist rnonasteries and Taoist tem- ir< ples in Changan, the caPital, and "!, ! ' u t=, . Luoyang, the eastern caPital' In t*.'t:t time the buildings were destroYed and their art lost forever. Such murals as have survived are chief- iy on the walls of tombs.. In recent years a number of tombs of royalty and aristocrats have been excavated, disclosing murals which are of inestimable value for studying the develoP- ment of painting in Tang times, r!J and revealing much about Tang "a Iife. Two are the tomb of Prince Zhang Huai and one nearbY of Crown Prince Yi De, both ex- cavated in 1972. Prince Zhang Huai was the son of Tang EmPer- or Gao Zong and Empress Wu Ze Tian, and Prince Yi De was their grandson. The two tombs are Part of the mausoleum complex of the emperor and empress in Qianxian Scenes county northwest of Xi'an. mHE four walls of the ante- I chamber of the Prince Zhang Huai's tomb are covered of Tang Court Life with eight paintings, each featur- ing two or three attendants, some

YANG HONG Court ladies with a dwarf , Zhang Huai lomb.

A YOUNG court lady in a light perched on a tree. Contrasting fl' green skirt with a vermilion with them is an older court ladY silk shawl over her shoulders in a yqllow skirt standing expres- stands looking up at a bird in sionless with folded arms, as tlight. Bored with the dull life at though years of palace life had court she seems to be yearning for dulled her feelings. freedom, as though her heart These are some of the figures would fly over the palace walls to depicted in a large colored mural her home. Beside her a younger painted in 711 in the tomb of woman in boy's clothing, aP- Crown Prince Zhang Huai, in parently a newcomer to the pal- Shaanxi province. ace, is trying to catch a cicada Historical records tell us that murals flourished as never before YANG HONG is an assistant research in the Tang dynasty (618-907). fellow at the Institute of Archeology of palaces, the Chinese Acatlemy of Social Some. on the walls of Sclences. mansions and monasteries, were

60

Polo, introrlucerl from Persia, popular al, the Changan coult, Zhang lIuai 6omb. irtrprrial retainer, Zhang FItra! torrrb P:1la(r, 1\,rt(hlri1..e;. tonlb oI Crowxl Priu(e Yi l)e.

Strt tiirS'; tcr Liltl hnnt, section ol l2-r.!retei'-lorlE ilLlniirrg !( tile Zhaug Enuai trrlnb"

?

',. of them with musical instruments" The procession stretches to the on the ceiling of the coffin AII are gracefully drawn in lifelike end of the passage. chamber. detail. The paintings are charae- The passageway consists of a terized by compact, harmonious series of small chambers, connect- rnHE PAINTINGS^ on the walls I use of space, bright colors and ed by low doorways in the walls of the entrance passage of vigorous lines. The meter-long between. Over the first doorway Zhang Huai's tomb give an even lines for the garments are in most is the painting of a gateway repre- better picture of the luxurious life cases made with a single stroke senting the gate to the prince's of the Tang feudal ruling class. In from the brush of the unknown palace city. Inside are paintings a l2-meter-long mural, of length artist. of attendants with falcons, chee- rarely seen in those timeg the The walls of the rear chamber, tahs, hounds and slingshots, wait- painter has brought to life the housing the huge stone'sarcopha- ing for orders from the prince. scene of the court starting out on a gus of the prince also have pic- On the east and west walls of hunt. Fifty sturdy horses of vari- tures of court ladies. The entire the first and second passageway ous eolors with riders, and several wallspace of the 71-meter-Iong chambers are two squads of pal- loaded carnels are shown galloP- tomb and its passageways are ace guards with swords and ing through the trees. The Pain- given paintings more ter's horses are outstanding, caP- over to - quivers of arrows hanging from than 50 in all covering a space of their waists. Behind are four turing their living essence. 400 square meters. Iarge weapon starids, eacn hold- Even drore fascinating is the In the tomb of Prince Yi De, ing 12 halberds with colored rib- scene of a polo match on the oP- which is over 100 meters long, bons and a decoration known as posite wall. Introduced from Per- about the same amount of space a tigerhead hanging below each sia polo became popular in Chang- is devoted to murals. They were blade. Such halberds were dis- an under royal patronage. It was painted in 705. On the walls of played as a symbol of power. The Prince Zhang Huai's favorite the sloping entrance passage we prince had two sets for the high- game. The painter has caPtured first see a blue dragon and a white est rank. an exciting moment with five tiger flying among drifting clouds, Passageway chambers further riders galloping after the ball. then pictures of high city walls, on have bowing couft eunuchs and One, riding a claret-colored horse, and magnificent palace procession is vividly depicted poised for a watch- a of court ladies - car- towers with mountain range in the ryirrg bottles, fans, cups, plates, backhand stroke. The other mu- background. Beyond these is a candlesticks and musical instru- rals in Zhang Huai's tomb feature picture of the 196-man gulrds ments guards with curling whiskers, - extending all the way to corps in three groups, marchers, the rear chamber where the coffih dwarves, envoys, officials and mounted men and charioteers. was placed. A star-atlas is painted eunuchs, all very iifelike. tr

