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DGCR8 Deficiency Impairs Macrophage Growth and Unleashes

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DGCR8 Deficiency Impairs Macrophage Growth and Unleashes Published Online: 26 March, 2021 | Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202000810 Downloaded from life-science-alliance.org on 2 October, 2021 Research Article DGCR8 deficiency impairs macrophage growth and unleashes the interferon response to mycobacteria Barbara Killy1 , Barbara Bodendorfer1,Jorg¨ Mages2 , Kristina Ritter3, Jonathan Schreiber1 , Christoph Holscher¨ 3,4, Katharina Pracht5 , Arif Ekici6 , Hans-Martin Jack¨ 5, Roland Lang1 The mycobacterial cell wall glycolipid trehalose-6,6-dimycolate STAT1 and IRF5 and thereby suppresses type I IFN responses (Tang (TDM) activates macrophages through the C-type lectin receptor et al, 2009). Further important miRNAs controlling innate immune MINCLE. Regulation of innate immune cells relies on miRNAs, which responses are miR-21, miR-125b, and miR-142-3p, which impair may be exploited by mycobacteria to survive and replicate in translation of the adapter protein MYD88 (Xue et al, 2017) and macrophages. Here, we have used macrophages deficient in the regulate mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and microprocessor component DGCR8 to investigate the impact of IL-6 (Rajaram et al, 2011; Liu et al, 2016). In contrast, miR-155 pro- miRNAontheresponsetoTDM.DeletionofDGCR8inbonemarrow motes inflammatory immune responses by attenuating the expression progenitors reduced macrophage yield, but did not block macro- of key negative regulators, including the inhibitor of IFN signaling SOCS1 phage differentiation. DGCR8-deficient macrophages showed re- (Yao et al, 2012; Chen et al, 2013; Li et al, 2013; Rao et al, 2014)andthe duced constitutive and TDM-inducible miRNA expression. RNAseq phosphatase SHIP1 (Wang et al, 2014). Thus, miRNAs represent a fun- analysis revealed that they accumulated primary miRNA transcripts damental regulatory layer in innate immune responses by fine-tuning and displayed a modest type I IFN signature at baseline. Stimulation macrophage activation (O’Connell et al, 2012). with TDM in the absence of DGCR8 induced overshooting expression The microprocessor complex subunit DGCR8 (for DiGeorge β of IFN and IFN-induced genes, which was blocked by antibodies to syndrome critical region gene 8), next to DROSHA and DICER, is one type I IFN. In contrast, signaling and transcriptional responses to of the three key proteins controlling miRNA biogenesis. As co-factor β Mycobacterium recombinant IFN were unaltered. Infection with live for the RNase III enzyme DROSHA, DGCR8 forms a subunit of the bovis Bacille Calmette–Guerin replicated the enhanced IFN response. microprocessor complex, which catabolizes the first step of miRNA Together, our results reveal an essential role for DGCR8 in curbing processing (Macias et al, 2013). The DGCR8 dsRNA-binding domains IFNβ expression macrophage reprogramming by mycobacteria. bind the apical (upper) part of the primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) stem and guide DROSHA to bind and cleave the lower part of the stem DOI 10.26508/lsa.202000810 | Received 10 June 2020 | Revised 4 March 2021 | Accepted 4 March 2021 | Published online 26 March 2021 (Nguyen et al, 2015, 2019; Jin et al, 2020). This processing step occurs in the nucleus and results in the generation of a precursor-miRNA transcript, which is exported into the cytosol for further processing Introduction (Macias et al, 2013). All components of the processing machinery also have miRNA-independent functions, for example, cleavage of Specific miRNAs are required for proper development, differenti- several mRNA transcripts (Macias et al, 2012; Johanson et al, 2015), or ation and function of many immune cells (Kuipers et al, 2010; Dooley a DROSHA-independent function of DGCR8 in the processing of fi et al, 2013; Danger et al, 2014; Devasthanam & Tomasi, 2014). They small nucleolar RNAs (Macias et al, 2012). De ciency in DGCR8 leads control innate immune cell activation and the magnitude of in- to a block at an early step of miRNA processing, making it an ex- flammatory responses at multiple layers by targeting common cellent target to study the role of miRNAs in different settings and signaling pathway components, transcription factors and pattern cell types (Wang et al, 2007). However, systemic DGCR8 deletion is recognition receptors and cytokines. For instance, expression of lethal with an arrest early in the development because of defective TLR2 and TLR4 are controlled by miR-19 and let7e, respectively proliferation and differentiation of embryonic stem cells (Wang fl fl (Philippe et al, 2012; Curtale et al, 2018). miR-146a curbs innate et al, 2007). Crossing conditional DGCR8 / mice with distinct Cre- immune responses by down-regulating critical TLR signaling expressing mouse strains enabled generation of different