Index

A ABO hemolytic disease of newborn, idiopathic intracranial Acinetobacter baumannii A-a gradient 415 hypertension, 540 highly resistant bacteria, 198 by age, 692 Abortion mechanism, use and adverse Acne, 489, 491 in oxygen deprivation, 693 antiphospholipid syndrome, 482 effects, 631 danazol, 682 restrictive lung disease, 699 ethical situations, 276 sulfa drug, 255 tetracyclines for, 192 with oxygen deprivation, 693 methotrexate for, 450 Acetoacetate metabolism, 90 Acquired hydrocele (scrotal), 676 Abacavir Abruptio placentae, 664 Acetylation Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 71 HIV terapy, 203 cocaine use, 638 chromatin, 34 Acromegaly HLA subtype hypersensitivity, 100 preeclampsia, 667 drug metabolism, 234 carpal tunnel syndrome, 470 Abciximab Abscesses, 493 histones, 34 findings, diagnosis and treatment, antiplatelets, 447 acute inflammation and, 215 posttranslation, 45 347 mechanism and clinical use, 447 brain, 156, 180 Acetylcholine (ACh) GH, 337 thrombogenesis and, 421 calcification with, 212 anticholinesterase effect on, 244 GH analogs, 336 Abdominal aorta cold staphylococcal, 116 change with disease, 510 octreotide for, 410 and branches, 373 frontal lobe, 153 Clostridium botulinum inhibition somatostatin analogs for, 336 atherosclerosis in, 310 Klebsiella spp, 145 of release, 138 Actin bifurcation of, 687 Staphylococcus aureus, 135 pacemaker action potential and, cytoskeleton, 48, 61 Abdominal aortic aneurysm, 310 liver, 155, 179 301 muscular dystrophies, 61 Abdominal pain lung, 709 Acetylcholine (ACh) receptor Acting out, 576 acute mesenteric ischemia, 396 treatment of lung, 192 agonists, 571 Actinic keratosis, 496 bacterial peritonitis, 400 Absence seizures, 535 Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors immunotherapy and, 121 hypercalcemia, 615 Absolute risk reduction (ARR), 262 autoantibodies to, 486 squamous cell carcinoma, 498 hyperparathyroidism, 353 AB toxin, 132 types of, 239 Actinomyces spp intussusception, 395 Abuse Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) comparison with Nocardia spp, irritable bowel syndrome, 393 child, 579 in amniotic fluid, 505 139 neural tube defects and, 505 pancreas divisum, 370 intimate partner violence, 277 Actinomyces israelii Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) culture requirements of, 126 pancreatic cancer, 408 Acalculia, 528 inhibitors effects and treatment of, 139 polyarteritis nodosa, 484 Acalculous cholecystitis, 406 naming convention for, 257 penicillin G/V for, 187 postprandial, 373 Acanthocytes, 424 toxicity treatment for, 251 pigment production, 128 RLQ pain, 393 Acanthocytosis, 94 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Activated carriers, 75 RUQ pain, 406 Acantholysis, 489 fatty acid synthesis, 73 molecules and form, 75 Abdominal wall Acanthosis, 489 vitamin B and, 68 Active errors, 281 caput medusae, 375 Acanthosis nigricans 7 Achalasia Active immunity, 110 hernias, 379 characteristics, 496 ventral wall defects, 368 esophageal cancer, 388 acquisition of, 110 paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 Abducens nerve (CN VI) etiology, 386 Acute adrenal insufficiency, 357 stomach cancer, 389 damage to, 561 nitric oxice secretion and, 381 Acute bacterial endocarditis, 321 Acarbose, 363 function, 523 Achilles reflex, 527 Acute chest syndrome, 432 Accessory nerve (CN XI) ocular motility, 560 Achlorhydria Acute cholangitis, 406, 407 arm abduction, 456 palsy, 563 stomach cancer, 389 Acute cholestatic hepatitis Abduction functions, 523 VIPomas, 381 drug reactions and, 252 arm, 456, 458 lesions of, 550 Achondroplasia, 474 macrolides, 193 hip, 461, 463 Accessory pancreatic duct, 370, 378 chromosome disorder, 64 Acute coronary syndrome passive abnormal, 463 Accommodation eye, 523 inheritance, 60 ADP receptor inhibitors for, 447 passive (knee), 464 Accommodation, eye, 554 ossification in, 468 nitrates for, 326 Abductor digiti minimi muscle, 460 Accountable care, 278 Acid-base physiology, 616 treatments for, 317 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle, 460 Accuracy (validity), 269 Acid-fast oocysts, 177 Acute cystitis, 618, 624 Abetalipoproteinemia, 94, 424 Accuracy vs precision, 265 Acid-fast organisms, 125 Acute disseminated (postinfectious) Abiraterone, 682 Acebutolol, 248, 327 Acidic amino acids, 81 encephalomyelitis, 542 Abnormal passive abduction (knee), Acetaminophen Acid maltase, 86 Acute dystonia 464 for osteoarthritis, 478 Acidosis causes and treatment, 593 Abnormal passive adduction (knee), free radical injury and, 210 cardiac contractility in, 293 treatment of, 244 464 hepatic necrosis from, 252 hyperkalemia with, 614 Acute gastritis, 389 Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), 657 mechanism, use and adverse metabolic, 85 Acute hemolytic transfusion heavy or intermenstrual bleeding, effects, 499 Acidosis and alkalosis, 616 reactions, 114 657 toxicity treatment for, 251 Acid phosphatase in neutrophils, Acute hemorrhagic cystitis, 164 non-structural causes (COEIN), vs aspirin for pediatric patients, 499 416 Acute inflammation, 215 657 Acetazolamide Acid reflux Acute intermittent porphyria, 434 structural causes (PALM), 657 glaucoma therapy, 573 proton pump inhibitors for, 409 Acute interstitial nephritis, 625 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 775 11/12/20 9:35 AM 776 INDEX INDEX

Acute kidney injury, 625 Adenomas Adult T-cell lymphoma, occurrence Albendazole Acute laryngotracheobronchitis, 170 bone (parathyroid), 476 and causes, 439 cestodes, 160 Acute local radiation toxicity, 211 nomenclature for, 221 Advance directives, 272 Albinism, 490 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), salivary glands, 386 Aedes mosquitoes locus heterogeneity, 57 442 thyroid, 350 Chikungunya virus transmission, ocular, 61 oncogenes and, 225 Adenomatous polyps, 397 170 Albumin, 214 Acute mesenteric ischemia, 396 Adenomyosis (endometrial), 672 yellow fever transmission, 171 as liver marker, 400 Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), uterine bleeding from, 657 Zika virus transmission, 172 calcium homeostasis, 341 442 Adenopathy Aerobic metabolism functional liver marker, 400 cytarabine for, 450 Kawasaki disease, 484 ATP production, 70 Albuminocytologic dissociation myelodysplastic syndromes, 442 Adenosine fed state, 91 (CSF), 542 Acute pancreatitis, 405, 407 as antiarrhythmic drug, 332 vitamin B1 (thiamine), 67 Albuterol necrosis and, 209 pacemaker action potential and, 301 Aerobic organisms asthma, 712 Acute pericarditis, 323 Adenosine deaminase deficiency, 37 characteristics, 126 cystic fibrosis, 60 Acute phase proteins, 108 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) culture requirements, 126 uses of, 245 Acute phase reactants, 214 electron transport chain, 78 Afatinib, 453 Alcohol dehydrogenase, 72 IL-6, 108 in TCA cycle, 76 Afferent arteriole Alcohol for sterilization/disinfection, Acute poststreptococcal production of, 75, 78 ANP/BNP effect on, 612 204 glomerulonephritis, 620 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Afferent nerves, 303 Alcoholic cirrhosis, 401 Acute promyelocytic leukemia synthase inhibitors, 78 Aflatoxins carcinogenicity, 226 cholelithiasis and, 406 vitamin A for, 66 Adenovirus African sleeping sickness, 156 Alcoholic hepatitis, 401 Acute pulmonary edema characteristics of, 163 Afterload Alcoholic liver disease, 401 opioid analgesics, 572 conjunctivitis with, 553 approximation of, 293 aspartate aminotransferase and Acute pyelonephritis, 624 envelope and medical importance, hydralazine, 326 alanine aminotransferase, WBC casts in, 624 164 in shock, 320 400 Acute radiation syndrome, 211 pneumonia, 707 Agammaglobulinemia Alcohol overuse Acute respiratory distress syndrome Adherens junction, 488 chromosome affected, 64 avascular necrosis of bone, 475 eclampsia and, 667 Adhesions, 396 Agars (bacterial culture), 127 cataracts, 554 pathophysiology, diagnosis and Adipose tissue Agenesis cerebella vermis, 528 management, 702 estrogen production, 654 in morphogenesis, 637 common causes of pneumonia, 179 restrictive lung disease, 699 in starvation, 91 Müllerian, 645 cytochrome P-450 interactions Acute transplant rejection, 119 lipolysis, 328 uterovaginal, 662 (selected), 255 Acute tubular necrosis Adjustment disorder, 587 Age-related changes in folate deficiency, 430 casts in urine, 618 Adnexal torsion, 649 pharmacokinetics, 250 iron granules associated pathology, etiology, 626 Adoption study, 260 Age-related macular degeneration, 426 Acyclovir ADP ribosyltransferases, 132 556 ketone bodies, 90 mechanism and clinical use, 202 Adrenal adenomas Agnosia, 528 Klebsiella, 145 Adalimumab Cushing syndrome, 356 Agonists Korsakoff syndrome, 66, 581 for Crohn disease, 392 hyperaldosteronism, 358 indirect cholinomimetic, 243 lung abscess, 708 target and clinical use, 122, 502 Adrenal carcinomas indirect general, 245 nonmegaloblastic anemia, 430 Adaptive immunity Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 225 indirect sympathomimetics, 245 psychoactive drug intoxication and components and mechanism, 99 P-glycoprotein in, 228 partial, 237 withdrawal, 594 lymphocytes in, 419 Adrenal cortex Agoraphobia, 586 subdural hematoma, 531 Addison disease, 357 progesterone production, 654 Agranulocytosis Vitamin B1 deficiency, 66 HLA subtype, 100 Adrenal cortex and medulla, 335 drug reaction and, 253 Vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 Additive effect Adrenal hyperplasia sulfa drug allergies, 253 Vitamin B12 deficiency, 69 of drugs, 238 Cushing syndrome, 356 thionamides, 364 Alcohol use disorder, 595 Adduction Adrenal insufficiency Agraphia, 528 acute gastritis, 389 arm, 456 adrenoleukodystrophy, 48 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency chronic pancreatitis, 407 fingers, 457 anovulation with, 669 syndrome) Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 387 hip, 461, 462 fludrocortisone for, 364 brain abscess, 180 parathyrooid hormone regulation, passive (knee), 464 mechanism and types of, 357 cryptococcal meningitis, 199 340 thigh, 462 vitamin B5 deficiency, 67 Candida albicans, 153 Alcohol withdrawal Adductor brevis, 461 Adrenal medulla Cryptosporidium, 155 delirium tremens, 593 Adductor longus, 461, 462 neuroblastomas of, 358 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154 drug therapy, 566, 596 Adductor magnus, 461 pheochromocytomas in, 358 mycobacteria, 140 hallucinations in, 581, 582, 593 Adenine Adrenal steroids, 343 primary central nervous system preferred medications for, 596 Shiga toxins and, 132 Adrenal zona fasciculata, 344 lymphoma, 439 Aldesleukin Adenocarcinomas Adrenergic receptor tissue retinitis, 165 clinical use, 121 carcinogens causing, 226 distribution, 240 retroviruses, 167 Aldolase B, 80 esophagus, 388 Adrenocortical atrophy sexual transmission of, 184 Aldose reductase, 81 gastric, 217, 227 exogenous corticosteroids, 356 time course (untreated), 176 Aldosterone lung, 709 Adrenocortical insufficiency Air emboli, 696 in renal disorders, 615 nomenclature for, 221 drug reaction and, 252 Akathisia, 514, 537 in SIADH, 346 nonbacterial thrombotic Adrenocorticotropic hormone ALA dehydratase, 429, 434 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone endocarditis and, 229 (ACTH) Alanine system, 612 pancreatic, 408 in Cushing syndrome, 229, 356 ammonia transport, 82 secretion of, 358 paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 secretion of, 336 gluconeogenesis in starvation, 91 signaling pathways for, 345 pectinate line and, 376 signaling pathways of, 345 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Aldosterone antagonists, 324 prostatic, 678 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 48 deficiency, 77 Aldosterone resistance, 617 stomach, 389 Adults Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 77 Alectinib, 453 Adenohypophysis causes of seizures in, 535 hepatitis viruses, 173 Alemtuzumab, 452 embryologic derivatives, 637 common causes of death, 279 in liver damage, 400 Alendronate, 500 hypothalamus and, 513 primary brain tumors, 544 toxic shock syndrome, 135 Alexia, 532 Adult T-cell leukemia, 227 Alar plate, 504 Alirocumab, 328 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 776 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 777

Aliskiren, 633 α cells Amantadine, 568 Amphotericin B ALK gene glucagon production by, 341 Amebiasis, 155 Cryptococcus neoformans, 153 lung adenocarcinoma, 225 α cells Amenorrhea Naegleria fowleri, 156 lung cancer, 708 pancreatic tumors, 361 antiandrogens, 682 mechanism and clinical use, 199 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) α-dystroglycan cystic fibrosis, 60 opportunistic fungal infections, 151 as tumor marker, 227 musculaar dystrophy, 61 functional hypothalamic, 669 systemic mycoses, 151 bone disorder lab values, 476 α-fetoprotein (AFP) menopause diagnosis, 659 Ampicillin hyperparathyroidism and, 353 in germ cell tumors, 677 Müllerian agenesis, 645 Clostridium difficile, 138 liver damage, 400 serum tumor marker, 227 pituitary prolactinomas, 336 Listeria monocytogenes, 139 osteitis deformans, 475 α-fetoprotein (AFP) Amides (local anesthetics), 571 mechanism and use, 188 Alkalosis neural tube defects, 505 Amifostine, 453 meningitis, 180 contraction, 60 α4-integrin Amiloride, 632 prophylaxis, 198 hypokalemia with, 610 immunotherapy target, 122 Amines Ampulla of Vater, 378 potassium shifts, 614 α-galactosidase A MAO inhibitors, 599 Amygdala Alkaptonuria, 84 Fabry disease, 88 Amine whiff test, 148 lesion effects, 528 Alkylating agents α-glucosidase inhibitors, 363 Amino acids, 81 limbic system, 514 carcinogenicity, 226 α-hemolytic bacteria blood-brain barrier and, 511 Amylase in pancreatitis, 407 mechanism, use and adverse antibiotic tests, 135 branched, 84 Amylin analogs, 363 effects, 451 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 136 codons for, 37 Amyloid angiopathy teratogenicity of, 638 Staphylococcus saprophyticus, derivatives of, 83 intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 531 Allantois, 642 136 genetic code for, 37 Amyloidosis Allelic heterogeneity, 57 Viridans group streptococci, 136 in histones, 34 age-related, 213 Allergic/anaphylactic reaction α-hemolytic cocci metabolism of, 90 carpal tunnel syndrome, 470 Type I hypersensitivity, 114 viridans group streptococci, 136 purine synthesis, 35 common types, 213 Allergic bronchopulmonary α-intercalated cells tRNA, 44 hereditary, 213 aspergillosis (ABPA), 153 renal tubular acidosis, 617 urea cycle, 81 kidney deposition in, 621 Allergic contact dermatitis, 491 α-ketoglutarate Aminoacyl-tRNA, 45 localized, 213 Allergic reactions hyperammoemia and, 82 Aminoglycosides multiple myeloma and, 440 blood transfusion, 114 hyperammonemia and, 82 magnesium levels and, 340 restrictive/infiltrative mast cells in, 418 α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase mechanism and clinical use, 191 cardiomyopathy, 318 Type I hypersensitivity, 112 TCA cycle, 76 pregnancy use, 204 systemic, 213 All-trans retinoic acid vitamin B1 and, 66 teratogenicity, 638 with rheumatoid arthritis, 478 for promyelocytic leukemia, 66 α-methyldopa, 246 toxicity of, 254 Amyloid precursor protein (APP), Allopurinol autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Aminopenicillins 538 for gout, 501 433 mechanism and use, 188 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) kidney stones, 622 hydralazine, 324 Amiodarone drug therapy for, 569 rash with, 253 hypertension in pregnancy, 246 Class III antiarrhythmic, 331 spinal cord lesions, 548 Alopecia, 449 procainamide, 330 hypothyroidism, 252 Anaerobic metabolism minoxidil for, 682 Alpha rhythm (EEG), 512 hypothyroidism with, 349 glycolysis, 74, 75 tinea capitis, 152 α-synuclein, 538 pulmonary fibrosis, 254 pyruvate metabolism, 77 vitamin A toxicity, 66 Lewey bodies, 538 Amitriptyline Anaerobic organisms, 127 vitamin B5 deficiency, 67 α-thalassemia, 428 antidepressant, 599 aspiration and, 179 α1-antitrypsin deficiency, 48, 403 α-toxin migraine headaches, 536 Clostridia (with exotoxins), 138 COPD and, 52 Clostridium botulinum, 138 Amlodipine, 326 culture requirements, 126 emphysema, 698 Alpha toxin, 133 Ammonia glycyclines, 192 in germ cell tumors, 677 Alport syndrome Ornithine transcarbamylase Nocardia vs Actinomyces, 139 α1-blockers cataracts and, 554 deficiency, 83 metronidazole, 195 tamsulosin example of, 240 collagen deficiency in, 50 ornithine transcarbamylase necrotizing fasciitis, 493 α-1 4-glucosidase;alpha-1 nephritic syndrome, 620 deficiency and, 83 overgrowth in vagina, 148 glycogen metabolism, 86, 87 Alprazolam, 566 transport, 82 pneumonia caused by, 180 α1-antagonists Alteplase (tPA), 447, 529 Ammonium chloride Anal atresia, 637 BPH treatment, 678 Alternative hypothesis, 268 overdose treatment, 235 Anal cancer, oncogenic microbes α1-antitrypsin Alternative splicing, 43 Ammonium magnesium phosphate and, 227 elastase inhibition by, 52 Altitude sickness, 631, 694 (struvite), 622 Anal fissure, 376 α1 selective blockers, 247 Altruism, 577 Amnesias Anal fissures, 376 α1 selective blockers, 247 Aluminum hydroxide, 409 brain lesions, 528 Anal wink reflex, 527 α2 selective blockers, 247 Alveolar cell types classification of, 581 Anaphase, 46 α2-agonists macrophages, 685 Amnionitis Anaphylaxis muscle spasm treatment, 572 pneumocytes, 685 Listeria monocytogenes, 139 blood transfusion, 114 sympatholytics, 246 Alveolar dead space, 688 Amniotic fluid, 640 complement and, 106 Tourette syndrome and, 580 Alveolar gas equation, 692 disorders, 640 epinephrine for, 245 α-agonists Alveolar macrophage, 685 emboli of, 696 shock with, 320 glaucoma therapy, 573 Alveolar PO2, 692 α-fetoprotein in, 505 Type I hypersensitivity, 112 α-amanitin, 42 Alveolar ventilation, 688 Amoxapine, 599 Anaplasma spp α-amylase, 383 Alveoli Amoxicillin Gram stain, 125 α-antagonists development, 684 clinical use, 188 transmission, 146, 149 pheochromacytomas, 359 Alzheimer disease Haemophilus influenzae, 142 Anaplasmosis α-/β-blocker amyloidosis in, 213 Helicobacter pylori, 146 Anaplasma spp, 149 cocaine overdose, 595 drug therapy for, 243, 569 Lyme disease, 146 vector, 150 α-blockers neurotransmitter changes with, 510 prophylaxis, 198 Anastrozole, 680 applications and adverse effects, symptoms and histologic findings, Amphetamines Anatomic dead space, 688 247 538 intoxication and withdrawal, 594 Anatomic snuff box, 459 Beers criteria, 250 Amanita phalloides mechanism and use, 245 Anatomy nonselective, 247 necrosis caused by, 42 narcolepsy treatment, 591 endocrinal, 335 phenoxybenzamine, 247 RNA polymerase inhibition, 42 norepinephrine and, 245 gastrointestinal, 370 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 777 11/12/20 9:35 AM 778 INDEX INDEX

Anatomy (continued) chloramphenicol, 191 renal artery stenosis and, 633 Anthracosis, 701 heart, 292 in sulfa drug allergies, 253 teratogenicity, 638 Anthracyclines musculoskeletal, skin and isoniazid, 197 Angiotensin II cardiomyopathy from, 251 connective tissue, 456 NRTIs, 203 filtration effects of, 607 mechanism and clinical use, 447 nervous system, 507 penicillin G V, 187 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Anthrax, 132 neurological, 507 thioamides causing, 364 system, 612 Anthrax toxin of heart, 287 trimethoprim, 194 signaling pathways for, 345 Bacillus anthracis and, 137 renal, 604 Anemia of chronic disease, 431 Angiotensin II receptor blockers Antianginal therapy reproductive, 648 rheumatoid arthritis, 478 heart failure, 319 ivabradine, 332 respiratory, 686 Anemia, organisms causing hypertension, 324 MVO2 reduction for, 327 “Anchovy paste” exudate, 155 hookworms, 159 mechanism, use and adverse Antiapoptotic molecule Ancylostoma Ancylostoma, 159 effects, 633 oncogene product, 225 diseases associated with, 159 Babesia spp, 157, 433 naming convention for, 254 Antiarrhythmic drugs infection routes, 158 Diphyllobothrium latum, 160 Anhidrosis adenosine, 332 intestinal infections, 159 Escherichia coli, 145 Horner syndrome, 559 calcium channel blockers (class microcytic anemia, 159 Anencephaly, 505 Anidulafungin, 200 IV), 332 Andersen disease, 87 Anergy, 110 Anisocytosis, 417 magnesium, 332 Androblastoma, 677 Anesthetics Anitschkow cells, 322 potassium channel blockers (class Androgen-binding protein general principles, 570 Ankle sprains, 465 III), 331 Sertoli cell secretion, 652 inhaled, 570 Ankylosing spondylitis sodium channel blockers, 330 Androgenetic alopecia, 682 intravenous, 570 HLA-subtype, 100 torsades de pointes, 251 Androgenic steroid abuse, 659 local, 571 reactive arthritis, 481 β-blockers (class IC), 331 Androgen insensitivity syndrome, 662 Aneurysms therapeutic antibodies for, 122 Antibiotics Androgen receptor defect, 663 atherosclerosis, 310 Annular pancreas, 370 acne treatment, 491 Androgens Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm, Anogenital warts, immunotherapy Clostridium difficile with, 138 source and functions, 659 534 for, 121 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction with, Androstenedione, 343, 659 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 51 Anopheles mosquito, 157 148 Anemias, 427, 433 saccular, 534 Anopia, visual field defects, 562 long QT interval, 315 bacterial endocarditis, 321 superior vena cava syndrome, 710 Anorectal varices selective growth media, 126 blood oxygen content, 690 types and risks for, 534 portal circulation, 375 torsades de pointes, 251 blood oxygen in, 690 ventricular, 313, 317 Anorexia Antibodies blood transfusion therapy, 438 Angelman syndrome hypothalamus and, 513 antibody specificity generation, 101 blood viscosity in, 295 chromosome association, 64 pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 408 hepatitis viruses, 173 colorectal cancer, 398 imprinting disorder in, 58 renal failure, 626 hypersensitivity mediation, 112 ESR in, 215 Angina Anorexia nervosa in adaptive immunity, 99 G6PD deficiency, 79 aortic stenosis, 300 characteristics of, 590 structure and function, 99 HbC disease, 432 atherosclerosis, 310 Anosmia, zinc deficiency, 71 therapeutic, 122 hereditary spherocytosis, 432 cocaine causing, 595 ANOVA tests, 269 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated infections, 433 drug therapy for, 332 Anovulation cytotoxicity, 101 in hypertensive emergency, 308 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors common causes, 669 Antibody-drug conjugates, 449 intrinsic factor and, 382 for, 447 eating disorders, 669 Antibody structure and function, 104 intrinsic hemolytic, 432 hydralazine contraindication, 326 Antacids, 409 Anticancer monoclonal antibodies kwashiorkor, 71 ischemic disease and, 312 Antagonists agents, uses and adverse effects, orotic aciduria, 430 presentation and types, 312 ADH, 257 452 oxygen deprivation and, 693 refractory, 327 endothelin receptor, 257 Anticancer small molecule inhibitors paroxysmal nocturnal unstable/NSTEMI treatment, 317 H2, 257 agents, uses and adverse effects, hemoglobinuria, 432 β-blockers for, 248 nonselective, 248 453 pernicious anemia, 389 Angina, intestinal, 396 Anterior cerebral artery Anticardiolipin pyruvate kinase deficiency, 432 Angiodysplasia, 396 cingulate herniation, 547 antiphospholipid syndrome, 482 recombinant cytokines for, 121 GI bleeding association, 390 stroke effects, 532 Anticardiolipin antibody, 115 renal failure, 626 Angioedema, 107 Anterior circulation strokes, 532 Anti-CCP antibody, 115 Reticulocyte index (RI), 427 scombroid poisoning, 250 Anterior communicating artery Anti-centromere antibodies sickle cell anemia, 432 with ACE inhibitors, 633 saccular aneurysm, 534 scleroderma, 487 sideroblastic, 67, 429 Angiogenesis Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Anticentromere autoantibody, 115 vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 in cancer, 222 injury Anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies, vitamin B12 deficiency, 68, 430 wound healing and, 217 anterior drawer sign in, 462 536 Weil disease, 147 Angiokeratomas, 88 “unhappy triad ”, 473 Anticholinergic drugs Wilson disease, 405 Angiomas Anterior drawer sign, 462, 464 delirium with, 581 Anemia, classification/taxonomy spider, 117 Anterior hypothalamus, 513 toxicity treatment for, 251 aplastic, 431 Angiosarcomas Anterior inferior cerebellar artery Anticholinesterase drugs, 244 extrinsic hemolytic, 433 characteristics of, 492 stroke effects, 532 Anticholinesterase poisoning, 243 intrinsic hemolytic, 432 nomenclature for, 221 Anterior inferior tibiofibular Anticipation (genetics), 56 macrocytic, 429 Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) ligament, 465 Anticoagulant drugs megaloblastic, 430 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Anterior nucleus (hypothalamus), 513 acute coronary syndromes, 317 microcytic, hypochromic, 428 system, 612 Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), anticoagulant and reversal agent, nonhemolytic normocytic, 431 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 335 447 normocytic, normochromic, 431 inhibitors sensitivity to TRH, 339 antiphospholipid syndrome, 482 pernicious anemia, 382 acute coronary syndromes, 317 Anterior spinal artery coagulation cascade and, 422 pure red cell aplasia, 229 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, 107 complete occlusion, 548 Anticoagulation sideroblastic, 429 dilated cardiomyopathy, 318 stroke, 533 reversal, 447 Anemia, drugs causing, 253 dry cough, 254 Anterior spinothalamic tract, 526 targets for, 423 α-methyldopa, 433 heart failure, 319 Anterior talofibular ligament, 465 Anticonvulsant drugs amphotericin B, 199 hypertension, 324 Anterograde amnesia osteoporosis, 474 aplastic anemia, 431 mechanism, use and adverse benzodiazepines, 570 Antidepressant drugs β-lactams, 433 effects, 633 brain lesions, 528 atypical, 600 cephalosporins, 189 preload/afterload effects, 293 CNS insult and, 581 fibromyalgia treatment, 483 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 778 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 779

for fibromyalgia, 483 Antihypertensive drugs anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Familial adenomatous polyposis, long QT interval with, 315 hypertension in pregnancy, 667 antibodies (ASCA), 392 397 monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Antihypertensives, 667 Anti-Scl-70 autoantibody, 115 tumor suppression, 225 599 Anti-IgE monoclonal therapy, 712 Anti-Smith autoantibody, 115 “Ape hand”, 457 selective serotonin reuptake Anti-IL-5 monoclonal therapy, 712 Anti-smooth muscle antibody, 115 Apgar score, 658 inhibitors, 599 Anti-inflammatory drugs, 499 Anti-smooth muscle autoantibody, 115 α (type I) error, 268 serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake Anti-intrinsic factor autoantibody, 115 Antisocial personality disorder, 588 Aphasia inhibitors, 599 Anti-La/SSB autoantibody, 115, 480 early-onset disorder, 580 MCA stroke, 532 torsades de pointes, 251 Antileukotrienes for asthma, 712 Antispasmodics, 572 types of, 534 tricyclic antidepressants, 599 Antimetabolites, 450 Anti-SRP autoantibody, 115 Apixaban, 446 Anti-desmoglein (anti-desmosome) Antimicrobial drugs Anti-streptolysin O (ASO) titers, 322 factor Xa inhibitors, 446 autoantibody, 115 naming conventions for, 256 Antithrombin Aplasia, 637 Anti-digoxin Fab fragments pregnancy contraindications, 204 coagulation cascade and, 423 Aplasia cutis for cardiac glycoside toxicity, 329 prophylaxis, 198 deficiency of, 437 methimazole, 364 specific toxicity treatments, 251 Antimicrobials Antitoxins Aplastic anemia, 431 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) embryotoxic, 204 as passive immunity, 110 chloramphenicol, 192 antagonists, 364 Antimicrosomal autoantibody, 115 Anti-TSH receptor autoantibody, 115 drug reaction and, 253 function of, 335, 336 Anti-mite/louse therapy, 200 Antitumor antibiotics, 449 HBV, 174 hypothalamus synthesis, 513 Antimitochondrial autoantibody, 115 Anti-U1 RNP antibodies, 115, 482 neutropenia with, 431 naming conventions for antagonist, Antimuscarinic drugs Anti-U1 RNP (ribonucleoprotein) thionamides, 364 257 Parkinson disease, 568 autoantibody, 115 Aplastic crisis renin-angiotensis-aldosterone reactions to, 254 Antiviral therapy hereditary spherocytosis, 432 system, 612 Antimycin A hepatitis C, 204 sickle cell anemia, 432 signaling pathways of, 345 electron transport chain, 78 mechanism and use, 201 Apolipoproteins source, function, and regulation, Antimycobacterial therapy Anti-β2 glycoprotein functions, 93 337 prophylaxis and treatment, 196 autoantibody, 115 functions of, 93 Anti-DNA topoisomerase I Antineoplastics Anti-β2 glycoprotein Apoptosis autoantibody, 115 naming conventions for, 256 antiphospholipid syndrome, 482 BCL-2 gene, 225 Anti-dsDNA antibody, 115 Anti-NMDA receptor paraneoplastic Anxiety corticosteroids, 433 Antiemetic drugs syndrome encephalitis, 229 drug therapy, 566 evasion of, 222 aprepitant, 410 Antinuclear (ANA) antibody, 115 neurotransmitter changes with, 510 malignant tumors, 221 long QT interval with, 315 Sjögren syndrome, 478 Anxiety disorders, 585 of keratocytes, 496 metoclopramide, 410 Antioxidants Aorta pathways for, 208 ondansetron, 410 free radical elimination by, 210 branches, 373 vs necrosis, 209 torsades de pointes, 251 Antiparasitic drugs coarctation of, 307 Appendicitis Antiepileptic drugs naming convention for, 256 diaphragm, 687 causes, signs and treatment, 393 rash from, 253 Antiparietal cell autoantibody, 115 syphilitic heart disease, 322 mittelschmerz vs, 655 teratogenicity, 638 Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor traumatic rupture, 311 Appetite regulation antierectile, 651 autoantibody, 115 traumatic rupture of, 311 endocannabinoids, 344 Antifungal drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome, 482 “tree bark” appearance, 322 ghrelin, 344, 381 griseofulvin, 48 autoantibody, 115 Aortic aneurysm, 310 leptin, 344 seborrheic dermatitis, 490 autoantibody in, 115 hypertension, 308 “Apple core” lesion (X-ray), 398 tinea versicolor, 152 Antiplatelet drugs Marfan syndrome, 308 Apraclonidine, 573 Antifungals for acute coronary syndromes, 317 syphilitic heart disease, 322 Aprepitant Long QT with, 315 mechanism and clinical use, 447 Aortic arch mechanism and clinical use, 410 Antifungal therapy, 198 Anti-postsynaptic ACh receptor, derivatives, 289 with chemotherapy, 453 Antigenic shift/drift, 169 autoantibody, 115 receptors, 303 Aquagenic pruritus, 443 Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) Anti-presynaptic voltage-gated Aortic dissection, 308, 311 Aqueous humor pathway, 554 B cells as, 418 calcium channel, hypertension, 308 Arabinosyltransferase, 197 CD28, 110 autoantibody, 115 Marfan syndrome, 310 Arachidonic acid pathways, 499 Antigens Antiprogestins, 681 Aortic insufficiency Arachnodactyly, 52 active immunity, 110 Antiprotozoal therapy syphilis, 322 Arachnoid granulations, 519, 540 chronic mucocutaneous drugs for, 200 Aorticopulmonary septum, 289 Arachnoid mater candidiasis, 116 Antiprotozoan drugs, 200 embryologic derivatives, 637 derivation, 511 HLA I and II, 100 Antipseudomonal drugs Aortic regurgitation, 297 meningioma, 543 type and memory, 105 fluoroquinolones, 195 aortic dissection, 311 Area postrema, 513 Anti-glomerular basement membrane penicillins, 188 heart murmurs with, 300 Area under the curve, 233 autoantibody, 115 Antipsychotic drugs Marfan syndrome, 308 Arenaviruses Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antimuscarinic reaction, 254 Aortic root dilation characteristics and medical autoantibody, 115 disruptive mood dysregulation heart murmur with, 300 importance, 167 Antigout drugs disorder, 580 Aortic stenosis, 297, 300 Argatroban, 446 colchicine, 48 dopaminergic pathways, 514 heart murmurs, 300 Arginine Anti-growth signal, 222 dystonia with, 593 macroangiopathic anemia, 433 classification, 81 Anti-HBe, 174 long QT interval with, 315 Williams syndrome, 308 cystinuria, 85 Anti-helicase autoantibody, 115 mechanism, use and adverse Aortic valve kidney stones and, 622 Antihelminthic therapy, 200 effects, 597 cardiac cycle, 296 Argyll Robertson pupil mebendazole, 48 Parkinson-like syndrome, 254 embryological development of, 289 syphilis, 147 naming conventions for, 256 tardive dyskinesia, 254 Aortitis Argyll Robertson pupils Anti-hemidesmosome autoantibody, torsades de pointes, 251 syphilis, 147, 184 in syphilis, 184 115 Tourette syndrome, 596 Aortocaval compression syndrome, tabes dorsalis, 548 Antihistamines Antiretroviral therapy (ART) 667 Aripiprazole, 597 for scombroid poisoning, 250 HIV therapy, 203 APC gene Arm abduction Antihistone Antiribonucleoprotein antibodies adenomatous colonic polyps and, muscles and nerves, 456 autoantibody, 115 Sjögren syndrome, 480 397 Arm adduction, 457 Anti-histone antibody, 115 Anti-Ro/SSA autoantibody, 480 colorectal cancer and, 399 Armadillos (disease vectors), 149 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 779 11/12/20 9:35 AM 780 INDEX INDEX

Aromatase, 659 Ascending colon, 370 psychoactive drug intoxication, 594 for anticholinergic toxicity, 243 Aromatase inhibitors, 680 Aschoff bodies, 322 streptomycin, 197 toxicity treatment, 251 Aromatic amines, carcinogenicity, Ascites syphilis, 147 organ system and application, 244 226 diuretic for, 632 tabes dorsalis, 548 Attack rate (risk quantification), 263 Arrhythmias spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, truncal, 528 Attention-deficit hyperactivity amphotericin B, 199 400 vitamin B12 deficiency, 548 disorder diphtheria, 139 Ascorbic acid, 67 vitamin E deficiency, 70 early onset disorder, 580 drug reactions and, 249 Asenapine, 597 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, preferred drugs for, 596 hypokalemia and, 615 Aseptic meningitis 528, 595 Attributable risk, 262 local anesthetics and, 571 mumps, 170 Atelectasis Atypical (2nd-generation) macrolides, 193 picornaviruses, 167 etiology, 704 antipsychotics McArdle disease, 87 Asherman syndrome, 672 physical findings, 704 mechanism and use, 597 MI complication, 317 Ashkenazi Jews pleural effusions and, 704 Atypical antidepressants, 599 muscular dystrophy, 61 disease incidence, 84 Atenolol, 248 Atypical antipsychotic drugs shock caused by, 320 Aspartame, 84 Atezolizumab, 452 bipolar disorder and, 584 sleep apnea and, 703 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) Atherosclerosis, 310 MDD with psychotic features, 584 stimulants and, 594 hepatitis, 173 aneurysm and, 310 postpartum psychosis treatment, TCA toxicity, 593 liver damage, 400 diabetes mellitus and, 354 585 thyroid hormones and, 364 toxic shock syndrome, 135 familial dyslipidemias, 94 preferred medications for selected with sudden cardiac death, 312 Aspartic acid, 81 homocystinuria, 85 conditions, 596 Arsenic Aspergillosis location and risk factors, 310 schizophrenia treatment, 583, 596, angiosarcomas, 492 bronchiectasis, 699 renovascular disease, 628 597 carcinogenicity of, 226 echinocandins, 200 stable angina with, 312 serotonin 5-HT2 receptor and, glycolysis and, 73 Aspergillus fumigatus, 153 transplant rejection, 119 597 squamous cell carcinoma, 498 Aspergillus fumigatus, 153 Athetosis, 528, 537 Atypical pneumonias toxicity symptoms, 76 HIV-positive adults, 177 Atomoxetine, 580 chlamydiae, 148 toxicity treatment, 250 Aspergillus spp Atonic seizures, 535 macrolides, 192 Artemether, 200 aflatoxins carcinogenicity, 226 Atopic dermatitis (eczema), 489, 491 organisms causing, 179 Arterial oxygen saturation, 690 in immunodeficiency, 118 Atopic reactions typical organisms, 707 Arterial ulcer, 495 Aspiration Type I hypersensitivity, 112 Auerbach plexus, 386 Arteriolosclerosis, 309 ARDS and, 702 Atovaquone Auer rods Arteriosclerosis, 309 in utero “breathing ”, 684 babesiosis, 157 in AML, 442 Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) lung abscess, 708 P. falciparum, 200 Auramine-rhodamine stain, 125 hereditary hemorrhagic reflux-related, 369, 387 malaria, 157 Auscultation of heart, maneuvers telangiectasia, 324 Zenker diverticulum, 394 Atria for, 299 Arteriovenous shunts Aspiration pneumonia depolarization/repolarization of, Auspitz sign, 491 osteitis deformans, 475 alcoholics, 179 301 Autism spectrum disorder Arteritis clindamycin, 192 embryologic development of, 288 double Y males and, 661 giant cell (temporal), 484 lung anatomy and, 687 Atrial fibrillation early onset disorder, 580 Artesunate nosocomial infections, 185 ECG tracing of, 316 fragile X syndrome, 62 malaria, 157, 200 Aspirin Atrial flutter Autoantibodies, 115 Arthralgias acute coronary syndromes, 317 ECG tracings, 316 Autoclaves alkaptonuria, 84 as weak acid, 235 “Atrial kick”, 296 disinfection/sterilization, 204 coccidiomycosis, 151 cyclooxygenase, 421 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 213, for spore-forming bacteria, 129 hepatitis viruses, 173 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 303 Autodigestion, 407 rubella, 169 253 in SIADH, 346 Autoimmune diseases serum sickness, 113 Kawasaki disease, 484 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone acute pericarditis, 323 vitamin A toxicity, 66 mechanism and clinical use, 447 system, 612 blistering skin, 494 Arthritis mechanism, use and adverse signaling pathways for, 345 diabetes mellitus Type 1, 355 carpal tunnel syndrome and, 470 effects, 500 Atrial septal defect (ASD) Dressler syndrome, 317 celecoxib for, 500 Reye syndrome, 400 congenital disease, 307 interferon-induced, 109 chlamydiae, 148, 184 Reye syndrome and, 499 Down syndrome, 308 myocarditis with, 323 gonorrhea, 142, 180, 184 thrombogenesis and, 421 fetal alcohol syndrome, 308 rheumatoid arthritis, 478 Campylobacter jejuni, 145 transient ischemic attack, 529 Atrioventricular (AV) block self-antigen in, 99 immunosuppressants, 120 uncoupling agent, 78 Lyme disease, 146 Sjögren syndrome, 480 Staphylococcus aureus, 135 zero-order elimination of, 233 types of, 316 SLE, 482 lupus, 481 Asplenia Atrioventricular (AV) node therapeutic agents for, 122 Lyme disease, 146 RBC inclusions with, 426 Class IC antiarrhythmics, 329 Autoimmune disease therapy osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid RBC morphology with, 425 conduction pathway, 302 agents for, 122 arthritis, 478 Asterixis, 537 ECG and, 301 Autoimmune gastritis, 389 psoriatic, 481 hepatic encephalopathy, 400 myocardial action potential, 301 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia reactive arthritis, 481 Asteroid bodies, 700 Atrioventricular canals, 289 causes and findings, 433 systemic juvenile idiopathic Asthma Atrioventricular valves cephalosporins, 189 arthritis, 480 albuterol for, 245 embryologic development of, 288 Autoimmune hepatitis, 401 ulcerative colitis, 392 drug therapy, 712 Atrophic gastritis drug reactions, 252 Yersinia enterocolitica, 144 eosinophilic granulomatosis, 485 gastrin in, 381 Autoimmune hypothyroidism, 174 Arthropathy, hemochromatosis, 405 obstructive lung disease, 698 Atrophy Autoimmune lymphoproliferative Arthus reaction Astigmatism, 553 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 548 syndrome, 208 Type III hypersensitivity, 113 Astrocytes, 507, 511 characteristics of, 206 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Arylsulfatase A Ataxia motor neuron signs, 547 121 metachromatic leukodystrophy, 88 abetalipoproteinemia, 94 neurodegenerative disorders, 538 Autonomic drugs Asbestos, carcinogenicity, 226 lithium toxicity, 593 optic disc/nerve, 555 actions of, 242 Asbestos-related disease, 701 metachromatic leukodystrophy, 88 skeletal muscle, 467 bladder dysfunction action on, Ascaris spp, 158 opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, Atropine 240 Ascaris lumbricoides 229 β-blocker overddose, 331 naming conventions for, 257 intestinal infection, 159 prions, 178 effects of, 243 Autonomic insufficiency, 245 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 780 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 781