_=-__..r._-:;-at-)

Panorama of city walls, palace watchtowers and massed guards, Yi De ttimb. Artist's sketch after mural from en- trance passage.

NOVEMBEB 1979 65 Lightittg llp im

qTANDING atop the main Peak U of the Gudou Nllountains in Xinhui county, south across the Pearl River estuarY from Guang- zhou in Guangdong Province, one can see the mountains dotted with reservoirs and small Power sta- tions. They are the fruit of a seven-year project which has Pro- vided ap inexpensive source of electric power for the countY, the original home of manY Chinese who mlgrated to north America and southeast Asia in the last century in search of a living, and facilitated flood control, irrigation and fish breeding. This area has good conditions for hydropower - amPle rainfall the year round and mountain streams with many sharP droPs. ;. But before liberation these were not a boon. Mountain torrents frequently riestroyed houses and crops. In the name of building :. *g projects for flood control, the Kuomintang government sought contributions from overseas r Chinese and slapped extra taxes on the local people. But actuallY nothing was done. After liberation the PeoPle gradually began to' attack the problem. First they built storage ponds. Then, in response to Chair- man Mao's call for afforestation of the whole country, they planted One of the small power stations in Xinhui's Gudou mounJains" 14,700 hectares to trees. This Reportage Grou,p in Xinhui cauntA checked soil erosion. In 1970 they embarked on a large-scale project to build earth dams which would create ten reservoirs in the fnoun-

QIU JIAN is a staff reporter for China Reconstructs.