DGCR8- components (Hou et al, 2009; Nahid et al, 2016). miR-146a targets deficient cell types for studying the role of miRNAs in B lymphocytes 1Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitatsklinikum¨ Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat¨ Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany 2It’s Biology, Madrid, Spain 3Infection Immunology, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Borstel, Germany 4German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Borstel, Borstel, Germany 5Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitatsklinikum¨ Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat¨ Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany 6Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat¨ Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany Correspondence: [email protected] ©2021Killy et al. https://doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202000810 vol 4 | no 6 | e202000810 1of21 (Brandl et al, 2016; Coffre et al, 2016), T lymphocytes (Steiner et al, distinct mycolate profiles and mycobacterial virulence (Watanabe et al, 2011), NK cells, and osteoclasts (Bezman et al, 2010). However, the 2001). The macrophage response to mycobacterial infection is char- impact of DGCR8 deficiency on the generation and function of acterized by robust activation of inflammatory gene expression, which macrophages has not been reported to date. is a prerequisite for initiation of the anti-mycobacterial adaptive im- Macrophages develop from hematopoietic stem cells under the mune response. On the other hand, transcriptional reprogramming of influence of the critical transcription factors PU.1, C/EBPα,MAFB,and macrophages by mycobacterial ligands contributes to the establish- c-MAF (Sieweke & Allen, 2013). It is now established that macrophages ment of a replicative niche. In this context, TLR2-dependent inhibition of can be of dual origin from embryonic progenitors or blood monocytes. antigen presentation via MHC-II is induced by the 19-kD lipopeptide In fact, in tissues like the brain and lung, monocytes contribute only (Kincaid et al, 2007; Benson & Ernst, 2009). TDM, the major glycolipid minimally to resident macrophage populations under homeostatic constituent of the mycobacterial cell wall, delays phagosomal matu- conditions, whereas macrophage populations in other organs, such as ration through MINCLE signaling (Axelrod et al, 2008; Patin et al, 2017) the gut and dermis, depend on recruited monocytes (Ginhoux & and antagonizes IFNγ-induced expression of MHC-II and antimicrobial Guilliams, 2016). The involvement of miRNAs in macrophage differ- effectorgenessuchasGBP1(Huber et al, 2020). entiation and proliferation has been studied in murine models lacking Several miRNAs are differentially expressed (DE) upon myco- components of their biosynthesis in defined cell lineages. Deletion of bacterial infection. Increased miR-223 was identified in the blood of DICERinCD11c-expressingcellscausedadepletionofself-renewing human tuberculosis (TB) patients and during murine TB, where it Langerhans cells in the skin (Kuipers et al, 2010). Inactivation of DICER regulates lung neutrophil recruitment (Dorhoi et al, 2013). The by CX3CR1-Cre led to reduced microglia numbers in adult mice (Varol inflammatory miR-155 is up-regulated in macrophages infected et al, 2017). CEBPα-Cre–driven deletion of DICER in myeloid-committed with MTB or the vaccine strain M. bovis BCG (Ghorpade et al, 2012; progenitors blocked monocytic differentiation, depleted macrophages Kumar et al, 2012; Wang et al, 2013, 2014) and promotes killing of and caused myeloid dysplasia (Alemdehy et al, 2012). In contrast, mycobacteria through apoptosis, autophagy induction, and TNF. inducible deletion of the microprocessor component DROSHA in Other miRNA species induced by mycobacteria down-regulate hematopoietic cells abrogated the development of dendritic cells, but host-protective anti-mycobacterial macrophage functions, in- also of monocytes and granulocytes (Johanson et al, 2015). Thus, cluding phagocytosis (Bettencourt et al, 2013) and phagosome depending on the component of miRNA biosynthesis and the Cre- maturation (Vegh et al, 2015). Human macrophage responsiveness deleter strain used, different phenotypes regarding myeloid cell de- to IFNγ is decreased by MTB through induction of miR-132 and miR- velopment and differentiation could be observed. 26a (Ni et al, 2014). The lipomannan of MTB down-regulates TNF A prime function of macrophages is the phagocytosis of microbial synthesis by inducing high levels of miR-125b (Rajaram et al, 2011). intruders, most of which are efficiently killed by oxidative burst and Thus, miRNAs are important for host immunity against mycobac- phagosomal acidification and fusion with lysosomes. Several intra- terial infection, but appear to be used also by mycobacteria to cellular pathogens are specialized in evading this process
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