DOCSLIB.ORG

V.ANIMAL VIRUSES Great Emphasis Is Placed on Animal Viruses Because They Are the Causative Agents of Most Dangerous Diseases of Human and Animals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
V.ANIMAL VIRUSES Great Emphasis Is Placed on Animal Viruses Because They Are the Causative Agents of Most Dangerous Diseases of Human and Animals V.ANIMAL VIRUSES Great emphasis is placed on animal viruses because they are the causative agents of most dangerous diseases of human and animals. Due to these diseases human has to face different problems like loss of economy, loss of valuable time and energy and even death. To avoid these problems government and scientists create interest among peoples to study various features of animal viruses than other viruses. If we understand the basic concepts effectively, may help us to develop new diagnostic techniques, treatment procedures and control measures. In this chapter we discussed about viral morphology, multiplication, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment procedures of various diseases. 1.CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL VIRUSES Many viruses in the environment are shown to be infectious to animals and humans. To distinguish these agents a specific system is adapted, classification system. Morphology is probably the most important characteristic feature of virus classification. Modern classifications are primarily based on virus morphology, the physical and chemical nature of virions, constituents and genetic relatedness. Nucleic acid properties such as general type, strandedness, size and segmentations are also included in the classification system. Recent ICTV (International committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) system of virus classification classifies 28 families of animal viruses and is summarized here along with diagramatic representation. THE SINGLE STRANDED DNA VIRUSES Circoviridae Circovirus Chicken anemia virus Parvoviridae Parvovirinae Parvovirus Mice minute virus Erythrovirus B19 virus Dependovirus Adeno-associated virus 2 THE DOUBLE STRANDED DNA VIRUSES Caudovirales Poxviridae Chordopoxvirinae Orthopoxvirus Vaccinia virus Parapoxvirus Orf virus Avipoxviru Fowlpox virus Capripoxvirus Sheeppox virus Leporipoxvirus Myxoma virus Suipoxvirus Swinepox virus Molluscipoxvirus Molluscum contagiosum virus Yabapoxvirus Yaba monkey tumor virus Asfarviridae Asfivirus African swine fever virus Iridoviridae Ranavirus Frog virus 3 Lymphocystivirus Lymphocystis disease virus 1 Herpesviridae Alphaherpesvirinae Simplexvirus Human herpesvirus 1 Varicellovirus Human herpesvirus 3 Marek’s disease-like viruses Gallid herpesvirus virus 2 "ILTV-like viruses" Gallid herpesvirus virus 1 Betaherpesvirinae Cytomegalovirus Human herpesvirus 5 Muromegalovirus Murid herpesvirus 1 Roseolovirus Human herpesvirus 6 Gammaherpesvirinae Lymphocryptovirus Human herpesvirus 4 Rhadinovirus Saimiriine herpesvirus 2 Ictalurid herpes-like viruses Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus Human adenovirus 2 Aviadenovirus Fowl adenovirus 1 Polyomaviridae Polyomavirus Simian virus 40 Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus THE DNA AND RNA REVERSE TRANSCRIBING VIRUSES Hepadnaviridae Orthohepadnavirus Hepatitis B virus Avihepadnavirus Duck hepatitis B virus Retroviridae Alpharetrovirus Avian leukosis virus Betaretrovirus Mouse mammary tumor virus Gammaretrovirus Murine leukemia virus Deltaretrovirus Bovine leukemia virus Epsilonretrovirus Walleye dermal sarcoma virus Lentivirus Human immunodeficiency virus Spumavirus Chimpanzee foamy spumavirus The dsRNA Viruses Reoviridae Orthoreovirus Mammilian orthoreovirus Orbivirus Bluetongue virus Rotavirus Rotavirus A Coltivirus Colorado tick fever virus Aquareovirus Aquareovirus A Birnaviridae Aquabirnavirus Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus Avibirnavirus Infectious bursal disease virus THE NEGATIVE SENSE SINGLE STRANDED RNA VIRUSES Mononegavirales Bornaviridae Bornavirus Borna disease virus Filoviridae Ebola-like viruses" Zaire Ebola virus "Marburg-like viruses" Marburg virus Paramyxoviridae Paramyxovirinae Respirovirus Sendai virus Morbillivirus Measles virus Rubulavirus Mumps virus Pneumovirinae Pneumovirus Human respiratory syncytial virus Metapneumovirus Turkey rhinotracheitis virus Rhabdoviridae Vesiculovirus Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus Lyssavirus Rabies virus Ephemerovirus Bovine ephemeral fever virus Novirhabdovirus Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus Orthomyxoviridae Influenzavirus A Influenza A virus Influenzavirus B Influenza B virus Influenzavirus C Influenza C virus Thogotovirus Thogoto virus Bunyaviridae Bunyavirus Bunyamwera virus Hantavirus Hantaan virus Nairovirus Dugbe virus virus Phlebovirus Rift Valey fever virus Arenaviridae Arenavirus Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Deltavirus Hepatitis delta virus THE POSITIVE SENSE SINGLE STRANDED RNA VIRUSES Picornaviridae Enterovirus Poliovirus Rhinovirus Human rhinovirus A Hepatovirus Hepatitis A virus Cardiovirus Encephalomyocarditis virus Aphthovirus Foot-and-mouth disease virus O Parechovirus Human parechovirus Caliciviridae Vesivirus Swine vesicular exanthema virus Lagovirus Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus "Norwalk-like viruses" Norwalk virus "Sapporo-like viruses" Sapporo virus "Hepatitis E -like viruses" Hepatitis E virus Astroviridae Astrovirus Human astrovirus 1 Nodaviridae Betanodavirus Striped jack nervous necrosis virus Nidovirales Coronaviridae Coronavirus Infectious bronchitis virus Torovirus Equine torovirus Arteriviridae Arterivirus Equine arteritis virus Flaviviridae Flavivirus Yellow fever virus Pestivirus Bovine diarrhea virus Hepacivirus Hepatitis C virus Togaviridae Alphavirus Sindbis virus Rubivirus Rubella virus 2. PICORNAVIRUSES Introduction Picornaviruses mean small RNA viruses (Pico means small rna indicates RNA). It is the most largest family of RNA viruses with important human and animal pathogenic viruses Classification The family Picornaviridae comprises five genera based on ICTV system of classification. Enterovirus, Hepatovirus and Rhinovirus, which infect humans: Apthovirus (foot-and-mouth disease virus), which infects cloven-hoofed animals and occasionally humans; and Cardiovirus, which infects rodents. Enterovirus Poliovirus -Poliomyeletis Rhinovirus Human rhinovirus A -Common cold Hepatovirus Hepatitis A virus -Hepatitis Cardiovirus Encephalomyocarditis virus -rodent infection Aphthovirus Foot-and-mouth disease virus -FMD Parechovirus Human parechovirus -Meningititis Based on tissue tropism on human enteroviruses, found in human gut; the rhinoviruses, found in the upper respiratory tract and hepatovirus (Hepatitis A virus) in the intestine and liver. Structure and Properties of Picorna Virus • The picornaviruses are small (22 to 30 nm) nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses with icosahedral symmetry. • The virus capsid is composed of four viral proteins VP1 to VP4, which form an icosahedral shell. • The genome is a single stranded RNA (molecular weight, approximately 2 x 106 to 3 x 106). • The RNA strand consists of approximately 7,500 nucleotides and is covalently bonded to a noncapsid viral protein (VPg). • Picornaviruses can survive for long periods in organic matter and are resistant to the low pH in the stomach (pH 3.0 to 5.0). • Picornaviruses are inactivated by pasteurization, boiling, Formalin, and chlorine. • They are ether resistant due to absence of essential lipids. They replicate in the cytoplasm. Multiplication of Picornavirus Replication is similar to all picorna viruses. • The virus binds to a cellular receptor • The mechanism of uncoating of RNA genome are unknown • Translation is initiated at an internal site of 741 nucleotides from the 5’ end of the viral RNA and poly protein precursors are synthesized. • Polyproteins are cleaved and produce individual proteins (P1,P2 and P3) • P1 proteins contain viral structural proteins. • P2 and P3 are responsible for proteases and RNA synthesis proteins. • The proteins that involve in RNA synthesis are