66 CI{INA RECONSTEUCTS I

I

I Small Hydropower:' f,l O less than 88.000 small rural hydro- power stations have been built in I Xinhui County China in the last 30 years. They are now A Bis found today in 1,500 of Chinats 2,100 coun- JIAN I QIU ties, that is, in virtually every area where I Seurce there are swift mountain waters. Today, tains, to be equipped with hydro- their total generating capacity is 5.38 mil- power stations. o$ Energy lion kilowatts. In 1978, they provided 10 Before they could even begin, billion kilowatt hours of electricity, one they had to overcome obstacles third of the national total, rnost of it to everything from cutting through- places which had none before. with brambies to blasting away cliffs Inexpensive, non-polluting, and good sites for many times their present to make roads for transporting - number, such small hydropower units building material and equipment. present a most useful supplement to the purpose 25 For this they built big power stations that serve China's cities kilometers of winding mountain and major industries. They will certainly highways, 19 kilometers of foot- multiply. paths and six stone bridges. Counties, communes, mines, army units, Labor was supplied by the com- factories and schools in the rural areas are munes. Over 30,000 members encouraged to supply all or most of their worked on the reservoirs. The own energy needs in this way. County largest was the dam across a gully governments make low-interest loans for creating the Dongfanghong reser- the purchase of equipment, wire and other voir. It stood 40 meters high apd needed material. pastures far 300 meters long. One of the prob- Even in the fields and of Tibet, where wheeled transport was un- lems was getting sufficient fine known before the 1950s, to say nothing of sand for the spillways and cul- electric power, there are now several verts. It had to be dug from a hundred such small stations apart from pond a long distance away and larger ones in the towns. carried it over the mountain paths. Next came the power stations. The first was built and generating in 18 months. But it took another five and one-half years to com- plete the entire systern of 2A power stations (total capacity some 9,000 kw.), three substations and 93 kilometers of electric lines. Now the county's chief source for rural electric power, it can be linked with a .larger grid if necessary. Completion has enabled the county to protect 53j000 hectares of farmland from drought and Medium-sized reservoir in northeast Inner Mongolia Autonomous waterlogging. Over a million fish Region, Lu JLnla are being raised in the reservoirs. Six hundred and fifty more hec= tares of mountain slopes have been planted with firs. tr

NOVEMBER r9?9 6? China" are written in large characters at the top, and at the left side in Mongolian, Uygur, Ti- betan and Zhuang, the five major Ianguages of China. Designs on the Ghina's bills feature agriculture, jndustry and the theme of unity among the various nationalities. All bills bear Gurrency: the national emblem of the Peo- ple's Republic of China. i r? 8+K,g.rt Renminbi f N the years before liberation in r 1949, as inflation re,duced the value of China's currency', the Kuomintang government printed paper money more and more ?l+r.6.+J recklessly. An item which. orig- inally cost 1 yuan in 1937 cost ? fil +F. ja $? yuan eve of @, 8,500 million on the Iiberation. On December 1, 1948 the People's Bank of China, which had not yet entered Beijing, began to issue its own central currency to