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) findings with, 63 normal flora, 178 intraparenchymal hemorrhages, delirium tremens, 593 karyotyping for, 55 phage infection of, 130 531 dysregulation in inflammatory Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), 63 pigment-producing, 128 lesion effects, 528 demyelinating Avanafil, 249 spore-forming, 129 movement disorders, 537 polyradiculopathy, 542 Avascular necrosis treatment of highly resistant, 198 thalamic connections, 513 in serotonin syndrome, 593 femoral head, 473 virulence factors, 127, 135, 143, Basal lamina, 50 limbic system in, 513 scaphoid bone, 459 144, 145 Basal nucleus of Meynert, 510 male sexual response, 651 Sickle cell anemia, 432 zoonotic, 149 Basal plate, 504 Autonomic receptors, 239 Avascular necrosis of bone, 475 Bacterial endocarditis, 321 Base excision repair, 39 Autonomy (ethics), 270 Avelumab, 452 daptomycin, 195 Basement membrane Autoregulation of blood flow, 304 Aversive stimulus (positive Bacterial exotoxin mechanisms blood-brain barrier, 511 Autosomal dominant diseases punishment), 576 increase fluid secretion, 132 collagen in, 50 achondroplasia, 474 Avoidant personality disorder, 588 inhibit phagocytic ability, 132 Basic amino acids, 81 acute intermittent porphyria, 434 Axilla/lateral thorax, 465 inhibit protein synthesis, 132 Basilar artery ADPKD, 534 Axillary nerve lyse cell membranes, 133 herniation syndromes, 547 Brugada syndrome, 315 injury and presentation, 456 superantigens causing shock, 133 stroke effects, 532 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 542 injury presentation, 456 Bacterial genetics Basilar membrane (cochlea), 551 elastin syndrome, 51, 52 neurovascular pairing, 465 conjugation, 130 Basiliximab familial adenomatous polyposis, Axonal injury transduction, 130 immunosuppressant, 120 397 causes of, 533 transformation, 130 immunosuppression, 120 hereditary spherocytosis, 432 characteristis of, 510 transposition, 131 Basophilia, 418 hyper-IgE syndrome, 116 Axonal trafficking, 48 Bacterial infections Basophilic stippling hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 318 Axonemal dynein, 49 myocarditis with, 323 associated pathology, 426 inheritance modes, 59 Azathioprine, 450 skin, 493 sideroblastic anemia, 426 juvenile polyposis syndrome, 397 immunosuppressant, 120 with immunodeficiency, 118 Basophils, 418 malignant hyperthermia immunosuppression, 120 Bacterial peritonitis (spontaneous), IgE antibody, 104 susceptibility, 570 pancreatitis caused by, 252 400 BAX protein, 208 multiple endocrine neoplasias, 360 Azithromycin Bacterial structures, 124 B-cell lymphomas neurofibromatosis, 543 babesiosis, 157 Bacterial toxin mechanisms HIV-positive adults, 177 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 397 chlamydiae, 148 inhibit release of neurotransmitter, B cells polycystic kidney disease, 627 Mycobacterium avium- 132 activation, 103, 105 pseudohypoparathyroidism, 352 intracellulare, 139 Bacterial vaginosis adaptive immunity, 99 pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, in cystic fibrosis, 60 characteristics of, 158 anergy, 110 352 macrolides, 193 Gardnerella vaginalis, 148 cell surface proteins, 110 Romano-Ward syndrome, 315 prophylaxis in HIV, 198 signs and symptoms, 181 disorders of, 116, 117 tuberous sclerosis, 543 Azoles Bacterial virulence factors, 129 functions of, 99, 101 tubulointerstitial kidney disease, mechanism, use and adverse Bacteroides fragilis, 179 immunodeficiency infections, 118 627 effects, 199 Bacteroides spp neoplasms, 442 von Hippel-Lindau disease, 543 vaginal infections, 181 alcoholism, 179 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 438 Autosomal dominant polycystic Aztreonam, 190 clindamycin, 192 spleen, 98 kidney disease culture requirements of, 126 BCG vaccine associated disorders, 627 B metronidazole, 195 IL-12 receptor deficiency and, 116 chromosome association, 64 B19 virus, 164 nosocomial infections, 182 BCL gene renal cyst disorders, 627 Babesia spp “Bag of worms”, 675 mutation in lymphoma, 439 saccular aneurysms and, 534 hematologic infections, 157 Baker cyst, 463, 471 oncogenes, 225 Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial Lyme disease, 146 BAK protein, 208 Bcl-2 protein, 208 kidney disease, 627 Babesiosis, 157 Balancing (quality measurement), BCR-ABL, 225 Autosomal recessive diseases, 59 Babinski reflex/sign 280 Bead-like costochondral junctions, 5α-reductase deficiency, 663 infant development, 578 Bamboo spine, 481 475 abetalipoproteinemia, 94 motor neuron lesions, 547 Band cells, 416 Becker muscular dystrophy, 61 adenosine deaminase deficiency, primitive reflexes, 527 Barbiturates Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, 117 Bacillary angiomatosis, 492 intoxication and withdrawal, 594 368, 629 alkaptonuria, 84 animal transmission, 149 mechanism, use and adverse Beers criteria, 250 Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 436 HIV-positive adults, 177 effects, 566 Behavioral therapy, 596 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 117 Bacillus anthracis, 137 naming convention for, 256 Behavior modulation cystic fibrosis, 60 toxin in, 132 Barlow maneuver, 473 limbic system and, 513 Friedreich ataxia, 549 Bacillus cereus, 138 Baroreceptors, 303 Behçet syndrome, 484 Glanzmann thrombasthenia, 436 food poisoning, 178 Barr bodies, 34 Bell palsy hemochromatosis, 405 Bacitracin Barrett esophagus, 388 facial nerve lesions, 550 hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, gram-positive antibiotic test, 134 Bartholin cyst/abscess, 668 Bell-shaped distribution, 267 404 sensitivity to, 135, 136 Bartonella spp Bence Jones proteinuria, 440 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Baclofen animal transmission, 149 Bendazoles, 159 syndrome, 315 mechanism and use, 572 bacillary angiomatosis, 492 Bends, 475 Kartagener syndrome, 49 multiple sclerosis, 541 Gram Stain, 125 Beneficence (ethics), 270 leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 117 Bacteremia in HIV positive adults, 177 Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, maple syrup urine disease, 80, 84 brain abscesses, 180 transmission, 149 552 pyruvate kinase deficiency, 432 cutaneous anthrax, 137 Bartonella quintana, 161 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 678 SCID, 37 daptomycin, 195 Bartter syndrome inhibitors for, 240 Wilson disease, 405 Streptococcus bovis, 137 renal disorder features, 615 Benign tumors, 221 Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney Bacteria renal tubular defects, 610 bones, 476 disease, 627 biofilm-producing, 128 Basal cell carcinoma breast, 673 associated disorders, 627 exotoxins in, 132 5-fluorouracil for, 450 Benralizumab, 712 Potter sequence, 602 genetics, 130 characteristics of, 498 Benzathine penicillin G, 198 Autosomal trisomies hemolytic, 136 Basal ganglia Benzene Down syndrome (trisomy 21), 63 infections in immunodeficiency, function and pathways, 516 aplastic anemia, 253 Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), 63 118 intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 531 Benzidine, 226 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 781 11/12/20 9:35 AM 782 INDEX INDEX

Benzocaine, 571 β cells Bile canaliculus, 377 “Bite cells”, 424 Benzodiazepines insulin secretion by, 342 Bile ducts, 378 Bitemporal hemianopia addictive risk, 566 pancreatic tumors, 361 Biliary atresia, 403 craniopharyngioma, 546 alcohol withdrawal, 596 Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, 355 Biliary cholangitis, primary optic chiasm compression, 534 Beers criteria, 250 β-dystroglycan autoantibody, 115 pituirary lesions, 562 clinical use and adverse effects, 566 muscular dystrophy, 61 Biliary cirrhosis, 405 pituitary apoplexy, 347 cocaine overdose, 595 β (Type II) error (statistical testing, cystic fibrosis, 60 Bitot spots, 66 epilepsy therapy, 564 268 Biliary colic, 406 Bivalirudin, 446 epilepsy treatment, 564 β-galactosidase Biliary structures, 378 Black lung disease, 701 intoxication and withdrawal, 594 E coli production, 144 Biliary tract disease Bladder mechanism, use and adverse β-glucan, 200 gallstones, 378 bethanechol effect on, 243 effects, 566 β-glucuronidase, 416 hyperbilirubinemia with, 404 BPH and, 678 naming convention for, 256 β-hemolysis, 133 Clonorchis sinensis, 160 development of, 642 phobias, 586 β-hemolytic bacteria, 135 pathology, epidemiology and exstrophy, 647 sleep effects, 512 common colonization sites, 135 features of, 405 genitourinary trauma, 651 toxicity treatment for, 251 Streptococcus agalactiae (Group A Biliary tract infections placenta percreta invasion, 664 Benzoyl peroxide for acne, 491 strep), 137 Enterococci, 137 spasm treatment, 244 Benztropine, 244, 568 Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Bilirubin, 385 squamous cell carcinoma, 629 Berkson bias, 265 strep), 136 hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, urachus, 642 Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 421, 436 β-hydroxybutyrate, 90 404 urgency in cystitis, 244 Berry aneurysm, 534 β-interferon liver marker, 400 urothelial carcinoma, 629 Berylliosis, 701 multiple sclerosis, 541 toxic shock syndrome, 135 Bladder cancer Beryllium carcinogenicity, 226 β-lactam antibiotics, 433 Bimatoprost, 573 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 451 β1-blockade, 293 β-lactam antibiotics, 187 Bimodal distribution, 267 hematuria with, 618 β2-microglobulin β-lactamase inhibitors, 188, 189 Binge-eating disorder, 590, 599 hypercalcemia and, 229 MHC I and II and, 100 β-oxidation, 48 Bioavailability, 233 Schistosoma haematobium, 227 β2-agonists very-long-chain fatty acids area under the curve from, 233 “Blast crisis”, 442 asthma, 712 (VLCFA), 48 calculation of, 233 Blastocyst implantation, 636 β-adrenergic agonist β-prophage Biochemistry Blastomyces spp potassium shifts, 614 Corynebacterium exotoxin cellular, 46 amphotericin B, 199 β-adrenergic agonists encoding, 139 genetics, 55 itraconazole, 199 potassium shifts, 614 Beta rhythm (EEG), 512 laboratory techniques, 52 Blastomycosis, 151 β-adrenergic effects β-thalassemia metabolism, 73 Bleeding of T3, 339 allelic heterogeneity, 57 molecular, 34 adenomatous polyps, 397 β-blockers anemia with, 428 nutrition, 65 direct factor Xa inhibitors, 446 for pheochromocytomas, 359 chrosome abnormality, 64 Biochemistry laboratory techniques glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, 447 for thyroid storm, 350 β-thalassemia major, 428 blotting procedures, 53 thrombolytics, 447 pheochromacytoma treatment, 359 β-thalassemia minor, 428 CRISPR/Cas9, 53 variceal, 381 thyrotoxicosis, 339 Betaxolol, 248, 573 enzyme-linked immunosorbent Bleeding time, 436, 500 β-blockers Bethanechol, 243 assay, 54 Bleomycin acute coronary syndromes, 317 Bevacizumab, 452 fluorescence in situ hybridization, mechanism and clinical use, 449 adverse effects of, 248 Bezafibrate, 328 55 pulmonary fibrosis, 254 and epinephrine, 245 Bias and study errors gene expression modifications, Blepharospasm, 537 angina, 327, 331 types and reduction strategies, 266 53, 56 Blindness antianginal therapy, 327 Bicalutamide, 682 karyotyping, 55 giant cell arteritis, 484 anticholinergic toxicity, 243 Bicarbonate microarrays, 54 Chlamydia trachomatis, 148 aortic dissection, 311 carbon dioxide transport, 694 molecular cloning, 55 Onchocerca volvulus, 158 aortic dissections, 308 overdose treatment, 235 polymerase chain reaction, 52 Toxicara canis, 158, 159 applications, actions and adverse pancreatic insufficiency, 391 RNA interference, 56 neonatal, 142 effects, 248 salicylate toxicity, 251 Biofilm-producing bacteria Blistering skin disorders, 494 Cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic), secretion and action, 382 in vivo, 128 Blood 248 TCA toxicity, 235 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 135 coagulation and kinin pathways, chronic stable angina, 332 Biceps brachii muscle Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 422 cocaine intoxication/withdrawal, Erb palsy, 458 Biologic agents in placenta, 640 595 Biceps femoris, 462, 463 naming conventions for, 258 oxygen content, 690 cocaine overdose, 595 Biceps reflex, 527 Bipolar disorder viscosity of, 692 dilated cardiomyopathy, 318 Bicornuate uterus, 646 lithium for, 598 Blood-brain barrier essential tremor, 537 Bicuspid aortic valve preferred drugs for, 596 anesthetics, 570 for cocaine intoxication, 245 aortic dissection and, 311 types of, 584 at hypothalamus, 513 generalized anxiety disorder, 585 coarctation of aorta and, 307 Bipolar I, 584 function and mechanism, 511 glaucoma, 248 heart murmur with, 300 Bipolar II, 584 L-DOPA, 569 glaucoma therapy, 573 thoracic aortic aneurysms and, 310 Birbeck granules Blood flow heart failure, 247, 319 Turner syndrome, 307 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 444 autoregulation, 304 heart failure therapy, 319 Bifid ureter, 603 Birth, death with preterm, 279 exercise response, 694 hyperkalemia, 614 Biguanide drugs, 363 Bismuth Blood groups, 415 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 318 Bilaminar disc, 636 mechanism and clinical use, 409 Blood-nerve permeability barrier, 510 juxtaglomerular apparatus effects, Bilateral adenopathy, 700 Bisoprolol, 248 Blood pH 613 Bilateral renal agenesis Bisphosphonates diuretic effects on, 632 migraine headaches, 536 Potter sequence, 602 esophagitis with, 252 Blood pressure naming convention for, 257 Bile mechanism, use and adverse angiotensin II effects, 612 overdose treatment, 331 composition and functions of, 384 effects, 500 antianginal therapy, 327 phobias, 586 secretin effect on, 381 naming convention for, 256 cortisol effect on, 344 selectivity, 248 Bile acid resins, 328 osteogenesis imperfecta treatment, fenoldopam and, 327 Starling curves, 294 reabsorption of, 328 51 renal disorders and, 615 toxicity treatment, 251 synthesis of, 48 osteoporosis treatment, 474 sympathomimetic effect on, 245 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 782 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 783

Blood-testis barrier, 652 Bortezomib, 453 Breast cancer Brunner glands Blood transfusions Bosentan, 711 aromatase inhibitors for, 680 bicarbonate production, 382 components for, 438 Botulinum toxin hormonal contraception duodenum, 372 reactions, 114 lysogenic transduction, 130 contraindication, 681 Bruxism, 512, 595, 596 risks of, 438 passive antibodies for, 110 hypercalcemia and, 229 B5 (pantothenic acid) Blood vessels symptoms of, 138 incidence/mortality of, 223 solubility of, 65 collagen in, 50 toxin effects, 132 invasive carcinomas, 674 BTK gene, 116 hereditary hemorrhagic Bovine spongiform encephalopathy noninvasive carcinomas, 674 B-type natriuretic peptide, 303 telangiectasia, 324 (BSE), 178 oncogenes and, 225 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 402 Blood volume Bowen disease, 675 paclitaxel for, 451 portal hypertension in, 399 regulation, 612 Bowenoid papulosis, 675 paraneoplastic cerebellar Budesonide, 712 Bloody diarrhea Bow legs (genu varum), 475 degeneration and, 229 Buerger disease, 484 Campylobacter jejuni, 145 Bowman space, 606 presentation and characteristics, 674 buffalo hump, 356 Shigella, 144 Boxer’s fracture, 468 trastuzumab for, 452 Bugs organisms causing, 179 Brachial artery, 465 tumor suppressor genes and, 225 causing food-borne illness, 178 ulcerative colitis vs Crohn disease, Brachial plexus lesions Breast diseases Bulbus cordis, 290 392 injury deficits and presentation, 458 benign, 673 Bulimia nervosa, 590 Blotting procedures, 53 Pancoast tumor, 710 Breast milk Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 387 Blown pupil Brachiocephalic syndrome, 710 prolactin and, 336 preferred drugs for, 596 CN III damage, 561 Brachiocephalic vein, 710 Breast/ovarian cancer SSRIs for, 599 saccular aneurysms, 534 Brachioradialis reflex, 527 BRCA2 mutation, 64 Bulk-forming laxatives, 411 “Blue babies”, 306 Bradford Hill criteria, 261 incomplete penetrance, 56 Bullae, 493 “Blueberry muffin” rash Bradycardia Breast pathology, 673 characteristics, 489 cytomegalovirus, 182 amiodarone and, 331 Breathing dermatitis herpetiformis, 495 Toxoplasma gondii, 182 atropine for, 244 respiratory muscle weakness, 699 impetigo, 493 rubella, 169, 182 β-blockers and, 248 Breath sounds skin lesions, 489 Blue sclerae, 51 Bradykinin bronchial, 704 Bull neck lymphadenopathy, 132 Blumer shelf, 389 angiotensin-converting enzyme diminished, 706 Bullous impetigo, 493 BMPR2 gene, 703 inhibitor effects, 633 physical findings, 704 Bullous pemphigoid, 489 Body compartments, 233 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, 107 Brenner tumor, 670 autoantibody, 115 Body dysmorphic disorder, 586 BRAF gene Breslow thickness, 498 pathophysiology and morphology, Boerhaave syndrome, 387 melanomas and, 498 Brief psychotic disorder, 583 494 Bombesin, 358 oncogenes, 225 Brimonidine, 573 Bulls-eye erythema, 146 Bone cell biology, 469 papillary thyroid carcinoma and, 351 Brittle bone disease Bumetanide, 631 Bone crises, 88 serrated polyps and, 397 gene defects in, 51 BUN (blood urea nitrogen) Bone disorders Brain Broad ligament, 649 ornithine transcarbamylase adult T-cell lymphoma and, 439 blood flow autoregulation, 304 Broca area, 534 deficiency, 83 lab values in, 476 embryologic derivation, 637 MCA stroke, 532 Bundled payment, 278 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 444 infarcts, 209 Broca (expressive) aphasia, 534 Bundle of His, 302 lytic (“punched out”), 440 ischemia in, 210 Bromocriptine, 568 Bunyaviruses osteogenesis imperfecta, 51 metastasis to, 224 Bronchi, 686 characteristics and medical Bone formation, 468 Brain abscesses Bronchial carcinoid tumor, 709 importance, 167 Bone lesions Staphylococcus aureus, 180 Bronchiectasis Bupivacaine, 571 Burkitt lymphoma, 439 Toxoplasma gondii, 177 cystic fibrosis, 60 Bupivicaine, 571 Bone marrow otitis media, 180 Aspergillus fumigatus, 153 Buprenorphine, 572 cytokine stimulation of, 121 Viridans streptococci, 180 Kartagener syndrome, 49 morphine and, 237 immune system organs, 96 Brain cysts, 161 Bronchioles opioid detoxification, 600 myelofibrosis, 443 Brain death, 276, 517 histamine receptors and, 241 Bupropion, 600 RBC inclusions in, 426 Brain development Bronchiolitis obliterans, 119, 707 seizures with, 254 suppression, 199 regional specification, 504 Bronchitis Burkholderia cepacia Bone mineral density scan, 474 Brain injury cystic fibrosis, 60 complex, 142 Bones gastritis with, 389 Haemophilus influenzae, 142 cystic fibrosis, 179 collagen in, 50 hypopituitarism from, 347 Bronchoconstriction, 712 Burkitt lymphoma lytic/blastic metastases, 224 Brain lesions (common), 528 Bronchodilation, 712 chromosomal translocations and, 444 primary bone tumors, 476 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) sympathetic receptors and, 241 EBV, 165 renal osteodystrophy, 626 in SIADH, 346 Bronchogenic carcinomas occurrence and genetics, 439 Bone tumors renin-angiotensin-aldosterone asbestosis and, 701 oncogenes and, 225, 227 benign, 476 system, 612 carcinogens causing, 226 oncogenic microbes and, 227 malignant, 477 signaling pathways for, 345 Bronchogenic cysts, 684 Burnout vs fatigue, 281 Bordet-Gengou agar, 126 Brain stem Bronchopneumonia, 707 Burns Bordetella pertussis, 143 dorsal view, 520, 521 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia classification, 497 culture requirements, 126 ventral view, 520 free radical injury, 210 shock with, 320 macrolides, 193 Brain stem/cerebellar syndromes “Bronze diabetes”, 405 sunburn, 496 toxin production, 132 multiple sclerosis, 541 Brown-Séquard syndrome, 549 testosterone/methyltestosterone vaccines, 143 Brain tumors Horner syndrome, 549 for, 682 Borrelia burgdorferi adult primary, 544 “Brown tumors”, 476 “Burr cells”, 424 animal transmission, 149 childhood primary, 546 Brucella spp Bursitis coinfection with, 157 hallucinations with, 582 culture requirements, 126 prepatellar, 471 Lyme disease, 146 metastatic source, 224 facultative intracellular, 127 Burton line tetracyclines, 192 Branched-chain ketoacid disease, transmission and source, 149 lead poisoning, 429 Borrelia spp dehydrogenase zoonotic infections, 149 Buspirone stains for, 125 vitamin B1 and, 66 Brucellosis, 149 mechanism and clinical use, 598 Borrelia recurrentis BRCA1/BRCA2 genes, 225 Brugada syndrome, 312, 315 Busulfan animal transmission, 149 DNA repair in, 39 Bruising mechanism and clinical use, 451 vectors, 161 tumor suppressor genes, 225 scurvy, 69 toxicity, 451 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 783 11/12/20 9:35 AM 784 INDEX INDEX

Butorphanol, 572, 573 Campylobacter spp Carbapenems Cardinal (transverse cervical) “Butterfly glioma”, 544 animal transmission, 149 mechanism and use, 190 ligament, 649 bloody diarrhea, 179 Carbidopa/levodop Cardinal veins, 290 C reactive arthritis and, 481 mechanism, use and adverse Cardiogenic shock, 320 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, 107 transmission, 149 effects, 569 Cardiomyopathy C5-C9 deficiencies, 107 Campylobacter jejuni, 145 Carbohydrate absorption, 383 Chagas disease, 158 CA 15-3/CA27-29 (tumor markers), Canagliflozin, 363 Carbohydrate metabolism dilated, 318 227 Cancer inborn errors of, 80 familial amyloid, 213 CA 19-9 (tumor marker), 227, 408 common metastases, 224 Carbol fuchsin, 125 hypertrophic, 318 CA 125 (tumor marker), 227 deaths from, 279 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Pompe disease, 87 CAAT box, 41 epidemiology, 223 retention, 703 restrictiv/infiltrative, 318 Cachexia, 228 ESR in, 215 transport, 694 β-blockers, 248 TNF-α, 108 GI bleeding, 390 Carbon monoxide (CO) Cardiotoxicity Café-au-lait spots hallmarks of, 222 blood oxygen in poisoning, 690 methylxanthines, 712 McCune-Albright syndrome, 57 immune evasion in, 222 electron transport inhibition, 78 TCA adverse effects, 599 Caffeine intoxication and withdrawal, mortality of, 223 oxygen deprivation, 693 Cardiovascular agents and molecular 594 oncogenic microbes, 227 poisoning, 691 targets, 325 Calcification pneumoconioses, 701 toxicity treatment, 251 Cardiovascular drugs dystrophic, 228 Cancer therapy targets, 448 Carbon tetrachloride naming conventions for, 257 types of, 212 alkylating agents, 451 free radical injury and, 210 reactions to, 251 Calcineurin, 120 antibody-drug conjugates, 449 Carboplatin Cardiovascular system Calcinosis cutis, 487 anticancer monoclonal antibodies, mechanism and clinical use, 451 anatomy, 292 Calcitonin 452 Carboplatin toxicity, 451 cardiac output variables, 293 source, function, and regulation, anticancer small molecule Carboxylases, 73 embryology, 290 341 inhibitors, 453 Carboxypeptidase, 383 pathology, 306 tumor marker, 227 antimetabolites, 450 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) pharmacology, 324 Calcitonin gene-related peptide, 536 antitumor antibiotics, 449 (tumor marker), 227 physiology, 293 Calcitriol, 613 cell cycle, 448, 449 Carcinogens, 226 systemic sclerosis and, 487 Calcium microtubule inhibitors, 451 griseofulvin, 200 Carditis in bone disorders, 476 platinum compounds, 451 Carcinoid syndrome Lyme disease, 146 in cardiac muscle, 301 topoisomerase inhibitors, 452 bronchial carcinoid tumors, 709 rheumatic fever, 322 in osteomalacia/rickets, 475 Candesartan, 633 somatostatin in treatment, 381 Carfilzomib, 453 kidney stones, 69, 622 Candida albicans, 153 Carcinoid tumors Carina (trachea), 687 Calcium carbonate, 409 HIV-positive adults, 177 biomarkers for, 227 Carmustine Calcium channel blockers, 326 in HIV patients, 177 immunohistochemical stains for, CNS toxicity, 451 angina, 326 in HIV positive adults, 177 227 pulmonary fibrosis, 254 contractility in, 293 skin infections, 116 octreotide for, 410 Carnitine acyltransferase coronary vasospasm, 251 Candida spp, 321 stomach, 389 fatty acid oxidation, 73 cutaneous flushing, 251 amphotericin B, 199 Carcinoma in situ Carotid artery gingival hyperplasia, 253 echinocandins, 200 cervical dysplasia, 669 atherosclerosis in, 310 hypertension, 326 immunodeficiency infections, 118 ductal, 674 emboli from, 557 hypertension treatment, 324 infections in immunodeficiency, 118 neoplastic progression, 220 embryonic development, 289 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 318 in immunodeficiencies, 116 penis, 675 Carotid massage, 303 mechanism, use and adverse osteomyelitis, 180 Carcinomas Carotid sinus, 303 effects, 326 vulvovaginitis, 181 carcinogens, 226 baroreceptors, 303 Raynaud phenomenon, 486 Candidate identification number invasive, 220 Carpal bones, 459 Calcium channel blockers (class IV) (CIN), 5 metastases of, 220 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 470 antiarrhythmic drugs, 332 Candidiasis metastasis of, 224 lunate dislocation, 459 Calcium channels cortisol and, 344 mucodpidermoid, 386 nerve injury, 457 ethosuximide effect on, 564 Candida albicans, 153 nomenclature of, 221 rheumatoid arthritis, 478 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic nystatin, 199 oncogenes, 227 Carteolol, 573 syndrome, 229 Cannibalism, 178 thyroid, 351 Cartilage myocardial action potential, 301 “Cannonball” metastases, 666 vulvar, 668 collagen in, 50 opioid effect on, 572 Capacity-limited elimination, 234 Cardiac and vascular function curves, fluoroquinolone damage to, 253 pacemaker action potential, 301 Capecitabine 295 Cartilage damage, 204 Calcium homeostasis, 341 5-F-dUMP, 36 Cardiac arrest Carvedilol, 248, 331 Calcium phyrophosphate deposition “Cape-like” sensory loss, 506 antacid adverse effects, 409 Casal necklace, 67 disease, 479 Capillary fluid exchange, 305 hypermagnesemia, 615 Caseating granulomas Calcium pyrophosphate deposition Capitate bone, 459 Cardiac cycle, 296 in tuberculosis, 140 disease, 479 Capitation, 278 Cardiac depression, 326 Case-control study, 260 Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), 365 Caplan syndrome, 701 Cardiac function curves, 294 Case fatality rate, 262 Calculous cholecystitis, 406 Capsule (bacterial), 124 Cardiac glycosides Caseous necrosis, 209 Caliciviruses Captain’s wheel formation mechanism and clinical use, 329 Case series study, 260 characteristics of, 167 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 151 Cardiac looping, 288 Caspases, 208 California encephalitis, 167 Captopril, 633 Cardiac output Caspofungin Calluses (dermatology), 489 Caput medusae, 375 exercise and, 693 echinocandins, 200 Calretinin, 702 Carbachol, 243, 573 V/Q mismatch and, 693 Casts in urine, 618 cAMP (cyclic adenosine Carbamazepine Cardiac output equations, 294 Catabolism of amino acids, 82 monophosphate) agranulocytosis, 253 Cardiac output variables, 293 Catalase, 210 endocrine hormone messenger, 345 aplastic anemia, 253 Cardiac pressures (normal), 304 Catalase-positive organisms, 128 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 76 epilepsy, 564 Cardiac tamponade, 320 Cataplexy, 591 heat-labile/heat-stable toxin effects, epilepsy therapy, 564 aortic dissection and, 311 Cataract, 554 132 Carbamoyl phosphate, 83 jugular venous pulse in, 296 Cataracts, 80 hyperparathyroidism, 353 Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, 73 MI, 317 corticosteroid toxicity, 120 Vibrio cholerae, 146 Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I shock, 320 diabetes mellitus and, 354 CAMP factor, 137 urea cycle, 73 Cardiac tumors, 324 muscular dystrophy, 61 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 784 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 785

rubella, 182 Ceftazidime Central precocious purberty, 660 Cervicitis sorbitol, 81 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 Central retinal artery occlusion, 555, sexually transmitted infections, 184 Catecholamines mechanism and use, 189 557 Cervix amphetamines and, 245 Ceftriaxone, 180 Central sleep apnea, 703 epithelial histology, 650 ephedrine and, 245 for gonococci, 142 Central tendency measures, 267 lymphatic drainage of, 648 pacemaker action potential, 301 for Haemophilus influenzae, 142 Central vertigo, 552 pathology of, 669 pheochromocytoma and, 359 gonococci treatment, 142 Centriacinar emphysema, 698 punctate hemorrhages, 158 Catecholamine synthesis/tyrosine Chlamydia spp, 146 Cephalexin Cestode infections catabolism, 83 mechanism and use, 189 mechanism and use, 189 diseases and treatment, 160 Cation exchange resins meningococci, 142 Cephalosporins Cetirizine, 710 mechanism, use, and adverse Salmonella typhi, 144 disulfiram-like reaction, 254 Cetuximab, 452 effects, 365 Cefuroxime Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 cGMP, 303 Cats (disease vectors) mechanism and use, 189 mechanism and clinical use, 189 cGMP (cyclic guanosine Cat scratch disease, 149 Celecoxib, 255 mechanism and use, 189 monophosphate) Campylobacter jejuni, 145 mechanism, use and adverse pseudomembranous colitis, 252 endocrine hormone messenger, 345 Pasteurella multocida, 149 effects, 500 Ceramide trihexoside male sexual response, 651 Toxoplasma gondii, 156, 182 Celiac artery/trunk in sphingolipidoses, 88 Chagas disease, 158 branches of, 374 Tinea corporis, 152 Cerebellar degeneration achalasia in, 386 structures supplied, 374 paraneoplastic, 229 Chalk-stick fractures, 475 Cauda equina, 524 Celiac disease Cerebellar lesions Challenging patient scenarios, Cauda equina syndrome, 546 autoantibody, 115 hemisphere, 528 276–277 Caudal regression syndrome, 638 dermatitis herpetiformis lateral, 515 Chancroid Caudate association, 495 medial, 515 clinical features and organisms, 184 basal ganglia, 513 HLA subtype, 100 tonsillar herniation, 547 Chaperone protein, 45 Huntington disease, 538 IgA deficiency, 115 vermis, 528 Charcoal yeast extract agar, 126 Cavernous sinus, 562 mechanism and associations, 391 vertigo with, 552 Charcoal yeast extract culture thrombosis with mucormycosis, Celiac sprue, 391 Cerebellum Legionella pneumophila, 126, 143 153 Cell cycle phases, 46 agenesis of vermis, 506 Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm, Cavernous sinus syndrome, 562 regulation of, 46 ectopia of tonsils, 506 534 CCR5 protein Cell envelope (bacteria), 124 herniation of, 506 Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm), HIV and, 175 Cell injury, 207 input/output of, 515 531 maraviroc, 203 irreversible, 207 Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius, 520 Charcot joints viral receptor, 166 Cell lysis Cerebral artery distributions, 518 syphilis, 147 CD1a protein, 444 hyperkalemia with, 614 Cerebral cortex tabes dorsalis and, 548 CD4+ cell count Cell-mediated immunity, 101 aphasia, 531 Charcot-Leyden crystals, 698 disease association by levels, 177 Cell membrane arterial distribution, 518 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 542 disease associations by levels, 177 exotoxin lysis of, 133 dominant parietal lesion effects, Charcot triad, 407 prophylaxis for HIV/AIDS patients, Cell surface proteins 528 Charging tRNA, 44 198 association and functions, 110 functional areas of, 517 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome CD4 protein, 99, 100 leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 117 hemineglect, 532 immunodeficiencies, 117 viral receptor, 166 Cell trafficking, 47 nondominant parietal lesion Cheilosis, 67, 428 CD5 protein Cell types effects, 528 Chelation in CLL, 442 labile, 46 visual field defects, 532 hemochromatosis, 405 CD8 protein, 100 permanent, 46 Cerebral edema lead poisoning, 429 CD16 protein, 101, 110 stable (quiescent), 46 therapeutic hyperventilation, 517 Chemokines, 108 CD20 protein, 110 Cellular biochemistry, 46 Cerebral hemispheres delayed hypersensitivity, 112 in CLL, 442 Cellular injury holoprosencephaly, 505 Chemoreceptors, 303 CD21 protein, 110 cellular adaptations, 206 Cerebral palsy Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), viral receptor, 166 reversible, 207 tizanidine, 572 511 CD23 protein Cellulitis, 493 Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), Chemotherapy in CLL, 442 Pasteurella multocida, 149 517 amelioration of adverse effects, 453 CD25 protein Cell wall “Cerebriform” nuclei, 439 cell types affected by, 46 cell surface protein, 110 bacteria, 124 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) MDR1 and responsiveness to, 228 CD28 protein, 110 Cemiplimab, 452 albuminocytologic dissociation, neutropenia with, 433 CD34 protein, 110, 216 Central clearing 542 ondansetron, 410 nuclei, 351 blood-brain barrier and, 511 Pseudo-Pelger-Huët anomaly, 413 leukocyte extravasation and, 216 rash, 152 circulation of, 511, 519, 520 Chemotoxicities, 454 CD40 protein, 103, 110 Central diabetes insipidus, 346 findings in meningitis, 180 Cherry hemangiomas, 492 CDKN2A gene, 225 Central/downward transtentorial Guillain-Barré syndrome, 542 “Cherry red” epiglottis, 142 CEA tumor marker, 398 herniation, 547 hydrocephalus, 540 Cherry-red spot (macula), 557 colorectal cancer, 397 Central nervous system multiple sclerosis, 541 lysosomal storage disease, 88 Cefazolin, 189, 196 origins of, 504 neurodegenerative disorders, 538, Chest pain mechanism and use, 189 Central nervous system (CNS) 539 panic disorder, 586 Cefepime anesthetic principles for, 570 poliomyelitis, 549 pneumothorax, 706 mechanism and use, 189 antiarrhythmic adverse effects, 331 Cerebrovascular disease Chest wall Cefotaxime, 189 antiarrhythmic effects on, 330 diabetes mellitus, 354 elastic properties, 689 Cefotetan cancer epidemiology, 223 Certolizumab, 502 in restrictictive lungs disease, 699 mechanism and use, 188 depression, 566 Cervical cancer Chest X-rays Cefoxitin naming conventions for, 256 epidemiology of, 667 aortic dissections on, 311 mechanism and use, 189 nitrosoureas effect on, 451 hydronephrosis with, 623 balloon heart on, 318 Cefpodoxime posterior fossa malformations, 506 oncogenic microbes and, 227 eggshell calcification, 701 mechanism and use, 188 shock from injury, 320 Cervical pathology notched ribs on, 307 Ceftaroline Central nervous system stimulants, 596 dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, widened mediastinum on, 137 mechanism and use, 189 Central pontine myelinolysis, 542 669 Cheyne-Stokes respirations, 703 MRSA, 198 Central post-stroke pain syndrome, invasive carcinoma, 669 sleep apnea, 703 533 Cervical rib, 458 Chiari malformations (I and II), 506 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 785 11/12/20 9:35 AM 786 INDEX INDEX

Chickenpox Chocolate agar Chromium carcinogenicity, 226 Cilastatin rash, 183 Haemophilus influenzae, 126, 142 Chromogranin, 227, 709 imipenem and, 190 VZV, 165 Cholangiocarcinoma, 407 tumor identification, 228 seizures with, 254 Chief cells (parathyroid), 340 Cholangiocarcinomas Chromones for asthma, 712 Ciliary ganglia, 558 Chief cells (stomach), 382 Clonorchis sinensis, 160 Chromosom abnormalities Cilia structure, 49 Chikungunya virus oncogenic microbes and, 227 Familial adenomatous polyposis, 64 Ciliated cells, 686 characteristics, 170 Cholangitis, 378, 392, 406 Chromosomal translocations Cilostazol, 447 Child abuse Cholecalciferol, 70 leukemias and lymphomas, 444 Cilostazola, 249 osteogenesis imperfecta and, 51 Cholecystectomy, 406, 407 chromosome 3p, 543 Cimetidine types, signs and epidemiology, 579 Cholecystitis, 406 Chromosome abnormalities cytochrome P-450 and, 255 Childbirth Cholecystokinin (CCK) gene associations with, 64 histamine blockers, 409 brachial plexus injury in, 458 source and action of, 381 hemochromatosis, 405 Cinacalcet death with preterm, 279 Choledocholithiasis, 406 hydatidform mole, 666 mechanism, use, and adverse Graves disease and, 350 Cholelithiasis, 406 karyotyping for, 55 effects, 365 low birth weight, 658 acute pancreatitis, 405 nephroblastoma, 629 Cinchonism oxytocin and uterine contractions, Crohn disease, 406 nondisjunction (meiosis), 63 antiarrhythmic causing, 330 336, 659 octreotide and, 410 omphaloceles, 368 neurologic drug reaction, 254 peripartum mood disturbances, 585 related pathologies, 406 polyposis syndrome, 397 Cingulate gyrus progesterone levels after, 654 Cholera toxin renal cell carcinoma, 628 limbic system, 514 Sheehan syndrome after, 347 lysogenic phage infection, 130 Chromosome disorders Cingulate (subfalcine) herniation, 547 stress incontinence and, 623 mechanism, 132 sex chromosomes, 661 Ciprofloxacin Childhood diseases/disorders Cholestasis serum markers, 400 Chronic bronchitis, 698 cytochrome P-450 and, 255 behavioral, 580 Cholesteatoma, 552 Chronic disease, anemia of, 431 fluoroquinolones, 195 common fractures, 474 Cholesterol Chronic gastritis for Crohn disease, 392 hip dysplasia, 473 atherosclerosis, 310 causes of, 389 meningococci, 142 leukocoria, 557 cholelithiasis and, 406 Chronic granulomatous disease prophylaxis, 198 musculoskeletal conditions, 473 in bile, 384 (CGD) Circadian rhythm pathogens and findings in lipid-lowering agents, 328 immunodeficiencies, 117 hypothalamic control, 513 unvaccinated, 186 synthesis of, 48, 74 recombinant cytokines for, 121 sleep physiology, 512 primary brain tumors, 546 Cholesteryl ester transfer protein, 93 respiratory burst in, 109 Circle of Willis, 519 Childhood/early -onset behavior Cholestyramine, 328 Chronic inflammation, 217 saccular aneurysms, 534 disorders, 580 Cholinergic agonists Chronic ischemic heart disease, 312 Circulatory system Child neglect, 579 naming conventions for, 257 Chronic kidney disease fetal, 291 Children Cholinergic effects erythropoietin in, 613 Circumoral pallor causes of death, 279 cardiac glycosides, 329 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia group A streptococcal pharyngitis, Chi-square (χ²) test, 269 Cholinesterase inhibitors (CLL), 442 136 Chlamydia spp, 148, 184 diarrhea with, 252 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small Cirrhosis macrolides, 193 neuromuscular blockade reversal, lymphocytic, 442 gynecomastia, 673 pneumonia, 707 571 Chronic mesenteric ischemia, 396 hyperbilirubinemia in, 403 sexucally transmitted infection, Cholinomimetic agents, 243 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, portal hypertension and, 399 184 glaucoma therapy, 573 116 Cisplatin, 451 stains for, 125 Chondrocalcinosis, 479 Chronic myelogenous leukemia targets of, 452 tetracyclines, 192 Chondrocytes (CML), 418, 442 toxicities of, 254 Chlamydia trachomatis achondroplasia, 474 busulfan for, 451 Citalopram, 599 eosinophilia, 149 bone formation, 468 chromosomal translocations and, c-KIT gene, 225 pelvic inflammatory disease, 149 osteoarthritis, 478 444 CK-MB pneumonia, 179 Chondroma, 476 oncogenes and, 225 cardiac biomarker, 312 prostatitis, 678 Chondrosarcoma Chronic myeloproliferative disorders chronic ischemic heart disease, 312 serotypes, 149 epidemiology and characteristics, RBCs/WBCs/platelets in, 442, 443 MI diagnosis, 314 urinary tract infections, 624 477 Chronic obstructive pulmonary Cladribine, 450 Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 148 Chordae rupture, 300 disease (COPD) for hairy cell leukemia, 442 pneumonia, 179 Chorea albuterol for, 231 mechanism and clinical use, 450 Chlamydophila psittaci brain lesions, 528 Chronic pancreatitis, 407 clarithromycin, 193 atypical pneumonia, 148 Huntington disease, 537 pancreatic insufficiency from, 391 Clarithromycin transmission, 149 movement disorders, 537 Chronic pyelonephritis, 624 Helicobacter pylori, 146 Chloramphenicol Choriocarcinoma, 666, 677 Chronic renal failure, 626 macrolides, 193 aplastic anemia and, 253 hCG in, 658 hyperphosphatemia with, 352 Clasp knife spasticity, 547 gray baby syndrome, 253 metasis of, 224 Chronic respiratory diseases Class IA antiarrhythmics, 330 mechanism and clinical use, 192 methotrexate for, 450 death in children, 279 Class IB antiarrhythmics, 330 protein synthesis inhibition, 191 testicular, 677 pneumoconioses, 699 Classical conditioning, 576 Chlordiazepoxide, 566 theca-lutein cysts and, 670 with chronic inflammatory Class IC antiarrhythmics, 330 alcohol withdrawal, 596 Chorionic villi diseases, 707 Classic galactosemia, 80 Chlorhexidine for sterilization/ hydatidiform moles, 666 Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary Class II antiarrhythmics, 331 disinfection, 204 placenta, 640 hypertension, 703 Class III antiarrhythmics, 331 Chloride channels Chorioretinitis Chronic transplant rejection, 119, Class IV antiarrhythmics, 332 cystic fibrosis, 60 congenital toxoplasmosis, 182 120 Class switching Chlorine for disinfection/sterilization, Toxoplasmi gondii, 156 Chvostek sign, 615 B cells, 103 204 Choristomas, 221 hypocalcemia, 615 thymus-dependent antigens, 105 Chloroprocaine, 571 Choroid layer (ophthalmology) hypoparathyroidism, 352 Clathrin, 47 Chloroquine, 157 inflammation, 553 Chylomicrons, 94 Claudication malaria, 157 Choroid plexus (CNS), 520 lipoprotein lipase in, 93 atherosclerosis, 310 mechanism and clinical use, 200 Christmas tree distribution, 496 Chylothorax, 705 Buerger disease, 484 Chlorpheniramine, 710 Chromaffin cells Chymotrypsin, 383 giant cell arteritis, 484 Chlorpromazine, 597 pheochromocytomas, 359 Cidofovir Clavicle fractures, 470 Chlorpropamide, 363 Chromatin structure, 34 mechanism and clinical use, 202 Clavulanate Chlorthalidone, 632 Chromatolysis, 510 Ciguatoxin, 250 Haemophilus influenzae, 142 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 786 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 787