transported into the membranous vesicles. • Positive sense RNA also transported into the vesicles. • It is copied into minus sense RNA that is the template for the synthesis of positive sense RNA. • Structural proteins are formed by partial cleavage of P1 precursor proteins. • These proteins are transported to vesicles • Assembly takes place within the vesicles. • Mature virions released after cell lysis. ENTEROVIRUS Poliovirus, Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses and Enteroviruses 68-72 are the examples for enteroviruses. Among these incidence of Poliovirus is more common and produce severe infection in human called poliomyeletis. Poliomyeletis Introduction Polio is an ancient disease. In 1840 the German orthopedist Jocob Von Heine described the clinical features of Poliomyelitis and identified spinal cord as the problem area. Poliovirus has tropism for epithelial cells of the alimentary tract and cells of the central nervous system. Causative Agent • All three Poliovirus serotypes (1 to 3) can give rise to paralytic poliomyelitis. • Morphology-Refer Page -------------------- Symptoms Paralytic poliomyelitis can occur without antecedent minor illnesses. A patient may suffer aseptic meningitis with pains in the back and neck muscles for several days. Pathogenesis • Incubation period is about 7-14 days. • Humans are the only natural host of Poliovirus. • They attach to a specific receptor on these cells, which in humans is encoded by a gene on chromosome 19. • Primary replication of Poliovirus takes place in the oropharyngeal and intestinal mucosa (the alimentary phase). • From here, the virus spreads to the tonsils and Peyer's patches of the ileum and to deep cervical and mesenteric nodes, where it multiplies abundantly (the lymphatic phase). • Subsequently, the virus is carried by the bloodstream to various internal organs and regional lymph nodes (the viremic phase). • More concentrated damage results in flaccid paralysis
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Membrane Transport, Absorption and Distribution of Drugs
    Chapter 2 1 Pharmacokinetics: Membrane Transport, Absorption and Distribution of Drugs Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of drug movement in, through and out of the body. The overall scheme of pharmacokinetic processes is depicted in Fig. 2.1. The intensity of response is related to concentration of the drug at the site of action, which in turn is dependent on its pharmacokinetic properties. Pharmacokinetic considerations, therefore, determine the route(s) of administration, dose, and latency of onset, time of peak action, duration of action and frequency of administration of a drug. Fig. 2.1: Schematic depiction of pharmacokinetic processes All pharmacokinetic processes involve transport of the drug across biological membranes. Biological membrane This is a bilayer (about 100 Å thick) of phospholipid and cholesterol molecules, the polar groups (glyceryl phosphate attached to ethanolamine/choline or hydroxyl group of cholesterol) of these are oriented at the two surfaces and the nonpolar hydrocarbon chains are embedded in the matrix to form a continuous sheet. This imparts high electrical resistance and relative impermeability to the membrane. Extrinsic and intrinsic protein molecules are adsorbed on the lipid bilayer (Fig. 2.2). Glyco- proteins or glycolipids are formed on the surface by attachment to polymeric sugars, 2 aminosugars or sialic acids. The specific lipid and protein composition of different membranes differs according to the cell or the organelle type. The proteins are able to freely float through the membrane: associate and organize or vice versa. Some of the intrinsic ones, which extend through the full thickness of the membrane, surround fine aqueous pores. CHAPTER2 Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to the Viruses