68 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Du.ring the 30 years since libera- CHINA'S MODERNIZATION: SOME CURRENT PROBLEMS tion the value of the RMB has remained practically stable. The price of wheat flour in Beijing, for (Conti,nued, from p. 4) rate of growth of the national instance, was Y 0.368 a kilogram economy. Local power shortages sified growth and the best use 1953 and is 0.37 now. Today have hampered processing plants. in Y potentials. Available man- Beijing's markets yuan of Energy policies have not been in one power, money and materials will buys 2.7 kg. wheat flour; or scientifically and deeply studied. of be allotted the order of impor- in Though is inadequate, it is 0.6 kg. of edible oil; 0.7 meter of tance and urgency to gradually energy print; over 40 kg. of still often wasted. Rail, highway cotton or arm all types of agriculture with briquettes (the main cooking fuel). and water transport remain insuf- modern science and equipment. ficiently coordinated in some Speeding Light lndustry areas and primitive in others. HE Chinese government forbids These problems must be tackled Renminbi Textile and other light in- the export of the first. But dustries are due for fairly rapid and its circulation abroad. and steel, the qualitY, They serve the In iron travelers may bring in any amount development. variety and specifications of prod- wish, as people's daily needs, require reia- of foreign currency they ucts are out of keeping with the time f or long as they declare it to customs tively less funds and present output of over 30 million f or at the time of entry and exchange building, accumulate capital three stimulate tons annually. In these it for RMB for spending while in construction and thus years, we must make approxi- growth industries as China. RMB traveler's checks, the of heavy mately the same yearly tonnage' now issued by the Bank of China in well. In Shanghai, f or instance, meet more needs of the national profits and taxes paid to the 50 and 100 yuan denominations, total economy. may be bought in its branches state by the cotton, wool, silk and abroad, but are cashable China linen mills between 1949 and Trode, Technology, Foreign Funds ond in Copitol Construction alone. Departing travelers may 1978 were 77.3 times the totai take out what they have left of state investment in them. Among our important tasks are their foreign currency, that is, the Since the 60s, China has tii.ed to the expansion of exports, foreign amount they have declared on develop products for which the trade and imports of advanced 'entry minus whatever they have petrochemical industry provides technology and equipment, at- the raw materials such 1s tracting investments from abroad converted into Renminbi. - joint Over the past year the Bank of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, and setting up Chinese- China has opened more foreign plastics and some construction foreign ventures, and the modern- currency exchange offices antl materials. Requiring low invest- ization of e>qisting enterprises. factories counters in business centers, ment and bringing quick restrlts The more than 300,000 tourist hotels and other convenient and higher profits, such processing and mines already built in China industrial mod- places and extended the use of industries earn foreign exchange are the basis for erni.zation. Ceitainly, we shall im- traveler's checks. Tourists, foreign- and create new employment. port needed technology and equip- working foreign embas- To observe the prioritY for the ers in rnent, with more emphasis on the sies and organizations, an'd foreign light industries is particularlY important in the current readjust- first rather than on the seeond, in residents may use RMB travbler's accordance with our needs and checks to pay hotel bills, for pur- ments. Their stress is on adapting output to market needs, direct a.bility to pay. But our primary chases at Friendship Stores and concern must be to renovate and antique, arts, crafts and similar links between production and marketing, and faster commoditY technologically transform existing shops; and for passenger tickets at plants. circulation. This accords with the international. airports and railroad increase our interests of the socialist economy. A good way to stations. foreign trade, and our ability to Since September 18, 1974 the Propprtions ond Purposes in Heovy pay, is to study from all aspects Xinhua (New China) News Agency lndustry the commodity requirements of has been issuing daily exchange In heavy industry suitable Pro- the world market, increase tradi- rates between RMB (Y) and foreign portions will be maintained. This tional exports of primary goods, currencles. sector serves both agriculture and and gradually accelerate the pro- On September 15, 1979, the rate light industry. In particular, ttle duction and eiport of new and of exchange was: output of coal, oil; electricity, high-grade manufactures. British9100:Y344.13 transportation equipment and con- Capital construction is to' be 'u.s. $ 100:Y 153.99 struction materials needs jacking scaled down. In the last ten years French Franc 100 : Y 36.41 up. many construction projects were Japanese Yen 100,000 : Y 712.14 Present production of these not completed in time owing to West Germany Deutsche Mark essentials, which should march lack of overall careful planning. 100 : Y 84.68 ahead of other industries, lags Among those completed some could Swiss Franc 100 : Y 92.94 tr behind the needs of the desired not start producing, due to lack of