Clavulanic acid, 189 Clubbing (digital), 699 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, Colorectal cancer (CRC) Clawing (hand), 460 cystic fibrosis, 60 76 adenomatous polyposis progression, Klumpke palsy, 458 Eisenmenger syndrome, 307 thiamine, 66 397 Clearance (CL) of drugs, 233 paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 vitamin K, 69 diagnosis, presentation and risks, Clear cell adenocarcinoma, 668 pathophysiology, 704 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 398 DES and, 680 Club cells, 685 580 molecular pathogenesis of, 399 Cleavage in collagen synthesis, 50 Clue cells ADHD, 580 Colovesical fistulas, 393 Cleft lip and palate bacterial vaginosis, 148, 181 anxiety disorders, 586 Coma development, 645 Cluster A personality disorders bipolar disorder, 584 hepatic encephalopathy, 400 neural tube defects, 505 characteristics of, 588 body dysmorphic disorder, 586 herniation syndromes, 547 Patau syndrome, 63 paranoid, 588 goals of, 596 hyponatremia, 615 Pierre Robin sequence, 644 schizoid, 588 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 586 Toxocara canis, 159 Clevidipine, 326 schizotypal, 588 panic disorder, 586 Trypanosoma brucei, 156 for hypertensive emergency, 326 Cluster B personality disorders phobias, 586 rabies, 171 Clindamycin antisocial, 588 postpartum depression, 585 thyroid storm, 350 bacterial vaginosis, 148 borderline, 588 Cohort study, 260 Combined contraception, 681 Clostridium difficile and, 138 histrionic, 588 Coin lesion (X-ray) Comedones, 491 mechanism and use, 192 narcissistic, 588 x-ray signs, 709 Commaless genetic code, 37 metronidazole vs, 192 Cluster C personality disorders Cola-colored urine, 620 Comma-shaped rods, 145 protein synthesis inhibition, 191 avoidant, 589 Colchicine, 55 Common bile duct, 371, 378 pseudomembranous colitis with, dependent, 589 agranulocytosis, 253 Common brain lesions 252 obsessive-compulsive, 589 calcium pyrophosphate deposition area and consequences of, 528 Clinical reflexes/nerve roots, 527 Cluster headaches disease, 479 Common cold, 167 Clinical vignette strategies, 23 characteristics and treatment, 536 diarrhea with, 252 Common (fibular) peroneal, 462 “Clock-face” chromatin, 419 tryptans, 567 gout, 501 Common peroneal nerve, 462 Clock-face chromatin, 440 c-MYC gene, 225 microtubules and, 48 Common statistical tests, 269 Clofazimine CN III IV VI palsies, 561 myopathy with, 253 Common vaginal infections, 181 Mycobacterium leprae, 141 CNS lymphomas “Cold enrichment”, 139 Common variable immunodeficiency Clomiphene HIV-positive adults, 177 Colectomy (CVID), 116 estrogen receptor modulators, 680 oncogenic microbes and, 227 adenomatous polyposis, 397 Communicating hydrocephalus, 540 hot flashes with, 252 Coagulation disorders, 435 inflammatory bowel disease, 392 Communicating with patients with Clomipramine, 599 defect in Chédiak-Higashi Colesevelam, 328 disabilities, 275 Clonidine, 246 syndrome, 117 Colestipol, 328 Communication with patient, 272 Cloning methods (laboratory Colistin hemophilia, 435 Compartment syndrome, 472 technique), 54 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 Competitive antagonist, 237 mixed platelet/coagulation, 437 Clonorchis sinensis polymyxin E, 193 Competitive inhibitors, 232 vitamin K and, 435 cholangiocarcinoma, 227 Colitis Complement Coagulation pathways, 422 diseases and treatment, 160 Clostridium difficile, 138 activation and function, 106 Coagulative necrosis, 209 Clopidogrel oral vancomycin, 190 eculizumab, 122 MI, 313 acute coronary syndromes, 317 pseudomembranous, 179, 188 endotoxin activation, 133 Coagulopathy for ischemic stroke, 529 Collagen, 50 immunodeficiency infections, 118 postpartum hemorrhage, 665 mechanism and clinical use, 447 decreased/faulty production, 50 innate immunity, 99 uterine bleeding with, 657 thrombogenesis and, 421 epithelial cell junctions and, 488 transplant rejection, 120 Closed-angle glaucoma, 555 Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, 701 osteoblast secretion of, 469 Complementation (viral), 162 pilocarpine for, 243 CoA production, 74 polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and, 57 Complement disorders, 107 Clostridium botulinum, 138 vitamin B5 and, 67 scar formation, 219 Complement protein C5 food poisoning, 178 Coarctation of aorta, 307, 308 synthesis and structure, 50 immunotherapy target, 122 therapeutic uses, 138 Cobalamin, 69 types of, 50 Complement protein deficiencies, toxin production, 132 Cocaine vitamin C in synthesis, 69 107 Clostridium difficile overdose/intoxication treatment, wound healing, 217 Complement regulatory protein antibiotic use, 185 595 Collecting tubules deficiencies, 107 infection risk with proton pump teratogenicity of, 638 potassium-sparing diuretics and, 632 Complete (third-degree) AV block, inhibitors, 409 Cocci bacteria Colles fracture, 474 316 metronidazole, 195 antibiotic tests, 134 Colon Complex partial seizures, 535 nosocomial infection, 185 Coccidioides spp histology of, 372 Complex renal cysts vs simple cysts, PPI association, 138 stain for, 125 ischemia in, 210 627 proton pump inhibitor use, 409 treatment, 199 Colon cancer, 398 Compliance (lung and chest wall), toxins and effects of, 138 Coccidioidomycosis, 151 adenomatous polyposis and, 397 689 vancomycin, 190 erythema nodosum and, 496 5-Fluorouracil, 450 Comprehensive Basic Science watery diarrhea, 179 Cochlea incidence/mortality in, 223 Examination (CBSE), 11 Clostridium spp, 138 inner ear, 551 Staphylococcus gallolyticus and, Comprehensive Basic Science Self- anaerobic organism, 127 presbycusis, 551 137 Assessment (CBSSA), 11 exotoxins, 138 Codeine, 572 Lynch syndrome, 39 Computer-Based Test (CBT) Clostridium perfringens, 138 Codominance, 56 oncogenes and, 225 environment of, 3–4 clindamycin, 192 Codons S bovis endocarditis, 137 exam schedule for, 7–8 exotoxin production, 133 amino acid specification by, 37 serrated polyps and, 397 structure of, 3 food poisoning, 178 genetic code features, 37 tumor suppressor genes and, 225 COMT inhibitors, 569 toxins produced, 138 start and stop, 44 Colonic ischemia, 373, 396 Conduct disorder, 580 watery diarrhea, 179 Cofactors, 66 Colonic polyps, 397 Conducting zone (respiratory tree), Clostridium tetani, 138 biotin, 66, 69 histologic types and characteristics, 686 toxin production, 132 cobalamin, 67 397 Conduction aphasia, 534 Clotrimazole, 199 copper, 51 non-neoplastic, 397 Conductive hearing loss, 552 Clotting factors, 71 Menkes disease, 51 Colony stimulating factor Condyloma acuminatum Clozapine, 597 pantothenic acid, 67 clinical use, 121 HPV and, 491 agranulocytosis with, 253 phenylketonuria, 84 Colorado tick fever, 167 Condylomata acuminata pyridoxine, 67 Color blindness, 197 sexual transmission, 184 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 787 11/12/20 9:35 AM 788 INDEX INDEX

Condylomata lata Consensual light reflex, 558 Cor pulmonale Coxiella burnetii syphilis, 147, 184 Consent heart failure, 319 animal transmission, 149 Confidence intervals, 269 healthcare proxy, 277 pneumoconioses, 701 Q fever, 149 Confidentiality, 270 informed, 271 pulmonary hypertension, 702 Coxsackievirus behavioral science ethics, 270 Consolidation (lung) Corpus cavernosum acute pericarditis, 323 exceptions to, 273 lobar pneumonia, 707 lymphatic drainage of, 648 picornavirus, 183 in abuse, 273 physical findings, 704 Corpus luteum presentation, 168 Confluence of the sinuses, 520 Constipation hCG and, 658 rashes of childhood, 183 Confounding bias, 266 anal fissures, 376 progesterone production, 654 C-peptide Congenital adrenal hyperplasias, 343 calcium channel blockers, 326 Corrected reticulocyte count, 427 insulin and, 342 Congenital heart diseases, 306 Hirschsprung disease, 394 Correlation coefficient (r), 270 with insulinomas, 361 atrial septal defect (ASD), 307 irritable bowel syndrome, 394 Cortical signs, 532 CpG island methylator phenotype coarctation of the aorta, 307 laxative treatments, 411 Corticopapillary osmotic gradient, (CIMP), 397 defect associations, 308 loperamide, 410 612 Crackles (physical findings), 704 D-transposition of great vessels, ondansetron, 410 Corticosteroid-binding globulin, 344 Cranial nerve palsies 306 ranolazine, 327 Corticosteroids CN III, 561 Ebstein anomaly, 306 vincristine, 451 avascular necrosis of bone, 475 CN III, IV, VI, 561 Eisenmenger syndrome, 307 Constrictive pericarditis cataracts, 554 CN IV, 561 patent ductus arteriosus, 307 jugular venous pulse in, 296 Crohn disease, 392 CN VI, 561 persistent truncus arteriosus, 306 Contact dermatitis Cushing syndrome, 356 osteopetrosis, 475 phenylketonuria, 84 Type IV hypersensitivity, 113 giant cell arteritis, 484 Cranial nerve reflexes pulmonary arterial hypertension, Continuous heart murmurs, 300 hyperglycemia with, 252 afferent/efferents for, 523 703 Contraception lymphopenia, 433 Cranial nerves right-to-left shunts, 306 methods for, 681 lymphopenia with, 433 common lesions, 550 rubella, 182 parental consent for minors and, microscopic polyangiitis, 485 function and type, 523 Tetralogy of Fallot, 306 272 osteoporosis with, 253 location of nuclei, 521 total anomalous pulmonary venous progestins for, 681 pancreatitis with, 252 pharyngeal arch derivation, 644 return, 306 Contractility, 293 polymyalgia rheumatica treatment, reflexes of, 521 tricuspid atresia, 306 Contraction alkalosis, 632 483 ventral brain stem view, 520 ventricular septal defect, 307 Conversion disorder, 589 Takayasu arteritis, 484 Craniopharyngioma, 637 Congenital hypothyroidism, 349 Coombs test, 420, 433 thyroid storm, 350 description and histology, 546 Congenital long QT syndrome, 315 Cooperative kinetics, 232 Corticotropin-releasing hormone hypopituitarism with, 347 Congenital lung malformations, 684 COPD (chronic obstructive (CRH) Craniotabes, 475 Congenital malformation mortality, pulmonary disease) cortisol regulation, 344 C-reactive protein (CRP), 214 279 organisms causing pneumonia, function of, 336 Creatine kinase, 203 Congenital megacolon, 394 179 signaling pathways of, 345 Creatinine Congenital nevus, 489 COPI/COPII proteins, 47 Cortisol ACE inhibitor effects, 633 Congenital penile abnormalities, 647 Copper in Cushing syndrome, 356 clearance of, 606 Congenital rubella deficiency, 429 signaling pathways for, 345 Creatinine clearance cardiac defect associations, 308 toxicity, 251 source, function, and regulation, glomerular filtration rate and, 606 heart murmur, 300 Copper intrauterine device, 681 344 Cremasteric reflex, 462, 527 presentation of, 169 Copper metabolism Corynabacterium diphtheriae, 186 Crepitus Congenital solitary functioning Wilson disease, 405 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 139 esophageal perforation, 387 kidney, 603 Coprolalia, 580 culture requirements, 126 necrotizing fasciitis, 493 Congenital syphilis, 147 Cord factor, 140 culture requirements for, 126 soft tissue, 138 Congestion (respiratory) Cori disease, 87 exotoxin effects, 139 Crescentic glomerulonephritis, 620 with lobar pneumonia, 707 “Corkscrew” esophagus, 387 exotoxin production, 132 CREST syndrome Congo red stain Corkscrew fibers, 546 Costovertebral angle tenderness, 624 autoantibody, 115 amyloid deposits, 213 “Corkscrew” hair, 69 acute interstitial nephritis, 625 Raynaud syndrome and, 486 medullary carcinoma, thyroid, 351 Cornea kidney stones, 622 sclerodermal esophageal Conivaptan, 364 astigmatism, 553 urinary catheterization, 185 dysmotility, 387 SIADH, 364 collagen in, 50 urinary tract infections, 181 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Conjugated (direct) Corneal arcus Cough myoclonus with, 537 hyperbilirubinemia, 403 familial hypercholesterolemia, 94 ACE inhibitors, 254 prion disease, 178 Conjugate vaccines, 127 hyperlipidemia, 309 chronic bronchitis, 698 symptoms and histologic findings, Conjugation (bacterial genetics), 130 Corneal reflex, 523 from ACE inhibitors, 633 539 Conjunctival suffusion/injection Corneal squamous metaplasia, 66 gastroesophageal reflux disease, “Crew cut” (skull X-ray), 432 eye disorders, 147 Corneal vascularization, 67 387 Cricothyroid muscle, 644 Conjunctivitis, 148 Coronary arteries hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 699 Cri-du-chat syndrome, 64 causes of, 553 atherosclerosis in, 310 lung cancer, 709 Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 404 chlamydia, 184 Coronary artery disease nonproductive, 140 hyperbilirubinemia in, 403 gonococcal prophylaxis, 198 atrial fibrillation and, 316 staccato, 149 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Haemophilus influenzae, 142 diabetes mellitus and, 354 whooping, 132, 143 167 Loa loa, 159 hormonal contraception with, 681 Cough reflex, 523 CRISPR/Cas9, 53 reactive arthritis, 481 sudden cardiac death, 312 Councilman bodies Crohn disease rubeola, 170, 183 Coronary blood supply, 292 yellow fever, 171 azathioprine, 120 Zika virus, 172 Coronary sinus Countertransference, 576 natalizumab, 122 Connective tissue anomalous pulmonary return, 306 Courvoisier sign, 378, 408 sulfasalazine for, 410 drug reactions, 253 development, 290 Covalent alterations, 45 therapeutic antibodies for, 122 tumor nomenclature, 221 Coronary steal syndrome, 312 COVID-19 ulcerative colitis comparison, 392 Connective tissue diseases Coronary vasospasm, 251 antiviral therapy, 201 vitamin B12 deficiency, 69 aortic dissection and, 310 triptans and, 567 characteristics, 172 Cromolyn, 712 aortic disssection, 311 Coronaviruses RNA viruses, 167 Cross-linking in collagen synthesis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, characteristics and medical Cowpox, 164 50 703 importance, 167 COX-2 gene Cross-sectional study, 260 thoracic aortic aneurysms and, 310 genomes of, 163 colorectal cancer and, 399 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 788 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 789

Croup, 169 patent ductus arteriosus, 307 Cytoplasm Debranching enzyme acute laryngotracheobronchitis, 170 tetralogy of Fallot, 306 cell cycle phase, 46 glycogen metabolism, 87 paramyxoviruses, 167, 169 Cyclin-CDK complexes, 46 cytoskeletal elements, 48 Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), pulsus paradoxus in, 320 Cyclin-dependent kinases, 46 glycolysis, 76 106 Crust (skin) Cyclobenzaprine, 572 metabolism in, 74 Deceleration injury, 311 basal cell carcinoma, 498 Cyclooxygenase Cytoplasmic ANCA (c-ANCA) Decerebrate (extensor) posturing, characteristics, 489 aspirin effect on, 421 autoantibody, 115 528 impetigo, 493 Cyclooxygenase inhibition Cytoplasmic membrane (bacteria), 124 Decidua basalis, 640 varicella zoster virus, 493 irreversible, 500 Cytoplasmic processing bodies Decision-making capacity, 271 Cryoprecipitate reversible, 499 (P-bodies), 41 surrogate for, 272 transfusion of, 438 selective, 500 Cytoskeletal elements, 48 Decorticate (flexor) posturing, 528 Cryptococcal meningitis, 199 Cyclophosphamide Cytotoxic T cells, 102 Decussation Cryptococcosis, 153 hemorrhagic cystitis with, 254 cell surface proteins, 110 in spinal tracts, 526 Cryptococcus spp mechanism, use and adverse MHC I and II, 100 Deep brachial artery, 465 in immunodeficiency, 118 effects, 451 Cytotrophoblast, 640 Deeper injury burn, 497 meningitis, 180 SIADH with, 252 Deep inguinal lymph nodes, 648 treatment, 199 transitional cell carcinoma and, 629 D Deep partial-thickness burn, 497 urease-positive, 127 Cyclopia, 505 Dabigatran, 446 Deep venous thrombosis, 695 Cryptococcus neoformans, 153 Cycloplegia reversal of, 447 direct factor Xa inhibitors for, 446 HIV-positive adults, 177 atropine, 244 Dabrafenib, 453 glucagonomas and, 361 stains for, 125 muscarinic antagonists for, 244 Dacrocytes tamoxifen/raloxifene and, 452 Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, Cyclosporine associated pathology, 424 Defense mechanisms 707 gingival hyperplasia, 253 Dactinomycin immature, 576 cryptorchidism, 675 gout, 253 RNA polymerase inhibition, 42 mature, 577 Cryptorchidism, 675 immunosuppression, 120 Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) Defensins, 99 Cryptosporidium spp, 155 Cyclothymic disorder, 584 mechanism and clinical use, 449 Deferasirox, 251 in HIV positive adults, 177 Cystathionine Dactylitis Deferiprone, 251 stains for, 125 vitamin B6 and, 67 seronegative spondyloarthritis, 481 Deferoxamine, 251 watery diarrhea, 179 Cystathionine synthase deficiency, 85 sickle cell anemia, 432 Deformation (morphogenesis), 637 Crypts of Lieberkühn, 372 Cyst disorders (renal), 627 Dalfopristin Degarelix, 680 C-section deliveries Cystic duct, 378 VRE, 198 Degenerate/redundant genetic code, neonatal flora, 178 Cysticercosis, 160 Danazol, 682 37 risk factors after, 664 Cystic fibrosis, 60 pseudotumor cerebri, 540 Degmacytes Culture requirements, 126 Aspergillus fumigatus, 153 “Dancing eyes dancing feet”, 229 associated pathology, 424 “Currant jelly” stools, 396 meconium ileus and, 396 Dandy-Walker malformation, 506 Dehydration acute mesenteric ischemia, 395 organisms causing pneumonia in, Dantrolene, 570 gout exacerbation, 479 intussusception, 395 179 malignant hyperthermia treatment, loop diuretics and, 631 Curschmann spirals, 698 pancreatic insufficiency, 391 570 osmotic laxatives, 411 Cushing disease, 356 vitamin deficiencies and, 65 mechanism and use, 572 salivary stones with, 386 Cushing-like symptoms, 201 Cystine Dapagliflozin, 363 shock, 320 Cushing reflex, 303, 517 kidney stones, 622 Dapsone Dehydrogenase, 73 Cushing syndrome, 229 Cystinuria, 85 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 253 Delavirdine anovulation with, 669 Cystitis Mycobacterium leprae, 196 HIV therapy, 203 corticosteroids, 120 acute bacterial, 624 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154 Delayed hemolytic transfusion eosinopenia, 433 Cytarabine Leprosy treatment, 141 reaction, 114 etiology and diagnosis, 356 mechanism and clinical use, 450 mechanism and use, 194 Delirium, 581 small cell lung cancer, 709 Cytochrome C, 208 Daptomycin barbiturate withdrawal, 594 Cushing ulcers Cytochrome P-450 mechanism and clinical use, 195 PCP, 595 gastritis, 389 azoles, 199 MRSA, 198 thyroid storm, 350 Cutaneous anthrax, 137 drug interactions with, 255 Darkfield microscopy Delirium tremens (DTs) Cutaneous flushing griseofulvin, 200 for Treponema, 146 alcohol withdrawal, 593 drug reaction and, 251 macrolides, 193 Darunavir Delivering bad news, 274 drugs causing, 251 phenobarbital effect on, 564 HIV therapy, 203 δ cells Cutaneous larva migrans, 158 rifamycins, 196 Dasatinib, 453 pancreatic tumors, 361 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 158 ritonavir, 203 Datura, 244 Delta virus Cutaneous mycoses, 152 Cytokeratin, 228, 702 Daunorubicin characteristics and medical Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes, Cytokines, 108 dilated cardiomyopathy, 251 significance, 167 229 acute, 108 DCC gene, 225 Deltoid muscle Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis, corticosteroids and, 120 D cells Erb palsy, 458 484 Graves disease and, 350 somatostatin production, 381 Delusional disorder, 583 Cutis aplasia rejection reactions, 119, 120 Deacetylation Delusions Patau syndrome, 63 Type IV hypersensitivity, 113 histones, 34 mesolimbic pathway, 514 CXCR4/CCR5 protein Cytokinesis, 46 Deafness types of, 582 presence on cells, 110 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Alport syndrome, 620 Demeclocycline, 364 viral receptor, 166 AIDS retinitis, 165 congenital long QT syndromes, 315 diabetes insipidus and, 252, 346 Cyanide toxicity cholecystitis and, 406 congenital syphilis, 147 Dementia blood oxygen in, 690 clinical significance, 165 rubella, 182 HIV-positive adults, 177 nitroprusside, 326 esophagitis, 387 syphilis, 182 metachromatic leukodystrophy, 88 oxygen deprivation, 693 HIV-positive adults, 177 Deamination neurodegenerative disorders, 538 treatment for, 251 immunodeficient patients, 117, 118 base excision repair, 39 prion disease, 178 vs carbon monoxide poisoning, 691 in HIV positive adults, 177 Death vitamin B3 deficiency, 67 Cyanosis pneumonia, 707 children explaining to, 277 Demyelinating/dysmyelinating “blue kids ”, 306 TORCH infection, 182 common causes by age, 279 disorders, 542 Eisenmenger syndrome, 307 transmission and clinical diabetes mellitus, 354 acute disseminated (postinfectious) esophageal atresia, 369 significance, 165 sudden cardiac death, 312 encephalomyelitis, 542 methemoglobinemia, 690 treatment, 202 thyroid storm, 350 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 542 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 789 11/12/20 9:35 AM 790 INDEX INDEX

Demyelinating (continued) Dermis, 487 Diaper rash Digestion lead poisoning (adult), 434 Descending colon, 370 Candida albicans, 153 bile functions in, 384 metachromatic leukodystrophy, 88 Descent of testes and ovaries, 648 nystatin, 199 carbohydrate absorption, 383 multiple sclerosis, 541 Desert bumps, 151 Diaphoresis, 313, 347 malabsorption syndromes, 391 osmotic demyelination syndrom, Desflurane, 570 in MI, 313 vitamin and mineral absorption, 384 542 Desipramine, 599 Diaphragmatic hernia, 380 Digestive tract progressive multifocal Desloratadine, 710 Diarrhea, 144, 328, 391, 409 anatomy, 372 leukoencephalopathy, 542 Desmin, 48 amebiasis, 155 basal electric rhythm, 372 vitamin B12 deficiency, 548 tumor identification, 228 as laxative adverse effect, 411 histology, 372 Dendritic cells, 418 Desmopressin, 364 B-complex deficiency, 65 Digital Clubbing, 704 IL-10, 108 central DI, 337 bismuth/sucralfate for, 409 Digoxin, 237 in innate/adaptive immunity, 418 DI treatment, 346 cholera toxin, 132 arrhythmias induced by, 330 innate immunity, 99 for hemophilia, 435 clindamycin, 192 contractility effects of, 294 T- and B-cell activation, 99 Desmosome, 488 drug reaction and, 252 for dilated cardiomyopathy, 318 Dengue virus, 167 Desquamation graft-versus-host disease, 119 mechanism and clinical use, 329 characteristics, 171 staphylococcal toxic shock HIV-positive adults, 177 sodium-potassium pump Denial, 576 syndrome, 135 Campylobacter jejuni, 145 inhibition, 49 Denosumab Desvenlafaxine, 599 Clostridium difficile, 138 toxicity treatment, 332 for osteoporosis, 474 Developmental delay Cryptosporidium, 155 Dihydroergotamine, 536 target and clinical use, 122 fetal alcohol syndrome, 639 inflammatory bowel diseases, 392 Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase De novo pyrimidine synthesis renal failure and, 626 irritable bowel syndrome, 393 leflunomide effects, 36 Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Dexamethasone Salmonella, 144 Dihydropyridine calcium channel in, 73 Cushing syndrome diagnosis, 356 Shigella, 144 blockers, 257 De novo synthesis Dexlansoprazole, 409 Vibrio cholerae, 146 Dihydropyridine receptor, 466 pyrimidine and purine, 36 Dexrazoxane, 449, 453 lactase deficiency, 81 Dihydrorhodamine (flow cytometry) Dense deposit disease, 620 Dextroamphetamine, 596 lactose intolerance, 391 test, 117 Dental plaque Dextrocardia, 288 leflunomide, 500 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) normal flora, 178 Dextromethorphan, 593, 711 loperamide for, 410 5α-reductase deficiency, 659 viridans streptococci, 128 DHT (dihydrotestosterone), 646 malabsorption syndromes, 391 function, 659 Dentate line, 376 Diabetes insipidus metoclopramide, 410 sexual determination, 646 Dentate nucleus, 515 lithium, 598 misoprostol, 409 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 318 Dentin lithium toxicity, 593 opioids for, 572 balloon heart in, 318 collagen in, 50 potassium-sparing diuretics for, 632 organisms causing, 179 doxorubicin, 449 osteogenesis imperfecta, 51 thiazides for, 632 rice-water, 132 drug reaction and, 251 Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 51 Diabetes insipidus (DI) rotavirus, 167 heart failure with, 319 Denys-Drash syndrome, 629 antidiuretic hormone in, 335 thyroid storm and, 348 hemochromatosis, 405 Dependent personality disorder, 589 drug reaction and, 252 VIPomas, 381 muscular dystrophy, 61 Depersonalization/derealization Diabetes mellitus viruses causing, 179 systolic dysfunction, 318 disorder, 581 atherosclerosis and, 310 vitamin C toxicity, 69 wet beriberi, 66 panic disorder, 586 hypoglycemia in, 356 watery, 132 with myocarditis, 323 Depolarizing neuromuscular manifestations and complications, Yersinia enterocolitica, 144 Diltiazem, 326 blocking drugs, 571 354 Diastole Dimenhydrinate, 710 Depressants Type 1 vs Type 2, 355 cardiac cycle, 296 Dimercaprol intoxication and withdrawal, 594 Diabetes mellitus therapy, 362 heart murmurs of, 300 for arsenic toxicity, 251 Depressants intoxication and decrease glucose absorption, 363 heart sounds of, 296 for lead poisoning, 251 withdrawal, 594 increase glucose-induced insulin Diastolic heart murmurs, 300 for mercury poisoning, 251 Depression secretion, 363 Diazepam, 566 Dinitrophenol, 78 atypical features in, 584 increase insulin secretion, 363 alcohol withdrawal, 596 DIP, 460 benzodiazepine withdrawal, 593, increase insulin sensitivity, 363 Diclofenac, 500 Diphenhydramine, 710 594 insulin preparations, 362 Dicloxacillin Diphenoxylate, 572 drug therapy, 595 Diabetes mellitus Type 1 mechanism and use, 188 Diphtheria electroconvulsive therapy, 584 autoantibody, 115 Dicyclomine, 244 exotoxins, 131, 132 metoclopramide, 410 HLA subtype, 100 Didanosine Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 139 neurotransmitter changes with, 510 localized amylidosis in, 213 pancreatitis, 252 vaccine for, 139 postpartum, 585 Diabetic glomerulonephropathy, 621 Diencephalon, 504 Diphtheria toxin seasonal pattern with, 584 Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Diethylcarbamazine immunity, 110 serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake ketone bodies, 90 antihelminthic, 200 Diphyllobothrium latum inhibitors (SNRIs) for, 599 signs, symptoms, and treatment, nematode infections, 159 disease and treatment, 160 SSRIs for, 599 355 Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 680 vitamin B12 deficiency, 69 De Quervain tenosynovitis, 472 Diabetic nephropathy Differential media, 126 Diplopia Dermatitis ACE inhibitors for, 633 Differentiation brain stem/cerebellar syndromes, B-complex deficiency, 65 Diabetic neuropathy, 599 of T cells, 102 541 Type IV hypersensitivity reaction, Diabetic retinopathy, 556 Diffuse axonal injury, 533 central vertigo, 552 113 Diagnosis errors, 281 Diffuse cortical necrosis, 626 drug toxicity, 564 vitamin B5 deficiency, 67 Diagnostic criteria, psychiatric Diffuse gastric cancer, 389 intracranial hypertension, 540 vitamin B7 deficiency, 67 panic disorder, 586 Diffuse glomerular disorders, 618 myasthenia gravis, 486 Dermatitis herpetiformis, 391 symptom duration and, 587 Diffuse proliferative osmotic demyelination syndrome, characteristics and treatment, 495 Diagnostic test evaluation glomerulonephritis 542 Dermatologic terms terminology and computations, (DPGN), 620 Dipyridamole macroscopic, 489–502 264 Diffuse scleroderma, 487 for coronary steal syndrome, 312 microscopic, 489 Diagnostic tests/maneuvers Diffuse stomach cancer, 389 mechanism and clinical use, 447 Dermatome landmarks, 527 wrist and hand injury, 470 Diffusion-limited gas exchange, 692 Dipyridamoleb, 249 Dermatomyositis/polymyositis, 483 Dialectical behavioral therapy, 588, DiGeorge syndrome, 352 Direct bilirubin, 385 autoantibody, 115 596 lymph node paracortex in, 96 Direct cholinomimetic agonists, 243 paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 Dialysis-related amyloidosis, 213 thymic aplasia, 116 Direct coagulation factor inhibitors Dermatophytes, 152 Diamond-Blackfan anemia, 430 thymic shadow in, 96, 98 mechanism and clinical use, 446 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 790 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 791

Direct (conjugated) Diverticulum, 393 “Down-and-out” eye”, 534 Drunken sailor gait, 528 hyperbilirubinemia, 403 Dizygotic (“fraternal”) twins, 641 Down syndrome, 62 Drusen, 556 Direct Coombs test, 420 Dizziness ALL and AML in, 442 Dry beriberi, 66 Type II hypersensitivity, 112 AChE inhibitors, 569 cardiac defect association, 307 Dry mouth Direct factor Xa inhibitors calcium channel blockers, 326 chromosome association, 64 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic reversal of, 447 dihydropyridine, 326 hCG in, 658 syndrome, 486 Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) nitrates, 326 Hirschsprung disease and, 394 Dry skin, 66 microscopy ranolazine, 326 Doxazosin, 247 D-transposition of great vessels, 306 for Treponema, 146 sacubitril, 327 Doxepin, 599 Dubin-Johnson syndrome, 404 Direct inguinal hernia, 380 vertigo and, 552 Doxorubicin hyperbilirubinemia in, 403 Direct light reflex, 558 DMD gene, 61 toxicities, 318 Duchenne muscular dystrophy Direct sympathomimetics, 245 DMPK gene, 61 Doxycycline, 198 inheritance, 61 Discolored teeth, 204 DNA, 210 chlamydiae, 127 Ductal adenocarcinomas, 378 Discounted fee-for-service, 277 cloning methods, 55 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 150 Ductal carcinoma in situ, 674 Disease prevention, 278 laddering in apoptosis, 208 lymphogranuloma venereum, 149 Ductal carcinomas (invasive), 674 Disease vectors methylation in, 34 rickettsial/vector-borne disease, 150 Ductus arteriosus, 289, 291 armadillos, 149 mutations in, 40 tetracyclines, 192 Ductus deferens, 645 birds, 149 plasmid transfer, 130 Doxylamine, 710 Ductus venosus, 291 dogs, 144, 145, 149 repair of, 39 DPP-4 inhibitors, 363 Duloxetine, 599 fleas, 150 DNA ligase Dressler syndrome, 313, 317, 323 Duodenal atresia, 369 flies, 144, 149 action of, 38 Drooling treatment, 244 Duodenal ulcer, 390 Aedes mosquitoes, 171 DNA polymerase “Drop metastases”, 546 hemorrhaage, 390 Anopheles mosquito, 157 action of, 38 “Drop” seizures, 535 Duodenum, 370 Ixodes ticks, 146 DNA polymerases Drug dosages, 233, 234 histology, 372 pigs, 145 action of, 38 calculations, 233 location, 368 rodents, 167 DNA repair, 39 geriatric patients, 234 Duplex collecting system, 603 ticks, 146, 150 double strand, 39 lethal median, 237 Dural venous sinuses, 519 Disinhibited behavior single strand, 39 median effective, 237 Dura mater, 511 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 528 DNA replication, 38 toxic dose, 237 Durvalumab, 452 Disinhibited social engagement, 579 DNA topoisomerases, 38 Drug-induced long QT Dwarfism Disopyramide, 287 DNA transcription torsades de pointes with, 315 achondroplasia, 474 Disorganized thought, 582 deacetylation, 34 Drug-induced lupus, 253 d-xylose test, 383, 391 Dispersion measures, 267 DNA viral genomes, 163 autoantibody, 115 Dynein Displacement, 576 DNA viruses isoniazid, 197 movement of, 48 Disruption (morphogenesis), 637 characteristics, 163 Drug interactions Dynein motors, 171 Disruptive mood dysregulation Herpesviruses, 164 additive type, 238 Dysarthria disorder, 580 Dobutamine, 245 antagonistic type, 238 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 548 Disseminated candidiasis, 153 Döhle bodies, 416 permissive type, 238 osmotic demyelination syndrome, Disseminated gonococcal infection, dominant, 437 potentiation type, 238 542 480 Dominant inheritance, 59 synergistic type, 238 Dysbetalipoproteinemia Disseminated intravascular Dominant negative mutations, 57 Drug interaction types, 238 familial dyslipidemiase, 94 coagulation (DIC), 437, 442 Donepezil, 243, 569 Drug name conventions, 256 Dysdiadochokinesis, 515 acute myelogenous leukemia, 442 Do not resuscitate (DNR) order, 272 second generation histamine Dysentery Ebola, 171 Dopamine, 599 blockers, 710 Entamoeba histolytica, 179 endotoxins, 131 basal ganglia, 516 Drug overdoses Escherichia coli, 145 meningococci, 142 changes with disease, 510 of weak acids, 235 Shigella spp, 132, 144, 179 microangiopathic anemia, 433 function of, 336 of weak bases, 235 Dysfunctional uterine bleeding, 657 Dissociative amnesia, 581 Huntington disease, 538 Drug reactions Dysgerminoma, 670, 671 Dissociative disorders, 576, 581 kidney functions and, 613 cardiovascular, 251 Dysgeusia, 71 identity disorder, 581 L-DOPA, 568 endocrine/reproductive, 251 Dyskeratosis Distal esophageal spasm, 387 PCT secretion of, 613 gastrointestinal, 252 characteristics, 489 Distal humerus, 465 pheochromocytoma secretion, 359 hematologic, 252, 253 Dyskinesia Distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA sympathomimetic effects, 245 multiorgan, 254 tardive, 254 type 1), 617 vitamin B6 and, 67 musculoskeletal, 253 Dyslipidemia Distributive shock, 320 Dopamine agonists neurologic, 254 vitamin B3 effects, 67 Disulfiram acromegaly treatment, 347 renal/genitourinary, 254 Dyslipidemias alcoholism treatment, 595 Parkinson disease therapy, 568 respiratory, 254 familial, 94 disulfiram-like reaction, 254 Dopaminergic pathways Drug reaction with eosinophilia Dysmenorrhea Disulfiram-like reaction symptoms of altered activity, 514 and systemic symptoms copper IUD, 681 griseofulvin, 200 Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DRESS), 253 primary, 670 metronidazole, 195 vitamin C and, 69 Drug-related myocarditis, 323 Dysmetria Diuresis Dornase alfa (DNAse), 60 Drug resistance central vertigo, 552 atrial natriuretic peptide, 303 Dorsal columns (spinal cord), 513 plasmids in, 131 with strokes, 532 for shock, 320 thalamic relay for, 513 Drugs, 233, 234 Dyspareunia, 590 Diuretics Dorsal column tract, 526 cholinomimetic agents, 243 Dysphagia dilated cardiomyopathy, 318 Dorsal interossei muscle, 460 dilated cardiomyopathies and, 318 achalasia, 386 electrolyte changes, 632 Dorsal midbrain efficacy vs potency, 236 esophageal pathologies and, 387 for SIADH, 346 lesion effects, 528 patient difficulty with, 276 osmotic demyelination syndrome, glaucoma therapy, 573 Dorsal motor nucleus phase I metabolism, 234 542 hypertension treatment, 324 function and cranial nerves, 521 reactions to, 251 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 428 pancreatitis, 252 Dorsal optic radiation, 562 therapeutic index, 237 stroke effects, 533 Diuretic sites of action, 630 Dorsiflexion toxicities and treatments, 251 Zenker diverticulum, 394 Diverticula (GI tract), 393 common peroneal nerve injury, 462 urine pH and, 235 Dysplasia, 206 Diverticulitis, 393 Double duct sign, 378 Drug safety bronchopulmonary, 210 Diverticulosis, 393 Double stranded viruses, 163 therapeutic index measurement, 237 cervical, 669 GI bleeding association, 390 Double Y males, 661 Drug trial phases, 261 neoplastic progression, 220 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 791 11/12/20 9:35 AM 792 INDEX INDEX

Dysplasia of hip, 473 Eczema Electrocardiograms (ECGs), 302 Emotional/social development Dysplastic kidney eczematous dermatitis, 489 acute pericarditis on, 323 neglect and deprivation effects, multicystic, 602 phenylketonuria, 84 cardiac tamponade on, 320 579 Dyspnea skin scales in, 489 hyperkalemia, 615 Empagliflozin, 363 heart failure, 319 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 117 low-voltage, 318, 320 Empathy, expression of, 274 left heart failure, 319 Edema MI diagnosis with, 314 Emphysema, 696, 698 pneumothorax, 706 acute poststreptococcal STEMI localization, 314 diffusion-limited gas exchange, 692 dystonia, 514 glomerulonephritis, 620 STEMI-NSTEMI comparison, panacinar, 403 Dystonia Arthus reaction, 113 312 α1-antitrypsin deficiency, 698 acute, 244 calcium channel blockers, 326 tracings of, 316 Empty/full can test, 456 antipsychotics/antiepileptics, 593 capillary fluid exchange and, 305 Electroconvulsive therapy Empty sella syndrome, 347 benztropine for, 244 danazol, 682 adverse effects, 585 Emtricitabine, 203 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 fludrocortisone, 364 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Enalapril, 633 movement disorders, 537 heart failure and, 319 adverse effects, 584 Encapsulated, 118 treatment of, 244 immunosuppressants, 120 MDD with psychotic features, 584 Encapsulated bacteria, 127 Dystrophic calcification Trichinella spiralis, 159 postpartum psychosis, 584, 585 infections with immunodeficiency, characteristics of, 212 Kawasaki disease and, 484 Electroencephalogram (EEG) 118 Dystrophin (DMD) gene, 61 kwashiorkor, 71 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 539 Encapsulated bacteria vaccines, 127 Dysuria loop diuretics for, 631 sleep stages, 512 Encephalitis cystitis, 181 periorbital, 159 Electrolytes anti-NMDA receptor, 229 prostatitis, 678 peripheral, 319 diuretic effects on, 632 guanosine analogs, 202 urinary catheterization, 185 pitting, 319 high/low serum concentrations herpesviruses, 164, 180 urinary tract infections, 624 pseudoephedrine/phenylephrine, of, 615 HSV identification, 166 711 Electron acceptors (universal), 75 Cryptococcus neoformans, 153 E trichinosis, 159 Electron transport chain Lassa fever, 167 Ear vasogenic, 511 inhibitors of, 78 measles virus, 170 pharyngeal pouch derivation, 644 wet beriberi, 66 oxidative phosphorylation, 78 neonatal, 182 Early complement deficiencies (C1- with hyperaldosteronism, 358 Electrophoresis Encephalomyelitis C4), 107 Edinger-Westphal nuclei, 558 hemoglobin, 420 paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 Early fetal development timeline, 636 Edoxaban, 446 Elek test, 139 Encephalopathy Eating disorders Edrophonium, 243 Elementary bodies (chlamydiae), 148 hepatic, 375, 400 anorexia nervosa, 590 Edwards syndrome, 63 Elephantiasis, 159 hypertensive emergency, 308 anovulation and, 669 chromosome association, 64 11β-hydroxylase, 343 lead poisoning, 429 binge-eating disorder, 590 efavirenz, 203 11-deoxycorticosterone, 343 Lyme disease, 146 characteristics and types of, 590 Effective refractory period Elfin facies, 64 prion disease, 178 pica, 590 Class I antiarrhythmic effect, 330 Elliptocytes Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, Eaton agar, 126 Class IC antiarrhythmic effect, associated pathology, 424 543 Ebola virus 330 Elongation Factor Encorafenib, 453 characteristics, 171 Effective renal plasma flow, 606 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 139 Endemic typhus, 149 filoviruses, 167 Efficacy vs potency of drugs, 236 Elvitegravir, 203 Endocannabinoids Ebstein anomaly, 306 EGFR gene, 709 Emancipated minors, 272 appetite regulation, 344 E-cadherin, 220 “Eggshell” calcification, 701 EMB agar, 126 Endocardial cushion, 288 tissue invasion in cancer, 222 Eggshell calcification, 483 Escherichia coli, 126 Endocardial fibroelastosis, 318 Echinocandins Ego defenses lactose-fermenting enterics, 144 Endocarditis mechanism and clinical use, 200 immature defenses, 576–600 Emboli bacterial, 321 opportunistic fungal infections, 153 mature, 577 atherosclerosis, 310 coarctation of aorta, 307 Echinococcus granulosus Ego-dystonic behavior, 586 atrial fibrillation, 316 culture-negative, 150 disease association and treatment, Egophony, 704 atrial septal defect, 307 daptomycin, 195 160 Ego-syntonic behavior, 588 paradoxical, 307 enterococci, 137 Echinocytes Ehlers-Danlos syndrome pulmonary, 321 heart murmurs, 300 associated pathology, 424 aneurysm association with, 534 Embolic stroke, 529 heroin addiction and, 600 Echothiophate, 573 collagen in, 51 Emboliform nucleus, 513, 515 Candida albicans, 153 Echovirus heart murmur with, 300 Embryogenesis Coxiella burnetii, 149 picornavirus, 123 Ehrlichia spp gene location and function, 636 Staphylococcus aureus, 135 Eclampsia, 308, 667 animal transmission, 149 intrinsic pathway and, 208 Streptococcus bovis, 137 Ecological study, 260 Gram stain, 125 Embryology Löffler, 318 Ecthyma gangrenosum, 143 Ehrlichia chaffeensis, 149 development, 636 native valve etiology, 321 Pseudomonas spp, 143 rickettsial/vector-borne, 150 erythropoiesis, 414 nonbacterial, 482 Ectocervix Ehrlichiosis hematology/oncology, 414 nonbacterial thrombotic, 229 epithelial histology, 650 transmission, 150 neurological, 503 prophylaxis, 198 Ectoderm Eisenmenger syndrome, 307 pancreas and spleen, 370 Endocervix derivatives, 637 Ejaculation renal, 602 epithelial histology, 650 pharyngeal (branchial) clefts, 643 innervation of, 651 reproductive, 636 Endochondral ossification, 468 Ectoparasites, 161 sperm pathyway, 650 respiratory, 684 Endocrine pancreas cell types, 335 infections, 161 Ejaculatory ducts Embryonal carcinoma, 677 Endocrine/reproductive drug Ectopic pregnancy, 665 embryology of, 645 Emicizumab reactions, 252 hCG in, 657 Ejection fraction target and clinical use, 122 Endocrine system Chlamydia trachomatis, 149 equation for, 294 Emission anatomy, 335 Kartagener syndrome, 49 Elastase, 383 innervation of, 651 embryology, 334 methotrexate for, 450 activity in emphysema, 698 Emission—, 651 hormones acting on kidney, 614 salpingitis and, 185 Elastic recoil, 689 Emollients pathology, 346 Eculizumab Elastin laxative, 411 pharmacology, 362 for paroxysmal nocturnal characteristics of, 52 Emotion physiology, 336 hemoglobinuria, 432 Elbow neural structures and, 514 steroid hormone signaling target and clinical use, 122 overuse injuries, 469 Emotional abuse (child), 579 pathways, 345 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 792 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 793