    Chapter 1 An introduction to the viruses Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites of man, other animals, plants and bacteria. They can only multiply within cells, and thus differ from bacteria, which can multiply in tissues in an extracellular position, and also in artificial culture media in the laboratory. It has always been recognized that viruses are distinct from the bacteria, but originally other groups of infective agents were included among the viruses which are now known to be organisms of a different and more complex nature. These included the Chlamydiae, organisms causing diseases such as lymphogranuloma venereum and trachoma, and the Rickettsiae, the causative agents of typhus and related infections. The specific treatment of infections caused by these two groups of agents will not be considered in this work, which is restricted to the chemotherapy of infections caused by the true viruses. The Chlamydiae and Rickettsiae are complete organisms, with cell walls, which possess both types of nucleic acid, enzyme systems which function within their cytoplasm, and a number of cell organelles. The viruses, on the other hand, possess either DNA or RNA as their genetic material, but not both. In some cases they contain enzymes, but these exert their functions within the host cell after the virus particle has under­ gone a process of dissolution during the early stage of infection. Except in the case of the arenaviruses, a group which contains the virus of Lassa fever, the virus particles do not contain organelles. A virus is thus much more rudimentary in structure, and relies upon the host cell to provide the systems for synthesizing its components which it does not possess itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Nongenetic Reactivation and Is Caused by the Action of the Uncoating Protein
    Poxviruses Dr. Ali Hashemi Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Introduction Structure and Composition Poxviruses are the largest and most complex of viruses infecting humans. Poxviruses are large enough to be seen as featureless particles by light microscopy. By electron microscopy, they appear to be brick-shaped or ellipsoid particles. An outer lipoprotein membrane,or envelope, encloses a core and two structures of unknown function called lateral bodies Cont…. The core contains the large viral genome of linear double- stranded DNA. The DNA contains inverted terminal repeats of variable length, and the strands are connected at the ends by terminal hairpin loops. The chemical composition of a poxvirus resembles that of a bacterium. Vaccinia virus is composed predominantly of protein (90%), lipid (5%), and DNA (3%). Classification Poxviruses are divided into two subfamilies based on whether they infect vertebrate or insect hosts. Most of the poxviruses that can cause disease in humans are contained in the genera Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus; there are also several that are classified in the genera Yatapoxvirus and Molluscipoxvirus. Cont… Cont… The orthopoxviruses have a broad host range affecting several vertebrates. They include ectromelia (mousepox), camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and variola (smallpox) viruses. Some poxviruses have a restricted host range and infect only rabbits (fibroma and myxoma) or only birds. Others infect mainly sheep and goats (sheeppox, goatpox) or cattle (pseudocowpox, or milker’s nodule). Poxvirus replication Poxviruses are unique among DNA viruses in that the entire multiplication cycle takes place in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Poxviruses are further distinguished from all other animal viruses by the fact that the uncoating step requires a newly synthesized, virus-encoded protein.
    [Show full text]
  • CBME TIME TABLE – II MBBS BLOCK 1: March to June-2021