NOVEMBER 1979 Q9 power, raw material or transport. problem is to give each enterprise comsumption, and to policies Such projects will either have to the powers of decision necessary concerning energy and technology. be dropped or completed by a fixed to administer an independent Actual examples of what is ration- date. New projects are to be built economic unit. This requires grad- al and beneficial and what is not only where conditions permit, ual ref orms in the overall will be dissected, historical causes scientifically and in a planned way administration of planning. fi- uncovered and necessary lessons with a set date for completion. nances, supplies and salaries, drawn. Various foreign economic wherever it is unduly rigid. forms, both socialist and capitalist, lmprouing Peopli's Livelihood Socialism demands that adjust- will be analyzed and compared for On condition that we can keep ment by plan,dominate the entire reference. Based on all these consumpr prices stable, we will chain of prciduction, exchange, studies we will devise large-scale pay mOre to peasants for their circulation and distribution, but a scientific programs for our eco- farm produce in order to elevate market operating according to the nomic bases and long-term plans their |iving standards. We have Iaw of value can, to a certain to guarantee the sound socialist already begun, and will continue extent, supplement and help the modernization of 'our national step by step, to raise the wages of adjustment by plan. It can help economy. industrial and office workers in bring planning and action into Thirdly, it is urgent that rve line with the principle of "to each harmony with objective economic train, in rotation, the cadres according to his work." Bonuses laws, gear production to real working in every economic field, in will be scaled according to the needs and promote healthy hundreds of thousands and by the profits of each enterprise, to growth of the productive forces. millions. They have to be helped stimulate enthusiasm for produc- Such measures have been tried to understand the laws of social- tion among their workers and out in the past yeirs in selected ist economics, and in accordance other personnel. Job opportuni- units in Beijing, Shanghai, Tian- with these, to Iearn modern ties, housing and other public jin and in Sichuan province with methods of managing the whole welfare institutions are to be quite satisfactory results. economy and improve the running expanded. Such is work already Shanghai's light industry sector, of our factories and mines. Most Peing done. It will be contihued for instance, has altered its of our industrial enterprises are and be improved. overly-rigid methods of produc- now setting up or consolidating AII these things are important tion planning. In the new way, basic systems such as the man- factories pro- the steps. They lay the basis for fast the constituent first ager's responsibility under pose, level up- Ieadership Party committee, and well-coordinated growth at the from the basic of the wards, variety, chief next stage. the targets for the responsibilities of the quantity, quality and value of out- engineer and chief accountant, put. Then the suggested targets worker's Sqme Urgencies and the holding of are comprehensively balanced by congresses. Some things are very urgent. the plan. This has led to' more Thirty years of socialist eco- One is to prepare for the initiative and enthusiasm. nomic construction have taught us overall,$festructuring of China's Secondly, we need analytic and that political stability and unity ecanomlb system. Basically, its cornparative studies, phase by and a peaceful international set-up was copied from the Soviet phase, of.our 30-year-old economic environment are indispensable for Union's in the 1950s; and in some system. Attention will be given to industrializa- 'aspects our country's speedy it evolved from the supply the proportions between and tion and modernization. Our four systern+ of the fdvolutionapy war within agriculture and industry, modernizations are a historic goal years from 10?7 to 1949. A core and between accumulation and of a quarter of the human race. We have the determined leader- ship of the Chinese Communist A tanker lakes pn pil at the Naniing end of the Shandons-Naniing pipeline. Party, and enjoy encouragement Photos by Xinhua and support from the world's people which we are sure will continue because our cause is just. This gives us every confidence that we can and wiil solve the problems of China's socialist modernization, immediate and long range. one after the other on our road forward. n

* The supply system a system of pay- ment in kind practiced- during the rev- olutionary wars and in the early days of the people's republic, providing rvorking personnel and their dependents with the primary necessities of life,