Endoderm Enteropathogenic, 145 pheochromocytoma secretion, 359 myeloproliferative disorders, 442 derivatives, 637, 643 Enterotoxigenic E col, 144 unopposed secretion of, 354 transfusion of, 438 pharyngeal (branchial) pouch Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vitamin B6 and, 67 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate derivation, 643 (ETEC), 132, 179 Epiphysis (ESR), 215 Endodermal sinus tumor, 671, 677 Enterotoxins, 131 slipped capital femoral, 473, 475 fibrinogen and, 214 Endometrial carcinoma, 672 Vibrio cholerae, 146 tumors in, 475 subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, epidemiology of, 667 Enterovirus meningitis, 180 widening of, 475 349 estrogens and, 680 Enthesitis, 481 Episcleritis Erythrocytosis, 417 Endometrial hyperplasia, 672 Entorhinal cortex, 514 inflammatory bowel disease, 392 oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation follicular cysts, 669, 670 Enuresis Epispadias, 647 curve, 690 Endometrial polyps characteristics/treatment, 591 Epistaxis, 695 Erythrogenic exotoxin A, 133 uterine bleeding with, 657 sleep stages and, 512 hereditary hemorrhagic Erythrogenic toxin, 136 Endometriosis TCA use for, 599 telangiectasia, 324 Erythromelalgia, 443 characteristics and treatment, 672 env gene, 175 Epithelial cell junctions, 488 Erythromycin danazol for, 682 Envelopes (viral), 163 Epithelial cells macrolides, 193 Endometritis, 672 Enzyme kinetics tumor nomenclature of, 221 prophylaxis, 198 Endometrium partial agonists, 237 Epithelial histology (female), 650 protein synthesis inhibition, 191 abnormal uterine bleeding, 657 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Epithelial hyperplasia, 674 reactions to, 252 maintenance of, 656 assay, 54 Eplerenone, 632 Erythroplasia of Queyrat, 675 Endoplasmic reticulum, 47 Enzymes Epley maneuver, 552 Erythropoiesis, 703 rough, 47 lipid transport and, 92, 93 Epoetin alfa, 121, 453 fetal, 414 smooth, 47 rate-determining, 73 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 166 Erythropoietin Endosomes, 47 terminology for, 73 aplastic anemia, 431 anemia of chronic disease, 431 Endothelial cells Eosinopenia Burkitt lymphoma, 439 aplastic anemia, 431 in wound healing, 217 cell counts and causes, 433 hairy leukoplakia and, 493 clinicall use, 121 leukocyte extravasation and, 216 Eosinophilia head and neck cancer, 695 high altitude response, 694 Endothelin receptor antagonist drug reaction and, 253 HIV-positive adults, 177 in renal failure, 626 naming conventions for, 257 Aspergillus fumigatus, 153 Hodgkin lymphoma, 438 polycythemia and, 229 pulmonary hypertension treatment, Chlamydia trachomatis, 149 in HIV positive adults, 177 release of, 613 711 macrolides, 193 in immunodeficient patients, signaling pathways for, 345 Endothelium-derived relaxing factor Eosinophilic esophagitis, 387 118 with pheochromocytoma, 359 (EDRF), 345 Eosinophilic granuloma, 699 nasopharyngeal carcinomas, Eschar, 132 Endotoxins Eosinophilic granulomatosis 165 in cutaneous anthrax, 137 effects of, 133 autoantibody, 115 oncogenicity, 227 with mucormycosis, 153 features of, 131 Eosinophils, 418 paracortical hyperplasia in, 96 Escherichia coli, 145 Enflurane, 254, 570 corticosteroid effects, 433 Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4) cephalosporins, 189 mechanism and effects, 570 in esophagus, 387 transmission and clinical culture requirements, 126 seizures with, 254 Ependymal cells, 507 significance, 165 encapsulation, 127 Enfuvirtide, 203 Ependymoma, 546 Eptifibatide galactosemia, 80 Enhancer (gene expression), 41 Ephedrine, 245 antiplatelet activity, 447 lac operon, 40 Enoxacin, 195 Epicanthal folds mechanism and clinical use, 447 lactose fermentation, 144 Entacapone, 568 cri-du-chat syndrome, 64 thrombogenesis and, 421 meningitis, 181 Entamoeba histolytica Down syndrome, 63 Erb palsy neonatal illness, 181 amebiasis, 155 Epidemic typhus, 149 injury and deficits, 458 nosocomial infection, 182 bloody diarrhea, 179 Epidemiology Erectile dysfunction, 590 O157-H7, 178 metronidazole, 195 cancer, 223 Erection penicillins for, 188 Enteric nerves, 411 Epidemiology and biostatistics, autonomic innervation, 651 pneumonia, 181 Enteritis 259–281 ischemic priapism, 675 prostatitis, 678 vitamin B5 deficiency, 67 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) Ergocalciferol, 70 urinary tract infections, 624 vitamin B7 deficiency, 67 in wound healing, 217 Ergosterol synthesis inhibitors, 256 Escherichia coli serotype O157-H7 vitamin B12 deficiency, 69 Epidermis, 487 Ergot alkaloids food poisoning, 178 Enterobacter aerogenes, 189 embryologic derivatives, 637 coronary vasospasm, 251 Shiga toxin production, 179 Enterobacter spp Epidermophyton, 152 Erlotinib, 453 thrombotic microangiopathies nosocomial infection, 185 Epididymis Erosions (gastrointestinal), 372, 389 and, 436 Enterobius spp embryology of, 645 Errors (medical), 281 toxin production, 145 diseases association, 161 Epididymitis, 184, 678 Erysipelas, 493 Escitalopram, 599 infection routes, 158 Epididymitis and orchitis, 678 Streptococcus pyogenes, 136 E-selectin, 216 Enterobius vermicularis Epidural hematomas, 531 Streptococcus pyogenes, 493 Esmolol, 248 intestinal roundworms, 159 Epidural space, 511 Erythema Esomeprazole, 409 Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, 383 Epigastric pain complicated hernias, 380 Esophageal adenocarcinoma, 388 Enterococci, 137 chronic mesenteric ischemia, 396 in Lyme disease, 146 Esophageal atresia, 369 penicillins for, 188 Ménétrier disease, 389 Kawasaki disease, 484 Esophageal cancer vancomycin, 190 pancreatitis, 407 Erythema marginatum, 322 achalasia and, 386 vancomycin-resistant (VRE), 137 Epigastric veins, 375 Erythema migrans location and risk factors, 388 Enterococcus faecium, 137 Epiglottitis in Lyme disease, 146 Esophageal dysmotility Enterococcus spp Haemophilus influenzae, 142 Erythema multiforme CREST syndrome, 487 UTIs, 181 unvaccinated children, 186 causes of, 495 Esophageal pathologies, 387 Enterocolitis Epilepsy coccidioidomycosis, 151 perforation, 387 necrotizing, 396 gustatory hallucinations in, 582 Erythema nodosum, 496 varices, 375 vitamin E excess, 70 seizures, 535 inflammatory bowel disease, 392 Esophageal reflux Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Epilepsy therapy Erythroblastosis fetalis, 415 H2 blockers for, 409 (EHEC), 132, 145, 179 drugs and side effects, 564 Erythrocyte casts in urine, 618 proton pump inhibitors for, 409 Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli Epinephrine, 245 Erythrocytes, 417 Esophageal strictures, 387 (EIEC), 145, 179 glaucoma treatment, 573 blood types, 415 Esophageal varices, 387 Enterokinase/enteropeptidase, 383 glycogen regulation by, 86 hereditary spherocytosis, 432 Esophageal webs, 387 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 793 11/12/20 9:35 AM 794 INDEX INDEX

Esophagitis, 387 Eustachian tubes F Fasting and starvation, 91 bisphosphonates, 500 embryonic derivation, 644 Fabry disease, 61 Fasting plasma glucose test drug reaction and, 252 Euthyroid sick syndrome, 349 Facial nerve (CN VII), 146 diabetes mellitus diagnosis, 354 HIV-positive adults, 177 Evasion of apoptosis, 222 functions of, 523 Fasting state, 76, 91 Esophagus Eversion (foot), 462 inflammatory demyelinating migrating motor complexes blood supply and innervation, 374 Evolocumab, 328 polyradiculopathy, 542 production in, 381 diaphragm, 687 Ewing sarcoma lesions of, 550 Fat emboli, 696 pathologies of, 387 dactinomycin for, 449 pharyngeal arch derivation, 644 Fatigue, 281 portosystemic anastomosis, 375 epidemiology and characteristics, Facies heart failure and, 319 Essential amino acids, 81 477 coarse, 116 medical errors and, 279 Essential fatty acids, 65 Exanthem subitum congenital syphilis, 147 MI signs, 313 Essential fructosuria, 80 HHV-6/7, 165 elfin, 64 Fat necrosis, 209, 673 Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, “Excision” event, 130 epicanthal folds, 63 Fat redistribution, 253 Fat-soluble vitamins, 65 174 Excitatory pathway, 516 “facial plethora ”, 710 absorption with orlistat, 411 Essential thrombocythemia, 443 Exclusive provider organization plan, flat, 63 Fatty acid oxidation Essential tremor, 537 278 in fetal alcohol syndrome, 639 Esters (local anesthetics), 571 Exemestane, 680 Carnitine acyltransferase in, 73 leonine (lion-like), 141 estrogen, 663 Exenatide, 363 Fatty acids moon, 356 Estrogen Exercise metabolism of, 74, 89 risus sardonicus, 138 androgen conversion to, 659 blood flow autoregulation, 304 oxidation of, 72, 74 twisted face, 602 androgen insensitivity syndrome, peripheral resistance, 295 synthesis, 72 Factitious disorder, 589 662 respiratory response, 694 Fatty acid synthase characteristics of, 589 bone formation, 468, 469 syncope with, 318 vitamin B and, 67 on another, 589 5 epiphyseal plate closure, 659 Tetralogy of Fallot, 306 Fatty acid synthesis on self, 589 gynecomastia (males), 673 Exercise-induced amenorrhea, 669 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in, 73 vs malingering and somatic mechanism, use and adverse Exocrine glands, 239 Fatty casts, 618 symptom disorders, 589 effects, 680 Exocytosis, 50 Fatty liver disease Factor IXa and X menopause, 659 Exogenous corticosteroids, 344 hepatocellular carcinoma and, 401 immunotherapy, 122 menstrual cycle, 656 Exons nonalcoholic, 401 Factor VIII concentrate, 435 ovulation, 655 deletions in muscular dystrophies, 61 FBN1 gene mutation premature ovarian failure, 659, 669 vs introns, 43 Factor V Leiden, 423 dominant negative mutation, 51 prolactin suppression of, 336 Exotoxins description of, 437 Fear signaling pathways for, 345 bacterial, 132–133 venous sinus thrombosis and, 519 anxiety disorder and, 585 source and function of, 654 features of, 131 Factor Xa panic disorder and, 586 Turner syndrome, 661 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 132 inhibitors of, 423 phobias and, 586 Estrogen receptor modulators Streptococcus pyogenes, 133 Factor XI concentrate, 435 Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion (selective), 680 organisms with, 132 Facultative anaerobes, 127 reaction, 114 Etanercept, 502 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), 688 Facultative intracellular bacteria, 127 Febrile pharyngitis, 164 Ethacrynic acid, 631 Extension FADH (flavin adenine dinucleotide), Febrile seizures, 534 Ethambutol, 196 hip, 461 75 Febuxostat, 501 mechanism and clinical use, 197 External hemorrhoids, 376 in TCA cycle, 75 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 Ethanol External rotation Failure mode and effects analysis, 281 Fecal elastase, 391 carcinogenicity, 226 hip, 461 Failure to thrive Fecal immunochemical testing (FIT), lactic acidosis and, 72 Extinction (conditioning), 576 galactosemia, 80 398 metabolism, 72 Extracellular fluid (ECF) SCID, 117 Fecalith obstruction, 393 NADPH (nicotinamide adenine volume regulation, 612 Falciform ligament, 371 Fecal microbiota transplant, 138 dinucleotide phosphate), 72 Extragonadal germ cell tumors, 676 Fallopian tubes Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), Ethics Extrahepatic manifestations of anatomy, 649 398 advanced directives, 272 hepatitis B and C, 174 epithelial histology, 650 Fecal retention, 581 consent, 271 Extramammary Paget disease, 668 “False” diverticulum, 393 Feces core principles of, 270 Extravascular hemolysis False-negative rate, 264 explosive expulsion of, 394 religious beliefs and, 277 causes and findings with, 431 Famciclovir, 202 Federation of State Medical Boards Ethinyl estradiol, 680, 681 HbC disease, 432 Familial adenomatous polyposis, 397 (FSMB), 2 Ethosuximide hereditary spherocytosis, 432 chromosome association, 64 Fed state, 76, 91 absence seizures, 564 pyruvate kinase deficiency, 432 Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy, Fee-for-service, 277 epilepsy therapy, 564 Extrinsic (death receptor) pathway 213 Felty syndrome, 478 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), mechanism and regulation, 208 Familial amyloid polyneuropathies, Female genital embryology, 645 251 Extrinsic hemolytic anemia 213 Female/male genital homologs, 647 Ethylene glycol causes and findings, 433 Familial dyslipidemias, 94 Female reproductive anatomy toxicity treatment, 251 Extrinsic pathway, 208 Familial hypercholesterolemia, 60, 94 ligaments and structure, 649 Ethylene oxide sterilization/ warfarin and, 446 Familial hypocalciuric Female reproductive epithelial disinfection, 204 Exudate hypercalcemia, 353 histology, 650 Etonogestrel, 681 “anchovy paste ”, 155 Familial hypocalciuric Femoral epiphysis, slipped, 473 Etoposide, 452 pleural effusion, 705 hypercalcemia, 353 Femoral head Etoposide/teniposide Ex vacuo ventriculomegaly, 540 Famotidine, 409 avascular necrosis of, 475 teniposide, 38 Eye disorders Fanconi anemia, 431 Femoral hernia, 380 Euchromatin, 34 Alport syndrome, 620 DNA repair in, 39 Femoral neck fracture, 474 Eukaryotes Eye movements, 532 nonhomologous end joining and, Femoral nerve, 462 mRNA start codons, 44 cranial nerve palsies, 561 39 Femoral region, 378 ribosomes in, 45 medial longitudinal fasciculus, 563 Fanconi syndrome Femoral sheath, 378 RNA polymerase in, 42 with stroke, 532 drug reaction and, 252 Femoral triangle, 378 RNA processing, 41 Eyes renal tubular defects, 610 Fenestrated capillaries, 511 Eukaryotic gene anatomy of, 553 Fascia Fenofibrate, 328 functional organization, 41 aqueous humor pathway, 554 collagen in, 50 Fenoldopam, 245, 326 Eukaryotic initiation factors, 45 Ezetimibe, 328 Fasted vs fed state, 90 Fentanyl, 572 Eukaryotic release factors, 45 diarrhea, 252 Fastigial nucleus, 515 ferritin, 431 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 794 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 795

Ferritin Fibroblasts Flagellin, 99 PCOS, 669 acute phase reactants, 214 cortisol and, 344 Flagellum, 124 premature ovarian failure, 659 iron deficiency anemia, 428 in wound healing, 217 Flask-shaped ulcers, 155 Follicular conjunctivitis iron study interpretation, 429 Fibrocystic, 673 Flavin nucleotides, 75 Chlamydia trachomatis, 149 lab values in anemia, 429 “Fibro fog”, 483 Flaviviruses, 163 Follicular cysts (ovary), 670 Ferrochelatase, 434 Fibroid (leiomyoma) Fleas, 149 Follicular lymphoma Fertility leuprolide for, 680 Fleas (disease vectors), 149 occurrence and genetics, 439 double Y males, 661 Fibroma, 221 Flexion Follicular lymphomas, 444 menstrual cycle, 656 Fibromas, 670 foot, 463 Follicular phase (menstrual cycle), Fertilization, 655, 657 nomenclature for, 221 hip, 461 656 Fetal alcohol syndrome Fibromuscular dysplasia, 308 Flexor digiti minimi muscle, 460 Follicular thyroid carcinoma developmental effects in, 639 Fibromyalgia, 483, 599 Flexor pollicis brevis muscle, 460 causes and findings, 351 heart defects in, 308 Fibronectin Flies (disease vectors), 144 Fomepizole, 251 holoprosencephaly in, 505 in cryoprecipitate, 438 Floppy baby”, 548 Food-borne illness causes, 178 Fetal circulation, 291 thrombocytes, 417 Floppy baby syndrome Food poisoning umbilical cord, 642 Fibrosarcomas, 221 Clostridium botulinum, 138 causes of, 178 Fetal erythropoiesis, 414 Fibrosis Flow cytometry, 54 Bacillus cereus, 138, 178 Fetal hemoglobin, 690 silicosis, 701 Flow volume loops, 697 Staphylococcus aureus, 135, 178 Fetal lung maturity, 681 Fibrous plaque in atherosclerosis, 310 Fluconazole, 151 toxic shock syndrome toxin, 133 Fetal movement, 636 Fibular neck fracture, 462 Cryptococcus neoformans, 153 Foot drop, 462 Fetal-postnatal derivatives, 291 Fick principle, 294 mechanism and use, 199 lead poisoning, 429 Fetal tissue Fidaxomicin opportunistic fungal infections, 153 Foramen cecum, 334 collagen in, 50 Clostridium difficile, 138 Flucytosine Foramen of Magendie, 520 Fever, 199 Field cancerization, 695 Cryptococcus neoformans, 153 Foramen of Monro, 520 childhood rashes, 183 Field defect (morphogenesis), 637 mechanim and clinical use, 199 Foramen ovale clindamycin, 192 Fifth disease with/without amphotericin B, 199 atrial septal defect, 307 complicated hernias, 380 rash, 183 Fludrocortisone embryology, 288 endotoxins, 131 50S inhibitors, 191 mechanims, use and adverse fetal circulation, 288 epiglottitis, 186 Filgrastim, 453 effects, 364 retained patency of, 306 exotoxins, 133 Filgrastim (G-CSF), 121 Fluid compartments, 605 Foramina of Luschka, 520 genital herpes, 184 Filoviruses Flumazenil Forced expiratory volume (FEV) high fever, 165, 171, 183 characteristics and medical benzodiazepine overdose, 251, 594 obstructive lung disease, 697 Rickettsia rickettsii, 149 importance, 167 Fluorescence in situ hybridization, 55 restrictive lung disease, 699 Salmonella spp, 149 negative-stranded, 168 Fluorescent antibody stain, 125 Forebrain, 505 Trichinella spiralis, 159 Filtration, 607 Fluoroquinolone Foregut Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 148 Fimbria pilus, 124 Salmonella typhi, 144 blood supply/innervation of, 374 Legionnaires’ disease, 143 Financial considerations in treatment, Fluoroquinolones development of, 368 low-grade, 143, 172 277 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 150 Foreign body inhalation, 687 malaria, 157 Finasteride, 682 mechanism and clinical use, 195 Formoterol, 712 mononucleosis, 165 benign prostatic hyperplasia, 678 pregnancy contraindication, 204 46,XX DSD, 662 neuroleptic malignant syndrome, reproductive hormones and, 659 tendon/cartilage damage with, 253 46XX/46 XY DSD, 662 593 Finger agnosia, 528 teratogenicity of, 638 Fosamprenavir pathophysiology and management, Finger drop, 456 TOP II (DNA gyrase) and TOP IV HIV-positive adults, 202 534 Finger movements, 456 inhibition in prokaryotes, Fosaprepitant, 453 pulmonary anthrax, 137 Finger-to-nose test, 515 38 Foscarnet recurring, 156 Finkelstein test, 472 Fluoxetine, 599 mechanism and clinical use, 202 spiking, 158 First-degree AV block, 316 Fluphenazine, 596, 597 retinitisin immunosuppressed Tetralogy of Fallot, 306 First-order elimination, 233, 234 Tourette syndrome, 596 patients, 202 thyroid storm causing, 350 First-order kinetics, 233 Flutamide, 682 Fosphenytoin, 564 toxic shock syndrome, 135 Fisher’s exact test, 269 Fluticasone, 712 Fossa ovalis, 291 undulant, 143 Fish oil/marine omega-3 fatty acids, Fluvoxamine, 599 Fovea vasculitides, 484 328 FMR1 gene, 61 cherry-red spot, 557 vs heat stroke, 534 Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, 142, 185 Foam cells FOXP3 protein, 102 Waterhouse-Friderichsen 5α-reductase inhibitors Niemann-Pick disease, 88 Fractures syndrome, 142 inhibitors for BPH, 678 Focal glomerular disorders, 618 chalk-stick, 475 Weil disease, 147 5α-reductase deficiency, 663 Focal hepatic necrosis, 252 Colles, 474 with inflammation, 214 sexual differentiation, 646 Focal necrotizing vasculitis, 485 common pediatric, 474 with meningococci, 142 5α-reductase, 659 Focal neurological deficits femoral neck, 474 Fever vs heat stroke, 534 hypospadias, 647 pituitary apoplexy, 347 in child abuse, 579 Fexofenadine, 710 5-aminosalicylic drugs, 410 Focal nodular hyperplasia, 402 pathologic, 477 Fibrates, 328 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, scaphoid, 459 hepatitis and, 252 mechanism and clinical use, 450 621 vertebral compression, 474 myopathy and, 253 pyrimidine synthesis and, 36 Folate antagonist Fragile X syndrome, 62 Fibrinogen, 215, 417 5-HT teratogenicity, 638 chromosome association, 62 ESR and, 214 MAO inhibitor effect on, 599 Folate deficiency Frameshift mutation, 40 in cryoprecipitate, 438 opioid effects, 572 anemia with, 430 muscular dystrophy and, 61 Fibrinoid necrosis, 209 trazodone effects, 600 neural tube defects, 505 Francisella spp Fibrinous pericarditis, 313 vilazodone effects, 600 Folate synthesis culture requirements, 126 Fibroadenoma, 673 vortioxetine effects, 600 inhibition/block, 194 intracellular organism, 127 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 5-HT1B/1D agonists, 256 Folic acid Francisella tularensis in wound healing, 217 Fixation, 577 folate, 68 animal transmission, 149 signaling pathways for, 345 Fixed splitting, 298 Follicles (lymph node), 96 transmission, 149 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) gene, Flaccid paralysis Follicles (spleen), 98 Frataxin, 549 636 botulinum toxin, 138 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Free fatty acids Fibroblast growth factor receptor LMN lesion, 548 clomiphene effect, 680 fast/starvation states, 91 (FGFR3), 474 motor neuron signs, 547 hCG and, 658 lipid transport and, 92 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 795 11/12/20 9:35 AM 796 INDEX INDEX

Free light chain (FLC) assay changes with disease, 510 oncogenes and, 225 Gemfibrozil, 328 plasma cell dyscrasias, 440 epilepsy drugs, 564 oncogenic microbes and, 227 Gender- and sexuality-inclusive Free nerve endings, 509 vitamin B6 and, 67 sign of Leser-Trélat and, 229 history taking, 274 Free radical injury, 210 Gabapentin types of, 389 Gender dysphoria, 590 Fremitus (tactile), 704 epilepsy therapy, 564 Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), 361 Gene expression Fresh frozen plasma, 438 neuropathic pain treatment, 483 Gastric outlet obstruction, 369 modifications, 56 Fresh frozen plasma/prothrombin GABAB receptor agonists, 541 Gastric ulcers, 390 regulation, 41 complex gag gene, 175 hemorrhage, 390 Generalized anxiety disorder, 586 transfusion of, 438 Gag reflex, 523 NSAID toxicity, 500 Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), “Fried egg”cells, 508, 544 Gait disturbance Gastric vessels, 371 585 Friedreich ataxia, 62, 549 Friedreich ataxia, 549 Gastrin, 381 buspirone, 598 chromosome association, 64 gait apraxia, 540 effects on acid secretion, 383 drug therapy for, 596 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 318 Parkinson disease, 537 signaling pathways for, 345 Selective serotonin reuptake Frontal bossing, 347 steppage, 462 somatostatinomas and, 361 inhibitors (SSRIs) for, 598 Frontal eye fields Trendelenburg sign/gait, 463 source, action, and regulation of, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake effects of lesions, 528 vitamin B12 deficiency, 548 381 inhibitors (SNRIs) for, 598 Frontal lobe waddling, 61 Gastrinomas Generalized seizures, 535 effects of lesions, 528 Galactocerebrosidase, 88 gastrin secretion by, 364 types of, 535 lesions in, 527 Galactocerebroside, 88 treatment of, 381 Generalized transduction, 130 stroke effects, 532 Galactokinase deficiency, 80 Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), 381 “General paresis”, 147 Frontotemporal dementia, 538 cataracts and, 554 Gastritis, 146 Genetic/antigeni drift, 169 symptoms and histologic findings, Galactorrhea gastrin in, 381 Genetics 538 antipsychotic drugs and, 336 H2 blockers for, 409 anticipation, 62 Fructokinase, 80 tuberoinfundibular pathway, 514 proton pump inhibitors for, 409 autosomal trisomies, 63 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase Galactose-1-phosphate stomach cancer and, 389 chromosome disorders, 64 rate-determining enzyme, 73 uridyltransferase, 80 types of, 389 code features, 37 Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, 73 Galactose metabolism Gastrocolic ligament, 371 inheritance modes, 59 glycolysis regulation, 76 disorders of, 80 Gastroenteritis introns vs exons, 43 Fructose intolerance, 80 Galactosemia, 80 caliciviruses, 167 muscular dystrophies, 61 Fructose metabolism Galantamine, 243, 569 Listeria monocytogenes, 139 mutations in cancer, 222 disorders, 80 Galant reflex, 527 Salmonella spp, 144 terms, 56–57 Fructosuria, 80 Gallbladder rotavirus, 168 trinucleotide repeat expansion FTA-ABS, 125, 147 biliary structures, 378 Gastroepiploic arteries, 371 diseases, 61 Full-thickness burn, 497 blood supply and innervation of, Gastroesophageal reflux disease viral, 162 Fumarate, 84 374 (GERD), 387 Genital herpes, 184 Functional hypothalamic Salmonella typhi colonization, 144 Barrett esophagus, 388 Genitalia, 663 amenorrhea, 669 Gallbladder cancer esophageal cancer and, 388 ambiguous, 646 Functional neurologic symptom porcelain gallbladder and, 407 presentation, 387 embryology of, 645 disorder, 589 sclerosing cholangitis and, 405 Gastrohepatic ligament, 371 male/female homologs, 647 Functional organization of a Gallstone ileus, 406 Gastrointestinal bleeding Genital ulcers, 184 eukaryotic gene, 41 Gambling disorder, 591 acute, 390 Genital warts, 184 Functional residual capacity (FRC), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) hereditary hemorrhagic Genitofemoral nerve, 462 688 alcohol use, 594 telangiectasia, 324 Genitourinary/renal drug reactions, Fungal infections γ-glutamyl transpeptidase Gastrointestinal blood supply/ 254 dermatophytes, 152 liver damage, 400 innervation, 374 Genitourinary trauma, 651 infections with Ganciclovir Gastrointestinal drug reactions, 252 Genotyping microarrays, 54 immunodeficiencies, 118 agranulocytosis, 253 Gastrointestinal infections Gentamicin, 191 Fungi, 179 mechanism and clinical use, 202 protozoa, 155 Geriatric patients culture requirements, 126 Ganglion cyst, 472 Gastrointestinal ligaments Beers criteria in, 250 immunocompromised patients, Ganglioneuromatosis connections and structures causes of seizures, 535 179 oral/intestinal, 360 contained, 371 colorectal cancer, 398 opportunistic infections, 153 Gangrene, 133 Gastrointestinal regulatory common causes of death, 279 topical infections, 199 Buerger disease, 484 substances, 381 drug-related delirium in, 581 “Funny” current, 301 diabetes mellitus, 354 Gastrointestinal secretory cell normal pressure hydrocephalus, “Funny” sodium channels, 332 Gangrenous necrosis, 209 locations, 383 540 Furosemide, 253 Gap junctions, 488 Gastrointestinal secretory products nosocomial infections, 185 gout with, 253 Gardener’s pupil, 244 source and action, 382 osteoporosis, 474 mechanism, use and adverse Gardner syndrome, 397 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors PPI adverse effects, 409 effects, 631 Gardnerella vaginalis, 148 (GISTs), 225 recurrent lobar hemorrhagic stroke, pancreatitis, 252 metroniddznole, 195 Gastrointestinal system 531 Fusion protein EWS-FLI1, 477 Gas gangrene embryology, 368 respiratory system changes in, 689 Fusobacterium spp alpha toxin, 133 innervation of, 376 vascular skin tumors, 492 alcoholism, 179 Clostridium perfringens, 138, 179 ligaments, 371 Germ cell tumors anaerobic metabolism of, 127 Gastrectomy, 430 pathology, 386 cryptorchidism risk for, 675 Gastric acid pharmacology, 408 extragonadal, 676 G histamine receptors and, 241 physiology, 381 hormone levels in, 676, 677 G20210A gene mutation, 437 secretion of, 382 Gastroschisis, 368 testicular, 677 G6PD Gastric arteries characteristics of, 368 Germinal center (spleen), 96 deficiency, 61, 79 celiac trunk, 370 Gastrosplenic ligament, 371 Gerstmann syndrome, 528 HMP shunt and, 73 Gastric bypass surgery Gastrulation, 636 Gestational age, 657 G6PD deficiency ghrelin and, 381 Gaucher disease, 88 Gestational diabetes, 658 causes and findings, 432 vitamin B12 deficiency, 69 avascular necrosis, 475 Gestational hypertension, 667 GABA Gastric cancer Gaussian distribution, 267 GFAP (glial fibrillary acid proteins) basal ganglia and, 516 carcinogens causing, 226 G cells, 381 cytoskeletal elements, 48 benzodiazepine effects, 566 Helicobacter pylori, 146 Gefitinib, 453 tumor identification, 228 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 796 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 797

Ghrelin, 513 immunosuppression, 120 GNAS gene mutation, 352 Granulocytes appetite regulation, 344 myopathy, 253 GnRH analogs morulae, 150 source and action of, 381 rheumatoid arthritis, 478 mechanism, use and adverse Granulocytopenia Giant cell pneumonia, 170 Glucokinase effects, 680 trimethoprim, 194 Giant cell (temporal) arteritis, 484 hexokinase vs, 76 Goblet cells, 372, 686 Granuloma inguinale, 184 polymyalgia rheumatica, 483 vs hexokinase, 75 Goiter Granulomas Giant cell tumor, 476 Gluconeogenesis causes of, 346 in systemic mycoses, 151 Giardia spp cortisol and, 344 iodine deficiency with, 345 in tuberculosis, 140 stain for, 125 ethanol metabolism and, 72 toxic multinodular, 346 macrophages and, 417 watery diarrhea, 179 irreversible enzymes, 78 Golfer’s elbow, 469 syphilis, 147 Giardia lamblia, 155 metabolic site, 74 Golgi tendon organ, 468 Granulomatosis infantiseptica Giardiasis, 155 organic acidemias, 85 Golimumab, 502 Listeria monocytogenes, 139 in immunodeficiency, 118 pyruvate metabolism and, 77 Gonadal mosaicism, 57 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Giemsa stain rate-determining enzyme for, 73 Gonadal venous/lymphatic drainage, autoantibody, 115 Borrelia, 146 thyroid hormone and, 339 648 glomerulonephritis with, 620 Gilbert syndrome, 404 Glucose Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Granulomatous disease hyperbilirubinemia in, 403 blood-brain barrier and, 511 (GnRH) excess vitamin D in, 70 Gingival hyperplasia glycogen metabolism, 87 function of, 336 hypervitaminosis D with, 476 cyclosporine, 120 metabolism of, 40 neurons producing, 513 infectious vs noninfectious etiology, drug reaction and, 253 Glucose-6-phosphatase ovulation, 655 218 Gingivostomatitis, 164 gluconeogenesis, 78 prolactin and, 336 Granulomatous inflammation, 218 Gitelman syndrome HMP shunt, 79 signaling pathways for, 345 Granulosa cells renal disorder features, 615 Von Gierke disease, 87 spermatogenesis, 652 tumors of, 671 renal tubular defects, 610 Glucose-6-phosphatase Gonads Grapefruit juice and cytochrome Glans penis dehydrogenase dysgenesis of, 629 P-450, 255 lymphatic drainage of, 648 deficiency, 79 venous and lymphatic drainage, 648 Graves disease Glanzmann thrombasthenia, 436 Glucose clearance, 608 Gonococci vs meningococci, 142 autoantibody, 115 Glaucoma, 245, 555 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic Gonorrhea causes and findings, 350 atropine, 244 peptide (GIP) ceftriaxone, 189 HLA subtype, 100 Glaucoma therapy, 573 insulin regulation, 342 Neisseria, 142 ophthalmopathy, 348 Glioblastoma source and action of, 381 STI, 184 thyroid cellular action in, 339 description and histolory, 544 Glucosuria Goodpasture syndrome, 50 type II hypersensitivity, 112 Glioblastoma multiforme threshold for, 608 autoantibody, 115 Gray baby syndrome, 203, 253 nitrosoureas for, 451 Glutamic acid hematuria/hemoptysis, 620 Gray hepatization, 707 Glipizide, 363 classification of, 81 Good syndrome Grazoprevir, 204 Global aphasia, 534 Glutathione peroxidase, 210 paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 Greater omental sac, 371 Globoid cells Glutathione reductase, 354 thymoma and, 98 Greenstick fracture, 474 Krabbe disease, 88 NADPH and, 75 Goserelin, 680 Grief, 578 Globose nucleus, 515 Gluten-sensitive enteropathy, 391 Gottron papules, 229 Griseofulvin Globus pallidus externus, 516 Gluteus maximus, 461 Gout cytochrome P-450 interaction, 255 Glomerular disorders/disease Gluteus maximus muscle, 463 acute treatment drugs, 501 mechanism and clinical use, 200 nomenclature, 618 Gluteus medius, 461 drug reaction and, 253 microtubules and, 48 types of, 619 Gluteus minimus, 461 findings, symptoms and treatment, “Ground-glass” appearance (X-ray) Glomerular dynamics GLUT transporters, 342 479 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154, 177 factors affecting, 607 Glyburide, 363 kidney stones and, 622 “ground-glass” appearance (X-ray), 685 Glomerular filtration barrier, 605 Glycerol Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 Group B Streptococcus Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 606 starvation, 91 loop diuretics and, 631 encapsulated bacteria, 127 Glomerulonephritis Glycogen preventive therapy, 501 Growth factors azathioprine for, 120 metabolism and storage, 73 Von Gierke disease, 87 tumor suppressor gene mutations granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 485 metabolism of, 86 Gower maneuver/sign, 61 and, 46 Streptococcus pyogenes, 136 regulation, 86 gp41, 203 Growth hormone (GH) RBC casts in, 618 stain for, 125 G-protein-coupled receptors, 241 diabetes mellitus, 354 Glomus tumor, 492 storage, 87 G-protein-linked 2nd messengers, 241 for hypopituitarism, 347 Glossitis Glycogenesis, 73 Gracilis muscle, 462 function and secretion of, 337 B-complex deficiency, 65 Glycogenolysis Graft-versus-host disease, 119 insulin resistance and, 336 iron deficiency, 428 rate-determining enzyme for, 73 Type IV hypersensitivity, 113 replacement therapy, 364 vitamin B3 deficiency, 67 thyroid hormone and, 339 Graft-versus-tumor effect Growth hormone releasing hormone vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 Glycogen storage diseases, 87 organ transplant rejection, 119 (GHRH) Glossopharyngeal (CNIX), 523 Glycogen synthase, 73 Gram-negative organisms function of, 336 Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Glycolysis cephalosporins, 189 Growth retardation pharyngeal arch derivative, 644 hexokinase/glucokinase in, 76 lab algorithm, 141 with renal failure, 626 GLP-1 analog, 363 metabolic site, 74 Gram-positive organisms Growth signal self-sufficiency, 222 Glucagon pyruvate metabolism and, 75 antibiotic tests, 134 GTPase, 225 fructose bisphosphatase-2, 76 rate-determining enzyme for, 73 cephalosporins, 189 GTP (guanosine triphosphate), 77 somatostatinoma, 361 regulation of, 76 lab algorithm, 134 Guanfacine, 246 source, function, and regulation, 341 Glycolysis regulation vancomycin, 190 Guanosine analogs Glucagonoma, 358, 361 key enzymes in, 76 Gram stain, 125 mechanism and use, 202 Glucocerebrosidase pyruvate dehydrogenase, 76 Grand mal (tonic-clonic) seizures, Gubernaculum, 648, 649 Gaucher disease, 88 Glycoproteins 535 Guessing during USMLE Step 1 Glucocerebroside HIV, 175 Granisetron, 453 exam, 23 in sphingolipidoses, 88 Glycopyrrolate, 244 Granular casts Guillain-Barré syndrome Glucocorticoids Glycosylation acute tubular necrosis, 625 acute inflammatory demyelinating calcium pyrophosphate deposition collagen synthesis, 50 “muddy brown” in urine, 618 polyradiculopathy, 542 disease, 479 protein synthesis, 42, 45 Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor peripheral nerves in, 510 gout, 501 GNAQ gene mutation, 543 (G-CSF), 345 Schwann cell injury, 508 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 797 11/12/20 9:35 AM 798 INDEX INDEX