    SRI ADICHUNCHANAGIRI SHIKSHANA TRUST (R.) BGS GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore) No. 67, BGS Health & Education City, Uttarahalli Road, Kengeri, Bangalore- 560060, Karnataka CBME TIME TABLE – II MBBS BLOCK 1: March TO June-2021 WEEK 1 DAY 8-11 11.30-12.30 12.30-1.30 2.00-4.00 4.00-5.00 Monday Postings L1 –PH: 1.1 OBG-LL1: OG 1.1: Integration: PH-A: PH: 1.1 MIC SDL 1 PSM: Birth rate, maternal 08/03/21 Batch A - Principles of mortality rate and morbidity Source of drug , drug information , Integration with Physiology and Gen Med pharmacology & drug compendia ,essential medicine, Pathology pharmacotherapeutics Formative Assessment: counterfeit drug , orphan drug. Batch B - Written/ Viva Assessment: Written/ viva Gen Sur Formative Assessment: MI 1.7.2 immune system Written/ Viva Batch C - Assessment: Written/ OBG Pharmacology –PH: 1.2: Therapeutic drug Monitoring & Clinical Trials Viva/MCQs Assessment: Short Notes Error! Not a valid embedded object. CM - B CM 7.2 - SGD-1: Cold chain system and its uses Assessment: Skill demo CM 7.3 - SGD-2: Integration Biochemistry Immunizing agents, national immunization schedule and vaccination strategies including vaccine development and implementation Assessment: MCQ/Viva Tuesday Postings L2 –PH: 1.3 & 1.11 FM: L1: SGD -1: FM- A: SGD-1 09/03/21 Batch A - Routes of Drug FM 1.1: Basics of Forensic PA 1.1 - Describe the role of a Gen Med administration medicine, Definition of FMT, pathologist in diagnosis and and its Sub Specialities management of disease Batch B - Formative Assessment: FM 2.8: Post Mortem Changes - ASSESSMENT: (written,viva-voce) Gen Sur Written/ Viva FM 1.2: History and Immediate & Early changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Theory, Practicals Block
    MVJ Medical College And Research Hospital Integrated and Aligned Time table Block -2 Teaching Program - Theory, Practicals Block - 2 01/07/2021 to 30/09/2021 8.30 - Time 11.30 - 12.30 12.30 - 1.30 1.30 - 2.00 2.00 - 4.00 2 TO 3 3 TO 4 4 TO 5 11.30 Lecture/ SGD Date Day clinicals Lecture/SGD class lunch Practicals /SGD/SDL OBG AETCOM SDL SPRTS /ECA class Microbiology Pathology Pharmacology Community Medicine SPORTS /ECA PA18.2 Acute PH 1.20 - Alcohol PH CM 1 PQLI, HDI calculation 1/7/21 THURS Leukemia (L) 1.23 - Drug Deaddiction (L) SGD Ph.1.24.1 physiology of Nephron MI3.1.1 (LECTURE ((SGD 1 )MI3.1.2 01) Introduction to Diarrheagenic E.coli PA 18.1 Non Leukemic 2/7/21 FRI gastrointestinal PA18.2 Chronic Leukemia (L) MI3.1.5 Viral Leucocyte disoreder Pandemic 2.4 infections diarhhea (SGD) IM22.1:- Enumerate the causes of hpercalcemia and distinguish the features of PTH us non PTH mediated hypercalcemia. IM22.2:- Describe the OG14.1 Maternal SU5.1 - Describe normal wound actiology, clinical pelvis: Diameters 3/7/21 SAT healing and factors affecting AETCOM2.4 manifestations, (Clinical pelvimetry healing diagnosis and clinical & Types of pelvis) approach to primary hyperthroidism. IM22.3:- Describe the approach to the management to ypercalcemia 4/7/21 SUN MI3.1.2 ,3,5 AE -3(BATCH A) Diarrheagenic E.coli, cholera,food PH 1.19.58 - 1.19.65 - PA 19.4 Hodgkins Lymphoma & poisoning Hanging drop preperation 5/7/21 MON NEURODEGENERATIVE PA 14 15 MHA & Dimorphic ( Pracs B) MICRO SDL Non Hodgkins Lymphoma (L) MI3.1.7 ,8,9 DOAP: Stool examination DISORDERS
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic and Phenotypic Characterization of a Rabies Virus Strain Isolated from a Dog in Tokyo, Japan in the 1940S
    viruses Article Genetic and Phenotypic Characterization of a Rabies Virus Strain Isolated from a Dog in Tokyo, Japan in the 1940s Tatsuki Takahashi 1, Maho Inukai 2, Michihito Sasaki 3 , Madlin Potratz 4, Supasiri Jarusombuti 5 , Yuji Fujii 6, Shoko Nishiyama 2, Stefan Finke 4 , Kentaro Yamada 7, Hiroki Sakai 1,6,8,9, Hirofumi Sawa 3, Akira Nishizono 7, Makoto Sugiyama 1,2,6 and Naoto Ito 1,2,6,9,* 1 The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; [email protected] (T.T.); [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (M.S.) 2 Laboratory of Zoonotic Disease, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; [email protected] (M.I.); [email protected] (S.N.) 3 Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (H.S.) 4 Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; madlin.potratz@fli.de (M.P.); stefan.finke@fli.de (S.F.) 5 Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; [email protected] 6 Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; [email protected] 7 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan; [email protected] (K.Y.); [email protected] (A.N.) 8 Laboratory of Veterinary