CIIINA BECONSTBUCTS Lesson 11 Yisiting Wpst Lnke

( n? k it + i\l&W fr ttt+ At 4EiL tu6 9 + if , X*n itl (Jiinddir f[ng hu6 liv6utuan y6u Guilin WAngi Jtshu6 iinbli dud nl6n gl6n, Sdngchdo shir6n (Canada visit China tourist group from Guilin Wang: It'f said 900 morc years ago, Song dynastv poet 4'I E +it r{l ) tr f.lt t, a,'ll 1*- E " f-4u dno{A Htngzh6u.)" $ Ddngp6 zit Hdngzh0u zuO guin. Shi tE arrive Hangzhou.) Su Dongpo at Hangzhou acted as official. Is he fr-ilJ R-L rt";h_ 6 r*I, { F }.f *;i :t'l{ 61J rfr ft- t ft.@ ,(,it, fEddne mlngOng sh[jirn Xihti, huEyu{n ch6ngshi, Shimisi:' Hdngzh6u diquE shi ge (who) mobilize civilian labor dredge West Lake, Smith: Hangzhoir indeed is a garden city, ji. " rl $ # *1 ifa r\" it h X-" IF.,I* ,I,III Ifl *.8" * ydng 'wEchii de ni zhirch6ng zh6 tiAo di. r6nmen ydng lAi n{nguiri "tiinting" use dug out mud construct this dyke. no wonder people use "paradise" (to) E * ,\"fl.l ,-ri rfr E ;S,r€. fittr 6. Hirul6i r6nmen iii ch6ng tE Siidi. xlngr6ng t[. Afterward people called it Su dyke. describe it. # fi-i,fr, E- +I" 4'l + tr T + +it,'U tr fi.i't: r.i9 tlf fif * €, + Sekdsi: Shi r. Dio Zh6nggu6 bir l6i H6nezhdu s5kasi: zholi lif shfi iin dio, zh6n Sachs: Is (so). Go to China (if) not come Hangzhou Sachs: Here willow trees line both sides road, really l( d.,ts T. *_ #t tt frI *? ,&,fr. lii ylhin le. shi sin bir de hlo difang. (is) great pity. is (for) ,walks (a) good Place. *)tqtl, 6lx 6 ? ir 1-. i* tft- frt #l *-,. 4 fY B6llng: Xihri ydu du6 di? W6ng: Y6n di xiing ndn z6u, Y6u Yi zud Brown: West Lake have how big? Wang: Along dyke toward south walk, have a AE nrl ft B l[., @o J-z frtA &- A ,A +n Yt' Wdng: Miinji shi w[ diltr liir pingf4ng gdngll. g6ngyuan jiiro HuE Glng Guiin ^ Watch Fish' Wang: Area is five point six square kilometers.^-9. park called Flower Harbor Z &, #Xf hlr E rrl #J 1V.W g ff fi ly< I E 6 k yingzhe hdn du6 TE sin miin sht shiin, htzhdng de Ytranndi de chlt6ngli many Its thrse sides are mountains, lake center Park inside pond in being raised ff.tg-. h&_ ts;la,ih = sFA" be & ,( lLfr" S[di, Bdidt bI hri f6nwdi sEn birfen. jinyri gdng r6n gudnshlng. (at) Su dyke, Bai dyke (the) lake divide three parts. goldfish serve people look and enjoy. ,6,f[ s,] peo {tr},t: fi*- * hfr A*'1, *- '-S t +\ f. Brt b I Shimtsi: Z,Anmen dio Siidl qu kinkan ba" Mili: Sht ma? W6 zui xihuan jinY6' " Smith: (Let) us to Su dyke go take a look. Marie: Is (so)? I very much like goldfish' ( t+ .t-i tr)E) ,6,ft1 ,l* + hh" (DIjE zdushAng Stdi) Zdnmen kuiri qir klnkan. (Every6sd, walk on Su dyke) We quicklY go take a look. tBlf t ;frX_ d l+ Z *fn ,\t ( r* 4,l iLBrn @) Shtuisi: Siidl y6u sh6nme l6ili ma? (Dniie dio Huh GAng GuEn Yri) Smith: Su dyke have what origin? (Everybody go to Hua Gang GrJan Yu).