Gummas Hardy-Weinberg population genetics, septation of heart chambers, 288 Hematologic drug reactions, 253 syphilis, 147, 184 57 valve development, 289 Hematology/oncology Guselkumab Hartnup disease, 67 ventricles, 289 anatomy, 416 target and clinical use, 122 vitamin B3 deficiency, 67 Heart murmurs, 300 pathology, 424 Gustatory hallucinations, 581 Hashimoto thyroiditis, 349 cardiomyopathies, 318 pharmacology, 445 Gustatory pathway autoantibody, 115 continuous, 300 physiology, 420 thalamic relay for, 513 HLA subtype, 100 diastolic, 300 Hematopoiesis, 416 Guyon canal syndrome, 470 Hasmimoto thyroiditis, 349 patent ductus arteriosus, 307 extramedullary, 475 Gynecologic tumor epidemiology, 667 Hassall corpuscles, 98 systolic, 300 myelodysplastic syndromes, 441 Gynecomastia, 673 HbA1c test, 354 Heart rate, 246 Hematopoietic stem cells, 110 azoles, 199 HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen), Heart sounds, 296 Hematuria, 627 cimetidine, 409 174 cardiac cycle, 296 bladder cancer, 629 SHBG and, 345 HbC disease, 432 cardiac tamponade, 320 granulomatosis with polyangiitis, spironolactone, 682 target cells in, 425 in heart failure, 319 485 tuberoinfundibular pathway, 514 HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen), splitting in, 298 hereditary hemorrhagic 174 Heart transplant telangiectasia, 324 H HBV dilated cardiomyopathy, 318 Schistosoma haematobium, 161 Haemophilus ducreyi immunity, 110 Heart valve development, 289 kidney stones, 622 sexual transmission of, 184 oncogenicity, 227 Heat-labile toxin painless, 629 Haemophilus influenzae, 142 hCG Clostridium botulinum, 138 renal papillary necrosis, 626 cephalosporins, 189 embryonal carcinoma, 677 Heat shock proteins, 45 transitional cell carcinoma, 629 chloramphenicol, 192 serum tumor markers, 227 Heat-stable toxin (ST) UTIs, 181 encapsulation, 127 HCV resorption of NaCl and H20 in Heme meningitis, 180 oncogenicity, 227 gut, 132 bilirubin and, 385 pneumonia, 179 HDL (high-density lipoprotein), 94 Heat stroke, 534 chloroquine, 200 rifamycins, 196 Headache pathophysiology, 534 porphyria and, 434 vaccine, 179 “thunderclap headache”, 534 Heavy menstrual bleeding (AUB/ synthesis of, 434 Hair “worst headache of my life”, 534 HMB), 657 vitamin B6 and, 67 “kinky”, 51 Headaches, 536 Heel pain, 472 Heme synthesis Menkes disease, 51 adverse effects with drugs, 199, Heel-to-shin test, 515 iron deficiency, 428 vitamin C deficiency, 69 200 Heinz bodies, 79 lead poisoning, 429 536 Hairy cell leukemia, 442 classification and treatment, associated pathology, 426 porphyrias and, 434 pituitary apoplexy, 347 Helicase, 38 Hemianopia, 532, 562 cladribine for, 450 Head and neck cancer, 695 Helicobacter pylori, 146 Hemiballismus, 537 Hairy leukoplakia Healthcare delivery, 278 as oncogenic microbe, 227 brain lesions and, 528 HIV-positive adults, 177 Healthcare payment models, 278 disease association, 389 Hemidesmosome, 488, 494 skin infection, 493 Health maintenance organization, metronidazole, 195 Hemineglect, 532 Half-life (t1/2), 233 278 oncogenicity, 227 Hemiparesis Halitosis Health maintenance organization penicillins for, 188 saccular aneurysms, 534 Zenker diverticulum, 394 plan, 278 silver stain, 125 Hemochromatosis, 405 Hallmarks of cancer, 222 Hearing loss stains for, 125 calcium pyrophosphate deposition Hallucinations cytomegalovirus, 182 urease-positive, 128 disease, 479 cocaine, 595 diagnosis of, 552 Heliotrope rash, 229 cardiomyopathy with, 318 delirium, 581 osteitis deformans, 475 HELLP syndrome, 667 chromosome association, 64 mesolimbic pathway, 514 osteogenesis imperfecta, 51 “Helmet cells”, 433 chronic, 435 postpartum psychosis, 585 sensorineural deafness, 620 “Helmet” cells”, 424 free radical injury, 210 tricyclic antidepressants, 599 types of, 551 Helminthic infections Hemoglobin types of, 582 Heart eosinophils and, 418 carbon dioxide transport, 694 Hallucinogen intoxication and anatomy, 292 Helper T cells development, 414 withdrawal, 594 autoregulation of, 304 cell surface proteins, 110 electrophoresis, 420 Haloperidol, 597 blood supply, 292 cytokine secretion, 108 kinetics of, 232 Halothane, 570 electrocardiograms, 302 Hemagglutinin, 169 structure and oxygen affinity, 689 hepatic necrosis, 252 embryology, 288, 290 influenza viruses, 169 Hemoglobinuria mechanism and adverse effects, ischemia in, 210 parainfluenza viruses, 170 acute tubular necrosis and, 626 570 morphogenesis of, 288–289 Hemangioblastoma, 544 G6PD deficiency, 432 Hamartin protein, 225, 543 myocardial action potential, 301 Hemangioblastomas, 543 intravascular hemolysis, 432 Hamartomas, 221 normal pressures in, 303 Hemangioma, 492 paroxysmal nocturnal, 122 Hamartomatous colonic polyps, 397 pacemaker action potential, 301 Hemangiomas, 221 Hemolysis Hamate bone, 459 sclerosis of, 487 pyogenic granuloma, 492 alpha toxin, 133 Hamman sign crepitus, 696 Heartburn, 387 strawberry, 492 G6PD deficiency, 253 Hammer toes, 549 Heart disease Hemarthroses HELLP syndrome, 667 Hand congenital, 63 hemophilias, 435 Clostridium perfringens, 138 distortions of, 460 death causes by age, 279 Hematemesis sulfonamides, 194 muscles of, 460 Fabry disease, 88 esophageal varices, 387 Hemolytic anemia squamous cell carcinoma, 498 ischemic, 312 GI bleeding, 390 autoimmune, 189 Hand-foot-mouth disease, 183 Heart failure, 319 Hematin, 126, 142 babesiosis, 157 Hansen disease, 141 ACE inhibitors for, 633 Hematochezia cephalosporins, 187 animal transmission, 149 left heart failure, 319 diverticulosis, 393 direct Coombs-positive, 253 dapsone, 194 right heart, 319 intestinal disorders, 396 due to infections, 433 erythema nodosum, 496 Heart failure cells, 685 Meckel diverticulum, 394 extrinsic, 433 Hantavirus Heart morphogenesis Hematocrit folate deficiency and, 430 hemorrhagic fever, 167 aortic arch derivatives, 289 polycythemia vera, 443 G6PD deficiency, 79 Haptens atria, 288 Hematologic abnormalities intrinsic, 432 acute interstitial nephritis, 625 cardiac looping, 288 laboratory techniques for, 54 penicillin G V, 187 amiodarone as, 331 fetal-postnatal derivatives, 291 Hematologic disorders pyruvate kinase deficiency and, Haptoglobin, 214, 431 Outflow tract formation, 289 paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 432 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 798 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 799

spherocytes in, 425 Hepatic hemangioma, 402 “Herald patch” (pityriasis rosea), 496 Hip sulfa drug allergies, 255 Hepatic lipase Hereditary amyloidosis, 213 dysplasia of, 473 Wilson disease, 405 IDL modification by, 94 Hereditary angioedema, 682 muscles and actions of, 461 Hemolytic disease of fetus and in lipid transport, 93 complement disorder and, 107 nerve injury with dislocation, 462 newborn, 415 Hepatic necrosis, 252, 499 Hereditary channelopathies, 315 Hip injuries/conditions Type II hypersensitivity, 112 Hepatic steatosis, 401 Hereditary elliptocytosis, 424 developmental dysplasia, 473 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) Hepatic stellate (Ito) cells, 377 Hereditary hemorrhagic Hippocampus exotoxins, 132 Hepatitis telangiectasia, 324 lesion effects, 528 Escherichia coli, 145 alcoholic, 401 autosomal dominance of, 60 limbic system, 514 platelet disorders, 436 hyperbilirubinemia, 403 Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, 404 pyramidal cells, 210 Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, hyperbilirubinemia in, 403 Hereditary motor and sensory Hippurate test for Streptococcus 445, 564 Hepatitis A (HAV) neuropathy, 542 agalactiae, 137 Hemophilia, 435 characteristics of, 173 Hereditary spherocytosis Hirschsprung disease, 394 therapeutic antibodies for, 122 picornavirus, 167, 168 causes and findings, 432 Hirsutism X-linked recessive disorder, 61 serologic markers, 174 spherocytes in, 425 cyclosporine, 120 Hemophyllis influenzae Hepatitis antigens, 174 Hereditary thrombophilias, 437 danazol, 682 culture requirements for, 126 Hepatitis B (HBV) Hernia, 380 menopause, 659 vaccine for, 127 characteristics of, 173 diaphragmatic, 684 SHBG and, 345 Hemoptysis, 177 medical importance, 164 Herniation syndromes, 547 his bronchiectasis, 699 nosocomial infection, 185 Heroin, 572 failing, 24–25 choriocarcinomas, 666 passive antibodies for, 110 detoxification medications, 600 Histaminase, 418 granulomatosis with polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa and, 484 intoxication and withdrawal, 600 Histamine blockers, 409 485 serologic markers, 174 opioids for withdrawal, 573 Histamine receptors, 243 lung cancer, 709 sexually transmitted infection, 184 Herpes genitalis, 164, 493 Histamines tuberculosis, 140 Hepatitis C (HCV) Herpes labialis, 164, 493 cortisol effect on, 344 Hemorrhage characteristics of, 173 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) signaling pathways for, 345 acute pancreatitis, 407 extrahepatic manifestations, 174 cidofovir, 202 vitamin B6 and, 67 AIDS retinitis, 165 flaviviruses, 167 clinical significance, 165 Histamine (scombroid poisoning), 250 baroreceptors and, 303 lichen planus, 496 envelope, 164 Histamine-2 blockers delirium caused by, 581 therapy for, 204 foscarnet for, 202 cimetidine, 409 Ebola virus, 171 Hepatitis D (HDV), 173 guanosine analogs, 202 mechanism and clinical use, 409 intracranial, 531 characteristics, 173 HSV-1/HSV-2, 182 Histidine, 81 intraventricular, 530 Hepatitis E (HEV), 173 identification, 166 Histiocytosis (Langerhans cell), 444 pulmonary, 137 characteristics, 173 meningitis caused by, 180 Histocompatibility complex I and shock from, 320 hepevirus, 167 TORCH infection, 182 II, 100 subarachnoid, 530 Hepatitis viruses, 173 Herpesviruses Histology subarachnoid hemorrhage, 534 presentation and characteristics, envelope and medical importance, adult primary brain tumors, ulcer disease, 390 173 164 544–573 ulcers, 390 serologic markers for, 174 transmission and clinical basal cell carcinoma, 498 Weil disease, 147 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), significance, 164 childhood primary brain tumors, Hemorrhagic cystitis 402 Herpes virus infections (HSV1 and 546–573 adenovirus, 164 carcinogens causing, 226 HSV2) digestive tract, 372 drug reaction, 254 cirrhosis and, 399 skin infection, 493 Female reproductive epithelial, 650 Hemorrhagic fever, 167 Aspergillus fumigatus, 153 transmission and clinical granulomatous inflammation, 218 filovirus, 167 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, significance, 164 Graves disease, 350 Hemorrhoids, 376 401 Herpes zoster hydatidform mole, 666 GI bleeding association, 390 oncogenic microbes, 217, 227 dorsal root latency, 165 ischemic brain disease/stroke, 529 Hemosiderinuria, 431 Hepatocytes famciclovir, 202 lung cancer, 709 Hemostasis glycogen in, 86 Herpetic whitlow, 164, 493 myocardial infarction, 313 platelet plug formation, 421 Hepatoduodenal ligament, 371 Heterochromatin, 34 myositis ossificans, 483 thrombocytes (platelets), 417 Hepatomegaly, 87 Heterodimer, 48 myxomas, 324 Hepadnaviruses Budd-Chiari syndrome, 402 HeterodIsomy, 57 necrosis, 209 characteristics of, 163 galactosemia, 80 Heterogeneous nuclear RNA papillary carcinoma, 351 envelope and medical significance, Zellweger syndrome, 48 (hnRNA), 41 rhabdomyosarcoma, 324 164 Hepatosplenomegaly Heteroplasmy, 57 tumor grade, 221 Heparin Hurler syndrome, 88 Heterozygosity loss, 56 Histones acute coronary syndromes, 317 organ transplant rejection, 119 Hexokinase acetylation, 34 deep venous thrombosis, 445 Hepatosteatosis vs glucokinase, 75 amino acids in, 81 in coagulation cascade, 423 ethanol metabolism and, 72 HFE gene deacetylation, 34 mechanism and clinical use, 445 Hepatotoxicity hemochromatosis and, 405 methylation, 34 osteoporosis, 253 amiodarone, 331 HGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine Histoplasma capsulatum reversal of, 447 bosentan, 711 phosphoribosyltransferase), HIV-positive adults, 177 thrombocytopenia, 231 danazol, 682 37 necrosis and, 209 toxicity treatment, 251 inhaled anesthetics, 570 Hiatal hernia, 380 Histoplasma spp warfarin vs, 446 leflunomide, 500 Hiccups, 537 treatment, 199 Hepatic adenoma, 402 methotrexate, 450 High altitude respiratory response, Histoplasmosis, 151 Hepatic angiosarcoma, 402 terbinafine, 199 693, 694 erythema nodosum, 496 Hepatic arteries, 371 thionamides, 364 High-frequency recombination (Hfr) Histrelin, 680 Hepatic ascites, 632 zileuton, 682 cells, 130 Histrionic, 588 Hepatic encephalopathy Hepcidin, 214, 431 Highly resistant bacteria HIT type 1, 445 ammonia production/removal in, in anemia of chronic disease, 431 treatment of, 198 HIT type 2, 445 401 Hepeviruses Hilar lymph node calcification, 701 HIV lactulose for, 411 genomes, 163 Hilar mass (lung), 709 heroin addiction and, 598 Reye syndrome, 400 HER2/neu (c-erbB2), 674 Hindgut pulmonary arterial hypertension, Hepatic fibrosis, 377 HER2/neu (ERBB2) gene, 225 blood supply/innervation of, 374 703 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 799 11/12/20 9:35 AM 800 INDEX INDEX

HIV-associated dementia for hypopituitarism, 347 neurotransmitter changes with, loop diuretics for, 631 symptoms and histologic findings, thrombotic complications, 253 510 lung cancer, 709 539 Hormone-sensitive lipase, 93 symptoms and histologic findings, paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 HIV (human immunodeficiency Horn cysts, 491 538 succinylcholine, 571 virus) Horner syndrome trinucleotide repeat expansion teriparatide, 501 aplastic anemia in, 431 Brown-Séquard syndrome, 549 diseases, 62 thiazides, 632 characteristics, 175 cavernous sinus, 562 Hürthle cells, 349 Williams syndrome, 64 dementia, 177 headache and, 536 Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, 309 Hypercalciuria diagnosis, 175 ipsilateral, 532 Hyaline casts in urine, 618 hyperparathyroidism, 353 flow cytometry diagnosis, 54 lung cancer, 709 Hydatid cysts, 160 thiazides for, 632 Kaposi sarcoma, 165, 492 Pancoast tumor, 709 Hydatidiform mole Hypercapnia lymphopenia, 433 sympathetic nervous system and, 559 complete vs partial, 666 oxygen diffusion limitation and, T cells and, 419 Horseshoe kidney, 603 hCG in, 658 692 therapy, 203 Hospice care, 279 theca-lutein cysts and, 670 Hypercholesterolemia, 309 TORCH infections, 182 Hot flashes Hydralazine familial, 60 untreated infection timecourse, 176 drug reaction and, 252 hypertention in pregnancy, 324 familial dyslipidemias, 94 HIV (human immunodeficiency “Hourglass stomach”, 380 in heart failure, 319 Hyperchylomicronemia virus) therapy Howell-Jolly bodies, 426 mechanism and clinical use, 326 familial dyslipidemias, 94 NNRTIs, 203 H1 antihistamines, 710 Hydrocele (scrotal) Hypercoagulability NRTIs, 203 H2-antagonist acquired, 676 deep venous thrombosis, 695 NS3/4A inhibitors, 204 naming conventions for, 257 congenital, 676 dural venous sinus thrombosis, NS5B inhibitors, 204 H2blockers Hydrocephalus 519 ribavirin, 204 cimetidine, 409 childhood tumors, 546 marantic endocarditis in, 321 HLA-B8 HTLV-1 Toxoplasma gondii, 182 Hyperemesis gravidarum, 666 Graves disease and, 350 oncogenicity, 227 lissencephaly association, 505 Hyperemia HLA-DR4, 478 Hu antigens, 229 noncommunicating, 506 pseudoephedrine/phenylephrine, HLA genes Human chorionic gonadotropin risk for developing, 531 711 disease associations, 350, 481 choriocarcinomas, 666 Toxoplasma gondii, 156 Hypereosinophilic syndrome, 318 DM type 1 association, 355 hydatidiform moles, 666 types of, 540 Hyperestrogenism, 670 seronegative spondyloarthritis, 481 secretion of, 658 Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), 632 Hyperglycemia, 356 HLA subtypes associated with signaling pathways, 345 hyperglycemia, 252 diabetic retinopathy, 556 diseases, 100 source and functions of, 658 pancreatitis, 252 drug reaction and, 252 HMG-CoA reductase Human factors design, 280 Hydrogen peroxide, 204 immunosuppressants, 120 cholesterol synthesis, 73 Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 (HHV-6, Hydronephrosis, 622, 623 pancreatic cell tumors, 361 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 328 HHV-7) kidney stones, 622 protease inhibitors, 203 HMG-CoA synthase, 73 transmission and clinical posterior urethral valves, 602 thiazides, 632 HMP shunt significance, 165 prenatal, 602 vitamin B3 toxicity, 67 metabolic site, 73 Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), 165, Hydrophobia, 171 Hyperglycemic emergencies, 355 NADPH production, 75, 78 183 Hydrops fetalis Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, rate-determining enzyme, 73 Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) parvovirus B19, 182 662 vitamin B1 deficiency, 66 in HIV positive adults, 177 syphilis, 182 Hypergranulosis, 496 Hoarseness Kaposi sarcoma, 492 Hydroxychloroquine characteristics, 489 gastroesophageal reflux disease, 387 oncogenicity, 227 myopathy, 253 Hyper-IgM syndrome, 117 lung cancer, 709 transmission and clinical Hydroxylases, 73 Hyperinsulinemia, 669 Ortner syndrome, 292 significance, 165 Hydroxylation Hyperkalemia Pancoast tumor, 709 Humanized monoclonal antibodies in protein synthesis, 45 aldosterone in, 612 thyroid cancer, 351 active vs passive immunity, 110 Vitamin C and, 50 aliskiren, 633 Hodgkin lymphoma Human papillomavirus 6 (HPV-6), Hydroxyurea angiotensin II receptor blockers, bleomycin for, 449 184 mechanism and clinical use, 450 633 non-Hodgkin vs, 438 Human papillomavirus 11 (HPV-11), polycythemia vera, 443 cardiac glycosides, 329 paraneoplastic cerebellar 184 purine synthesis, 36 potassium shifts and, 614 degeneration and, 229 Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16), sickle cell anemia, 432 potassium-sparing diuretics, 632 vinca alkaloids for, 451 669, 695 Hyoid artery, 289 Hyperkalemic tubular acidosis (RTA Holistic medical therapy, 277 Human papillomavirus 18 (HPV-18), Hyoscyamine, 244 type 4), 617 Holoprosencephaly, 505 669 Hyperacute transplant rejection, 119 Hyperkeratosis Patau syndrome, 63 Human papillomavirus (HPV) Type II hypersensitivity, 112 characteristics, 489 Homatropine, 244 cervical pathology, 669 Hyperaldosteronism verrucae, 491 Homeobox (Hox) genes, 636 HIV-positive adults, 177 clinical features, 358 Hyperlipidemia homeostasis, 341 oncogenicity, 227 hypertension with, 308 atherosclerosis and, 310 Homer-Wright rosettes, 358, 546 penile cancer, 675 potassium-sparing diuretics for, immunosuppressants, 120 Homicide, 279 tumor epidemiology, 667 632 signs of, 309 Homocysteine verrucae, 491 Hyperammonemia, 82, 85 thiazides, 632 vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 warts, 164 fatty acid metabolism and, 89 Hyperopia, 553 Homocysteine methyltransferase Human placental lactogen, 658 Hyperbilirubinemia Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state deficiency in, 85 Humerus fracture conjugated (direct), 404 DM type, 354 Homocystinuria radial nerve with, 457 jaundice with, 404 signs, symptoms, and treatment, causes of, 85 Humerus fractures unconjugated (indirect), 403 355 presentation and characteristics, 52 axillary nerve, 456, 457 Hypercalcemia Hyperparathyroidism Homologous recombination repair, radial nerve, 456 acute pancreatitis and, 407 calcium pyrophosphate deposition 39 Humor, 577 adult T-cell lymphoma, 439 disease, 479 Homunculus, 518 Humoral immune response, 101, 419 bisphosphonates for, 500 cinacalcet for, 365 Hookworms, 159 Hunger/satiety regulation, 513 calcium carbonate antacid effects, lab values in, 476 Hormone effects on kidney, 614 Hunter syndrome, 88 409 types and presentation, 353 Hormone replacement therapy Huntington disease familial hypocalciuric Hyperphagia combined contraception, 681 drug therapy for, 569 hypercalcemia, 353 depression with, 584 estrogens for, 680 movement disorders, 537 hyperparathyroidism, 353 hypothalamus and, 513 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 800 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 801

Hyperphosphatemia findings, 348 MDMA, 595 regions susceptible to, 210 hyperparathyroidism (secondary), vs hypothyroidism, 348 thiazides, 632 renal, 690 353 Hypertriglyceridemia Hypoparathyroidism vasoconstriction/vasodilation and, hypoparathyroidism, 352 acute pancreatitis and, 407 lab values in, 352 304 renal osteodystrophy and, 627 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 318 types and findings, 352 with limited oxygen diffusion, 692 Hyperpigmentation Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 709 Hypophosphatemia Hypoxia inducible factor 1a, 225 bleomycin, 449 paraneoplasticsyndromes, 229 hyperparathyroidism, 353 Hypoxic stroke, 528, 529 busulfan, 451 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 369 Hypopituitarism, 347 Hypoxic vasoconstriction fludrocortisone, 364 Hypertrophic scars, 219 Hypoplasia, 637 (pulmonary), 692 hemochromatosis, 405 Hypertrophy, 206 Hypopyon, 555 high altitude, 694 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 397 skeletal muscle, 467 Hyporeflexia pulmonary hypertension, 692 primary adrenal insufficiency, 357 Hyperuricemia magnesium hydroxide and, 409 Hysteresis, 689 Hyperplasia, 206 drug reaction and, 253 Hypospadias, 647 adrenal, 356 gout and, 479 Hypotension, 199 I parathyroid, 353, 360 kidney stones and, 622 adrenal insufficiency, 357 Iatrogenic abnormal uterine bleeding, uterine bleeding with, 657 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 aliskiren, 633 657 Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, 309 thiazides, 632 angiotensin II receptor blockers, 633 Ibandronate, 500 Hyperplastic polyps, 397 vitamin B3 toxicity, 67 baroreceptors in, 303 IBD-associated arthritis Hyperprolactinemia, 252, 336, 545 Hyperventilation cardiac tamponade, 320 HLA subtype, 100 anovulation, 669 metabolic acidosis compensatory endotoxins, 131 Ibuprofen, 500 calcium channel blockers and, 326 response, 616 ephedrine for, 245 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 253 risperidone and, 252 therapeutic, 517 hypermagnesemia, 615 ICAM-1 protein Hyperpyrexia Hypervitaminosis D, 476 in pregnancy, 667 in leukocyte extravasation, 216 with TCAs, 599 Hypetriglyceridemia local anesthetics, 571 viral receptor, 166 Hyperresonance (chest percussion), familial dyslipidemias, 94 magnesium hydroxide and, 409 I cells 706 Hypnagogic hallucinations midodrine for, 245 cholecystokinin secretion, 381 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 699 narcolepsy, 582, 591 norepinephrine for, 245 disease, 47 Hypersensitivity reactions Hypnopompic hallucinations orthostatic, 357 Icosahedral viruses, 163 Arthus reaction, 113 narcolepsy, 582, 591 phenylephrine for, 245 Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis, 147 cephalosporins, 189 Hypoaldosteronism, 617 scombroid poisoning, 250 Idealization, 577 Graves disease, 350 Hypocalcemia, 351 sympatholytic drugs and, 246 Identification, 577 immune complex-mediated, 113 acute pancreatitis and, 407 Hypothalamic/pituitary drugs Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, mast cells and, 418 cinacalcet causing, 365 clinical use and adverse effects 540 organ transplants, 119 hypermagnesemia and, 615 of, 364 empty sella syndrome, 347 penicillins, 187 hypoparathyroidism, 352 Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 699, rheumatic fever, 322 laboratory values by disorder, 352 adrenal insufficiency, 357 700 sulfonamides, 194 renal osteodystrophy, 627 functions of, 336 IDL (intermediate-density types of, 112 thyroidectomy, 351 Hypothalamus lipoprotein), 94 Hypersensitivity reaction (type III) tumor lysis syndrome, 445 ADH secretion, 335 IFN-β (Interferon-β) acute poststreptococcal Hypochlorhydria hypergastrinemia, functions and nuclei of, 513 clinical uses, 109 glomerulonephritis, 620 389 homeostasis and, 513 IFN-β(Interferon-β) Hypersensitivity reaction type IV Hypocretin, 591 nuclei of, 513 clinical uses, 121 contact dermatitis, 491 Hypodermis, 487 reproductive hormone control, 680 IFN-γ (Interferon-γ) Hypersomnia, 584 Hypofibrinogenemia, 215 sleep cycle role of, 512 clinical uses, 109, 121 Hypertension, 308 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 229 TRH sensitivity, 335 IFN-α (Interferon-α) ACE inhibitors for, 633 Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), 523 Hypothenar muscles, 460 clinical uses, 109, 121 acromegaly and, 347 lesion in, 550 Klumpke palsy, 458 myopathy, 253 intracranial hemoorrhage with, 531 with stroke, 533 Hypotheses (statistical), 268 Ifosfamide renovascular disease, 628 Hypoglycemia, 361 Hypothyroidism adverse effects, 451 Hypertension in pregnancy, 667 fructose intolerance, 80 amiodarone and, 331 hemorrhagic cystitis, 254 eclampsia, 667 gluconeogenesis and, 78 carpal tunnel syndrome with, 470 IgA and IgG deamidated gliadin gestational hypertension, 667 in diabetes mellitus, 356 causes and findings, 349 peptide autoantibody, 115 HELLP syndrome, 667 in ethanol metabolism, 72 drug reaction and, 252 IgA antibodies preeclampsia, 667 neonatal, 638 findings, 348 anti-endomysial autoantibody, 115 Hypertension treatment, 324 Von Gierke disease, 87 hormone replacement, 364 anti-tissue transglutaminase in asthma, 324 Hypogonadism, 405 iodine deficiency or excess, 349 autoantibody, 115 in pregnancy, 324 diagnosis of, 662 lithium, 598 functions of, 105 primary (essential) hypertension, 324 estrogens for, 680 vs hyperthyroidism, 348 hyper-IgM syndrome, 117 with diabetes mellitus, 324 gynecomastia, 673 Hypotonia passive immunity, 105 with heart failure, 324 Kallmann syndrome, 663 poliomyelitis, 549 Peyer patches and, 384 Hypertensive crisis pituitary prolactinomas, 336 Zellweger syndrome, 48 IgA deficiency as psychiatric emergency, 593 testosterone/methyltestosterone, Hypoventilation, 693 ataxia-telangiectasia, 117 MAO inhibitors, 599 682 metabolic alkalosis compensatory IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) phenoxybenzamine for, 247 zinc deficiency, 71 response, 616 nephritic syndrome, 620 pheochromocytoma, 359 Hypokalemia Hypovolemic shock, 320 IgA protease Hypertensive emergency, 308 antacid use, 409 Hypoxanthine guanine bacterial virulence, 129 RBC casts in, 618 cystic fibrosis, 60 phosphoribosyltransferase IgD antibodies treatment, 326 loop diuretics, 631 (HGPRT), 37 B cells and, 105 Hypertensive nephropathy, 308 on ECG, 302 Hypoxemia IgE antibodies Hypertensive retinopathy, 556 potassium shifts with, 614 oxygen deprivation, 693 allergen-specific, 112 Hyperthermia VIPomas and, 381 vasoconstriction, 703 ataxia-telangiectasia, 117 atropine causing, 244 Hypomanic episode, 584 Hypoxia atopic dermatitis, 491 MDMA, 595 Hypomanic episodes, 584 erythropoietin production, 613 functions of, 105 Hyperthyroidism Hyponatremia lung diseases, 703 hyper-IgM syndrome, 117 amiodarone and, 331 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 nocturnal, 703 immunotherapy, 122 causes and findings, 350 euvolumic, 346 oxygen deprivation, 693 type I hypersensitivity, 112 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 801 11/12/20 9:35 AM 802 INDEX INDEX

IgG antibodies Immunodeficiency syndromes IL-12 receptor deficiency, 116 Innate immunity as passive immunity, 110 flow cytometry diagnosis, 54 in immunocompromised patients, components and mechanism, 99, ataxia-telangiectasia, 117 infections in, 118 139 419 bullous phemphigoid, 494 Immunofluorescence in immunodeficiency, 118 Inner ear, 551 hepatitis A (HAV), 174 phemphigus vulgaris vs bullous Inferior colliculi, 520 Inotropes, 320 pemphigus vulgaris, 494 pemphigoid, 494 Inferior gluteal nerve, 463 Inotropy, 295 response to antigen, 105 Immunoglobulin A vasculitis, 484 Inferior oblique muscle, 560 INR (international normalized ratio), type III hypersensitivity reactions, epidemiology/presentation, 484 Inferior rectal artery, 375 435 113 Immunoglobulins Inferior rectus muscle, 560 Insomnia IgM antibodies adaptive immunity and, 99 Infertility barbiturates for, 566 antigen response, 105 breast milk and, 659 clomiphene, 680 stimulants causing, 591 hepatitis A (HAV), 174 for Kawasaki disease, 484 Kallmann syndrome, 663 Inspiratory capacity (IC), 688 hyper-IgM syndrome, 117 isotypes of, 105 Kartagener syndrome, 49 Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), 688 in biliary cirrhosis, 405 monoclonal gammopathy, 440 leuprolide for, 680 Insulin overproduction, 440 Immunohistochemical stains mumps, 678 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 76 IL-12/IL-23 for tumor identification, 228 salpingitis, 185 glycogen regulation, 70, 86 immunotherapy target, 122 Immunology varicoceles, 675 potassium shifts with, 614 IL-12 receptor deficiency, 116 cellular components, 99 with uterine anomalies, 646 synthesis, function, and regulation, IL-17A immune responses, 104 Infiltrative cardiomyopathy, 318 342 immunotherapy target, 122 immunosuppressants, 120 Inflammasome, 215 Insulin deficiency, 614 IL-23 lymphoid structures, 96 inflammation Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) immunotherapy target, 122 Immunophenotype assessment, 54 cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, acromegaly, 347 Ileum Immunosuppressants 707 signaling pathways for, 345 basal electric rhythm, 372 for aplastic anemia, 431 Inflammation Insulinoma, 361 histology of, 372 targets, 120 acute, 215 insulin and C-peptide in, 342 Ileus, 396 transplant rejection, 120 cardinal signs, 214 MEN 1 syndrome, 358 bacterial peritonitis (spontaneous), Immunosuppression chronic, 217 pancreatic cell tumor, 358 400 squamous cell carcinoma and, 498 ESR in, 215 Insulin preparations, 362 Iliacus, 462 targets, 121 granulomatous, 218 Insulin resistance, 658 Iliohypogastric nerve, 462 vitamin A deficiency, 66 in atherosclerosis, 310 acanthosis nigricans and, 496 Iliotibial band syndrome, 472 Immunotherapy Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway, acromegaly, 347 Illness anxiety disorder, 589 recombinant cytokines, 121 208 cortisol, 344 Iloperidone, 597 Impaired colleague, 277 neutrophils in, 416 Cushing syndrome, 356 Imatinib Imperforate hymen, 668 systemic manifestations (acute- GH, 337 CML, 442 Impetigo, 492 phase reaction), 214 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, mechanism, use and adverse crusts with, 489 types of, 214 401 effects, 453 Streptococcus pyogenes, 136 wound healing, 217 polycystic ovarian syndrome, 669 IMG registration timeframe, 6 implantation, 656 Inflammatory bowel disease, 481 Insurance Imipenem Imprinting disorders, 58 Inflammatory bowel diseases, 392 disregarding in treatment, 277 seizures with, 254 Inactivated (killed) vaccine, 111 colorectal cancer and, 397 types of plans, 278 Imipramine, 256 Incidence vs prevalence, 265 erythema nodosum, 496 Integrase inhibitors, 203 Imiquimod Inclusions methotrexate for, 450 Integrins clinical use, 121 associated pathology, 426 microscopic colitis, 392 epithelial cell junctions, 488 Immature teratoma, 671 Cowdry A, 166 sclerosing cholangitis and, 405 viral receptor, 166 Immune checkpoint interactions, 223 Negri bodies, 171 spondyloarthritis, 481 Intellectual disability, 580 Immune complex “owl eye ”, 165 therapeutic antibodies for, 122 autism and, 580 Type III hypersensitivity, 113 RBCs, 426 Inflammatory breast disease, 673, childhood and early-onset Immune evasion reticulate bodies, 148 674 disorders, 580 in cancer, 222 Incomplete penetrance, 56 Infliximab cri-du-chat syndrome, 64 Immune responses Incontinence (fecal/urinary), 463 for Crohn disease, 392 Patau syndrome, 63 acute-phase reactants, 99 Incus (ossicles), 551 target and clinical use, 122, 502 phenylketonuria, 84 antigen type and memory, 104 pharyngeal arch derivative, 644 Influenza Williams syndrome, 64 cell surface proteins, 110 India ink stain, 125 orthomyxovirus, 167 Intellectualization, 577 complement, 104 Indicator media, 126 pneumonia, 707 Intention tremor, 537 cytokines, 108 Indirect bilirubin, 385 treatment/prevention, 201 cerebellar lesions, 528 hypersensitivity types, 113 Indirect cholinomimetic agonists, Influenza viruses Interdigital tinea pedis, 152 Bordetella pertussis, 143 243 characteristics, 169 Interferons immunoglobulin, 105 Indirect Coombs test, 420 Informed consent, 270, 271 clinical use, 121 transfusion reactions, 114 Indirect inguinal hernia, 380 Infraspinatus muscle mechanism and clinical use, 109 Immune system organs, 96 Indirect sympathomimetics, 245 Erb palsy, 458 Interferon-γ Immune thrombocytopenia, 436 Indomethacin, 500 Infundibulopelvic ligament, 649 secretion and function, 108 Type II hypersensitivity, 112 Infant Infundibulopelvic (suspensory) Interleukin 1 (IL-1), 108 Immunoassays deprivation effects, 579 ligament, 649 Interleukin 2 (IL-2), 108 HIV diagnosis, 175 Infant development, 578 Inguinal canal, 379 clinical use, 121 Immunocompromised patients Infarction Inguinal hernia, 380 sirolimus and, 120 common organisms affecting, 179 bone and marrow, 475 Inguinal ligament, 378 tacrolimus and, 120 esophagitis in, 387 hypoxia/ischemia and, 210 Inguinal triangle, 380 Interleukin 3 (IL-3), 108 Candida albicans in, 153 Infarcts Inhalational injury/sequelae, 700 Interleukin-4 Cryptococcus neoformans, 153 atherosclerosis, 310 Inhaled anesthetics, 570 functions of, 108 Cryptosporidium, 153 cortical watershed areas, 518 Inhaled psychoactive drugs, 594 Interleukin 5 (IL-5) Listeria monocytogenes, 139 pituitary, 347 Inheritance modes, 59 functions of, 108 invasive aspergillosis, 153 types of, 210 Inhibin Interleukin 6 (IL-6), 108 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 153 Infections, 153 Sertoli cell secretion of, 652 Interleukin 8 (IL-8), 108 Immunodeficiencies, 116 brain abscess with, 180 Injury (unintentional), 279 Interleukin 10 (IL-10) Th1 response, 116 dilated cardiomyopathy and, 318 Innate immune system functions of, 108 Th17 cell deficiency, 116 ESR in, 215 in acute inflammation, 215 Interleukin 12 (IL-12), 108 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 802 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 803

Interleukin receptor modulators Intravascular hemolysis colonic, 396 TORCH infections, 182 naming conventions for, 258 causes and findings with, 431 digital, 486 yellow fever, 171 Intermediate acting insulin, 362 G6PD deficiency, 432 mesenteric, 396 Jaw jerk reflex, 523 Intermediate filaments microangiopathic hemolytic oxygen deprivation, 693 JC virus cytoskeletal element, 48 anemia, 433 vulnerable organs and PML in HIV, 164 Intermenstrual bleeding (IMB), 657 paroxysmal nocturnal mechanisms, 210 JC virus (John Cunningham virus) Intermittent explosive disorder, 580 hemoglobinuria, 107 watershed areas, 210 HIV-positive adults, 177 Internal carotid artery Intravenous anesthetics, 570 Ischemic brain disease/stroke immunocompromised patients, 118 cavernous sinus, 562 Intraventricular hemorrhage, 530 consequences of, 529 polyomaviruses, 164 Internal hemorrhoids, 376 Intrinsic factor Ischemic heart disease Jejunum Internal jugular vein, 519 source and action, 382 contraindicated antiarrhythmics, 330 histology, 372 Internal oblique muscle, 462 Intrinsic hemolytic anemias, 432 heart murmurs in, 300 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Internal rotation Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway Ischemic heart disease manifestations, 315 arm (rotator cuff), 456 regulating factors for, 208 312 JAK2 gene hip, 461 Intrinsic pathway, 435 Ischemic priapism, 675 in myeloproliferative disorders, 443 International Foundations of coagulation defects of, 435 Ischemic stroke Jimson weed, 244 Medicine (IFOM), 12 heparin and, 446 types of, 529 Jod-Basedow phenomenon Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 528, Intrinsic renal failure, 625 Islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies, 94 causes and findings, 350 563 Introns Islets of Langerhans, 335 Joint hypermobility, 51 Interossei muscles splicing out, 41 Isocarboxazid, 599 jugular venous distention (JVD) Klumpke palsy, 458 vs exons, 43 Isocitrate dehydrogenase heart failure, 319 Interpersonal therapy, 596 intussusception, 394 rate-determining enzyme, 73 Jugular venous distention (JVD), 710 Interpreting study results, 266 Intussusception, 395 Isodisomy, 57 right heart failure, 319 Interstitial (atypical) pneumonia, 707 Inulin Isoflurane, 570 Jugular venous pulse, 296 Interstitial fluid, 303 glomerular filtration rate and, 605 Isolated atrial amyloidosis, 213 Justice (ethics), 270 Interstitial lung disease, 699 in proximal convoluted tubules, 611 Isolation of affect, 577 Juvenile polyposis, 397 Interstitial nephritis Inulin clearance, 606 Isoleucine Juvenile polyposis syndrome, 397 acute, 625 Invariant chain, 100 classification of, 81 Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), 613 as drug reaction, 254 Invasive carcinoma maple syrup urine disease and, 81 renin secretion, 613 NSAID toxicity, 500 cervix, 669 Isoniazid Juxtaglomerular cells penicillins, 188 Invasive lobular carcinoma (breast), cytochrome P-450, 255 tumors in, 358 Interstitial pneumonia, 707 674 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 253 Interstitium Inversion, 463 hepatitis, 252 K leukocyte extravasation and, 215 In vivo biofilm-producing bacteria, 128 mechanism and clinical use, 197 Kala-azar, 158 Interventricular foramen, 289 Involuntary treatment, 273 seizures with, 253 kallikrein, 107 Interventricular septal rupture, 313, Iodine Isoproterenol Kallmann syndrome, 513, 663 317 infection control, 204 sympathomimetic action, 246 Kaposi sarcoma, 492 “Intestinal angina”, 396 teratogenic effects, 638 Isosorbide dinitrate, 326 bacillary angiomatosis vs, 492 Intestinal atresia, 369 Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, 350 Isosorbide mononitrate, 326 HHV-8, 165 Intestinal obstruction Iodophors, 204 Isotretinoin HIV-positive adults, 177 intermittent, 373 Ionizing radiation cystic acne, 66 oncogenic microbes and, 227 superior mesenteric artery carcinogenicity, 226 teratogenicity of, 638 Kartagener syndrome, 49 syndrome, 373 Ionizing radiation toxicity, 211 Isovolumetric contraction, 296 dextrocardia, 288 Intimate partner violence, 277 IP3 Isovolumetric relaxation, 296 obstructive lung disease, 699 Intoxication (psychoactive drugs), 594 endocrine hormone signaling Itraconazole, 151 Karyotyping, 55 Intracellular bacteria, 127 pathways, 345 azoles, 199 KatG, 197 Intracellular receptors Ipilimumab, 452 Sporothrix schenckii, 154 Kawasaki disease, 484 endocrine hormone signaling Ipratropium, 244, 712 Ivabradine Kayser-Fleischer rings, 405 pathways, 345 Irinotecan, 452 mechanism and clinical use, 332 K cells Intracranial calcifications Iritis, 555 IVC, 370 GIP production, 381 Toxoplasma gondii, 156 Iron Ivermectin, 200 K complexes/sleep spindles, 512 Intracranial hemorrhage absorption and vitamin C, 69 “Ivory white” plaques, 701 Kegel exercises, 623 eclampsia, 667 absorption of, 69 IV phlebitis, 199 Keloid scars, 219 epidural hematoma, 531 excess, 67 Ixazomib, 453 Keratinocytes, 217 intraparenchymal, 531 in hemochromatosis, 405 Ixekizumab Keratin pearls, 709 subarachnoid, 530 toxicity of, 69 target and clinical use, 122 Keratoacanthoma subdural hematoma, 531 toxicity treatment, 251 Ixodes ticks, 146 characteristics of, 498 Intracranial hypertension Iron deficiency Keratoconjunctivitis, 164 idiopathic, 540 lab findings with anemia, 428 J Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 480 vitamin A toxicity, 66 Iron deficiency anemia, 428 JAK2 gene, 225 Keratomalacia, 66 Intracranial pressure (ICP) with colorectal cancer, 398 JAK2 gene Keratosis cerebral ischemia, 303 Iron granules (in RBCs), 426 myeloproliferative disorders, 442 actinic, 496 hydrocephalus, 540 Iron poisoning Janeway lesions, 321 hyperkeratosis, 489 in perfusion regulation, 517 acute vs chronic, 435 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 148 parakeratosis, 489 papilledema, 557 Iron studies, interpretation, 429 Jaundice, 80, 403 seborrheic, 491 superior vena cava syndrome, 710 Irritable bowel disease (IBD) biliary tract disease, 403 Kernicterus, 204, 404 Intraductal papilloma, 673 GI bleeding with, 390 cholangitis, 407 Kernohan notch, 547 Intraepithelial adenocarcinoma, 668 Irritable bowel syndrome drug reaction and, 252 Ketamine, 570 Intraocular pressure (IOP), 555 criteria and symptoms, 393 galactosemia, 80 Ketoacidosis Intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 531 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) graft-versus-host disease, 119 in ethanol metabolism, 72 Intrauterine device (IUD) antispasmodic drugs, 244 hepatitis B, 182 Ketoconazole, 682 copper, 681 Isavuconazole hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, cytochrome P-450, 255 Intrauterine growth restriction mucormycosis treatment, 153 404 mechanism and clinical use, 199 (IUGR) Ischemia, 207 neonatal, 403 Ketogenesis low birth weight, 658 acute tubular necrosis from, 625 painless, 378 metabolic site, 72 substance abuse, 638 atherosclerosis, 310 pancreatic cancer, 408 rate-determining enzyme for, 73 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 803 11/12/20 9:35 AM 804 INDEX INDEX

