生物化学词汇(1) a Band a 带A Chromosome a 染色体[二倍体
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Acetogen Communities in the Gut of Herbivores and Their Potential Role in Syngas Fermentation
fermentation Article Acetogen Communities in the Gut of Herbivores and Their Potential Role in Syngas Fermentation Chunlei Yang Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; [email protected] Received: 2 May 2018; Accepted: 4 June 2018; Published: 7 June 2018 Abstract: To better understand the effects of host selection on gut acetogens and their potential role in syngas fermentation, the composition and hydrogenotrophic features of acetogen populations in cow and sheep rumens, rabbit ceca, and horse feces were studied. The acetogens detected in horses and rabbits were more phylogenetically diverse than those in cows and sheep, suggesting that the host species plays an important role in shaping gut acetogen populations. Acetogen enrichments from these animals presented good capacities to use hydrogen, with acetate as the major end product. Minor propionate, butyrate, and isovalerate were also produced. During 48 h of incubation, acetogen enrichments from horse consumed 4.75 moles of H2 to every 1 mole of acetate—significantly lower than rabbits, cows, and sheep (5.17, 5.53, and 5.23 moles, respectively) (p < 0.05)—and produced significantly more butyrate (p < 0.05). Enrichments from cows and sheep produced significantly higher amounts of propionate when compared to rabbits or horses (p < 0.05); enrichments from sheep produced the highest amounts of isovalerate (p < 0.05). These short chain fatty acids are important precursors for the synthesis of biofuel products, suggesting that gut contents of herbivores may be promising sources for harvesting functional acetogens for biofuel production. -
Introduction to Bacteriology and Bacterial Structure/Function
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY AND BACTERIAL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION LEARNING OBJECTIVES To describe historical landmarks of medical microbiology To describe Koch’s Postulates To describe the characteristic structures and chemical nature of cellular constituents that distinguish eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells To describe chemical, structural, and functional components of the bacterial cytoplasmic and outer membranes, cell wall and surface appendages To name the general structures, and polymers that make up bacterial cell walls To explain the differences between gram negative and gram positive cells To describe the chemical composition, function and serological classification as H antigen of bacterial flagella and how they differ from flagella of eucaryotic cells To describe the chemical composition and function of pili To explain the unique chemical composition of bacterial spores To list medically relevant bacteria that form spores To explain the function of spores in terms of chemical and heat resistance To describe characteristics of different types of membrane transport To describe the exact cellular location and serological classification as O antigen of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) To explain how the structure of LPS confers antigenic specificity and toxicity To describe the exact cellular location of Lipid A To explain the term endotoxin in terms of its chemical composition and location in bacterial cells INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY 1. Two main threads in the history of bacteriology: 1) the natural history of bacteria and 2) the contagious nature of infectious diseases, were united in the latter half of the 19th century. During that period many of the bacteria that cause human disease were identified and characterized. 2. Individual bacteria were first observed microscopically by Antony van Leeuwenhoek at the end of the 17th century. -
Staphylococcus Aureus Exfoliative Toxins: How They Cause Disease
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE To cite this article: JID 122:1070–1077, 2004 provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Published by the ology Progress in Dermatology Editor: Alan N. Moshell, M.D. Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxins: How they cause disease. Lisa R.W. Plano, M.D., Ph.D. Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida Abbreviations: cell surface molecules associated with adhesion and BI- bullous impetigo multiple antibiotic resistances including methicillin and ET- exfoliative toxins vancomycin resistance (Centers for Disease Control and EDIN- epidermal cell differentiation inhibitor Prevention, 1997; 2000a; 2000b), all contributing to the ETA- exfoliative toxin A (epidermolysisn A, exfoliatin A) pathogenicity of these organisms. A minimum of 34 ETB- exfoliative toxin B (epidermolysisn B, exfoliatin B) different extracellular proteins are produced by S. ETD- exfoliative toxin D (epidermolysisn D, exfoliatin D) aureus, and many of these have defined roles in the PF- pemphigus foliaceus pathogenesis of their associated diseases (Iandolo, SSSS- Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, (pemphi- 1989). Infectious conditions caused by these organisms gus neonatorum, dermatitis exfoliativa neonatorum, can be divided into three major categories; (i) superficial Ritter’s disease) skin infections, skin abcesses and wound infections TEN- toxic epidermal necrolysis including bullous impetigo (BI) and furuncles, (ii) systemic or infections of deep seeded tissues including osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pneumonia and sepsis, and Introduction (iii) conditions caused by intoxication with one of the General Microbiology: Staphylococci are hardy excreted toxins. Among the conditions caused by intoxi- Gram-positive cocci found as bacterial pathogens or cation with an exotoxin are toxic shock syndrome caused commensal organisms in both humans and animals. -