    [Show full text]
  • By: Evita Mayasari, Dr., Mkes. Microbiology Department Medical School University of Sumatera Utara
    PART 1 by: Evita Mayasari, dr., MKes. Microbiology Department Medical School University of Sumatera Utara 1 Zoonoses (“zoonosis” is singular) are diseases the agents of which are transmitted between vertebrate animals and people. animals play an essential role in maintaining the infection in nature, and man is only an accidental host. Reservoir (of zoonoses): vertebrate that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication and opportunity for transmission. 2 Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF) (AHF) Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever Hantavirus Pulmonary (BHF) Syndrome (HPS) Bovine Papular Stomatitis (BPS) Hantavirus Renal Syndromes California (Lacrosse) Herpesvirus simiae (B) Infection Encephalitis Influenza Japanese (B) Encephalitis (JBE) Colorado Tick Fever (CTF) Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Contagious Ecthyma Lassa Fever (LF) Cowpox Louping Ill Crimean-CongoHemorrhagic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Fever (CCHF) (LCM) Eastern Equine Encephalitis Marburg Disease (EEE) Monkeypox 3 Murray Valley Encephalitis Sicilian Sandfly Fever (MVE) Tanapox Nairobi Sheep Disease Venezuelan Equine (NSD) Newcastle Disease Encephalitis (VEE) (ND) Vesicular Stomatitis (VS) Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever Viral Hepatitis Type A , B, C, (OHF) a D, E Pseudocowpox Wesselsbron Disease Rabies (WSL) Rift Valley Fever (RVF) Western Equine Russian Spring-Summer Encephalitis (WEE) Encephalitis (RSSE) West Nile Fever (WNF) St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) Yabapox Yellow Fever (YF) Zoonoses: Recognition, Control, and Prevention. 1995, Iowa State University Press 4 >50,000 DEATHS PER YEAR WORLD WIDE Rabies virus particles 5 Family:Rhabdoviridae Genus: Lyssavirus Species :Rabies virus helical, enveloped Group V (( -)ssRNA) , Structure of rabies virus 11-12 kb 6 Serotype 1: The category that includes most of the viruses that cause rabies in man and animals, as well as laboratory fixed viruses.
    [Show full text]
  • PINOCYTOSIS in FIBROBLASTS Quantitative Studies in Vitro
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central PINOCYTOSIS IN FIBROBLASTS Quantitative Studies In Vitro RALPH M. STEINMAN, JONATHAN M. SILVER, and ZANVIL A. COHN From The Rockefeller University, New York 10021 ABSTRACT Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a marker to determine the rate of ongoing pinocytosis in several fibroblast cell lines. The enzyme was interiorized in the fluid phase without evidence of adsorption to the cell surface. Cytochemical reaction product was not found on the cell surface and was visualized only within intracellular vesicles and granules. Uptake was directly proportional to the ad- ministered concentration of HRP and to the duration of exposure, The rate of HRP uptake was 0.0032-0.0035% of the administered load per 106 cells per hour for all ceils studied with one exception: L cells, after reaching confluence, pro- gressively increased their pinocytic activity two- to fourfold. After uptake of HRP, L cells inactivated HRP with a half-life of 6-8 h. Certain metabolic re- quirements of pinocytosis were then studied in detail in L cells. Raising the en- vironmental temperature increased pinocytosis over a range of 2-38°C. The Qlo was 2.7 and the activation energy, 17.6,kcal/mol. Studies on the levels of cellular ATP in the presence of various metabolic inhibitors (fluoride, 2-desoxyglycose, azide, and cyanide) showed that L cells synthesized ATP by both glycolytic and respiratory pathways. A combination of a glycolytic and a respiratory inhibitor was needed to depress cellular ATP levels as well as pinocytic activity to 10-20% of control values, whereas drugs administered individually had only partial ef- fects.