Ketone bodies Kupffer cells, 377 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, 462 Lens dislocation in alcoholism, 90 Kuru, 178 Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), Marfan syndrome and in starvation, 91 Kussmaul sign, 324 513 homocystinuria, 52 Ketorolac, 500 Kwashiorkor, 71 Lateral medullary syndrome, 533 Lens subluxation Kidney Kyphoscoliosis, 549 Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) in homocystinuria, 85 anatomy and glomerular structure, Kyphosis syndrome, 533 Lenticulostriate artery 604 in homocystinuria, 85 Lateral pterygoid muscle, 524 stroke effects in, 532 changes in glomerular dynamics, osteoporosis, 474 Lateral rectus muscle, 560 Lentiform nucleus, 516 607 Lateral spinothalamic tract, 526 Leonine facies, 141 glucose clearance, 608 L Lateral thoracic artery, 465 Lepromatous leprosy, 141 reabsorption and secretion rate labetalol, 326 Lateral ventricles Leprosy, 141 calculation, 608 Labetalol optic radiation, 562 Leptin Kidney disease hypertension in pregnancy, 324 ventricular system, 520 appetite regulation, 344 acute injury, 625 Labia, 649 Laxatives hypothalamus, 513 hypertension, 307 Labile cells, 46 types and adverse effects, 411 Leptospira interrogans, 147 Kidneys Lac operons, 40 LD50 (lethal median dose), 237 Leptospira spp blood flow regulation to, 304 Lachman test, 464 LDH Gram stain of, 125 chronic graft nephropathy, 119 Lacrimation reflex, 523 serum tumor marker, 227 zoonotic infections, 149 electrolyte disturbances, 615 Lactase deficiency, 81 LDL (low-density lipoprotein), 94 Leptospirosis, 147 embryology, 602 Lactation, 654, 659 PCSK9 enzyme, 93 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome hormones acting on, 614 Lactational mastitis, 673 receptor binding, 93 purine salvage deficiency, 37 ischemia in, 210 Lactic acid dehydrogenase, 77 Leaden paralysis, 584 Leser-Trélat sign, 229 transplant prophylaxis, 120 Lactic acidosis Lead poisoning GI adenocarcinoma, 491 Kidney stones ethanol metabolism and, 72 anemia with, 429 stomach cancer, 389 content and characteristics of, 622 exercise and, 694 mechanism and presentation, 434 Lesser omental sac, 371 hyperparathyroidism, 353 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex signs/symptoms and treatment, 429 Letrozole, 680 presentation and findings with, 622 deficiency, 77 Lead-time bias, 266 Leucine risk factors for, 617 Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy classification of, 81 UTIs, 181 126, 144 (LHON), 59 maple syrup urine disease and, 81 Kiesselbach plexus, 695 Lactose hydrogen breath test, 391 Lecithinase, 133, 138 Leucovorin, 450, 453 Killian triangle, 394 Lactose intolerance, 391 Lecithin-cholesterol acetyltransferase Leukemia, 223 Kinases, 73 Lactose metabolism (LCAT) vs lymphoma, 438 Kinesin genetic response to environmental activation of, 93 Leukemias movement of, 48 change, 40 Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, cause and presentation of, 442 Kinin cascade/pathways, 422 Lactulose 93 cell type, 221 Klebsiella spp, 145 for hepatic encephalopathy, 401 Leflunomide cyclophosphamide for, 449 alcoholism, 179 Lacunar infarcts, 532 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase cytarabine for, 450 kidney stones and, 622 Ladd bands, 395 inhibition, 36 lymphoma comparison, 438 nosocomial infections, 185 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome mechanism, use and adverse mucormycosis, 153 pneumonia, 707 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 effects, 500 nomenclature for, 221 urease-positive, 127 autoantibody, 115 Left bundle branch, 302 suppressor genes, 225 Klebsiella pneumoniae pathophysiology, symptoms of, 486 Left circumflex coronary artery, 313 vinca alkaloids for, 451 cephalosporins, 189 small cell lung cancer, 709 Left heart disease Leukemoid reaction vs chronic encapsulation, 127 Lamina propria pulmonary hypertension, 703 myelogenous leukemia, UTIs, 181 in Whipple disease, 391 Left heart failure, 319 443 Klinefelter syndrome Peyer patches in, 384 Left shift, 416 Leukocoria, 557 characteristics of, 661 Lamins, 48 Left ventricular (LV) failure Leukocyte adhesion deficiency chromosome association, 64 Lamivudine, 203 pulmonary edema, 317 immunodeficiencies, 117 gynecomastia, 673 Lamotrigine Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 473 Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase Klumpke palsy epilepsy therapy, 564 Legionella spp (LAP), 416 injury and deficits, 458 rash caused by, 253 atypical organism, 179 Leukocyte esterase, 181, 624 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 528 Lancet-shaped diplococci, 136 culture requirements, 126 Leukocyte extravasation Knee injuries/conditions Landmarks (anatomical) facultative intracellular organisms, acute inflammation, 215 Baker cyst, 471 for dermatomes, 527 127 CD34 protein, 215 common, 471 vertebral, 374 intracellular organism, 127 process and steps of, 216 iliotibial band syndrome, 472 Langerhans cell histiocytosis macrolides, 193 Leukocytes ligament and meniscus, 471 presentation, 444 nosocomial infection, 182 in urine (pyuria), 181, 618 Osgood-Schlatter disease, 473 pulmonary, 699 pneumonia, 707 leukemias, 442 prepatellar bursitis, 471 Lansoprazole, 409 stain for, 125 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 174 test procedure, 464 Laplace law, 293, 685 Legionella pneumophila, 143 Leukocytosis, 214 KOH preparation, 152 Large cell carcinoma of lung, 709 Legionella nosocomial infections, 182 Koilocytes Large-vessel vasculitis Gram stain for, 125 Leukodystrophies, 508 condylomata acuminata, 184 presentation and pathology, 484 Legionella spp Leukoerythroblastic reaction, 416 Koilocytosis, 491 Larva migrans, 159 culture requirements, 126 Leukopenias, 194 Koilonychia, 428 Laryngopharyngeal reflux, 387 Legionnaires’ disease, 143 cell counts and causes, 433 Koplik spots, 183 Laryngospasm, 369 Leiomyoma (fibroid), 672 ganciclovir, 202 Korsakoff syndrome, 66, 581 drug-induced, 593 nomenclature for, 221 Leukoplakia Krabbe disease, 88 Larynx, 686 uterine bleeding with, 657 hairy, 493 KRAS gene, 225 Larynx muscles, 644 Leiomyosarcoma, 221, 672 vulvar carcinoma and, 668 adenomatous colonic polyps and, Lassa fever encephalitis, 167 Leishmaniasis, 200 Leukotrienes 397 Latanoprost, 573 Leishmania spp cortisol effects, 344 lung cancer and, 709 Latent errors, 281 visceral infections, 158 Leuprolide, 680 Krukenberg tumor, 389 Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) Length-time bias, 266 Leutinizing hormone(LH) Km, 232 injury, 464 Lens clomiphene effects on, 680 Kübler-Ross grief model, 578 Lateral corticospinal tract, 526 collagen in, 50 Levator veli palatini muscle, 644 Kulchitsky cells, 709 Lateral epicondylitis, 469 infantile cataracts, 80 Levetiracetam, 564 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 804 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 805

Levodopa, 568 Lipids Lobar pneumonia incidence/mortality in, 223 Levodopa (l-DOPA)/carbidopa, 568 transport of, 89 natural history of, 707 metastases to, 223 Levofloxacin, 195 Lipid transport organisms and characteristics, 707 non–small cell, 709 Levomilnacipran, 599 key enzymes in, 93 physical findings with, 704 presentation and complications, Levonorgestrel, 681 Lipodystrophy Lobular carcinoma in situ, 674 709 Levothyroxine/liothyronine tesamorelin for, 336 Localized amyloidosis, 213 small cell, 709 mechanism, use and adverse Lipofuscin, 212 Locked-in syndrome types, location and characteristics, effects, 364 Lipoic acid, 76 osmotic demyelination syndrome, 709 Lewy bodies, 538, 539 Lipolysis 542 Lung diseases dementia, 538 cortisol and, 344 Locus ceruleus, 510 obstructive, 698 Lewy body dementia sympathetic receptors and, 241 Locus heterogeneity, 57 physical findings in, 704 symptoms and histologic findings, thyroid hormone and, 339 Löffler endocarditis restrictive, 699 539 Lipomas, 221 restrictive/infiltrative Lungs Leydig cells lipooligosaccharides (LOS) cardiomyopathy, 318 anatomical relationships, 687 cryptorchidism, 675 endotoxin activity, 142 Löffler medium, 126 anatomy, 687 endocrine function, 652, 660 Lipoprotein lipase, 93 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 139 blood flow regulation, 304 genital embryology, 645 Lipoproteins Long acting insulin, 362 physical findings, 704 tumors of, 676 functions of, 94 Long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) sclerosis of, 487 Leydig cell tumor, 676 Liposarcomas, 221 metabolism of, 89 stages of, 684 LFA-1 antigens, 216 Lipoteichoic acid Long QT syndrome structural development, 684 LFA-1 integrin protein cytoplasmic membrane, 124 sudden cardiac death, 312 volumes and capacities, 688 defect in phagocytes, 117 Liquefactive necrosis, 209 Long thoracic nerve Lung zones, 693 Libido Liraglutide, 363 neurovascular pairing, 465 Lupus testosterone and, 659 Lisch nodules, 543 Loop diuretics, 631 marantic endocarditis in, 321 Libman-Sacks endocarditis, 482 Lisdexamfetamine, 596 for heart failure, 319 microangiopathic hemolytic Lice Lisinopril, 633 toxicity of, 254 anemia, 433 head/scalp, 161 Lissencephaly, 505 Loop of Henle, 631 nephritis, 482 treatment, 200 Listeria spp Bartter syndrome and, 610 neutropenia, 433 Lichen planus, 174, 489, 496 facultative intracellular organisms, ethacrynic acid effect on, 631 Lupus anticoagulant, 115 Lichen sclerosus, 668 127 “Loose associations”, 582 Lurasidone, 597 Lichen simplex chronicus, 668 intracellular organism, 127 Loperamide Luteinizing hormone (LH) Liddle syndrome Listeria monocytogenes, 139 mechanism and clinical use, 410 contraception, 681 renal disorder features, 615 food poisoning, 178 Lopinavir, 203 estrogen/progesterone, 654 renal tubular defects, 610 Lithium Loratadine, 710 ovulation, 654 Lid lag/retraction, 348 diabetes insipidus and, 252 Lorazepam PCOS, 670 LIdocaIne, 571 mechanism and use, 598 alcohol withdrawal, 596 premature ovarian failure, 659 Life support prenatal exposure, 308 Losartan, 633 signaling pathways of, 345 withdrawal, 277 teratogenicity of, 638 loss, 483 spermatogenesis, 652 Li-Fraumeni syndrome thyroid functions with, 252 Lou Gehrig disease, 548 Lyme disease, 146 osteosarcomas, 477 toxicity of, 593 Low birth weight, 658 animal transmission, 149 tumor suppressor genes in, 46 Live attenuated vaccines, 111 Löwenstein-Jensen agar/medium, 126 ceftriaxone, 189 Ligaments Liver Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) Lymphadenopathy female reproductive anatomy, 649 in gastrointestinal anatomy, 371 achalasia and, 381 hilar, 699 gastrointestinal anatomy, 371 ischemia in, 210 nitric oxide and, 381 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 132 Ligamentum arteriosum, 291 lipid transport and, 94 Lower extremity nerves in viral infections, 96 Ligamentum teres hepatis, 371 sources of metastases, 224, 402 innervation, injury and Toxoplasma gondii, 182 Ligamentum teres hepatis (round tissue architecture, 377 presentation, 462 Trypanosoma brucei, 156 ligament), 291 tumors of, 402 Lower extremity ulcers, 495 Lymphogranuloma venereum, 184 Ligamentum venosum, 291 Liver/biliary disease Lower GI bleeding, 390 mediastinal, 700 Lightheadedness, 552 alcoholic, 401 Lower left quadrant (LLQ) pain, 393 mononucleosis, 165 Likelihood ratio (LR), 263 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 402 Lower motor neuron (LMN), 526, rubella, 169, 182 Limb compartment syndrome, 472 cirrhosis, 71, 80 550 serum sickness, 113 Limbic system, 514 cystic fibrosis, 60 Brown-Séquard syndrome, 549 syphilis, 184 Limited scleroderma drug dosages with, 233 deficits in amyotrophic lateral tinea capitis, 152 autoantibody, 115, 487 hepatosteatosis, 72 sclerosis, 548 Lymphatic exudate, 705 Limitless replicative potential, 222 hereditary, 404 facial nerve lesion, 550 Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) Linagliptin, 363 serum markers, 400 facial paralysis, 532 Wuchereria bancrofti, 159 Linear ulcers, 387 sources of metastases, 224 lesion signs in, 547 Lymphatic gonadal drainage, 648 Linear viruses, 163 Wilson disease and, 405 poliomyelitis, 549 Lymph drainage Lines of Zahn, 696 Liver failure LPS endotoxin, 131 superficial inguinal nodes, 648 Lineweaver-Burk plot, 232 movement disorder in, 537 LTB4 (Leukotriene B4), 416, 499 Lymph nodes Linezolid Liver fluke Lumbar puncture, 524 anatomy and function, 96 highly resistant organisms, 198 hyperbilirubinemia with, 403 Lumbosacral radiculopathy, 465 drainage sites, 97 mechanism and clinical use, 193 Liver function tests Lumbrical muscles, 460 gonadal drainage, 648 protein synthesis inhibition, 191 cholestatic pattern of, 405 Klumpke palsy and, 458 tumor metastases, 224 Lingula (lung), 687 serum markers for, 400 Lumefantrine, 200 Lymphocyte-depleted lymphoma, 438 Linkage disequilibrium, 57 thyroid storm, 350 Lunate bone, 459 Lymphocytes, 419 Liothyronine (T3), 364 Liver markers Lung abscess, 708 breast milk and, 659 Lipase in alcohol use, 594 Lung and chest wall, 689 CLL/small cell lymphocytic in pancreatitis, 407 Liver transplants compliance, 689 lymphoma, 442 Lipases graft-versus-host disease, 119 elastic recoil, 689 corticosteroid effect on, 433 pancreatic secretion, 383 Living wills, 272 hysteresis, 689 lichen planus, 496 Lipid-lowering agents Loa loa, 158 Lung cancer non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 439 mechanism and adverse effects, tissue infections, 159 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 452 spleen, 96 328 Loading dose calculations, 233 hypercalcemia and, 229 thymus, 96 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 805 11/12/20 9:35 AM 806 INDEX INDEX

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Macrophages, 417 Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 387 Mean arterial pressure (LCMV) apoptosis and, 209 Malnutrition, 71 equation for, 294 arenaviruses, 167 breast milk and, 659 superior mesenteric artery gradient with intracranial pressure, Lymphogranuloma venereum, 184 cell surface proteins, 110 syndrome with, 373 517 Chlamydia trachomatis, 149 cytokines secreted by, 108 Malrotation, 395 Mean (statistics), 267 Lymphoid hyperplasia, 393 endotoxin activation, 133 “Maltese cross” appearance, 157 Measles, 183 Lymphoid neoplasms, 439 in MI, 313 MALT lymphoma paramyxovirus, 167, 168 types of, 442 in wound healing, 217 H. pylori and, 389 vitamin A for, 66 Lymphoid structures lymphocyte interaction, 96, 102 MALT lymphomas Measles (rubeola) virus Peyer patches, 384 pneumoconioses, 701 Helicobacter pylori, 146 presentation, 170 Lymphomas, 451 Macrosomia, 638 oncogenic microbes and, 227 unvaccinated children, 186 Burkitt, 439 Macula densa Sjögren syndrome, 480 Measurement bias, 266 cytarabine for, 450 juxtaglomerular apparatus, 613 Mammary glands, 637 Measures of central tendency, 267 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 439 Macular cherry-red spot, 88 Mammillary bodies Measures of dispersion, 267 doxorubicin for, 449 Macular degeneration, 556 limbic system, 514 Mebendazole, 200 EBV and, 165 Macules Mammillary bodies (bilateral) microtubules and, 48 follicular, 439 characteristics, 489 leson effects, 528 mecA gene Hodgkin, 438 junctional nevi, 491 Mandibular process, 644 penicillin resistance and, 135 hypercalcemia and, 229 Maculopapular rash Manic episode, 583 Meckel diverticulum, 394, 642 leukemia comparison, 438 graft-versus-host disease, 119 Mannitol, 630 Meconium ileus, 396 mantle cell, 439 measles, 169 extracellular volume measurement, cystic fibrosis, 60 nomenclature for, 221 syphilis, 147 605 Medial calcific sclerosis, 309 non-Hodgkin, 439 Magnesium mechanism and clinical use, 630 Medial collateral ligament (MCL) of stomach, 389 antiarrhythmic treatment, 332 mechanism, use and adverse injury oncogene for, 225 cardiac glycoside overdose, 329 effects, 630 in “unhappy triad ”, 471 oncogenic microbes, 227 cardiac glycoside toxicity, 332 Mantle cell lymphomas, 444 Medial epicondylitis, 469 paraneoplastic syndromes with, laxative effects of, 411 occurrence and genetics, 439 Medial femoral circumflex artery, 475 229 torsades de pointes and, 315 Maple syrup urine disease, 84 Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), testicular, 677 Magnesium hydroxide, 409 Marantic endocarditis, 229, 321 513 Lymphopenias Magnesium sulfate Marasmus, 71 Medial lemniscus, 533 ataxia-telangiectasia, 117 preeclampsia/eclampsia, 667 Maraviroc, 203 Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) cell counts and causes, 433 Magnetic gait, 540 Marburg hemorrhagic fever effects of lesions, 528 corticosteroid effect on, 433 Maintenance drug dose, 233 filoviruses, 167 eye movements and, 563 Lynch syndrome, 398 Major apolipoproteins, 93 Marcus Gunn pupil, 559 Medial medullary syndrome, 533 colorectal and associated cancers, Major depressive disorder Marcus Gunn pupils Medial meniscal tear, 464 398 peripartum onset, 585 multiple sclerosis, 541 Medial pterygoid muscle, 524 mismatch repair and, 39 with psychotic features, 584 Marfanoid habitus Medial tibial stress syndrome, 472 Lyonization (x-inactivation) with seasonal pattern, 584 homocystinuria, 85 Medial umbilical ligament, 291 Barr body formation, 61 Major depressive disorder (MDD) MEN 2B syndrome and, 360 “Median claw”, 460 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), diagnostic symptoms for, 584 Marfan syndrome Median nerve 595 persistent depressive disorder aortic dissection and, 310 carpal tunnel syndrome, 470 Lysine (dysthymia), 584 cardiac defect association, 308 injury and presentation, 457 classification of, 81 Major functions of B and T cells, cataracts, 554 neurovascular pairing, 465 for pyruvate dehydrogenase 101 chromosome association, 64 recurrent branch, 457 complex deficiency, 77 Malabsorption/malnutrition elastin and, 52 Median umbilical ligament, 291 in cystinuria, 85 inflammatory bowel diseases, 392 heart murmur with, 300 Mediastinal lymphadenopathy, 699 kidney stones, 622 Malabsorption syndromes, 391 thoracic aortic aneurysm and, 310 Mediastinal masses, 696 Lysogenic phage infection, 130 fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, 65 Marginal zone lymphoma Mediastinal pathology, 696 Lysosomal storage diseases, 47 Malaria occurrence and causes, 439 lymphadenopathy, 699 causes and effects of, 87 artesunate for, 200 Marginal zone (spleen), 98 masses, 696 Lysosomal trafficking regulator gene Plasmodium, 157 Marine omega-3 fatty acids, 328 mediastinitis, 137, 696 (LYST), 117 quinidine/quinine for, 198 Masseter muscle, 523, 524 pneumomediastinum, 696 Lysosomal α-1 4-glucosidase, 86, 87 Malassezia spp Mast cells, 418 Medical abortion LYST gene, 117 cutaneous mycoses, 152 cromolyn sodium for, 418 ethical situations, 276 Lytic bone lesions seborrheic dermatitis, 490 Mast cell stabilizers, 712 methotrexate for, 450 adult T-cell lymphoma and, 439 Malathion, 161 Mastectomy Medical error analysis, 281 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 444 Male/female genital homologs, 647 winged scapula with, 458 Medical errors Male genital embryology, 645 Mastication muscles, 523, 524 types of, 281 M Male reproductive anatomy, 650 Mastoid air cells, 644 Medical insurance plans, 278 MacConkey agar, 126, 144 Male sexual response, 651 Mastoiditis Medical power of attorney, 272 “Machine-like” murmur, 300 Malformation (morphogenesis), 637 brain abscesses, 180 Medicare/Medicaid, 279 Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia Malignancy granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Medium-chain acyl-CoA causes and findings, 433 marantic endocarditis in, 321 485 dehydrogenase deficiency, Macrocytic anemias, 429 uterine bleeding with, 657 Maternal PKU, 84 89 Macroglobulinemia, 440 Malignancy/hyperplasia Mature cystic teratoma, 671 Medium-vessel vasculitis Macrolides uterine bleeding with, 657 Mature ego defenses, 577 presentation and pathology, 484 Bordetella pertussis, 143 Malignant hyperthermia, 570 Maxillary artery, 289 Medroxyprogesterone, 681 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 150 Malignant mesothelioma, 226 Maxillary process, 644 Medulla (brain) mechanism and clinical use, 193 Malignant tumors, 221 Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser cranial nerves and nuclei, 520 mechanism and use, 192 bones, 477 syndrome, 645 Medulla (lymph nodes) protein synthesis inhibition, 191 Malingering, 589 McArdle disease, 87 thymus, 96 torsades de pointes, 251 vs factitious disorder and somatic McBurney point, 393 Medullary breast carcinomas, 674 Macro-ovalocytes symptom disorders, 589 McCune-Albright syndrome, 57, 660 Medullary carcinoma (thyroid), 351 associated pathology, 425 Malleus (ossicles), 551, 644 M cells Medullary cystic kidney disease, 627 Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction, Mallory bodies antigen presentation, 384 Medullary thyroid cancer 102 in alcoholic hepatitis, 401 McMurray test, 464 amyloid deposits in, 213 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 806 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 807

Medullary thyroid carcinomas, 360 Meningitis Metabolic disorders Methionine Medulloblastoma, 358, 546 chloramphenicol, 192 fructose, 82 classification of, 81 “Medusa head” appearance, 137 coccidioidomycosis, 151 galactose, 80, 82 start codons, 44 Mefloquine, 157 common causes by age, 180 glycogen storage, 87 Methotrexate Megaesophagus CSF findings in, 180 Metabolic drugs choriocarcinoma, 666 Trypanosoma cruzi, 158 fluconazole, 199 name conventions for, 257 hydatidiform moles, 666 Megakaryocytes, 417 flucytosine, 199 Metabolic fuel use, 91 mechanism, use and adverse Megakaryocytes in essential HIV-positive adults, 177 Metabolic syndrome effects, 450 thrombocythemia, 443 Cryptococcus neoformans, 153 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease megaloblastic anemia, 253 Megaloblastic anemia Listeria monocytogenes, 139 and, 401 pulmonary fibrosis, 254 causes and findings, 430 Streptococcus agalactiae, 137 Metabolism, 73 pyrimidine synthesis and, 36 drug reaction and, 253 mumps, 170 amino acid derivatives, 84 rheumatoid arthritis, 478 Diphyllobothrium latum, 160 picornavirus, 168 amino acids, 80 vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 trimethoprim, 194 unvaccinated children, 186 disorders of, 80 Methoxyflurane, 570 tropical sprue, 391 viral causes of, 180 dyslipidemias, 94 Methyldopa vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 Meningocele, 505 ethanol, 70 Coombs-positive hemolytic Megestrol, 681 Meningococcal prophylaxis, 198 fuel use, 89 anemia, 253 Meglitinides, 363 Meningococcal vaccine, 127 gluconeogenesis, 78 hypertension in pregnancy, 324 Meissner corpuscles, 509 Meningococcemia lipoprotein functions, 94 Methylene blue, 251, 690 Meissner plexus, 394 endotoxins, 131 pyruvate, 77 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Melanocytes Meningococci rate-determining enzymes, 73 (MTHFR) deficiency, 85 tumor nomenclature in, 221 vs gonococci, 142 sites, 74 Methylmalonic acid Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Meningoencephalitis summary of pathways, 74 vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 (MSH) HSV-2, 182 TCA cycle, 77 vitamin B12 deficiency, 69 function of, 336 Naegleria fowleri, 156 tyrosine catabolism, 82 Methylmalonic acidemia, 85 signaling pathways of, 345 West Nile virus, 167 Metacarpal neck fracture, 470 Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, 69 Melanocytic nevus, 491 Menkes disease Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, Methylmercury, 638 Melanoma collagen crosslinking in, 50 478 Methylnaltrexone, 572 metastasis of, 205 mechanism and symptoms, 51 Metachromatic granules, 139 Methylphenidate nomenclature for, 221 Menopause, 659 Metachromatic leukodystrophy, 88 ADHD, 596 recombinant cytokines for hormone replacement therapy, Metalloproteinases, 217 CNS stimulant, 596 metastatic, 121 681 Metal storage diseases, 210 Methyltestosterone, 682 tumor suppressor gene, 225 Turner syndrome, 661 Metanephric diverticulum, 602 Methylxanthines, 712 types of, 498 Menorrhagia, 657 Metanephrines Metoclopramide, 410 Melarsoprol, 200 anemia with, 428 in neuroblastomas, 359 Parkinson-like syndrome, 254 Melasma (cholasma), 490 Menstrual cycle Metanephros, 602 tardive dyskinesia, 254 MELAS syndrome, 59 phases of, 656 Metaphase, 46 with chemotherapy, 453 Melena Meperidine, 572 Metaplasia, 206 Metolazone, 632 GI bleeding, 390 Mepivacaine, 571 esophagus, 388 Metoprolol, 248, 331 Meckel diverticulum, 394, 642 Mercury poisoning, 251 intestinal, 389 Metronidazole polyarteritis nodosa, 484 Merkel discs, 509 specialized intestinal, 388 bacterial vaginosis, 148 Meloxicam, 500 Merlin protein, 225 Metastases clindamycin vs, 192 Memantine, 569 MERS (Middle East respiratory common, 224 disulfiram-like reaction, 254 Membrane attack complex (MAC), syndrome), 164 Metastasis, 221 for Crohn disease, 392 106 Mesalamine, 392 gastric cancer, 389 Giardia lamblia, 155 Membranoproliferative Mesangial cells heart tumors from, 324 mechanism and clinical use, 195 glomerulonephritis juxtaglomerular apparatus, 613 lung cancer, 709 vaginal infections, 181 nephritic syndrome, 620 Mesencephalon, 504 mechanisms, 222 vaginitis, 158 Membranoproliferative Mesenchymal tumors melanoma, 498 Meyer loop, 562 glomerulonephritis nomenclature of, 221 neoplastic progression, 220 MHC (major histocompatibility (MPGN) Mesenchyme Metastatic calcification complex) I and II, 100 hepatitis B and C, 174 tumor nomenclature, 221 characterisstics of, 212 Micafungin, 200 Membranous glomerular disorders, Mesenteric arteries, 369 Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints Michaelis-Menten kinetics, 232 618 Mesenteric ischemia, 396 gout, 479 Miconazole, 199 hepatitis B and C, 174 Mesna, 453 Metencephalon, 504 Microalbuminuria Membranous interventricular Mesocortical pathway, 514 Metformin, 363 diabetes mellitus, 354 septum, 289 Mesoderm, 504 diarrhea with, 252 Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Membranous nephropathy, 621 derivatives, 637 Methacholine, 243 causes and findings, 433 primary autoantibody, 115 pharyngeal (branchial) arches Methadone, 572 hypertensive emergency and, 308 Membranous ossification, 468 derivation, 643 heroin addiction, 572 intravascular hemolysis in, 431 Memory Mesolimbic pathway, 514 opioid detoxification, 600 Microarrays, 54 neural structures and, 514 Mesometrium, 649 opioid withdrawal treatment, 594 Microbiology, 123 Memory loss Mesosalpinx, 649 Methamphetamine, 594 antimicrobial therapy, 187 anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, Mesothelioma, 702 Methanol toxicity, 251 clinical bacteriology, 134 229 Mesovarium, 649 Methemoglobin, 690 mycology, 151 lead poisoning, 434 Mestranol, 680 toxicity treatment, 251 oncogenic organisms, 227 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Meta-analysis, 269 Methemoglobinemia parasitology, 155 528 Metabolic acidosis blood oxygen in, 690 systems, 178 MEN 1, 360 laboratory findings with, 616 local anesthetics and, 571 virology, 162 MEN1 gene, 205, 360 renal failure, 626 presentation, 690 Microcephaly, 63 MEN 2A, 360 Metabolic alkalosis treatment, 690 cri-du-chat syndrome, 64 MEN 2B, 360 in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, Methimazole, 364 maternal phenylketonuria, 84 Ménétrier disease, 389 369 agranulocytosis, 253 with lissencephaly, 505 Ménière disease, 552 laboratory findings with, 616 aplastic anemia, 253 Microcytic anemia Menin, 225 nephron transport, 610 teratogenicity of, 638 Ancylostoma, 159 Meninges, 511 thiazides, 632 lead poisoning, 434 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 807 11/12/20 9:35 AM 808 INDEX INDEX

Microcytic, hypochromic anemias, Mirabegron, 245 Mood disorder, 582, 583 Müllerian duct 428 Mirtazapine, 247 bipolar disorder, 584 agenesis, 645 Microcytosis, 215 major depressive disorder, 584 hypomanic episode, 584 anomalies of, 645 Microdeletion use and adverse effects, 600 manic episode, 583 derivatives of, 645 22q11, 116 Mismatch repair, 39 Mood stabilizing drugs, 584 Müllerian inhibitory factor (MIF), 645 congenital, 64 Misoprostol Moro reflex, 527 Sertoli cell production, 646 fluorescence in situ hybridization, mechanism and clinical use, 409 Morphine, 237 Multicystic dysplastic kidney, 603 55 off-label use, 409 for acute coronary syndromes, 317 Multidrug resistance protein 1 Microfilaments, 48 Missense mutations, 40, 420 Morphogenesis (MDR1), 228 Microglia, 504, 507 Mites/louse treatment, 200 errors in, 637 Multifactorial pulmonary Micrognathia, 63 Mitochondria Mortality rate, 263 hypertension, 703 Edwards syndrome, 63 high altitude and, 694 Morulae, 150 Multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN Pierre Robin sequence, 644 metabolism in, 74 Mosaic bone architecture, 476 syndromes) Micromelia, 638 Mitochondrial encephalopathy, 59 Mosaicism, 57 subtypes, 360 Microphthalmia, 63 Mitochondrial inheritance, 59 mosquito, 159 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 360 MicroRNA (miRNA), 42, 56 Mitochondrial myopathies, 59 Mosquitoes (disease vectors) Multiple gestations, 658 Microscopic colitis, 392 mitosis, 200 malaria, 157 Multiple myeloma Microscopic polyangiitis Mitosis, 46 Zika virus, 172 metastasis to, 224 autoantibody, 115 Mitral regurgitation, 297 Motilin metastatic calcification, 212 corticosteroids, 485 in MI, 313 source, action, and regulation of, monoclonal gammopathy epidemiology/presentation, 485 murmurs with, 300 381 transition to, 440 glomerulonephritis with, 620 Mitral stenosis, 297 Motion sickness, 244 plasma cell dyscrasia, 419 Microsomal transfer protein (MTP) murmurs caused by, 299 Motivational interviewing, 275, 596 Multiple sclerosis abetalipoproteinemia, 94 Mitral/tricuspid regurgitation, 300 Motoneuron action potential, 466 drug therapy for, 572 Microsporum, 152 Mitral valve Motor cortex, 528 findings and treatment, 541 Microtubule, 48 in cardiac cycle, 296 topographic representation, 518 internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 563 Microtubule inhibitors regurgitation in, 322 Motor innervation recombinant cytokines for, 121 mechanism, use and adverse Mitral valve prolapse, 300 derivation of, 644 therapeutic antibodies for, 122 effects, 451 Marfan syndrome, 52 lower extremity, 462 Mumps Microtubules renal cyst disorders and, 627 Motor neuron signs, 547 acute pancreatitis with, 407 drugs acting on, 48 Mittelschmerz, 655 Movement disorders paramyxoviruses, 167 dysfunction of, 117 Mixed cellularity lymphoma, 438 dopaminergic pathways and, 514 Mumps virus structure and function of, 48 Mixed connective tissue disease, 482 presentation and lesions, 537 characteristics, 170 Micturition center, 240 anti-U1 RNP antibodies, 482 Moxifloxacin, 195 Munchausen syndrome, 589 Micturition control, 240 autoantibody, 115 M phase, 46 Munchausen syndrome by proxy, 589 Midazolam, 566, 570 Mixed cryoglobulinemia M protein Munro microabscesses, 491 Midbrain epidemiology/presentation, 485 bacterial virulence, 129 Murphy sign, 406 lesions in, 528 Mixed (direct and indirect) rheumatic fever and, 136 Muscarinic agonists, 240 Middlebrook medium, 126 hyperbilirubinemia, 403 mRNA Muscarinic antagonist, 244 Middle cerebral artery (MCA) Mixed platelet and coagulation aminoglycosides, 191 Muscarinic antagonists, 244 saccular aneurysms, 534 disorders, 437 hepatitis viruses, 173 for asthma, 712 stroke effects, 532 MMR vaccine, 170 pre-mRNA splicing, 41 multiple sclerosis, 541 Middle ear, 551 Mobitz type II block, 316 processing, 41 Muscarinic receptor Middle meningeal artery Mobitz type I (Wenckebach), 316 protease inhibitors, 203 detrusor muscle in, 243 epidural hematoma and, 531 Modafinil, 591 stop codons, 44 Muscle contraction Middle rectal vein, 375 Modes of inheritance, 59 MRSA (methicillin-resistant motoneuron action potential and, Midgut Mode (statistics), 267 Staphylococcus aureus), 135 466 blood supply/innervation of, 374 Molecular cloning, 55 cephalosporins, 189 Muscle proprioceptors, 468 Midgut volvulus, 396 Molecular mimicry daptomycin, 195 Muscles Midodrine, 245 autoimmune response in nosocomial infections, 135 in starvation, 90 Mifepristone, 681 rheumatic fever, 129 treatment of highly resistant, 198 metabolism in, 87 Miglitol, 363 Molecular motor proteins, 48 Mucicarmine stain ragged red fibers in, 59 Migraine headaches Molluscum contagiosum, 164 polysaccharide capsule staining, Muscle spindle, 466 characteristics and treatment, 536 skin infection, 493 125 Muscle stretch receptors, 468 hormonal contraception Mönckeberg sclerosis, 309 Mucinous carcinoma, 670 Muscle tone, motor neuron lesions, contraindication, 681 “Monday disease”, 326 Mucinous cystadenoma, 670 547 triptans for, 567 Monoamine oxidase (MAO) Mucociliary escalator, 686 Muscular dystrophies, 61 Migrating motor complexes (MMC), inhibitors Mucocutaneous lymph node frameshift mutation, 61 381 atypical depression, 584 syndrome, 484 X-linked recessive disorder, 61 Migratory polyarthritis, 322 mechanism and clinical use, 599 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 386 Muscularis externa, 372 Milnacipran, 599 Parkinson disease, 569 Mucopolysaccharidoses, 88 Musculocutaneous nerve Milrinone, 249 selegiline/rasagiline, 569 Mucor injury and presentation, 456 mineralocorticoids, 357 Monobactams in immunodeficiency, 118 Musculoskeletal paraneoplastic Mineralocorticoids Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 Mucor spp syndromes, 229 adrenal steroids and, 344 Monoclonal antibodies amphotericin B, 199 Musculoskeletal/skin/connective Mineral oil, 65 naming conventions for, 258 opportunistic infection, 153 tissue Minimal alveolar concentration, 570 Monoclonal gammopathy of Mucosa, 372 dermatology, 487–502 Minimal change disease, 621 undetermined significance, Mucosal cells, 382 pharmacology, 499 Minocycline, 192 440 Mucosal neuromas, 360 Musculoskeletal system Minors consent for, 272 Monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) Mucosal polyps, 397 childhood conditions, 473 Minoxidil, 682 overproduction, 440 Mucositis common conditions, 472 Minute ventilation, 688 Monocytes, 417 methotrexate, 450 drug reactions, 253 Miosis morulae in, 150 Mucus Mutase, 73 cholinomimetic agents, 243 Monozygotic (“identical”) twins, broncial production of, 241 Mutations Horner syndrome, 559 641 “Muddy brown” casts (urine), 618 BRAF, 442 pupillary control, 558 Montelukast, 712 Mulberry molars, 147 BRCA1 gene, 54 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 808 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 809

de novo, 61 Mycophenolate mofetil, 120 Myonecrosis, 138 Natriuretic peptide, 303 COL3A1, 51 Mycoplasma spp Myopathy Natural killer (NK) cell, 99 COL5A1, 51 atypical organisms, 179 daptomycin, 195 Natural killer (NK) cells, 419 COL5A2, 51 Gram stain, 125 drug reaction and, 253 function of, 419 in cancer, 222 macrolides, 193 Myopia, 553 functions of, 101 in HbS and HbC, 420 pneumonia caused by, 707 Myositis ossificans, 483 Nausea in PBPs, 187 Mycoses Myotonic dystrophy, 61, 62 adverse drug effects, 410 WT1 deletion, 629 cutaneous, 152 cataracts and, 554 antiemetics for, 410 JAK2, 443 systemic, 151 Myxedema biliary colic, 406 locus heterogeneity in, 57 Mycosis fungoides, 439 thyroid hormones for, 364 migraine headaches, 536 muscular dystrophies, 61 Mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome Myxomas, 324 ranolazine, 327 myelodysplastic syndromes, 441 occurrence and causes, 439 atrial tumors, 324 vitamin A toxicity, 66 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 439 Mydriasis Myxomatous degeneration, 300 vitamin C toxicity, 69 same locus, 57 glaucoma treatment and, 573 with appendicitis, 393 STAT3, 116 G-protein-linked second receptor, N with MI, 313 tumor suppressor genes, 46 241 N-acetylcysteine Near miss (medical errors), 281 Myalgias, 171 muscarinic antagonists for, 244 for acetaminophen toxicity, 251 Nebivolol, 248 fluoroquinolones, 195 pupillary control, 558 N-acetylglucosaminyl-1- Necator americanus genital herpes, 184 saccular aneurysm, 534 phosphotransferase, 47 intestinal infections, 159 Trichinella spiralis, 159 Myelencephalon, 504 N-formylmethionine (fMet), 44 Necator spp Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 148 Myelin, 508 NADH (reduced nicotinamide disease associations, 161 Leptospira interrogans, 147 Myeloblasts (peripheral smear), 442 adenine dinucleotide) infection routes, 158 Lyme disease, 146 Myelodysplastic syndromes, 441 electron transport chain, 78 Neck and head cancer, 695 meningitis, 186 acute myelogenous leukemia TCA cycle, 77 necrosis, 544 polymyalgia rheumatica, 483 (AML), 442 Nadolol, 248 Necrosis trichinosis, 159 Leukemias, 442 NADPH (reduced nicotinamide acute pancreatitis, 407 vasculitides, 484 lymphoid neoplasms, 442 adenine dinucleotide Arthus reaction, 113 Myasthenia gravis myeloid neoplasms, 442 phosphate) benign tumors, 221 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 sideroblastic anemia, 429 HMP shunt and, 79 causes and histology of, 209 autoantibody, 115 Myelofibrosis, 443 universal electron acceptors, 75 enterocolitis, 396 neostigmine for, 243 Myeloid neoplasms, 442 Nafarelin, 680 femoral head, 120 pathophysiology, symptoms, 486 Myelomeningocele, 63, 505 Nafcillin fibrinoid, 478 pyridostigmine for, 243 Myeloperoxidase, 109 characteristics of, 188 granulomatous inflammation, 218 restrictive lung diseases, 699 H2O2 degradation, 128 Nagleria fowleri hepatic, 499 Type II hypersensitivity, 112 in neutrophils, 416 CNS infections, 156 jaw, 500 MYCL1 gene, 225 Myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil Nails saponification, 209 Mycobacteria, 140 cytoplasmic antibody clubbing, 60 transplant reaction, 120 Mycobacterial infections (MPO-ANCA) glomus body tumors, 492 Necrotizing enterocolitis, 396 Il-12 receptor deficiency, 116 autoantibody, 115 hemorrhages in bed of, 321 Necrotizing fasciitis, 493 Mycobacterium avium complex Myeloproliferative disorders pitting, 491 Necrotizing glomerulonephritis, 485 in HIV positive adults, 177 chronic, 442 splinter hemorrhages, 321 Negative predictive value (NPV), 264 Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare in AML, 442 with psoriatic arthritis, 481 Negative reinforcement, 576 in HIV positive adults, 177 Myeloschisis, 505 Naked viral genome infectivity, 163 Negative skew distribution, 267 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Myelosuppression Nalbuphine, 572 Negative-stranded viruses, 168 139 alkylating agents, 451 Naloxone HIV-positive adults, 177 antimetabolites, 450 dextromethorphan overdose, 711 Negri bodies, 171 prophylaxis with HIV, 197 Myocardial action potential, 301 for opioid toxicity, 251, 571, 594, 600 Neisseria gonorrhoeae Mycobacterium spp, 140 Myocardial depression, 570 opioid detoxification, 600 culture requirements, 126 facultative intracellular organisms, Myocardial hibernation, 312 Naltrexone cystitis, 624 127 Myocardial infarction alcoholism, 595 epididymitis and orchitis, 678 Gram stain, 125 CK-MB in diagnosis, 314 opioid toxicity, 572 osteomyelitis, 180 intracellular organism, 127 Myocardial infarction (MI), 312 relapse prevention, 600 prostatitis, 678 Ziehl-Neelsen stain, 125 complications of, 317 Naproxen, 500 septic arthritis, 480 Mycobacterium leprae diabetes mellitus, 354 Narcissistic personality disorder, 588 STI, 184 animal transmission, 149 diagnosis of, 314 Narcolepsy Neisseria spp, 142 diagnosis, 141 evolution of, 313 amphetamines for, 245 cephalosporins, 189 gram-negative algorithm, 142 Mycobacterium marinum, 140 Myocardial O2 consumption/ diagnosis and treatment, 591 Mycobacterium pneumoniae, 126 demand, 293 hypnagogic/hypnopompic intracellular organism, 127 culture requirements, 126 angina treatment, 327 hallucinations, 591 transformation in, 130 Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, 140 Myocarditis treatment, 591 Neisseria meningitidis Mycobacterium tuberculosise adenovirus, 164 Narrow-angle glaucoma, 555 chloramphenicol, 192 vertebral osteomyelitis, 180 causes of, 323 Nasal congestion, 711 culture requirements, 126 Mycobacterium tuberculosis coxsackievirus, 167 Nasal decongestion encapsulation, 127 culture requirements for, 126 diphtheria, 139 ephedrine for, 245 meningitis, 180 osteomyelitis, 180 drug-related, 323 Nasal polyps penicillin G/V for, 184 reactivation site, 140 Toxocara canis, 159 cystic fibrosis, 60 Nelson syndrome, 357 symptoms of, 140 Myoclonic seizures, 535 Nasal septum perforation, 485 Nematodes therapeutic agents, 196, 197 Myoclonus, 537 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma infection routes, 158 Mycolic acid Myofibroblasts, 217 EBV and, 165 intestinal roundworms, 159 isoniazid, 125 Myoglobin, 689 oncogenic microbes and, 227 tissue infections, 159 Mycology, 151 oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation Natalizumab, 122 Neomycin Mycophenolate curve, 690 multiple sclerosis, 541 aminoglycosides, 191 inosine monophosphate Myoglobinuria Nateglinide, 363 Neonatal conjunctivitis dehydrogenase inhibition, acute tubular necrosis, 625 National Board of Medical Examiners Chlamydia trachomatis, 149 36 McArdle disease, 87 (NBME), 2, 11 Neonatal lupus, 482 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 809 11/12/20 9:35 AM 810 INDEX INDEX

