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Gram Positive & Negative Cocci Disease

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ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY [Accredited with ‘A+’ grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and graded as category I university by MHRD-UGC] [A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu] KARAIKUDI – 630 003 Directorate of Distance Education M.Sc. [Microbiology] III - Semester 36432 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Copy Right Reserved For Private use only i Author : Dr. S. Rajan Assistant Professor PG and Research Department of Microbiology M. R. Government Arts College Mannargudi -614 001 “The Copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University” All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Reviewer Dr.G.Selvakumar Assistant professor of Microbiology Directorate of Distance Education Alagappa University Karaikudi ii SYLLABI – BOOK MAPPING TABLE CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTIONS Syllabi Mapping in book UNIT I Laboratory management 1-17 Safety in containment laboratory Collection and transport of clinical samples UNIT II Microbiological Examination 18-34 Microbiological examination of urine Microbiological examination blood Microbiological examination faeces Microbiological examination cerebrospinal fluid Microbiological examination throat swabs Microbiological examination sputum Microbiological examination pus and wound exudates UNIT III Normal Flora of Human Systems 35-45 General features of normal flora Origin of the normal flora Normal flora of human skin Normal flora of human respiratory tract Normal flora of human gastrointestinal tract Normal flora of human genitourinary tract. Nosocomial infections. UNIT IV General Characters, Pathogenesis, Laboratory 46-57 Diagnosis and control of Gram Positive & Negative Cocci Disease Pharyngitis Pneumonia Gonorrhea UNIT V Gram Positive Non Spore & Spore Forming 58-71 Bacilli Nocardiosis Diphtheria Anthrax Tetanus (lockjaw) UNIT VI General Characters, Pathogenesis, Laboratory 72-79 Diagnosis and control of Gram negative nonspore forming bacilli Pertussis Yersiniosis. UNIT VII Enteric Gram Negative Bacilli , AFB Cell Wall 80-104 Less Bacteria Vibriosis Salmonellosis. Tuberculosis Leprosy Pneumonia Leptospirosis. iii UNIT VIII Viral Infections 105-143 Influenza Measles Mumps Chicken pox Hepatitis A, B, C, D & E Poliomyelitis AIDS Human Papilloma Virus Rabies Yellow Fever UNIT IX Viral diseases 144-155 Dengue Japanese Encephalitis SARS Swine Flu UNIT X Mechanism of Pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of 156-174 fungal diseases Superficial Mycoses Cutaneous Mycoses Subcutaneous Mycoses UNIT XI MYCOSES 175-191 Systematic mycosis Opportunistic systemic infection Mycotoxicosis. UNIT XII Mechanism of Pathogenesis and lab diagnosis 192-200 Protozoology Amoebiosis Malaria UNIT XIII Classification of antibiotics Based on Mode of 201-206 Action Antibacterial (Penicillin), Antiviral (Amantidine), Antifungal (Amphotericin) and Antiparasitic drugs (Quinine and Metraindazole). UNIT XIV Emerging and Re-Emerging Infections 207-217 Chickungunya Zika virus H1N1 Ebola National Programme in prevention of Infectious diseases iv CONTENTS BLOCK I INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY UNIT I - LABORATORY MANAGEMENT 1-17 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives 1.3. Safety in containment laboratory 1.3.1 Types of containment 1.3.2. Bio hazards 1.3.3. Routes of entry for pathogen 1.3.4. Aerosols 1.3.5. Classification of pathogenic microorganisms 1.3.6. Biosafety levels 1.3.7. Good microbiological techniques (GMT) 1.3.8. Personal protective equipment 1.3.9. Biosafety cabinets (BSC) 1.3.10. Emergency measures 1.3.11. Decontamination 1.3.12. Biohazard waste disposal 1.4. Collection and transport of clinical samples 1.4.1.Introduction 1.4.2. Characters of Good Specimen 1.4.3.Collection and transport of specimens from skin and soft tissues 1.4.4. Collection, transport of sample from eye 1.4.5.Sample collection and transport from upper respiratory tract 1.4.6.Collection, transport of specimen from ear 1.4.7.Sample collection from lower respiratory track 1.4.8.Sample collection and transport from gastro intestinal system 1.4.9.Sample collection and transport from urinary track 1.4.10.Collection and transport of blood sample 1.4.11.Collection and transport of sample from genital track 1.4.12.Collection of samples from csf 1.4.13.Transport and storage of specimens for virology 1.5. Let us sum up 1.6. Unit end exercises 1.7. Answers to check your progress questions 1.8. Suggested readings UNIT II MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION 18-34 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Objectives 2.3. Microbiological examination of urine 2.4. Microbiological