Meeting Key Synthetic Challenges in Amanitin Synthesis with a New Cytotoxic Analog: 50-Hydroxy- Cite This: Chem
Chemical Science View Article Online EDGE ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue Meeting key synthetic challenges in amanitin synthesis with a new cytotoxic analog: 50-hydroxy- Cite this: Chem. Sci., 2020, 11, 11927 0 † All publication charges for this article 6 -deoxy-amanitin have been paid for by the Royal Society of Chemistry Alla Pryyma, Kaveh Matinkhoo, Antonio A. W. L. Wong and David M. Perrin * Appreciating the need to access synthetic analogs of amanitin, here we report the synthesis of 50-hydroxy- Received 29th July 2020 60-deoxy-amanitin, a novel, rationally-designed bioactive analog and constitutional isomer of a-amanitin, Accepted 2nd October 2020 that is anticipated to be used as a payload for antibody drug conjugates. In completing this synthesis, we DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04150e meet the challenge of diastereoselective sulfoxidation by presenting two high-yielding and rsc.li/chemical-science diastereoselective sulfoxidation approaches to afford the more toxic (R)-sulfoxide. drug-tolerant cell subpopulations.7 Examples include ADCs for Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. Introduction targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and pros- 8 9 a-Amanitin, the deadliest of the amatoxins produced by the tate specic membrane antigen. With but a few exceptions, death-cap mushroom Amanita phalloides, is a potent, orally nearly all bioconjugates to a cytotoxic amanitin have emerged 1 a available inhibitor of RNA polymerase II (pol II) (Ki 10 nM), from naturally-sourced -amanitin. To date, conjugation that has been validated as a payload for targeted cancer handles used for a-amanitin-based bioconjugates include the d- 2a therapy.2 First described in 1907 3 and isolated in 1941,4 a- hydroxyl of (2S,3R,4R)-4,5-dihydroxyisoleucine (DHIle), the 10 0 amanitin is a compact bicyclic octapeptide that has been asparagine side chain, and the 6 -hydroxyl of the tryptathio- 11 indispensable for probing RNA pol II-catalysed transcription in nine staple. -
Serine Proteases with Altered Sensitivity to Activity-Modulating
(19) & (11) EP 2 045 321 A2 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 08.04.2009 Bulletin 2009/15 C12N 9/00 (2006.01) C12N 15/00 (2006.01) C12Q 1/37 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 09150549.5 (22) Date of filing: 26.05.2006 (84) Designated Contracting States: • Haupts, Ulrich AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR 51519 Odenthal (DE) HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI • Coco, Wayne SK TR 50737 Köln (DE) •Tebbe, Jan (30) Priority: 27.05.2005 EP 05104543 50733 Köln (DE) • Votsmeier, Christian (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in 50259 Pulheim (DE) accordance with Art. 76 EPC: • Scheidig, Andreas 06763303.2 / 1 883 696 50823 Köln (DE) (71) Applicant: Direvo Biotech AG (74) Representative: von Kreisler Selting Werner 50829 Köln (DE) Patentanwälte P.O. Box 10 22 41 (72) Inventors: 50462 Köln (DE) • Koltermann, André 82057 Icking (DE) Remarks: • Kettling, Ulrich This application was filed on 14-01-2009 as a 81477 München (DE) divisional application to the application mentioned under INID code 62. (54) Serine proteases with altered sensitivity to activity-modulating substances (57) The present invention provides variants of ser- screening of the library in the presence of one or several ine proteases of the S1 class with altered sensitivity to activity-modulating substances, selection of variants with one or more activity-modulating substances. A method altered sensitivity to one or several activity-modulating for the generation of such proteases is disclosed, com- substances and isolation of those polynucleotide se- prising the provision of a protease library encoding poly- quences that encode for the selected variants. -
WSC 2000-01 Conference 1
The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Department of Veterinary Pathology WEDNESDAY SLIDE CONFERENCE 2002-2003 CONFERENCE 17 12 February 2003 Conference Moderator: LTC Gary Zaucha, DVM Diplomate, ACVP, ABT, and ACVPM Chief, Department of Comparative Pathology Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD 20910 CASE I – 1614-1 (AFIP 2850109) Signalment: 5-month-old outbred female Swiss-Webster mouse History: Sentinel mouse in a laboratory colony housed on dirty bedding from other mouse cages, part of an infectious disease surveillance program. Euthanized due to lethargy and unthriftiness. Gross Pathology: Stomach distended approximately three times by gas, fluid, and partially digested food. Kidneys shrunken, pale, and pitted. Multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis and thrombosis of the ovaries bilaterally. Laboratory Results: Negative for all murine infectious pathogens tested in the colony surveillance program by serology, respiratory and intestinal cultures, fecal examination, anal tape, and skin scrapings. Contributor’s Morphologic Diagnosis: Kidney: Chronic nephropathy characterized by membranous glomerulopathy, lymphoplasmacytic adventitial vasculitis and perivasculitis, tubular degeneration, ectasia, and regeneration with protein, hemoglobin, cellular, waxy, and granular casts, and lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic interstitial nephritis, severe. Contributor’s Comment: This case is consistent with the previously reported syndrome of gastric dilatation and chronic nephropathy in mice exposed to dirty bedding [1]. Although the mean age of affected mice in the published report was 10 months, similar lesions are sometimes found in animals as young as 3 or 4 months of age. The kidney disease appears immune-mediated and is presumably the result of chronic high antigen exposure, although there may be more than one inciting process. -