Neonatal respiratory distress Neuroblastomas, 358 Neurotoxicity Nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction syndrome, 685 incidence and mortality, 223 immunosuppressants, 120 test, 117 Neonates oncogenes and, 225 methylmercury exposure, 638 Nitrofurantoin abstinence syndrome, 639 paraneoplastic syndromes with, methylxanthines, 712 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 253 Apgar score, 658 229 neurotransmitter, 132 pulmonary fibrosis, 253 coagulation cascade in, 423 Neurocutaneous disorders Neurotransmitter release Nitrogen mustards conjunctivitis, 142 genetics and presentation, 543 exotoxin inhibition of, 132 mechanism and clinical use, 451 galactosemia in, 80 neurofibromatosis type I and II, Neurotransmitters Nitroglycerin, 326 hernias in, 380 543 bacterial toxin effects, 132 acute coronary syndromes, 317 herpes in, 164 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 543 synthesis and changes with disease, angina, 312 hyperthermia in, 244 tuberous sclerosis, 543 510 Nitroprusside, 326 hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, 543 Neurovascular pairing, 465 Nitrosamines 369 Neurocysticercosis, 160 Neutropenia carcinogenicity, 226 Candida albicans in, 153 Neurodegeneration cell counts and causes, 433 stomach cancer and, 389 Listeria monocytogenes in, 139 Tay-Sachs disease, 88 disseminated candidiasis, 153 Nitrosoureas intraventricular hemorrhage, 530 Neurodegenerative diseases ganciclovir, 202 mechanism, use and adverse Streptococcus agalactiae in, 137 therapy for, 569 rheumatoid arthritis, 478 effects, 451 jaundice in, 403 Neurodegenerative disorders ticlopidine, 447 Nitrous oxide, 570 kernicterus, 194 description and findings, 538–539 Neutrophils, 416 Nivolumab, 452 low birth weight, 658 drug therapy for, 569 chemotactic agents, 416, 499 Nizatidine, 409 meningitis in, 180 Neuroectoderm, 504 chemotaxis in, 44 NK cells necrotizing enterocolitis and, 396 derivatives, 636 in leukocyte adhesion deficiency, cell surface proteins, 110 normal flora, 178 Neuroendocrine tumors, 358 117 NMDA receptor antagonist obesity risk factors, 659 Neurofibromatosis, 543 in MI, 313 ketamine as, 570 pneumonia causes in, 179 chromosome association, 64 megaloblastic anemia, 430 memantine as, 570 Neoplasia typesI and II, 543 nonmegaloblastic anemia, 430 NNRTIs, 203 pathology of, 220 variable expressivity, 56 pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly, 441 in HIV therapy, 203 Neoplasms of mature B cells, 439 Neurofilament stimulation of, 44 Nocardia spp, 139 Neoplasms of mature T cells, 439 tumor identification, 228 wound healing, 217 aerobic culture requirements, 126 Neoplastic progression, 220 Neurofilaments Never event (medical error), 281 comparison with Actinomyces spp, Neoplastic transformation, 217 cytoskeletal element, 48 Nevi 139 Neostigmine, 243 Neurogenic ileus, 243 dysplastic, 498 sulfonamides, 194 Nocturia, 678 Nephritic-nephrotic syndrome, 619 Neuroglycopenic symptoms, 356 junctional, 491 Nocturnal enuresis, 337 Nephritic syndrome, 619, 620 Neurohypophysis Nevirapine, 255 etiology and presentation, 619 hypothalamus and, 513 Nodes of Ranvier, 508 HIV therapy, 203 Nephroblastoma, 629 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Nodular phlebitis, 484 Nevus flammeus, 543 Nephrocalcinosis, 212 593 Noise-induced hearing loss, 551 Nevus/mole, 221 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 346 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Nonadherent patients, 276 NF-κB lithium toxicity, 593 (NMS), 572 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 401 activation, 99 treatment, 632 Neurologic Nonbacterial endocarditis, 321 Niacin Nephrolithiasis, 629 drug reactions, 254 Nonbacterial thrombotic cutaneous flushing, 251 calcium oxalate, 69 Neurologic defects endocarditis, 229 gout, 253 Nephron transport physiology, 609 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics hyperglycemia, 252 Nephropathy deficiency, 77 mechanism and adverse effects diabetes mellitus, 354 Neurologic drug reactions, 254 lipid lowering agents, 328 of, 567 hypertension and, 308 Neurologic signs/symptoms myopathy caused by, 253 Noncaseating granulomas, 218 transplant rejection, 120 unvaccinated children, 186 Nicardipine, 326 sarcoidosis, 700 Nephrotic syndrome, 619, 621 Neurologic symptoms Nickel carcinogenicity, 226 Noncommunicating hydrocephalus, Nicotinamides, 75 early-onset, 629 vitamin B12 (cobalamin) 540 ESR in, 215 deficiency, 430 Nicotine Noncompetitive agonists, 232 fatty casts in, 618 Neurology and special senses intoxication and withdrawal, 595 Noncompetitive antagonist, 237 Nephrotoxicity anatomy and physiology, 507 Nicotinic, 239 Noncompetitive inhibitors, 232 aminoglycosides, 190 embryology, 503 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, 166 Nondepolarizing neuromuscular amphotericin B, 199 ophthalmology, 503, 553 Niemann-Pick disease, 87, 88 blocking drugs, 571 cidofovir, 202 otology, 503, 551 Nifedipine, 667 Non-frameshift mutations immunosuppressants, 120 pathology, 528 Nifurtimox, 200 deletions, 61 inhaled anesthetics, 570 pharmacology, 564 Nigrostriatal pathway, 514 Nonhemolytic normocytic anemia, streptomycin, 197 Neuromuscular blocking drugs, 571 Nikolsky sign 431 sulfonamides, 194 depolarizing, 571 blistering skin disorders, 493, 495 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 439 Neprilysin inhibitor, 327 nondepolarizing, 571 scalded skin syndrome, 493 corticosteroids, 120 Nerve fibers, 510 Neuromuscular disorders Nilotinib, 453 HIV-positive adults, 177 Nerves paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 Nimodipine, 326, 531 Hodgkin lymphoma vs, 439 lower extremity, 463 Neuromuscular junction N-myc oncogene, 358 oncogenes and, 225 upper extremity, 456 diseases of, 486 Nipple rituximab for, 451 Nesiritide, 303 skeletal muscle, 239 intraductal papilloma, 673 vinca alkaloids for, 451 Neural crest Neuron action potential, 509 lactational mastitis, 673 Nonhomologous end joining, 39 derivatives, 637 Neurons, 507 Nissl bodies, 47 Nonmaleficence (ethics), 270 Neural crest cells, 504 primary motor cortex, 513, 526 Nitazoxanide, 155 Nonmegaloblastic anemia, 430 Neural development, 504 Neuron-specific enolase, 227, 358 Nitrates Non-neoplastic malformations, 221 Neural plate, 504 Neuropathic pain, 533 and hydralazine in heart failure, Nonnormal distributions, 267 Neural tube, 504 treatment agents, 483 319 Nonoverlapping genetic code, 37 derivatives, 637 Neuropathic ulcer, 495 antianginal therapy, 327 Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Neural tube defects, 505 Neuropsychiatric disturbances mechanism and clinical use, 326 endocrine hormone signaling diabetes in pregnancy, 638 primary hyperparathyroidism, 353 Nitric oxide pathways, 345 prevention, 68 Neurosyphilis, 147 source and action of, 381 Nonsecreting pituitary adenoma, 347 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 810 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 811

Nonselective antagonists, 248 Novobiocin chronic bronchitis, 698 Open-angle glaucoma, 555 Nonsense mutations, 40 gram-positive antibiotic test, 134 emphysema, 698 carbachol for, 243 Non-small cell lung cancer Staphylococcus epidermidis, 136 flow-volume loops, 697 pilocarpine for, 243 Adenocarcinoma, 709 NRTIs, 203 flow volume loops in, 697 Operant conditioning, 576 squamous cell carcinoma, 709 NS3/4A inhibitors, 204 Obstructive shock, 320 Ophthalmoplegia Nonspecific PDE inhibitor, 249 NS5A inhibitors, 204 Obstructive sleep apnea, 703 cavernous sinus syndrome, 562 Nonspecific screening antibody NS5B inhibitors, 204 pulsus paradoxus in, 294 internuclear, 563 autoantibody in, 115 NSAIDs, 409 Obturator nerve, 462 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 595 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Nuchal translucency, 63 Obturator sign, 393 Opiod (NSAIDs) Nucleosome, 34 Occipital lobe, 532 overdose, 594 acute gout treatment, 501 Nucleotide excision repair, 39 Occult bleeding Opioid analgesics acute pericarditis, 323 Nucleotides, 35 FOBT for, 398 agonists, 572 aplastic anemia, 253 deamination reactions, 35 Octreotide Beers criteria, 250 Beers criteria, 250 synthesis, 74 acromegaly, 347 intoxication and withdrawal, 594 calcium pyrophosphate deposition Nucleus accumbens, 510 GH excess, 337 mechanism and use, 572 disease, 479 Nucleus ambiguus hypothalamic/pituitary drugs, 364 mixed agonist/antagonist chemopreventive for CRC, 399 function and cranial nerves, 521 mechanism and clinical use, 410 analgesics, 573 esophagitis from, 387 Nucleus cuneatus, 526 Ocular motility, 560 sleep apnea, 703 GFR effects of, 613 Nucleus gracilis, 526 Oculomotor nerve (CN III) toxicity treatment, 251 gout, 479, 501 Nucleus pulposus damage to, 561 Opioids headaches, 536 collagen in, 50 functions of, 523 detoxification and relapse interstitial nephritis, 254 Nucleus tractus solitarius ocular motility, 560 prevention, 600 loop diuretics and, 631 function and cranial nerves, 521 palsy, 347 Opponens digiti minimi muscle, 460 mechanism, use and adverse Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), 511 palsy of, 531, 550 Opponens pollicis muscle, 460 effects, 500 Null hypothesis, 268 pupillary contraction, 558 Opportunistic fungal infections, 153 misoprostol use with, 409 Number needed to harm (NNH), Odds ratio, 262 Oppositional defiant disorder, 580 osteoarthritis, 478 262 Odds ratio (OR), 260 Opposition (thumb), 457 peptic ulcer disease and, 390 Number needed to treat (NNT), 262 Ofloxacin, 195 Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, 358 renal papillary necrosis, 626 Nursemaid’s elbow, 473 “OK gesture”, 460 Opsonins rheumatoid arthritis, 478 Nutcracker syndrome, 373 Olanzapine, 597 functions of, 106 Non-ST-segment elevation MI Nutmeg liver, 402 Olaparib, 453 Opsonization (NSTEMI) Nyctalopia, 66 Olfaction complement activation and, 106 diagnosis of, 312 Nystagmus hallucinations, 582 Optic disc STEMI comparison, 312 cerebellum, 515 limbic system in, 513 papilledema in, 557 treatment, 312 Friedreich ataxia, 549 Olfactory nerve (CN I), 523 Optic nerve (CN II), 523 Nonthyroidal illness syndrome, 349 internuclear ophthalmoplegia, Oligoclonal bands, 541 Optic neuritis, 541 non-α, non-β islet cell pancreatic 563 Oligodendrocytes Optic neuropathy, 59 tumor, 381 medbrain lesions, 528 derivation and functions, 508 Optochin Norepinephrine PCP, 154 Oligodendroglia gram-positive antibiotic test, 134 changes with disease, 510 phenytoin, 564 in multiple sclerosis, 508 Oral advance directives, 272 Norepinephrine (NE) Nystatin Oligodendrogliomas, 544 Oral contraceptives (OCPs) bupropion effect on, 600 mechanims and clinical use, 199 Oligohydramnios, 640 reproductive hormones, 679 direct sympathomimetic, 245 Oligomenorrhea, 657 SHBG effects on, 345 isoproterenol vs, 245 O Oligomycin, 78 Oral glucose tolerance test MAO inhibitor effects, 599 Obesity, 308, 406 Oligospermia, 410 diabetes mellitus diagnosis, 354 pheochromocytoma secretion, amphetamine for, 245 Olive-shaped mass, 369 Oral hairy leukoplakia, 177 359 anovulation with, 669 Omalizumab Oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis, vitamin B6 and, 67 DM type 2 and, 355 target and clinical use, 122 360 Norethindrone, 681 esophageal cancer and, 388 Ombitasvir, 204 Oral thrush, 177 Norfloxacin, 195 hypoventilation syndrome, 703 Omega-3 fatty acids Orange body fluids, 196 Normal distribution, 267 lateral femoral cutaneous nerve lipid lowering agents, 328 Orchiectomy, 676 Normal flora injury, 462 Omental foramen, 371 Orchiopexy, 675 colonic, 137 osteoarthritis/rheumatoid arthritis, Omeprazole, 409 Orchitis, 170, 678 female genital tract, 136 478 Omphalocele Orexigenic effect, 344 neonates, 178 renal cell carcinoma association, characteristics of, 368 Orexin, 591 oropharynx, 136 628 Onchocerca volvulus Organ failure in acute pancreatitis, skin, 135 sleep apnea, 703 tissue infections, 159 407 Normal pressure hydrocephalus, 540 stress incontinence and, 623 Oncogenes Organic acidemias, 85 Normal splitting, 298 Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, gene product and associated Organ of Corti, 551 Normocytic, normochromic anemias 703 neoplasm, 225 Organogenesis causes and findings, 431 Obligate intracellular bacteria, 127 Oncogenic microbes, 227 errors in, 636 Norovirus, 179 Observational studies, 260 Ondansetron teratogens, 636 Northern blot, 53 Observational study mechanism and clinical use, 410 Organophosphates Nortriptyline, 599 design and measures for, 260 with chemotherapy, 453 toxicity treatment, 251 Nosocomial infections, 182 Observer-expectancy bias, 266 1-25-(OH)2D3 Organ transplants Ebola, 171 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 586 kidney endocrine function, 613 azathioprine for, 450 enterococci, 137 Obsessive-compulsive disorder “100-day cough”, 132 Kaposi sarcoma with, 492 Klebsiella, 145 (OCD) “Onion skin” periosteal reaction’, 477 WBC casts, 618 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 drug therapy for, 596 Onychomycosis Organum vasculosum of the lamina MRSA, 135 SSRIs for, 596 terbinafine, 199 terminalis (OVLT), 511 pneumonias, 179 venlafaxine for, 596 tinea unguium, 152 Orientation, 581 risk factors and unique signs/ Obstructive jaundice, 408 Oocysts Origin of replication, 38 symptoms, 185 Obstructive lung diseases, 698 acid-fast stain, 155 Orlistat Notched (Hutchinson) teeth, 147 asthma, 698 Toxoplasmosis, 156 diarrhea, 252 Notochord, 504, 636 bronchiectasis, 699 Oogenesis, 655 mechanism and clinical use, 411 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 811 11/12/20 9:35 AM 812 INDEX INDEX

Ornithine Osteopenia, 475 Ovulatory uterine bleeding, 657 Pancreas and spleen embryology, 370 cystinuria, 85 Osteopetrosis, 475 “Owl eyes” inclusions, 438 Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 408 kidney stones and, 622 lab values in, 476 Oxacillin Pancreatic cancer Ornithine transcarbamylase Osteophytes, 478 characteristics of, 188 adenocarcinomas, 378, 407 deficiency, 61, 83 Osteoporosis Oxaliplatin, 451 biliary cirrhosis and, 405 Orofacial clefts bisphosphonates, 500 Oxazepam, 566 5-Fluorouracil, 450 lip and palate, 645 corticosteroids, 120 oxidation, 73 hyperbilirubinemia with, 403 Orotic acid, 83 denosumab, 122 Oxidative burst, 109 paraneoplastic syndromes with, Orotic aciduria, 430 diagnosis and complications of, Oxidative phosphorylation, 78 229 Orthomyxoviruses, 168 474 electron transport chain, 78 Pancreatic ducts, 368, 378 characteristics and medical drug reaction and, 253 metabolic site, 74 Pancreatic insufficiency, 391, 407 importance, 167 Gaucher disease, 88 poisons, 78 Pancreatic islet cell tumors, 361 influenza viruses, 168 homocystinuria, 85 Oxybutynin, 244 Pancreatic lipase, 93 Orthopedic conditions hormone replacement therapy, 681 Oxygen Pancreatic secretions childhood, 473 lab values in, 476 exercise and, 693 enzymes and function of, 383 hip and knee, 471 teriparatide for, 501 for carbon monoxide poisoning, Pancreatitis, 353 Orthopnea Osteosarcoma, 221, 477 251 acute, 405 heart failure, 319 epidemiology and characteristics, in blood, 690 ARDS and, 702 left heart failure, 319 477 Oxygen deprivation, 693 chronic, 407 Ortolani maneuver, 473 risk with osteitis deformans, 475 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation corticosteroids and, 252 Oseltamivir, 201 Ostium primum, 288 curve, 690 drug reactions and, 252 Osgood-Schlatter disease, 473 Ostium secundum, 288 Oxygen toxicity, 210 hyperchylomicronemia, 94 Osler nodes, 321 Otitis media Oxytocin hyperparathyroidism, 353 Osmoreceptors, 511 granulomatosis with polyangiitis function of, 336 hypertriglyceridemia, 94 Osmotic demyelination syndrome, and, 485 hypothalamus production, 513 mumps, 170 542 Haemophilus influenzae, 142 lactation and, 659 Pancytopenia, 431 SIADH and, 346 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 136 signaling pathways for, 345 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 117 Osmotic diarrhea, 391 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 444 Diamond-Blackfan anemia, 430 Osmotic laxatives, 411 Otology, 551 P Gaucher disease, 88 Ossicles, 551 Ototoxicity P-450, 75 leishmaniasis, 158 conductive hearing loss and, 51 aminoglycosides, 204 Pacemaker action potential, 301 osteopetrosis and, 475 Ossification, 468 cisplatin/carboplatin, 451 Pacinian corpuscles, 509 with hairy cell leukemia, 442 Osteitis deformans, 475 drug reaction and, 254 Packed RBCs, transfusion of, 438 with immunosuppressants, 120 lab values in, 476 ethacrynic acid, 631 Paget disease Panic disorder, 586 Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 353 loop diuretics, 631 in breast, 674 drug therapy for, 596 lab values in, 476 Outcome quality measurement, 280 Paget disease (extramammary), 668 SSRIs for, 586, 599 Osteoarthritis Outer ear, 551 Paget disease of bone symptoms and treatment, 586 celecoxib for, 500 Outer membrane (bacteria), 124 bisphosphonates, 500 venlafaxine for, 596 pathogenesis, findings and “Oval fat bodies”, 618 lab values in, 476 Panitumumab, 452 treatment, 478 Ovarian artery, 649 osteosarcomas and, 477 Panniculitis, 496 vs rheumatoid arthritis, 478 Ovarian cancer woven bone in, 468 Pantoprazole, 409 Osteoarthropathy cisplatin/carboplatin for, 451 Pain Pantothenic acid, 67 cancer association of hypertrophic, epidemiology of, 667 cape-like loss of, 506 Papillary carcinoma 229 hypercalcemia and, 229 periorbital, 536 causes and findings, 351 Osteoblast paclitaxel for, 451 post-stroke syndrome, 533 nomenclature, 221 bone formation, 469 tumor suppressor genes and, 227 sensory receptors for, 509 Papillary cystadenoma Osteoblastoma, 476 Ovarian cycle, 655 thalamic nuclei and, 513 lymphomatosum, 386 Osteoblasts Ovarian cysts treatment in multiple sclerosis, 541 Papillary muscle bone formation, 468 follicular, 670 unilateral visual loss and, 540 blood supply to, 317 cortisol effect on, 344 theca lutein, 670 Palbociclib, 453 rupture, 313, 317 Osteochondroma, 476 Ovarian ligament, 649 Pale infarct, 210 Papillary thyroid carcinomas Osteoclast male/female homologs, 648 Paliperidone, 597 carcinogens for, 226 bone formation, 469 Ovarian teratomas “Palisading” nuclei, 498 Papilledema Osteoclasts paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 Palivizumab hydrocephalus, 540 bisphosphonate effects, 500 Ovarian tumors pneumonia prophylaxis, 169 hypertensive emergency and, 308 bone formation, 468 epithelial tumors, 670 target and clinical use, 122 hypertensive retinopathy, 556 osteopetrosis, 475 germ cell tumors, 671 Pallor in aplastic anemia, 431 idiopathic intracranial Osteodystrophy sex cord stromal tumors, 670, 671 PALM, 657 hypertension, 540 renal, 352, 627 Ovaries Palmar interossei, 460 optic disc with, 557 Osteogenesis imperfecta, 51 descent of, 648 Palmar reflex, 527 Papillomas, 221 bisphosphonates, 500 epithelial histology, 650 PALM-COEIN uterine bleeding Papillomavirus collagen synthesis in, 51 estrogen production, 654 classification, 657 nonenveloped, 163 Osteoid osteoma, 476 lymphatic drainage, 648 PALP, 677 Papillomaviruses Osteoma, 476 Overflow incontinence, 623 Panacinar emphysema, 403, 698 envelope and medical importance, nomenclature for, 221 Overuse injury Pancoast tumor 164 Osteomalacia elbow, 469 findings with, 710 Pappenheimer bodies hypophosphatemia, 615 knee, 473 lung cancer, 709 associated pathology, 426 Osteomalacia/rickets radial nerve, 456 superior vena cava syndrome, 710 Papules lab values in, 476 wrist and hand, 470 thoracic outlet syndrome, 458 actinic keratosis, 496 presentation and lab values, 475 Ovotesticular disorder of sex Pancreas capillary, 492 Osteomyelitis development, 661 annular, 370 characteristics, 489 associated infection and risk, 180 Ovulation biliary structures and, 378 dermatitis herpetiformis, 495 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 anovulation causes, 669 buds, 370 molluscum contagiosum, 493 Staphylococcus aureus, 135 progesterone and, 654 divisum, 370 rosacea, 491 sickle cell anemia, 432 prolactin effect on, 336 embryology, 370 Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), 606 Osteonecrosis, 500 regulation of, 654 endocrine cell types, 335 Para-aortic lymph nodes, 648 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 812 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 813

Paracoccidioidomycosis, 151 Parietal peritoneum, 380 indomethacin for, 500 Pellagra, 67 Paracortex (lymph node), 96 Parinaud syndrome, 528, 546 mechanism and treatment, 307 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Paracrine, 613 Parkinson disease, 537 neonatal respiratory distress 185 Paradoxical splitting, 298 benztropine for, 244 syndrome and, 685 chlamydia, 185 Paraesophageal hiatal hernia, 380 dopaminergic pathways, 514 Patent foramen ovale clinical features, 185 Parainfluenza Lewy bodies, 539 atrial septal defect vs, 306 copper IUD, 681 croup, 170 metoclopramide contraindication, Patent urachus, 642 gonorrhea, 185 paramyxovirus, 169 410 Patent vitelline duct, 642 Neisseria spp, 142 Parakeratosis neurotransmitter changes with, 510 Pathogen-associated molecular Pelvic organ prolapse, 649 characteristics, 489 nigrostriatal pathway and, 514 patterns (PAMPs), 99, 164 Pelvic splanchnic nerves, 239 psoriasis, 491 resting tremor in, 537 Pathology Pelvis paralysis, 532 seborrheic dermatitis association, cellular injury, 206–213 fracture and nerve injury, 462 Paralysis 490 endocrine, 346 nerve injury with surgery, 462 conversion disorder and, 589 symptoms and histologic findings, gastrointestinal, 386 Pembrolizumab, 452 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 542 538 hematology/oncology, 424 Pemphigus vulgaris limb compartment syndrome, 472 therapy for, 569 inflammation, 214–219 acantholysis and, 489 of face, 532 therapy strategies, 568 musculoskeletal/skin/connective pathophysiology and morphology, rabies, 171 trihexyphenidyl, 244 tissue, 469 494 unvaccinated children, 186 ubiquitin-proteasome system in, 48 neoplasia, 220–229 type II hypersensitivity, 112 Paramedian pontine reticular Parkinson disease therapy, 568 renal, 618 Penicillamine formation Parkinson-like syndrome, 254 reproductive, 661 for lead poisoning, 251 effects of lesions, 528 Parotid gland respiratory, 695 for Wilson disease, 405 extraocular movements, 512 embryologic derivation, 637 Patient-centered interviewing myopathy, 253 Paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct, enlargement of, 480 techniques, 273 Penicillin 645 stones in, 386 Pattern recognition receptors, 99 Actinomyces treatment, 139 Paramyxoviruses tumors in, 386 Pautrier microabscess, 439 antipseudomonal, 188 characteristics and medical Parotitis Payment models for healthcare, 278 Coombs-positive hemolytic importance, 167 mumps, 170 P-bodies, 41 anemia, 253 characteristics of, 169 Paroxetine, 599 PCP (phencyclidine) penicillinase-resistant, 188 croup, 169 Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, 319 intoxication and withdrawal, 595 penicillinase-sensitive, 188 mumps, 169 Paroxysmal nocturnal PCSK9, 93 prophylaxis, 198 Paraneoplastic syndromes, 628 hemoglobinuria PCSK9 inhibitors, 328 rash, 253 manifestation and mechanism of, causes and findings, 432 PCV13 (pneumococcal conjugate Penicillinase-resistant penicillins 229 CD55 deficiency, 107 vaccine), 127 mechanism and clinical use, 188 Paranoia eculizumab for, 122 PDE-3 inhibitor, 249 Penicillinase-sensitive penicillins LSD, 595 flow cytometry diagnosis, 54 PDE-4 inhibitor, 249 mechanism and clinical use, 188 Parasite infestations intravascular hemolysis in, 431 PDE-5 inhibitors, 249 Penicillin G, V sign/symptom association hints, 161 Paroxysmal supraventricular PDSA cycle, 280 mechanism and clinical use, 187 Parasites tachycardia, 315 Peau d’orange, 674 meningococci treatment, 142 infections with immunodeficiency, Partial agonist, 237 Pectinate line, 376 prophylaxis, 198 118 Partial (focal) seizures, 535 Pectineus, 461 Penile cancer, 227 Parasitic infections Partial thromboplastin time (PTT), Pectoriloquy (whispered), 704 Penile pathology, 675 myocarditis with, 323 435 Pediatric patients Penis Parasitology, 155 partial β-agonists abuse, 579 congenital abnormalities, 647 Parasympathetic nervous system with angina, 327 arthritis in, 480 lymphatic drainage, 648 cranial nerves supply of, 239 Parvovirus brachial plexus injury, 458 pathology of, 675 gastric innervation of, 374 characteristics of, 164 causes of seizures in, 535 Pentamidine, 154 male erection, 651 DNA viruses, 164 common causes of death, 279 Pentazocine, 572, 573 receptor targets, 239 naked viruses, 164 common fractures, 474 Pentobarbital, 566 VIP and, 381 Parvovirus B19 cystic fibrosis, 60 Pentose phosphate pathway Parathyroid adenoma of bone, 476 hereditary spherocytosis, 432 growth retardation in, 626 functions of, 79 Parathyroid adenomas hydrops fetalis, 183 hyperbilirubinemia (newborns), Pentostatin, 442 hyperparathyroidism caused by, 353 rash, 182 403 mechanism and clinical use, 450 MEN 1/MEN 2A syndromes, 360 Passive abduction (knee), 464 intraventricular hemorrhage, 530 PEP carboxykinase, 78 Parathyroid disease Passive adduction (knee), 464 juvenile polyposis syndrome, 397 Pepsin diagnosis and causes, 352 Passive aggression, 577 juvenile polyposis syndrome in, secretion and action, 382 Parathyroid glands Passive immunity 397 Pepsinogen pharyngeal pouch derivation, 644 acquisition of, 110 leukocoria in, 557 location of, 382 Parathyroid hormone Passive vs active immunity, 110 Munchausen syndrome by proxy, Peptic ulcer disease calcium homeostasis, 341 Pasteurella spp 589 complications of, 390 source, function, and regulation, culture requirements, 126 neglect in, 579 glycopyrrolate for, 244 340 Pasteurella multocida neuroblastomas in, 358 H. pylori risk for, 389 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) osteomyelitis, 180 pathogens affecting, 186 H2 blockers for, 409 bone formation and disorders, 469 transmission, 149 precocious puberty, 57 mechanism and presentation, 390 Paget disease of bone, 476 Patau syndrome primary brain tumors, 546 misoprostol for, 409 signaling pathways of, 345 holoprosencephaly, 505 rashes, 185 proton pump inhibitors for, 409 Paraumbilical vein, 371 Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) rhabdomyomas in, 324 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 361 Paraventricular nucleus, 513 chromosome association, 63 scalded skin syndrome in, 493 Peptidoglycan Paresthesia Patches (skin) sleep terror disorder in, 591 in gram negative bacteria, 125 limb compartment syndrome, 455 characteristics, 489 strawberry hemangiomas in, 492 Peptostreptococcus spp lumbosacral radiculopathy, 465 Patellar reflex, 527 tetracycline side effects, 192 alcoholism, 179 Paresthesias Patellofemoral syndrome, 473 Wilms tumors in, 629 Percussion, 704 acetazolamide use, 631 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Pediculus humanus Perforation (GI), 390 vitamin B12 deficiency, 69 congenital rubella, 307 disease and treatment, 161 necrotizing enterocolitis, 396 Parietal cells (stomach ) fetal alcohol syndrome, 307 Pegloticase, 501 Perforin secretions of, 382 heart murmur with, 300 Pegvisomant, 347 cytotoxic T cells and, 101 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 813 11/12/20 9:35 AM 814 INDEX INDEX

Performance anxiety, 586 Peroxisome Phenelzine, 599 hematology/oncology, 420 Perfusion-limited gas exchange, 692 metabolic processes, 48 Phenobarbital, 566 musculoskeletal, skin, and Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath, 98 Persistent depressive disorder epilepsy therapy, 564 connective tissue, 456 Pericardial effusion, 709 (dysthymia), 584 Phenotypic mixing, 162 renal, 605 Pericarditis Persistent thyroglossal duct, 334 Phenoxybenzamine, 247 reproductive, 653 fibrinous, 313 Persistent truncus arteriosus, 289, 306 for pheochromocytomas, 359 respiratory, 688 jugular venous pulse in, 296 Personality, 588 Phentolamine, 247 Physostigmine, 573 picornaviruses, 167 disorder, 588 Phenylalanine anticholinergic toxicity treatment, postinfarction, 313 personality trait, 588 classification of, 81 251 pulsus paradoxus in, 320 Personality disorders, 588 tyrosine catabolism, 84 anticholinesterase, 243 rheumatoid arthritis, 478 Cluster A, 588 Phenylephrine, 711 Pia mater, 511 Pericardium Cluster B, 588 Phenyl ketones Pica, 428, 590 anatomy, 292 Cluster C, 589 in urine, 84 Pick disease, 538 Pericytes, 511 Pes cavus Phenylketonuria bodies, 538 Perinephric abscesses, 624 Friedreich ataxia, 549 tyrosine in, 84 Picornaviruses, 163 Periodic acid-Schiff stain, 125 Petechiae Phenytoin characteristics, 167, 168 Periorbital edema aplastic anemia, 431 epilepsy therapy, 564 genomes, 163 acute poststreptococcal Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 221, 397 gingival hyperplasia, 253 Pierre Robin sequence, 644 glomerulonephritis, 620 PEX genes, 48 megaloblastic anemia, 253 Pigmented skin disorders, 490 Trichinella spiralis, 159 Peyer patches, 384 peripheral neuropathy, 254 Pigment stones, 406 thyroid disease and, 348 histology, 372 vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 “Pill-rolling tremor”, 537 Peripartum mood disturbances, 585 IgA antibody production, 105, 384 Pheochromocytomas Pilocarpine, 573 Peripheral blood smear immune system organ, 96 etiology and findings with, 359 Pilocytic astrocytoma, 546 basophilic stippling, 429 intussusception and, 395 MEN 2A/MEN 2B and, 358 Pimozide, 597 in multiple myeloma, 440 Peyronie disease, 675 phenoxybenzamine for, 247 Pindolol, 248 RBC inclusions, 426 PGI2, 499 Philadelphia chromosome antianginal therapy, 327 Rouleaux formation, 440 P-glycoprotein in myeloproliferative disorders, Pineal gland, 520 schistocytes, 433 chemotherapy and, 228 442, 443 Pinealoma, 546 Schüffner stippling, 157 Phagocyte dysfunction translocations of, 444 Pinworms, 159 smudge cells, 442 exotoxin inhibition in, 132 Phlebitis Pioglitazone, 363 spherocytes and agglutinated immunodeficiencies, 117 IV amphotericin B, 199 Piroxicam, 500 RBCs, 433 Phagocytosis Phlebotomy Pisiform bone, 459 Peripheral edema group A streptococcal inhibition, for hemochromatosis, 405 Pitting edema, 319 calcium channel blockers, 326 136 Phobias, 586 Pituitary adenoma, 347 heart failure, 319 Phalen maneuver, 470 agoraphobia, 586 Pituitary apoplexy, 347 right heart failure, 319 Pharmaceutical company social anxiety disorder, 586 Pituitary drugs, 364 Peripheral facial palsy, 550 sponsorship, 277 Phocomelia, 638 Pituitary gland, 335, 505 Peripheral nerves, 510 Pharmacokinetics, 233 Phonophobia, migraine headache, Pituitary tumors Peripheral nervous system (PNS) age-related changes in, 250 536 MEN 1 and, 360 origins of, 504 Pharmacology Phosphatases, 73 Pityriasis rosea, 496 Peripheral neuropathy autonomic drugs, 239, 242 Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors Pityrosporum spp alcoholism, 595 cardiovascular, 324 PDE-5, 711 cutaneous mycoses, 152 drug reactions and, 254 endocrine, 362 type of inhibition, clinical use and pKa, 235 eosinophilic granulomatosis, 485 gastrointestinal, 408 adverse effects, 249 PKD genes Fabry disease, 88 hematologic/oncologic, 445 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, renal cyst disorders and, 627 Krabbe disease, 88 musculoskeletal/skin/connective 78 Placebo, 261 lead poisoning, 434 tissue, 499 Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) Placenta NRTIs, 203 neurology, 564 glycolysis and, 73 estrogen production, 654 oxazolidinones, 193 pharmacodynamics, 261 metabolic pathways, 73 fetal component, 640 sorbitol, 81 pharmacokinetics/ Phospholipid bilayer sac hCG secretion by, 657 vitamin B6 deficiency, 67 pharmacodynamics, 232 in bacteria, 124 hormone secretion by, 657 Peripheral precocious puberty, 660 renal, 630 Phospholipids, 212 parental component, 640 Peripheral resistance, 295 respiratory, 710 Phosphorus progesterone production, 654 Peripheral vascular disease, 310 toxicities and side effects, 250 values in bone disorders, 476 Placenta accreta/increta/percreta, 664 Peripheral vertigo, 552 Pharyngeal apparatus, 643 Phosphorylases, 73 Placental aromatase deficiency, 663 Periplasm Pharyngeal arch derivatives, 644 Phosphorylation, 45 Placental insufficiency in bacteria, 124 1st pharyngeal arch, 644 Photophobia preeclampsia, 667 Peristalsis 2nd pharyngeal arch, 644 migraine headache, 536 Placenta previa, 664 motilin receptor agonists and, 381 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches, 644 rabies, 171 Plague, 149 visible, 369 3rd pharyngeal arch, 644 Photosensitivity Plantar aponeurosis, 472 Peritoneum, 368 Pharyngeal (branchial) cleft cyst, 643 drugs causing, 192, 194, 253 Plantar fasciitis, 472 hernias and, 380 Pharyngeal cleft derivatives, 643 Phototherapy for jaundice, 404 Plantar flexion, 463 Peritonitis Pharyngeal pouch derivatives, 644 Phrenic nerve, 687, 710 Plantaris, 463 appendicitis, 393 1st pharyngeal pouch, 644 Phthirus pubis Plantar reflex, 527 diverticulitis, 393 2nd pharyngeal pouch, 644 disease and treatment, 161 Plaque (skin) spontaneous bacterial, 400 4th pharyngeal pouch, 644 Phyllodes tumor, 673 squamous cell carcinoma, 498 Periventricular plaques multiple Pharyngitis Physical abuse (child), 579 Plaques (skin) sclerosis, 541 adenovirus, 164 Physician-assisted suicide, 270 actinic keratosis, 496 Permethrin Streptococcus pyogenes, 136 Physiologic dead space characteristics, 489 for scabies, 161 mononucleosis, 165 determination, 688 hairy leukoplakia, 493 Pernicious anemia, 382 prophylaxis (rheumatic fever), 198 Physiologic neonatal jaundice, 403 lichen planus, 496 autoantibody, 115 unvaccinated children, 186 Physiology pityriasis rosea, 496 vitamin B12 deficiency, 69 Pharyngoesophageal false cardiovascular, 293 psoriasis, 489 Peroneus brevis, 462 diverticulum, 394 endocrine, 336 seborrheic dermatitis, 490 Peroneus longus, 462 Pharynx, 686 gastrointestinal, 381 squamous cell carcinoma, 498 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 814 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 815

Plasma acute-phase reactants measles-associated death, 169 hyperplastic, 397 Posttussive emesis, 132 (inflammation), 214 PPI adverse effects, 409 APC gene, 397 Postural hypotension Plasma cells, 419 Q fever, 149 KRAS gene, 397 midodrine for, 245 Plasmalogens, 48 type, organisms and characteristics inflammatory pseudopolyps, 397 trazodone, 600 Plasma membrane of, 707 mucosal, 397 Postviral infections structure of, 49 VZV, 165 neoplastic transformation of, 397 pneumonias, 179 Plasmapheresis, 620 Pneumoperitoneum, 390 serrated, 397 Potassium Plasmids Pneumothorax submucosal, 397 amphotericin B, 199 in drug resistance, 131 physical findings, 704 uterine, 657 Potassium channels Plasminogen, 447 presentation and types of, 706 Polyuria myocardial action potential, 301 Plasmodium falciparum, 200 secondary spontaneous diabetes mellitus, 354 opioid effect, 572 Plasmodium spp pneumothorax, 706 hyperparathyroidism, 353 Potassium chloride, 252 hematologic infections, 157 tension pneumothorax, 706 lithium, 598 Potassium iodide stains for, 125 traumatic pneumothorax, 706 Pompe disease, 87 for thyroid storm, 350 Plasmodium malariae, 157 Podocyte damage, 619, 621 Pontiac fever, 143 Sporothrix schenckii, 154 Plasmodium ovale, 157 Poikilocytosis, 417 Pontine syndrome, 532 Potassium shifts Plasmodium vivax, 157 Point of service plan, 278 “Pope’s blessing”, 460 hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, 614 Platelet-activating factor, 416 pol gene, 175 Popliteal artery, 465 Potassium-sparing diuretics Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Poliomyelitis, 549 atherosclerosis in, 310 mechanism, use and adverse in wound healing, 216, 217 Poliovirus, 549 Popliteal fossa, 465 effects, 632 signaling pathways for, 345 immunodeficient patients, 118 Popliteus, 463 Pott disease, 180 Platelet disorders, 436 picornavirus, 168 Porcelain gallbladder, 407 Potter sequence transfusion for, 436 unvaccinated children, 186 Porphobilinogen deaminase, 434 oligohydramnios and, 602 “Platelet inhibitors”, 249 Polyadenylation signal, 41 Porphyria, 434, 566 Potter sequence (syndrome) Platelet plug formation, 421 Polyangiitis microscopic Porphyria cutanea tarda, 434 ARPKD, 627 Platelets autoantibody, 115 Portal hypertension pulmonary hypoplasia, 684 essential thrombocythemia, 443 Polyarteritis nodosa, 174 ARPKD, 627 Poxvirus functional liver markers, 400 Type III hypersensitivity, 113 cirrhosis and, 399 envelope and medical importance, transfusion of, 438 Polyarthralgias Schistosoma spp, 160 164 Platinum compounds gonococcal arthritis, 480 pulmonary arterial hypertension, molluscum contagiosum, 493 mechanism, use and adverse rubella, 182 703 PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA autoantibody, effects, 451 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), serum markers for, 400 115 Pleiotropy, 56 669 varices and, 375 Practice tests, 21 Pleomorphic adenomas, 386 anovulation, 669 Portal triad, 371, 377 Prader-Willi syndrome Pleural effusion antiandrogens, 682 Portal vein, 371, 377 chromosome association, 64 lymphatic/chylothorax, 705 clomiphene, 680 Portosystemic anastomoses, 375 ghrelin in, 381 Pleural effusions Polycythemia Positive predictive value (PPV), 264 imprinting disorder in, 58 asbestosis, 701 blood oxygen in, 690 Positive reinforcement, 576 Pramipexole, 568 mesothelioma, 702 Eisenmenger syndrome, 307 Positive skew distribution, 267 Pramlintide, 252, 363 physical findings, 704 lab values and associations, 444 Postauricular lymphadenopathy, 169 Prasugrel, 421, 447 types and characteristics of, 705 paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 Posterior cerebral artery, 532 Praziquantel Pleuritis Polycythemia vera, 443 Posterior circulation strokes, 532 antihelminthic therapy, 200 rheumatoid arthritis, 478 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 402 Posterior circumflex artery, 465 tapeworms, 160 Pleuroperitoneal membrane, 380 Polydactyly, 63 Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) trematodes, 160 Plicae circulares, 372 Polydipsia, 354 injury, 464 Prazosin, 247 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 387, 428 Polyhydramnios, 640 Posterior drawer sign, 464 Precision (reliability), 265 Pneumatosis intestinalis, 396 esophageal atresia and, 369 Posterior fossa Precision vs accuracy, 265, 268 Pneumococcal vaccine, 127 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 52 malformations, 506 Precocious puberty Pneumoconioses, 701 Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Posterior inferior cerebellary artery adrenal steroids and, 343 asbestos-related disease, 701 315 stroke effects, 533 leuprolide, 680 berylliosis, 701 Polymyalgia rheumatica Posterior nucleus (hypothalamus), 513 McCune-Albright syndrome, 57 coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, 701 ESR in, 215 Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), pinealoma, 546 silicosis, 701 giant cell arteritis and, 484 335 types, 660 Pneumocystis jirovecii symptoms, findings and treatment, Posterior urethral valves, 602, 603 Predictive value, 264 asymptomatic infections, 154 483 Postherpetic neuralgia, 165 Prednisolone HIV-positive adults, 177 Polymyositis Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis, for thyroid storm, 350 opportunistic fungal infections, 154 autoantibody, 115 317 Preeclampsia, 667 prophylaxis, 194 mixed connective tissue disease, Postinfectious encephalomyelitis, 542 hydatidiform moles, 666 stain for, 125 482 Postoperative ileus, 243 Pregancy complications stains for, 125 Polymyositis/dermatomyositis, 483 Postpartum blues, 585 placenta previa, 664 TMP-SMX, 194 Polymyxin B, 193 Postpartum hemorrhage, 665 Pregnancy, 657 Pneumocytes Polymyxins coagulopathy, 665 aliskiren contraindication, 633 Types I and II, 685 mechanism and clinical use, 193 Postpartum mood disturbances, 584 anemia caused by, 428 Pneumomediastinum, 696 Polyneuropathies Postpartum psychosis, 585 antimicrobial prophylaxis in, 195 Pneumonia familial amyloid, 213 Postpartum thyroiditis, 349 carpal tunnel syndrome in, 470 ARDS, 702 Polyneuropathy, 434 Postrenal azotemia, 625 complications, 279 bronchopneumonia, 707 Polyomaviruses Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis contraindicated antimicrobials, 204 common causes by age, 179 DNA viruses, 163 Type III hypersensitivity, 113 diabetes in, 638 cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, envelope and medical importance, Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis estrogen in, 654 707 164 (acute), 620 folate deficiency caused by, 430 Haemophilus influenzae, 142 genome, 163 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) folic acid supplementation, 68 interstitial (atypical) pneumonia, Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, 57 acute stress disorder, 587 heparin in, 445 707 Polyposis syndromes, 397 diagnostic criteria/treatment, 587 hypertension and treatment in, Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154 Polyps drug therapy for, 596 246, 324, 667 Streptococcus agalactiae, 137 adenomatous, 397 prazosin for, 247 Listeria monocytogenes in, 139 lobar, 707 colonic, 397 SSRIs for, 587 lithium in, 308 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 815 11/12/20 9:35 AM 816 INDEX INDEX