examination blood 2.5. Microbiological examination faeces 2.6. Microbiological examination cerebrospinal fluid v 2.7. Microbiological examination throat swabs 2.8. Microbiological examination sputum 2.9. Microbiological examination pus and wound exudates 2.10. Let us sum up 2.11. Unit end exercises 2.12. Answers to check your progress questions 2.13. Suggested readings UNIT III NORMAL FLORA OF HUMAN SYSTEMS 35-45 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Objectives 3.3. General features of normal flora 3.4. Origin of the normal flora 3.5. Normal flora of human skin 3.6. Normal flora of human respiratory tract 3.7. Normal flora of human gastrointestinal tract 3.8. Normal flora of human genitourinary tract. 3.9. Nosocomial infections. 3.9.1. Introduction 3.9.2. Rate of nosocomial infection 3.9.3. Important pathogens of nasocomial infections. 3.9.4. Sources of microbes that cause nosocomial infection: 3.9.5. Control of nosocomial infections 3.9.6. Components of control programme 3.10. Let us sum up 3.11. Unit end exercises 3.12. Answers to check your progress questions 3.13. Suggested readings UNIT IV - GRAM POSITIVE & NEGATIVE COCCI 46-57 DISEASE 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Objectives 4.3. Pharyngitis 4.3.1. Introduction 4.3.2. Causative Agent 4.3.3. Virulent factors of Steptococcus pyogenes 4.3.4. Pathogenesis 4.3.5. Lab Diagnosis 4.3.6. Treatment 4.3.7. Prevention 4.4. Pneumonia 4.4.1. Introduction 4.4.2. Causative Agents 4.4.3. Characters of causative agent 4.4.4. Virulent Factors 4.4.5. Toxins 4.4.6. Symptoms 4.4.7. Pathogenesis 4.4.8. Laboratory Diagnosis vi 4.4.9. Treatment 4.5. Gonorrhea 4.5.1. Introduction 4.5.2. Causative Agent 4.5.3. Antigens 4.5.4. Pathogenesis 4.5.5. Symptoms 4.5.6. Laboratory Diagnosis 4.5.7. Treatment 4.6. Let us sum up 4.7. Unit end exercises 4.8. Answers to check your progress questions 4.9. Suggested readings UNIT V GRAM POSITIVE NON SPORE & SPORE 58-71 FORMING FORMING BACILLI 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Objectives 5.3. Nocardiosis 5.3.1. Introduction 5.3.2. Causative agent 5.3.3. Virulence 5.3.4. Signs and symptoms 5.3.5. Pathogenesis 5.3.6. Lab diagnosisDiagnosis 5.3.7. Treatment 5.4. Diphtheria 5.4.1. Introduction 5.4.2. Causative agent 5.4.3. Mode of transmission 5.4.4. Pathogenesis 5.4.5. Symptoms 5.4.6. Lab diagnosis 5.4.7. Treatment 5.4.8. Prevention 5.5. Anthrax 5.5.1. Introduction 5.5.2. Causative agent 5.5.3. Virulence factors 5.5.4. Pathogenesis 5.5.5. Symptoms 5.5.6. Lab Diagnosis 5.5.7. Treatment 5.5.7. Prevention 5.6. Tetanus (Lock Jaw). 5.6.1. Introduction 5.6.2. Causative agent 5.6.3 Pathogenesis 5.6.4. Symptoms 5.6.5 Epidemiology 5.6.6. Lab Diagnosis vii 5.6.7. Control 5.7. Let us sum up 5.8. Unit end exercises 5.9. Answers to check your progress questions 5.10. Suggested readings UNIT VI GRAM NEGATIVE NONSPORE FORMING 72-79 BACILLI 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Objectives 6.3. Pertussis 6.3.1. Introduction 6.3.2. Causative agent 6.3.3. Virulence factors of B. pertussis 6.3.4. Toxins produced by B. pertusis 6.3.5. Symptoms 6.3.6. Pathogenesis 6.3.7. Laboratory diagnosis 6.3.8. Treatment 6.3.9. Control 6.4. Yersiniosis. 6.4.1. Introduction 6.4.2. Causative agent 6.4.3. Virulence factors 6.4.4. Signs and symptoms 6.4.5. Pathogenesis 6.4.6. Lab Diagnosis 6.4.7. Treatment 6.5. Let us sum up 6.6. Unit end exercises 6.7. Answers to check your progress questions 8.8. Suggested readings. UNIT VII ENTERIC GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI , AFB 80-104 CELL WALL LESS BACTERIA 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Objectives 7.3. Vibriosis 7.3.1. Introduction 7.3.2. Causative agent 7.3.3. Antigenic types 7.3.4. Pathogenesis 7.3.5. Lab diagnosis 7.3.6. Treatment 7.4. Salmonellosis. 7.4.1. Introduction 7.4.2. Causative agent 7.4.3. Virulent factors 7.4.4. Symptoms 7.4.5. Pathogenesis 7.4.6. Complications 7.4.7. Epidemiology viii 7.4.8. Laboratory diagnosis 7.4.9. Prevention 7.4.10. Treatment 7.5. Tuberculosis 7.5.1. Introduction 7.5.2. Causative agent 7.5.3. Factors responsible for pathogenesis 7.5.4. Symptoms 7.5.5. Pathogenesis 7.5.6. Epidemiology 7.5.7. Diagnosis 7.5.8. Treatment and Control 7.6. Leprosy 7.6.1. Introduction 7.6.2. Causative agent 7.6.3. Pathogenesis 7.6.4. Laboratory diagnosis 7.6.5. Treatment 7.7. Pneumonia 7.7.1. Introduction 7.7.2. Causative Agent 7.7.3. Pathogenesis 7.7.4. Epidemiology 7.7.5. Diagnosis 7.7.6. Treatment 7.8. Leptospirosis. 7.8.1. Introduction 7.8.2. Causative agent 7.8.3. Transmission 7.8.4. Symptoms 7.8.5.
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    DGCR8 Deficiency Impairs Macrophage Growth and Unleashes

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  • Practice of Medicine Infections

    Practice of Medicine Infections

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