    [Show full text]
  • Practice of Medicine Infections
    PRACTICE OF MEDICINE INFECTIONS Dr. Sunila MD (Hom) Medical Officer,Department of Homeopathy Govt of Kerala Infection: Lodging & multiplication of the organisms in or on the tissues of host. Primary infection: Initial infection of a host by a parasite. Reinfection: Subsequent infections by the same parasite in the same host. Secondary infection: Infection by another organism in a person suffering from an infectious disease. Nosocomial infection: Cross infections occurring in hospitals. Superinfections: Infections caused by a commensal bacterium in patients who receive intensive chemotherapy. Opportunistic infections: Organisms that ordinarily do not cause disease in healthy persons may affect individuals with diminished resistance. Latent infections: When a pathogen remains in a tissue without producing any disease, but leads to disease when the host resistance is lowered. Commonest infective disease: common cold. PYREXIA OF UNKNOWN ORIGION (PUO) When the temperature is raised above 38.3°C for more than 2 weeks without the cause being detected by physical examination or laboratory tests → PUO (FUO) Etiology a) Occult tuberculosis b) Chronic suppurative lesions of the liver, pelvic organs, urinary tract, peritoneum, gall bladder, brain, lungs, bones & joints & dental sepsis (occasionally). c) Viral infections: Viral hepatitis Infectious mononucleosis Cytomegalovirus infection Aids d) Connective tissue disorders: Giant cell arteritis. RA Rheumatic fever SLE PAN (polyarteritis nodosa) e) Chronic infections: Syphilis Hepatic amoebiasis Cirrhosis liver Malaria Filariasis Leprosy Brucellosis Sarcoidosis f) Haematological malignancies Leukemia Lymphoma Multiple myeloma g) Other malignant lesions: Tumours of lungs, kidney etc. h) Allergic conditions www.similima.com Page 1 i) Miscellaneous conditions: Hemolytic anaemia, dehydration in infants etc. j) Factitious fever: Self induced fever in patients with psychological abnormalities.
    [Show full text]
  • MBBS Timetable – Phase II
    Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore MBBS II TIMETABLE - 2021-2021 BATCH- COMPLETE SCHEDULE YEAR PLANNER Internal Assessmen t Pathology Pharmacol ogy Microbiolog y Forensic Medicine Community Medicine Clinical Subject AETCOM Sports Activity Date Week Day 8:00 am - 9:00 am 9:00 am - 10:00 10:00 am - 12:00 noon 12:00 - 01:00 pm 01:00 pm - 1:45 pm - 4:30 pm BATCH I 1:45 pm - 4:30 pm BATCH II 4:30 pm - 6:00 pm am 01:45 pm LUNCH BREAK 03.03.2021 1 Wednesday FM - 1.1 & 1.2 - Basics and Clinical postings - GEN MED - History taking / PH1.1, PH1.9 - Introduction PA 1.1-Describe the role of a PH2.1 - Introduction to History of FM OBG-OG 35.1 LOGICAL SEQUENCE OF to Pharmacology, History, pathologist in diagnosis and Pharmacy HISTORY,PERFORMING THOROUGH CLINICAL Nature and sources of management of EXAMINATION/GEN surgery- SU 18.3 Drugs (LECTURE) disease (SGD). PA 1.2 to PA Student learner method concept & skill training 1.3-Introduction to Pathology Lab & Museum- 04.03.2021 Thursday GEN MEDICINE IM14.1, Clinical postings - GEN MED - GPE / OBG-OG MI1.1.1Introduction to MI1.1.1- Microscopy - Types PA 1.1-Describe the role of a IM14.2, IM14.4 35.1 LOGICAL SEQUENCE OF infectious diseases and of Microscopes, Principles & pathologist in diagnosis and Epidemology, etiology and HISTORY,PERFORMING THOROUGH CLINICAL history( Lecture) Applications of each management of risk factors for obesity EXAMINATION /GEN surgery- SU 18.3 Microscope(SGD) disease (SGD). PA 1.2 to PA Student learner method concept & skill training 1.3-Introduction to Pathology Lab & Museum- 05.03.2021 Friday MI1.1.2 Morphology Clinical postings - GEN MED - IM1.10, IM2.6 CVS : PA1.1 to PA1.3- IT - MI-1.3, Epidemiology & CM5.4 Plan and &Physiology of Bacteria ( History taking / OBG OG 35.1 LOGICAL Introduction to Pathology Pathogenisis of Infectious recommend a suitable Lecture) SEQUENCES OF HISTORY ,PERFORMING (LECTURE) diseases (Micro & Com.