NOVEMBE& TO?9 77 ,\z Wang: It's said that when Su Dongpo, the Song dynasty poet J-z 4*,1, tfr T L d rfr+ was an official here more than 900 years ago, he mo- WAng: Mili, ni bf shi y6u bingglin ma? bilized peasant wolkers to dredge West Lake and used Wang: Marie, you not is have cracker? the mud dug out to build this dyke. Afterward people tE ,l<8. ln , i4l + called it Su dyke. rilirng -,4yidiinr, shuili r6ng . Iika hui Sachs: Here willow trees line both sides of the road. It is Toward water in throw a little, immediately can really a good place for taking a walk. *+" 6l * *. Wangr Walking southward along the dyke we'll come to a park Yinlai Yl di qun. c4lled Hua Gang Guan Yu (Flower Harbor Fish- (of attract a big school them). Watching Park). In the pond in the park many gold- t\*'l- ( tn f++ fish are raised for people to watch and enjoy. ) 't'tr ,LA ? Marie: Really? I'm very fond of goldfish. Let's go and see MIIi: (REng binggiin) Ai ye! Zhime du6 them right away. Marie: (Throw cracker) Oh, so many (Everybody,goes to Hua Gang Guan Yu) *ThL)L. b9, + Wing: Marie, haven't you got some crackers with you? jiny6, zhEn hAowdnr, Throw some crumbs into the water and they will goldfish, really good fun. , immediately attract a lot of fish. *.ff$.rr, t4*,1 -i_rt b @, frlJ Marie: (Throwing crackers) Oh, so many goldfish. Really fr *\. good fun. Shimisl: Mnli xihuan iinyri, 6r wd de Smith: Marie like goldfish, but my Smith: Marie likes goldfish, but I'm more interested in visiting P. *. Xfr *. 8U, +s." ancient sites. gCng dir xingqir shi c5nguiin Cn!i. Wang: Hangzhou is an ancient city with many ancient sites, greater interest is visit ancient sites. such as the Lingyin Temple and Liuhe Pagoda (Pagoda of Sii Harmonies). Both have a history of almost a -F, places. Lz +iL,'l'l k t +* 61 ,,ti thousand years. We can go to all these Wdng: Hingzhdu shi ge giilio de chdngshi, Wang: Hangzhou is an ancient city, lv< fio +q ?, * ,(R.+ Notes C[jI : hEn du6, xiing lingyinsi hd ' ancient sites very many, like Lingyin Temple and ;1")* 4L d .L + 1. Zhe E shows continuing action. Add- tiuh6ri ddu yi y6u shing qiin ing the particle fi to a verb indicates continuous Liuhe Pagoda both already have up to a thousand , action as in Chit6ngli y[ngzhe h6n du6 jinyri ;U lE g *;61*9da (In the pond many goldfish are +al tfi*_1"it.&*.,fit ji ni6n de lishi Ie. Zhi xiE wbmen being raised), Ti n6zhe yi ge zhioxiing 4b? E years history. These we -^X(+H*ru (He is holding a camera). fis Tv,( + ts4'" The negative form is to place m6iydu i*-A d6u kEyi qir cEnguiin. before the verb of the sentence. Td rn6iy6u n6- all can go visit. zhe zhioxiingii ,ft ;tt-? E: w.lain (He isn't hold- ing a camera). _ Translation 2. The question Bri shi. . . ma? 4*-...,4? This is kind rhetorical question used to con- -4, (Canadian China tour group arrives in Hangzhou from a of E Guilin.) firm a statement. Ni bf shi ydu binggdn ma ? + (You have crackers, haven't Smith: Hangzhou is indeed a garden city. No wonder people ifr^R-frtf+"q3 fr you?), xihuan bri shi ma? t4-S'1$r,tA v- use the word " paradise" to describe it. Mili iinyri, Hii e (Marie likes goldfish, doesn't she?). Sachs: Right. would be a pity to come to China and not ,{.L,4? t\ ,It 6 visit Hhngzhou. i 3. H[owdnr l? tL )L shows it's fun. This a Brown: How big is West Lake? expression *7 t^. )L is widely used as an adjective !I Wang: Its area is 5.6 Square kilometers. 'It is surrounded on to describe something as great fun or sometimes )t' three sides by mountains. Su and Bai dykes divide the like the English "cute." Adverbs such as h6n lB lake into three parts. fu (very), tii Ji (too) and zhEn 9.- (really) are usually { Smith: Let's go to visit Su dyke. used before it. Zhime dud iinyri zhEn hlowdnr ^E (Everybody walks up Su dyke) s (So goldfish really H iLA 9 b +)ttn)L many 1 Smith: What's the origin of Su dyke? make for great fun). T lff

72 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Florvers on Yandang Mountains (traditional-style painting)