Acute Phase Proteins and Biomarkers for Health in Chickens Emily
O'Reilly, Emily (2016) Acute phase proteins and biomarkers for health in chickens. PhD thesis http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7428/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] 1 Acute phase proteins and biomarkers for health in chickens Emily Louise O’Reilly B.Sc. (Hon), BVMS, M.Sc. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow February 2016 © E. L. O’Reilly, 2016 2 Abstract Acute phase proteins (APPs) are proteins synthesised predominantly in the liver, whose plasma concentrations increase (positive APP) or decrease (negative APP) as a result of infection, inflammation, trauma and tissue injury. They also change as a result of the introduction of immunogens such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), turpentine and vaccination. While publications on APPs in chickens are numerous, the limited availability of anti-sera and commercial ELISAs has resulted in a lot of information on only a few APPs. -
INVITED SPEAKERS (INV) Presentation: Monday, September 28, 2015 from 10:30 – 11:00 in Room Congress Saal
INVITED SPEAKERS (INV) Presentation: Monday, September 28, 2015 from 10:30 – 11:00 in room Congress Saal. INV01 Redefining Virulence: Bacterial Gene Expression during INV03 Human Infection Breath-taking viral zoonosis: Lessons from influenza viruses H. L. T. Mobley T. Wolff University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Robert Koch-Institut, Division 17, Influenza viruses and other Microbiology and Immunology, Ann Arbor, United States Respiratory Viruses, Berlin, Germany Investigators identifying virulence genes at first did so by The World Health Organization recently expressed concerns about examining transposon mutants or individual gene mutations. an unprecedented diversity and geographical distribution of Mutants of bacterial pathogens were then assessed in animals, influenza viruses currently circulating in animal reservoirs. This whose symptoms mimicked human disease. Later, genome-wide includes an increase in the detection of animal influenza viruses screens (STM, IVET, IVIAT) were developed whereby genes and that co-circulate and exchange viral genes giving rise to novel virus proteins that influence virulence could be identified. These efforts strains. As the avian and porcine host reservoirs have in the past led to our conventional view of microbial virulence, with its focus contributed essentially to the genesis of human pandemic influenza on adhesins, iron acquisition, toxins, secretion, and motility, as viruses causing waves of severe respiratory disease on a global well as on those bacteria with genes such as on horizontally scale, this is a notable situation. transferred pathogenicity-associated islands that are not found in Zoonotic transmissions of avian influenza viruses belonging to the commensal strains. Now, however, we also must consider what H5N1 or H7N9 subtypes have been well documented in recent metabolic pathways are in play when microbial pathogens infect years. -
| Hao Wanatha Maria Del Contatta Datum
|HAO WANATHA MARIAUS009844679B2 DEL CONTATTA DATUM (12 ) United States Patent ( 10 ) Patent No. : US 9 ,844 , 679 B2 Nayfach - Battilana ( 45 ) Date of Patent : * Dec . 19 , 2017 (54 ) NANOPARTICLE - SIZED MAGNETIC (56 ) References Cited ABSORPTION ENHANCERS HAVING THREE - DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRIES U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS ADAPTED FOR IMPROVED DIAGNOSTICS 4 , 106 ,488 A 8 / 1978 Gordon AND HYPERTHERMIC TREATMENT 4 ,303 ,636 A 12/ 1981 Gordon ( 71 ) Applicant: Qteris, Inc. , San Rafael, CA (US ) ( Continued ) ( 72 ) Inventor : Joseph N . Nayfach - Battilana , San FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Rafael , CA (US ) EP 0040512 B1 11 / 1981 EP 0136530 A16 /1988 (73 ) Assignee : Qteris, Inc. , San Rafael , CA (US ) (Continued ) ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 OTHER PUBLICATIONS U . S . C . 154 ( b ) by 903 days. “ Krishna et al ., Unusual size -dependent magnetization in near This patent is subject to a terminal dis hemispherical Co nanomagnets on SiO . sub . 2 from fast pulsed laser claimer . processing” , J . Appl. Phys. 103 , 073902 (2008 ) (“ Krishna ” ) .* (Continued ) ( 21 ) Appl . No .: 14 /044 , 251 Primary Examiner — Joseph Stoklosa (22 ) Filed : Oct. 2 , 2013 Assistant Examiner — Adam Avigan (74 ) Attorney , Agent, or Firm — Marek Alboszta (65 ) Prior Publication Data US 2014 /0172049 A1 Jun . 19 , 2014 (57 ) ABSTRACT Nanoparticle- sized magnetic absorption enhancers (MAES ) Related U . S . Application Data exhibiting a controlled response to a magnetic field , includ ing a controlled mechanical response and an inductive (62 ) Division of application No . 12 /925 ,904 , filed on Nov. thermal response . The MAEs have a magnetic material that 1 , 2010 , now Pat . -