    [Show full text]
  • Expression and Function of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides in the Human Brain: Physiological and Pharmacological Implications
    pharmaceutics Review Expression and Function of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides in the Human Brain: Physiological and Pharmacological Implications Anima M. Schäfer 1, Henriette E. Meyer zu Schwabedissen 1 and Markus Grube 2,* 1 Biopharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; [email protected] (A.M.S.); [email protected] (H.E.M.z.S.) 2 Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +49-3834-865636 Abstract: The central nervous system (CNS) is an important pharmacological target, but it is very effectively protected by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), thereby impairing the efficacy of many potential active compounds as they are unable to cross this barrier. Among others, membranous efflux transporters like P-Glycoprotein are involved in the integrity of this barrier. In addition to these, however, uptake transporters have also been found to selectively uptake certain compounds into the CNS. These transporters are localized in the BBB as well as in neurons or in the choroid plexus. Among them, from a pharmacological point of view, representatives of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are of particular interest, as they mediate the cellular entry of Citation: Schäfer, A.M.; Meyer zu a variety of different pharmaceutical compounds. Thus, OATPs in the BBB potentially offer the Schwabedissen, H.E.; Grube, M. possibility of CNS targeting approaches. For these purposes, a profound understanding of the Expression and Function of Organic expression and localization of these transporters is crucial.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanism of Phagocytosis in Phagocytosis Is Mediated by Different Recognition Sites As Disclosed by Mutants with Altered Phagoc
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central Mechanism of Phagocytosis in Dictyostelium discoideum : Phagocytosis is Mediated by Different Recognition Sites as Disclosed by Mutants with Altered Phagocytotic Properties GÜNTER VOGEL, LUTZ THILO, HEINZ SCHWARZ, and ROSWITHE STEINHART Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, D74 Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany ABSTRACT The recognition step in the phagocytotic process of the unicellular amoeba Dicty- ostelium discoideum was examined by analysis of mutants defective in phagocytosis . Reliable and simple assays were developed to measure endocytotic uptake. For pinocytosis, FITC- dextran was found to be a suitable fluid-phase marker; FITC-bacteria, latex beads, and erythrocytes were used as phagocytotic substrates . Ingested material was isolated in one step by centrifuging through highly viscous poly (ethyleneglycol) solutions and was analyzed opti- cally. A selection procedure for isolating mutants defective in phagocytosis was devised using tungsten beads as particulate prey. Nonphagocytosing cells were isolated on the basis of their lower density . Three mutant strains were found exhibiting a clear-cut phenotype directly related to the phagocytotic event. In contrast to the situation in wild-type cells, uptake of E. coli B/r by mutant cells is specifically and competitively inhibited by glucose. Mutant amoeba phagocytose latex beads normally but not protein-coated latex, nonglucosylated bacteria, or erythrocytes. Cohesive properties of mutant cells are altered: they do not form EDTA-sensitive aggregates, and adhesiveness to glass or plastic surfaces is greatly reduced . Based upon these findings, a model for recognition in phagocytosis is proposed : (a) A lectin- type receptor specifically mediates binding of particles containing terminal glucose (E.
    [Show full text]