Pregnancy (continued) Primary spontaneous pneumothorax, Proprioception Proteus mirabilis complications in, 279 706 Friedreich ataxia, 549 cephalosporins, 189 Pregnancy (continued) phenylketonuria in, 84 Primary testicular lymphoma, 677 muscle receptors for, 468 penicillins for, 188 physiologic changes in, 657 Primase Propylthiouracil urinary tract infections, 181, 624 neural tube defects, 505 replication initiation by, 38 agranulocytosis, 253 Prothrombin pituitary infarcts with, 347 Primidone, 537 aplastic anemia, 253 complex concentrate transfusion, progesterone in, 654 Primitive atrium, 290 for thyroid storm, 350 438 pyelonephritis, 624 Primitive reflexes, 527 thionamides, 364 warfarin effect on, 437 pyogenic granulomas and, 492 frontal lobe lesions, 528 Prostacyclin analogues, 711 Prothrombin time risks with SLE, 482 Pringle maneuver, 371 Prostaglandin analogs, 257 functional liver markers, 400 sex hormone-binding globulin, 345 PR interval, 315, 316 Prostaglandins Proton pump inhibitors Sjögren syndrome and, 480 antiarrhythmic effects, 331 aspirin effects, 500 Beers criteria, 250 stillbirth, 182 prolonged, 316 cortisol effect on, 344 for Helicobacter pylori, 191 Streptococcus agalactiae in, 137 shortened, 315 glaucoma therapy, 573 mechanism, use and adverse syphilis in, 147 Prinzmetal angina Prostate, 648 effects, 409 termination of, 681 calcium channel blockers for, 312 Prostate cancer Protozoa Turner syndrome and, 661 ischemic manifestations, 312 adenocarcinomas, 678 CNS infections, 156 urinary tract infections, 181 Prions, 178 incidence/mortality of, 223 GI infections, 155 vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 Probenecid, 255 leuprolide for, 680 hematologic infections, 157 Pregnancy complications cidofovir with, 202 metastases of, 224 visceral infections, 158 abruptio placentae, 664 gout, 501 Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), watery diarrhea, 179 choriocarcinomas and, 666 Procainamide, 330 678 Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) ectopic pregnancy, 665 Procalcitonin, 214 Prostatic adenocarcinoma, 678 glucose clearance, 608 hypertension, 667 Procarbazine, 254 Prostatitis, 678 relative concentrations in, 611 placenta accreta spectrum, 664 mechanism, use and adverse gonorrhea, 184 Proximal renal tubular acidosis (RTA postpartum hemorrhage, 665 effects, 451 Escherichia coli, 678 type 2), 617 vasa previa, 665 Procedure bias, 266 Prosthetic devices PRPP (glutamine-phosphoribosyl- Prehn sign, 675, 678 Process improvement model, 280 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 128 pyrophosphate) Preload, 293 quality measurement, 280 Prosthetic heart valves, 433 amidotransferase, 73 Premature ejaculation, 599 Process quality measurement, 280 Protamine sulfate, 251 Prurititis Premature ovarian failure, 659, 669 Processus vaginalis, 648 Protease inhibitors pseudofolliculitis barbae, 491 Preoptic nucleus, 513 Procoagulation, 423 fat redistribution, 253 Pruritus Prepatellar bursitis, 471 Progesterone HIV therapy, 203 anal, 159 Preprocollagen, 50 lactation and, 659 naming convention for, 256 atopic dermitis, 491 Preproinsulin, 342 ovulation, 655 Proteases biliary tract disease, 405 Prerenal azotemia, 625 signaling pathways for, 345 pancreatic secretion, 383 chloroquine, 200 Presbycusis, 551 source and function of, 654 Proteasome, 48 cutaneous mycoses, 152 Presbyopia, 554 Progestins, 681 Protein A ectoparasites, 161 Preschool age development, 578 Progressive multifocal bacterial virulence, 129 Prussian blue stain, 701 Presenilin, 538 leukoencephalopathy Proteinases, 416 PSA Pressure-volume loops, 296 (PML), 508, 542 Protein C/S deficiency, 435 serum tumor marker, 227 Presynaptic 2-autoreceptor, 245 HIV-positive adults, 177 hereditary thrombophilias, 437 stains for, 228 Pretectal nuclei, 558 polyomaviruses, 164 Protein-energy malnutrition, 71 Psammoma bodies Preterm birth, death with, 279 Proguanil, 200 Protein kinase A calcification, 212 Pretest probability, 263 Projection, 577 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 76 mesotheliomas, 702 Prevalence Prokaryotes Protein metabolism tumor identification, 228 incidence vs, 265 RNA polymerases in, 42 amino acids, 81 Pseudoappendicitis vs incidence, 265 Prolactin Proteins Yersinia enterocolitica, 144 Prevotella spp, 179 function of, 336 free radical effect on, 210 Pseudodiverticulum, 393 Priapism, 675 lactation and, 659 Protein synthesis, 45 Pseudoephedrine, 711 sickle cell anemia, 432 signaling pathways for, 345 elongation, 45 Pseudofolliculitis barbae, 491 trazodone and, 600 source, function, and regulation, exotoin inhibition of, 132 Pseudofractures, 475 Primaquine, 157 338 initiation of, 42, 45 Pseudohypoparathyroidism hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 253 tuberoinfundibular pathway, 514 metabolic site, 74 type 1A, 352 Primary adrenal insufficiency, 357 Prolactin-inhibiting factor, 336 posttranslational modification, 45 Pseudomembranous colitis Primary amyloidosis, 213 Proliferative glomerular disorders, sequence of, 45 clindamycin, 192 Primary bacterial peritonitis, 400 618 termination, 45 drug reaction and, 252 Primary biliary cholangitis, 403, 405 Prometaphase, 46 trimming, 45 Clostridium difficile, 138 Primary central nervous system Promoters (gene expression), 41 Protein synthesis inhibitors penicillins, 188 lymphoma Pronephros, 602 antimicrobial therapy, 191 watery diarrhea, 179 occurrence and associations, 439 Proopiomelanocortin, 335 Proteinuria Pseudomonas aeruginosa Primary disease prevention, 278 Proper hepatic artery, 371 ACE inhibitors for, 633 brochiectasis, 699 Primary dysmenorrhea, 670 Prophase, 46 diabetes mellitus, 354 Pseudomonas spp Primary (essential) hypertension, 324 Prophylaxis glomerular disease and, 619 ceftazidime, 188 Primary glomerular disease, 618 antimicrobial, 198 nephritic-nephrotic syndrome, cystic fibrosis, 60 Primary hemostasis, 417, 421 antimycobacterial, 197 619 epididymitis and orchitis, 678 Primary hyperaldosteronism, 358 for RSV, 200 nephrotic syndrome, 619, 621 fluoroquinolones, 195 hypertension with, 308 HIV/AIDS patients, 198 preeclampsia, 667 immunodeficient patients, 118 renal disorder features, 615 Trichomonas vaginalis, 158 serum sickness, 113 multidrug-resistant, 198 Primary hyperparathyroidism, 353 rabies postexposure, 171 Proteolysis nosocomial infection, 185 lab values in, 476 Propionic acidemia, 85 cortisol and, 344 osteomyelitis, 180 Primary ovarian insufficiency, 669 Propionyl-CoA carboxylase Proteolytic processing in collagen penicillins for, 188 Primary polydipsia, 346 vitamin B7 and, 68 synthesis, 50 pyocyanin of, 109 Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 403, Propofol, 570 Proteus spp tricuspid valve endocarditis, 321 405 Propranolol, 248, 331, 350 xanthogranulomatous UTIs, 181 autoantibody, 115 essential tremor, 537 pyelonephritis, 624 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 816 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 817

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 Pulmonary arterial hypertension Pustular psoriasis, 489 Rabies virus biofilm production, 128 (PAH), 703 Pustules characteristics, 171 exotoxin in, 132 Pulmonary artery, 289, 687 acne, 491 Rachitic rosary, 475 Pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly, 441 Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure characteristics, 489 Radial head subluxation, 473 Pseudotumor cerebri, 540 (PCWP), 304 pseudofolliculitis barbae, 491 Radial nerve Pseudovirion, 162 Pulmonary circulation, 692 rosacea, 491 injury and presentation, 456 Psittacosis, 149 Pulmonary edema Putamen neurovascular pairing, 465 Psoas sign, 393 left heart failure, 319 neurodegenerative disorders, 538 Radiation exposure Psoriasis, 489, 491 LV failure, 317 Pyelonephritis, 181 acute myelogenous leukemia and, cyclosporine, 120 nitrates for, 326 acute and chronic, 624 442 etanercept for, 502 opioids for, 572 kidney stones, 622 aplastic anemia, 431 hyperkeratosis/parakeratosis, 489 physical findings, 704 WBC casts in, 618 apoptosis caused by, 208 infliximab/adalimumab for, 502 Pulmonary emboli Pygmalion effect, 266 hypopituitarism, 347 methotrexate for, 450 direct factor Xa inhibitors for, 445 Pyloromyotomy, 369 malignancies related to, 211 skin lesions, 489 presentation and treatment, 696 Pyoderma gangrenosum toxicity levels and tissues affected, therapeutic antibodies, 122 Pulmonary fibrosis inflammatory bowel disease, 392 211 therapeutic antibodies for, 122 amiodarone and, 254 Pyogenic granulomas, 492 X-ray teratogenic effects, 638 Psoriatic arthritis, 481 diffusion limited gas exchange, 692 Pyramidal cells, 210 Radiation-induced fibrosis, 211 HLA subtype, 100 drug reaction and, 254 Pyramidal tract demyelination Radiation therapy leflunomide for, 500 restrictive lung disease, 700 multiple sclerosis, 541 acute pericarditis and, 323 psoriasis and, 491 Pulmonary hypertension, 703 Pyrantel pamoate, 200 angiosarcomas, 492 therapeutic antibodies for, 122 acute respiratory distress syndrome, Pyrazinamide lymphopenia, 433 PSV23 (pneumococcal 702 gout, 253 neutropenia, 433 polysaccharide) vaccine, 127 chronic thromboembolic, 703 mechanism and clinical use, 197 papillary thyroid carcinoma risk, Psychiatric emergencies, 593 drug therapy, 711 Pyridostigmine, 243 351 acute dystonia, 593 etiologies of, 703 myasthenia gravis treatment, 486 Radiculopathy delirium tremens, 593 left heart disease, 703 Pyridoxal phosphate, 67 lumbosacral, 465 hypertensive crisis, 593 lung diseases or hypoxia, 703 Pyridoxine, 67 Radon carcinogenicity, 226 lithium toxicity, 593 multifactorial, 703 Pyrimethamine, 200 RAG mutation neuroleptic malignant syndrome, sildenafil, 711 effect on purine synthesis, 36 immunodeficiency, 117 593 Pulmonary hypoplasia, 684 Pyrimidines Ragged red muscle fibers, 59 serotonin syndrome, 593 Pulmonary Langerhans cell de novo synthesis, 36 Rales transtheoretical model of change, histiocytosis, 699 structure, 35 in heart failure, 319 592 Pulmonary surfactant Pyrimidine synthesis, 500 Raloxifene tricyclic antidepressant overdose, 593 club cells, 685 Pyruvate carboxylase, 78 estrogen receptor modulator Psychiatry, 575 (selective), 680 Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), vitamin B and, 68 692 7 conditions and preferred Pyruvate dehydrogenase Raltegravir, 203 medications, 596 Ramelteon, 567 Pulmonic stenosis complex, 76 pharmacology, 596 wide splitting in, 298 Ramipril, 633 deficiency, 77 psychology, 575 Pulmonic valves Random plasma glucose vitamin B and, 66 Psychoactive drug intoxication/ physiologic splitting, 298 1 diabetes mellitus diagnosis, 354 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex withdrawal, 594 “Pulseless disease”, 484 RANKL deficiency, 77 depressants, 594 Pulse pressure immunotherapy, 122 Pyruvate kinase hallucinogens, 595 equation for, 294 RANK-L (RANK ligand), 340 deficiency, 432 stimulants, 594 Pulse-temperature dissociation, 144 Ranolazine Pyruvate kinase deficiency Psychosis, 582 Pulsus paradoxus mechanism and clinical use, 327 causes and findings, 432 corticosteroids, 120 asthma attack, 698 Raphe nucleus, 510 Pyruvate metabolism, 77 LSD and, 595 cardiac tamponade, 320 Rapid acting insulins, 362 Psychotherapy techniques “Punched out” bone lesions (X-ray), Pyuria Rapid automated broth cultures, behavioural therapy, 596 440 sterile, 624 126 cognitive behavioral therapy, 596 Punched-out ulcers, 387 urinary tract infections and, 181 Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, dialectical behavioral therapy, 596 Punishment (conditioning), 576 Q 512 interpersonal therapy, 596 Pupil Rapidly progressive (crescentic) motivational interviewing, 596 CN III palsy, 561 Q fever glomerulonephritis, 620 supportive therapy, 596 control, 558 rickettsial disease, 149 RAS gene, 351 PTEN gene, 225 light reflex, 558 transmission, 150 Rasagiline, 568, 569 Pterygoid muscles, 524 pupillary light reflex, 558 QRS complex, 302 Rasburicase, 453 PTH, 475 syphilis, 184 QT interval rash, 169 PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related Pupillary reflex, 523 ondansetron effect on, 410 Rashes protein), 229 Pupil size, drugs affecting, 255 Quadrantanopia, 562 “blueberry muffin ”, 169 Ptosis Pure motor stroke, 532 Quantifying risk carbapenems, 190 CN III damage, 561 Pure red cell aplasia, 229, 430 terminology and examples of, 262 childhood, 183 Horner syndrome, 559 thymoma and, 98 Quaternary amines, 204 desquamating, 484 myasthenia gravis, 486 Purines, 479 Quaternary disease prevention, 278 fluoroquinolones, 195 saccular aneurysm, 534 de novo synthesis, 36, 73 Quetiapine, 256, 597 heliotrope, 229 Puberty Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 Quiescent (stable) cells, 46 macrolides, 193 Kallmann syndrome and, 663 salvage deficiencies, 37 Quinidine, 200 malar, 482 precocious, 57 structure, 35 cinchonism, 254 palms and soles, 150 Tanner stages, 660 structure of, 34 Quinine, 200 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins, Pubic tubercle, 380 Purkinje cells Quinupristin, 198 188 Public health sciences, 260 in paraneoplastic cerebellar petechial, 182 communication skills, 273 degeneration, 229 R rickettsial infections, 150 ethics, 270 of cerebellum, 210 Rabies, 166 rubella, 182 quality and safety, 280 Purkinje fibers, 302 active and passive immunity, 110 syphilis, 184 Pudendal nerve, 376, 463 Purpura rhabdovirus, 167 unvaccinated children, 186 Pulmonary anthrax, 137 aplastic anemia, 431 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 817 11/12/20 9:35 AM 818 INDEX INDEX

Rashes of childhood Reflexes Renal ischemia, 500 psychoactive drug intoxication, 594 associated disease and presentation, clinical, 527 NSAIDs, 500 tricyclic antidepressants, 593, 599 183 cranial nerves, 523 Renal oncocytoma, 629 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Rathke pouch, 335, 546 motor neuron signs, 547 Renal osteodystrophy, 353, 626, 627 paramyxovirus, 167, 168 tumor, 637 primitive, 527 Renal papillary necrosis, 626 pneumonia, 707 Rationalization, 577 Reflex tachycardia, 247 pyelonephritis and, 624 prophylaxis, 122 Raynaud disease, 486 Refractive errors (vision), 553 sickle cell anemia, 432 Respiratory system Raynaud phenomenon, 486 Refractory angina, 327 Renal plasma flow, 606 pharmacology, 710 Buerger disease, 484 Refsum disease, 48 Renal sympathetic discharge, 612 Respiratory tract infections calcium channel blockers for, 326 Refusing care Renal toxicity C3 deficiency, 107 scleroderma and, 487 minors, 272 ganciclovir, 202 Respiratory tree Raynaud syndrome, 486 Regadenoson, 312 Renal tubular acidosis conducting zone, 686 “Razor bumps”, 491 Regan-Lowe medium, 126 types and parameters of, 617 respiratory zone, 686 RB1 gene, 225 Registering for exam, 5–6 Renal tubular defects Respiratory zone, 686 RBC inclusions Regression, 577 effects and causes, 610 Resting tremor, 537 associated pathology, 426 Regulation of cell cycle Renal vascular smooth muscle, 241 Restless legs syndrome, 536 RBC morphology (pathologic), Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), Renin Restricting type (anorexia nervosa), 424–425 46 aliskiren effect on, 633 590 Reabsorption and secretion rate, 608 p53, 46 primary hyperaldosteronism, 358 Restrictive cardiomyopathy, 318 calculation of, 606 tumor suppressors, 46 renal disorders and, 615 hemochromatosis, 405 Reaction formation, 577 Regulation of gene expression, 41 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Restrictive/infiltrative Reactive arthritis, 481 regulator, 102 system, 612 cardiomyopathy, 318 chlamydia, 184 Regulatory T cells, 102 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Restrictive lung diseases, 699 HLA subtype, 100 cell surface proteins, 110 system, 612 ankylosing spondylitis, 481 Type III hypersensitivity, 113 Regurgitation Renin-secreting tumor flow volume loops, 697 Reassortment in GERD, 387 renal disorder features, 615 RET gene influenza viruses, 169 Reichert cartilage, 644 Renomegaly Hirschsprung disease, 394 viral, 162 Reid index, 698 Von Gierke disease, 87 Reteplase (rPA), 447 Recall bias in studies, 266 Reinforcement, 576 Renovascular disease, 628 Rete testis, 676 Receiver operating characteristic Relapsing fever Renovascular hypertension, 358 Reticular activating system curve, 264 animal transmission, 149 Reoviruses (midbrain) Receptor binding lice, 161 characteristics, 167 lesion effects, 528 potency and efficacy with Relationship with patients, 276 genome, 163 Reticulin, 50 antagonists, 237 Relative afferent pupillary defect segmented, 168 Reticulocyte production index, 427 Receptor fusion proteins (RAPD), 559 Repaglinide, 363 Reticulocytes naming conventions for, 258 Relative risk reduction (RRR), 262 Reperfusion injury, 210 in aplastic anemia, 431 Receptor-mediated endocytosis, 47 Relative risk (RR), 260, 262 Reperfusion therapy, 317 intravascular hemolysis, 431 Receptor tyrosine kinase Reliability (precision), 265 Replication fork, 38 Retina endocrine hormone signaling Remodeling (tissue), 217 Reportable diseases chronic hyperglycemia, 556 pathways, 345 Renal agenesis, 602, 603 confidentiality exceptions, 273 Retinal hemorrhage recessive, 117 pulmonary hypoplasia association, Repression, 577 hypertensive emergency, 308 Recklinghausen disease, 543 684 Repressor proteins Retinal pathology Recombinant cytokines, 121 Renal artery lactose effects on, 40 degeneration, 556 Recombination stenosis, 628, 633 Reproductive/endocrine drug detachment, 557 bacterial genetics, 130 Renal blood flow (RBF) reactions, 252 hemorrhage, 555 viral, 162 renal plasma flow and, 606 Reproductive hormones, control of, retinitis, 555 Rectal sparing, 392 Renal cell carcinoma 679 vein occlusion, 555 Rectum chromosome association, 64 Reproductive system Retinal vein occlusion, 555, 556 blood supply and innervation, 376 hypercalcemia and, 229 anatomy, 648 Retinitis familial adenomatous polyposis, metastases of, 224 pathology, 661 cidofovir, 202 397 presentation and treatment, 628 pharmacology, 679 Retinitis pigmentosa, 557 portosystemic anastomosis, 375 recombinant cytokines, 121 physiology, 653 abetalipoproteinemia, 94 Rectus abdominis muscle, 380 risk with complex cysts, 627 Rescheduling exam, 6 Retinoblastoma Recurrent branch of median nerve Renal clearance Reserpine chromosome association, 64 injury and presentation, 457 calculation of, 606 Parkinson-like syndrome, 254 heterozygosity loss, 56 Recurrent laryngeal nerve Renal disease Residual volume, 688 Retinoblastomas compression of, 709 drug dosages in, 233 Resistance in vessels, 295 osteosarcomas, 477 Pancoast tumor, 710 genitourinary trauma, 651 Respiration Retinoids, 491 Red cell casts Renal disorders/failure exercise response, 694 Retinol, 66 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, conditions and features of, 615 high altitude response, 694 Retinopathy 485 consequences of, 626 Respiratory acidosis chloroquine, 200 Red hepatization, 707 diffuse cortical necrosis, 626 laboratory findings with, 616 of prematurity, 685 Red infarct, 210 ESR in, 215 Respiratory alkalosis sorbitol, 81 Red nucleus (midbrain) Fabry disease, 88 high altitude, 694 RET/PTC rearrangements, 351 lesion effects, 528 gout and, 479 laboratory finding with, 616 Retrograde amnesia, 581 Redox reactions myoclonus in, 537 Respiratory burst Retroperitoneal fibrosis, 623 vitamin B2 and, 67 renal cyst disorders, 627 actions of, 109 Retroperitoneal structures, 370 Redundant/degenerate genetic code, tetracycline use in, 192 in chronic granulomatous disease, Retrospective studies, 266 37 waxy casts in, 618 117 Rett syndrome, 62 Reed-Sternberg cells, 438 Wilson disease, 405 Respiratory depression Reverse transcriptase, 175 Refeeding syndrome (anorexia Renal/genitourinary drug reactions, anesthetics, 570 telomerase, 38 nervosa), 590 254 barbiturates, 564, 594 Reye syndrome, 400 Referred pain Renal hypoxia, 690 benzodiazepines, 564, 594 Reynolds pentad, 407 cholecystitis, 406 Renal insufficiency epilepsy drugs, 564 Rhabdomyolysis diaphragm irritation, 687 staphylococcal scalded skin inhaled anesthetics, 570 daptomycin, 195 Reflex bradycardia, 612 syndrome, 493 opioids, 570, 594 potassium shifts and, 614 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 818 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 819

refeeding syndrome and, 590 Riedel thyroiditis, 349 Rosiglitazone, 363 Sarcomas with heat stroke, 534 Rifabutin, 196 Rotator cuff muscles, 456 metastasis of, 224 Rhabdomyomas, 324 Rifampin Rotavirus nomenclature of, 221 nomenclature for, 221 as prophylaxis, 198 characteristics, 168 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 466 Rhabdomyosarcomas hepatitis, 252 Rotenone, 78 Sarcoptes scabiei dactinomycin for, 449 Mycobacterium leprae, 141 Roth spots, 321 disease and treatment, 161 variant, 668 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 196 Rotor syndrome, 404 Sargramostim, 453 Rhabdoviruses Rifamycins hyperbilirubinemia in, 403 Sargramostim (GM-CSF), 121 characteristics and medical mechanism and clinical use, 196 Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 47 SARS (sudden acute respiratory importance, 167 Rifaximin Rouleaux formation, 440 syndrome), 167 negative-stranded, 168 hepatic encephalopathy treatment, Round ligament of uterus Satiety/hunger regulation, 513 Rhagades, 147 401 male/female homologs, 648 Saturday night palsy, 456 Rheumatic fever, 322 Rift Valley fever, 167 structures in, 649 “Sausage fingers”, 481 chorea with, 537 Right bundle branch, 302 Rovsing sign, 393 “Saw-tooth” crypt pattern, 397 heart murmur with, 300 Right bundle branch block, 298 RSV F protein Saxagliptin, 363 Streptococcus pyogenes, 136 Right coronary artery (RCA) immunotherapy, 122 Scabies, 200 myocarditis with, 323 occlusions of, 313 Rubella, 169 Scalded skin syndrome streptolysin O, 133 Right heart failure, 319 cardiac defect association, 308 Staphylococcus aureus, 133 type II hypersensitivity, 112 Right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain, 394 heart murmur with, 300 toxic shock syndrome toxin, 133 Rheumatoid arthritis Right-to-left shunts, 288, 306 rash, 182 Scales (skin) autoantibody, 115 Right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain, 406 TORCH infection, 183 characteristics, 489 azathioprine for, 450 Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) unvaccinated children, 186 seborrheic dermatitis, 490 carpal tunnel syndrome and, 470 high altitude, 694 Rubeola (measles) virus, 170 Scar formation, 219 celecoxib for, 500 Riluzole, 569 Ruffini corpuscles, 509 Scarlet fever etanercept for, 502 ring-enhancing lesions (MRI) Rule of 9’s, 497 Streptococcus pyogenes, 136 extraarticular manifestations, 478 Toxoplasma gondii, 156 Ruxolitinib, 443, 453 rash with, 183 HLA subtype, 100 Ringworm Ryanodine receptor, 466 S cells immunosuppressants, 120 griseofulvin, 200 secretin production, 381 infliximab/adalimumab for, 502 tinea corporis, 152 S Schaumann bodies, 700 leflunomide for, 500 rinuclear ANCA (p-ANCA) S-100 Schilling test, 430 methotrexate for, 450 autoantibody, 115 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 444 Schistocytes, 433 pathogenesis, findings and Risedronate, 500 S-100 immunohistochemical stain, 228 associated pathology, 424 treatment, 478 Risk quantification, 262 S-100 tumor marker disseminated intravascular therapeutic antibodies for, 122 Risperidone, 597 keratoacanthoma, 498 coagulation, 437 Type III hypersensitivity, 113 Ristocetin, 421 Saber shins, 147 in intravascular hemolysis, 431 Rheumatoid factor, 115 Ritonavir congenital syphilis, 147 Schistosoma haematobium Rh hemolytic disease of newborn, 415 HIV therapy, 203 syphilis, 182 bladder cancer, 227 Rhinitis Rituximab, 452 Sabin poliovirus vaccine, 167 disease association, 161 phenylephrine for, 245 Rivaroxaban, 446 Sabouraud agar, 126 squamous cell carcinoma of Rhinophyma, 491 Rivastigmine, 243, 569 Saccular aneurysms, 534 bladder, 627 Rhinosinusitis, 695 River blindness, 159 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 51 Schistosoma spp Rhinovirus RNA renal cyst disorders and, 627 disease and treatment, 160 characteristics of, 168 capping, 41 Sacrococcygeal teratomas, 676 Schistosomiasis picornavirus, 167, 168 interference, 56 Sacubitril portal hypertension, 399 receptors for, 163 RNA polymerases, 42 mechanism and clinical use, 327 pulmonary arterial hypertension, Rhizopus spp types and functions of, 42 Saddle embolus, 696 703 opportunistic infections, 153 RNA processing (eukaryotes), 41 Saddle nose Schizoaffective disorder, 583 Ribavirin, 204 RNA viral genomes, 163 syphilis, 182 Schizophrenia contraindicated in pregnancy, 204 RNA viruses Safety culture, 280 atypical antipsychotics for purine synthesis, 36 characteristics and medical Salicylates treatment, 583 Riboflavin, 67 importance, 167 toxicity treatment for, 251 diagnostic criteria, 583 Ribose, 79 genome, 163 Salivary gland tumors, 386 hallucinations with, 582 Ribosomes, 45 Robertsonian translocation, 64 Salmeterol, 245 neurotransmitter changes with, 510 Rice-water diarrhea Rocker-bottom feet, 63 Salmonella spp, 118 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders, 583 Vibrio cholerae, 146 “Rocket tails”, 139 animal transmission, 149 delusional disorder, 583 organisms causing, 179 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 149, bloody diarrhea, 179 schizoaffective disorder, 583 Richter transformation, 442 150 encapsulated bacteria, 127 schizophrenia, 583 Rickets animal transmission, 149 food poisoning, 178 schizotypal personality disorder, hypophosphatemic, 615 chloramphenicol, 192 intracellular organism, 127 583 lab values in, 476 Roflumilast, 249 Shigella spp vs, 144 Schizophreniform disorder, 583 metaphyseal cupping/fraying, 475 Romaña sign, 158 osteomyelitis, 180 Schizotypal personality, 588 vitamin D and, 70 Romano-Ward syndrome, 315 penicillins for, 188 Schizotypal personality disorder, 583 Rickettsia spp Romberg sign, 548 TMP-SMX for, 194 Schüffner stippling stains for, 125 Romiplostim (TPO analog), 121 Salmonella vs Shigella, 144 in blood smear, 157 tetracyclines, 192 Root cause analysis, 281 Salmonella typhi, 144 Schwann cells Rickettsia prowazekii, 149 Rooting reflex, 527 Sampling bias, 266 functions of, 508 transmission of, 149, 161 Ropinirole, 568 Sandfly fever, 167 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 542 Rickettsia rickettsii, 149 Ropivacaine, 571 SA node, 301 Schwannomas, 543, 545 animal transmission, 149 Rosacea, 491 Saponification, 209 Sciatic nerve, 462 chloramphenicol, 192 Rose gardener’s disease, 154 Saprophyticus SCID (severe combined Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 150 Rosenthal fibers, 546 urease-positive, 127 immunodeficiency) Rickettsia typhi, 149 Roseola Sarcoidosis, 700 causes of, 37 transmission, 149 rash, 183 characteristics and associations, lymphopenia caused by, 433 Rickettsial diseases Roseola infantum 700 Sclerae rash common, 150 HHV-6/HHV-7, 165 erythema nodosum, 496 alkaptonuria, 84 rash rare, 150 Rose spots, 144 Sarcoma botryoides, 668 osteogenesis imperfecta, 50, 51 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 819 11/12/20 9:35 AM 820 INDEX INDEX

Scleritis with rheumatoid arthritis, Seminoma, 677 Serum protein electrophoresis Sigmoid colon, 393 478 Semitendinosus, 461 (SPEP) Sigmoid volvulus, 396 Sclerodactyly, 487 Sensitivity (diagnostic tests), 263 in plasma cell dyscrasias, 440 Signaling pathways Scleroderma, 487 Sensorineural hearing loss, 551 Sevelamer steriod hormones, 345 Scleroderma (diffuse) Sensory cortex, 532 mechanism, use, and adverse Signaling pathways of endocrine autoantibody, 115, 487 topographic representation, 518 effects, 365 hormones, 345 Sclerodermal esophageal Sensory innervation 17α-hydroxylase, 343 Signal recognition particle (SRP), 47 involvement, 387 derivation of, 644 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 343 Signet ring cells, 389 Scleroderma (limited), 487 lower extremity, 463 Severe acute respiratory syndrome Sign of Leser-Trélat, 229 Sclerosing adenosis, 673 tongue, 507 coronavirus 2, 172 Sildenafil, 249, 675 Sclerosing cholangitis, 403 Sensory loss Severe combined immunodeficiency Silencer (gene expression), 41 ulcerative colitis association, 392 conversion disorder and, 589 (SCID), 117 Silica Scombroid poisoning, 250 stroke effects, 532 Sevoflurane, 570 carcinogenicity, 226 Scopolamine, 244 Sensory modalities/pathways Sex chromosome disorders, 661 inflammation stimulus, 217 Scoring of USMLE Step 1 exam, thalamus in, 513 Sex cord stromal tumors, 670 Silicosis, 701 7, 8–9 Sensory receptors Sex development disorders Silver stain, 125 Scorpion sting, 407 fiber type, location and modality, 46,XX DSD, 662 Simeprevir, 204 Scotoma, 562 509 46,XY DSD, 662 Simple partial (focal) seizures, 535 Scrotal lesions, benign, 676 Separation anxiety disorder, 580 ovotesticular disorder, 661 Simple pneumothorax physical Scrotum Sepsis, 320 physical characteristics in, 662 findings, 704 lymphatic drainage, 648 ARDS, 702 Sex hormone–binding globulin Simple vs complex renal cysts, 627 Scurvy immunodeficient patients, 118 (SHBG) Single nucleotide (point) mutation, collagen synthesis and, 50 Streptococcus agalactiae, 137 steroid hormone signaling 40 vitamin C deficiency, 69 lymphopenia with, 433 pathways, 345 Single nucleotide polymorphisms Seafood toxins (ingested), 250 neutropenia with, 433 Sex hormone disorder diagnosis (SNPs), 54 Seal-like barking cough, 170 Septate uterus, 646 LH and Testerone in, 662 Single nucleotide substitutions, 40 Seasonal affective disorder, 584 Septic arthritis, 480 Sex steroid replacement, 347 Single-stranded binding proteins, 38 Seborrheic dermatitis, 490 Septicemia Sexual abuse (child), 579 Sinusitis Seborrheic keratosis, 491 Listeria monocytogenes, 139 Sexual differentiation, 646 brain abscesses, 180 Sebum, 491 Septic shock Sexual dysfunction, 590 granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 485 Secobarbital, 566 diffuse cortical necrosis (renal), Sexually transmitted infections Streptococcus pneumoniae, 136 Secondary amyloidosis, 213 626 Trichomonas vaginalis, 158 Kartagener syndrome, 49 Secondary and tertiary adrenal norepinephrine for, 245 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Sirolimus (Rapamycin) insufficiency, 357 disease and clinical features, 184 immunosuppression, 120 Septum primum, 288 Secondary biliary cholangitis, 405 molluscum contagiosum, 493 Sister Mary Joseph nodules, 389 Septum secundum, 288 Secondary disease prevention, 278 parental consent with, 272 Sitagliptin, 363 Sequence (morphogenesis), 637 Secondary glomerular disease, 618 Sézary syndrome, 439 6-mercaptopurine Serine, 225 Secondary hyperaldosteronism, 358 Shawl and face rash, 483 for ulcerative colitis, 392 Serine/threonine kinase receptor Secondary hyperparathyroidism, 353 Sheehan syndrome, 347 purine synthesis, 36 endocrine hormone signaling lab values in, 476 Shiga toxin, 130 Sjögren syndrome pathways, 345 Secondary spontaneous Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia autoantibody, 115 Serologic markers pneumothorax, 706 coli (STEC) infection, 436 characteristics, 480 hepatitis, 174 Second-degree AV block, 316 Shigella boydii, 145 pilocarpine for, 243 481 Second messengers Seronegative spondyloarthritis, Shigella dysenteriae, 144 rheumatoid arthritis, 478 G-protein linked, 241 Serotonergic drugs, 599 Shigella flexneri, 144 Skeletal muscle Second-wind phenomenon, 87 Serotonin Shigella spp ACh receptors in, 239 Secretin changes with disease, 510 bloody diarrhea, 179 atrophy and hypertrophy in, 467 secretory cell location, 382 Serotonin syndrome, 410 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins blood flow regulation to, 304 somatostatinomas and, 361 atypical antidepressants, 599 for, 188 fiber types and metabolism, 467 source and action of, 381 cause, manifestation and treatment, TMP-SMX, 194 glycogen in, 86 Secretory (exported) protein synthesis, 593 toxin, 132 glycogen metabolism in, 86 47 dextromethorphan, 711 vs Salmonella spp, 144 ossification in, 483 Secukinumab MAOIs, 599 Shigella vs Salmonella, 144 Skewed distributions, 267 target and clinical use, 122 MDMA, 595 Shigella sonnei, 144, 145 Skin, 253 Segmented viruses, 167 oxazolidinones, 193 Shingles, 165 blood flow regulation to, 304 Seizures Serous cystadenoma, 670 Shin splints, 472 collagen in, 50 anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, Serpentine cord, 140 Shock common disorders, 491 229 Serrated polyps, 397 causes, signs, and treatment, 320 drug reactions, 253 benzodiazepine withdrawal, 566 Serratia spp Ebola, 171 inflammatory diseases, 135 characteristics and forms of, 535 immunodeficient patients, 118 endotoxins, 131 normal flora, 178 febrile, 534 Serratia marcescens, 128 norepinephrine for, 245 normal flora of, 135 Selection bias, 266 in immunodeficiency, 128 superantigens causing, 133 pigmentation, 56 Selective estrogen receptor treatment of, 189 Short acting insulin, 362 wrinkles of aging, 52 modulators (SERMs), 452, UTIs, 181 SIADH Skin anatomy 680 Sertoli cells paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 layers of, 487 Selective media, 126 secretions of, 652 Sialadenitis, 386 morphology, 487 Selective mutism, 580 sexual differentiation, 646 Sialolithiasis, 386 Skin cancer, 498 Selegiline, 568, 569, 599 tumors of, 677 Sialyl Lewisx, 216 albinism and, 490 Selenium sulfide Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, 671 Sickle cell anemia Lynch syndrome and, 398 tinea versicolor, 152 Sertraline, 599 causes and findings, 432 Skin infections, 493 Self-mutilation Serum amyloid A Sickle cell disease, 432, 675 bacterial infections, 493 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 acute phase reactants, 214 osteonecrosis and, 475 HSV1 and HSV2, 493 Semimembranosus, 461 Serum iron Sideroblastic anemia viral, 493 Seminal vesicles, 645 iron study interpretation, 429 causes and lab findings, 429 Skin lesions Seminiferous tubules Serum markers (liver pathology), RBC inclusions in, 426 autoimmune disorders, 494 cells and functions of, 652 400 vitamin B6 deficiency, 67 black nodules, 159 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 820 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 821

café-au-lait spots, 57 Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), Somatic symptom and related Spironolactone, 632, 682 crust, 489 442 disorders for heart failure, 319 erythema multiforme, 151 Small molecule inhibitors characteristics of, 589 Spleen Gottron papules, 229 naming conventions for, 258 conversion, 589 anatomy, 98 hyperlipidemia signs, 309 Smallpox, 164 somatic symptom disorder, 589 embryology, 370 hyperpigmentation, 364 Small vessel disease vs malingering and factitious platelet destruction in, 436 inflammatory bowel disease, 392 diabetes mellitus, 354 disorders, 589 Splenectomy, 432 Kaposi sarcoma, 165 Small-vessel vasculitis Somatic symptom disorder, 589 peripheral blood smear after, 432 kwashiorkor, 71 presentation and pathology, 484 Somatic symptoms Splenic artery, 371 macroscopic terms, 489 Smoking, tobacco illness anxiety disorder, 589 splenomegaly, 442 macule, 489 abdominal aortic aneurysms and, Somatomedin, 337 Splenomegaly microscopic terms, 489 310 Somatostatin anemia, 157 nodules, 498 aneurism risks, 534 function of, 336 cirrhosis, 399 papule, 489 atherosclerosis and, 310 secretory cell locations, 382 hereditary spherocytosis, 432 patch, 489 Buerger disease and, 484 source, action, and regulation of, malaria, 157 petechiae, 417 bupropion for cessation, 600 381 myelofibrosis, 442, 443 pigmentation disorders, 490 carcinogenicity, 226 Somatostatin (octreotide) visceral leishmaniasis, 158 plaque, 489 carcinogenicity of, 709 hypothalamic/pituitary drugs, 364 with rheumatoid arthritis, 478 pustule, 489 emphysema, 698 Somatostatinoma, 361 Splenorenal ligament, 371 scale, 489 esophageal cancer risk, 388 Somatotropin, 337 Splice site mutation, 40 scaling, 152 lung cancer, 709 Sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene, 636 Splicing of pre-mRNA, 41, 42 scaly, 66 mesothelioma, 702 Sorbitol metabolism, 81 alternative splicing, 43 seborrheic keratoses, 229 renal cell carcinoma, 628 Sotalol, 331 Splinter hemorrhages, 321 splinter hemorrhages, 321 stomach cancer and, 389 Southern blot, 53 Splinter hemorrhages (nails), 321 striae, 356 teratogenic effects of, 638 Southwestern blot, 53 Splitting, 577 target lesions, 495 transitional cell carcinoma, 629 Space of Disse, 377 Splitting of heart sounds, 298 T-cell lymphoma, 439 varenicline for cessation, 600 Spaghetti and meatballs appearance, Splitting (twinning), 641 telangiectasia, 324, 487 “Smooth brain”, 505 152 Spondyloarthritis (seronegative), 481 ulcers, 158 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 47 Spasmolytics, 572 Spongiosis vascular tumors, 492 Smooth muscle Spastic paralysis characteristics, 489 vasculitides, 485 contraction of, 467 tetanospasmin, 132 Spontaneous abortion wheal, 489 glomus tumors, 492 Spastic paresis, 547 Listeria monocytogenes, 139 Skip lesions, 392 tumor nomenclature, 221 Specialized transduction, 130 Listeria monocytogenes, 184 Smooth muscle (vascular) 400 Skull thickening, 475 Special senses Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, arteriosclerosis, 309 ophthalmology, 553 Spontaneous pneumothorax, 706 Slapped cheek rash, 183 contraction and relaxation, 467 otology, 551 Sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda, 174 Sleep apnea, 703 Smudge cells, 442 Specificity equation, 263 Spore (bacteria), 124 central, 703 SNARE proteins Specific learning disorder, 580 Spores (bacteria), 129 obesity hypoventilation syndrome, in neurotransmission, 132 Speckled ANA, 482 Sporothrix schenckii, 154 703 SNc (substantia nigra pars compacta), Spermatocele, 676 Sporotrichosis, 154 obstructive, 703 510 Spermatocytes, 652 Sprain (ankle), 465 Sleep distrubance SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine Spermatogenesis, 652 Sprue sleep terror disorder, 591 reuptake inhibitors ) cryptorchidism and, 675 vitamin B12 deficiency, 69 Sleep disturbance clinical use, 596 process of, 652 “Spur cells”, 424 benzodiazepines and, 594 major depressive disorder, 584 Spermatogonia, 652 Sputum Sleep physiology mechanism and clinical use, 599 Spermiogenesis rusty, 136 stages and EEG, 512 Snuffles, 147 process of, 653 Squalene epoxidase, 199 Sleep terror disorder, 591 “Soap bubble” appearance/lesions Spherocytes Squamous cell carcinoma, 498 SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus), giant cell tumor, 476 associated pathology, 425 anus and cervix, 177 482 Social anxiety disorder, 586 Spherocytosis bladder, 160, 629 antiphospholipid syndrome and, drug therapy for, 596 extrinsic hemolytic anemia, 431 carcinogens in, 226 482 SSRIs for, 599 hereditary, 432 cervix, 669 autoantibody, 115 Sodium channel blockers (class I), 330 Spherule, 151 esophagus, 388 glomerulohephritis with, 620 antiarrhythmics, 330 Sphincter of Oddi, 381 head and neck, 695 HLA subtypes, 100 Sodium channels Sphingolipidoses, 88 hypercalcemia and, 228 mixed connective tissue disease, cystic fibrosis, 60 Sphingomyelin, 88 lungs, 709 482 epilepsy drug effects, 564 Sphingomyelinase, 88 of skin, 496 Raynaud phenomenon, 486 local anesthetic effects, 570 Spina bifida occulta, 505 pectinate line and, 376 Type III hypersensitivity, 113 pacemaker action potential and, Spinal cord penis, 675 Sliding hiatal hernia, 380 301 associated tracts, 525 vaginal, 668 Slime (S) layer (bacteria), 124 permethrin, 200 lesions of, 548 Squamous epithelium, 650 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 lower extent of, 524 vulvar pathology, 668 osteonecrosis, 473 (SGLT2) inhibitors, 363 Spinal cord syndromes SRY gene, 645 Slow acetylators, 234 Sodium oxybate (GHB) multiple sclerosis, 541 SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake SMAD4 (DPC4) gene, 225 narcolepsy treatment, 591 Spinal lesions inhibitors) Small cell carcinoma of lung Sodium-potassium pump, 49 disease and area affected, 548 anxiety disorders, 586 carcinogens for, 204 Sodium stibogluconate, 200 Spinal muscular atrophy, 548 atypical depression, 584 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic Sofosbuvir, 204 splicing of pre-mRNA in, 42 clinical use, 596 syndrome, 486 Solifenacin, 244 Spinal nerves, 524 major depressive disorder, 584 location and characteristics, 709 Solitary functioning kidney, 603 Spinal tract anatomy/function mechanism and clinical use, 599 oat cell carcinoma, 709 Solitary nucleus of medulla, 303 ascending tracts, 526 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 586 paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 Somatic hypermutation, 101 descencing tract, 526 panic disorder, 586 Small interfering RNA (siRNA), 56 Somatic mosaicism, 57 Spinocerebellar degeneration phobias, 586 Small intestine Sturge-Weber syndrome, 543 abetoliproteinemia, 94 postpartum depression, 584 migrating motor complexes Somatic nerves Spinothalamic tract, 526 SIADH caused by, 252 production, 381 male sexual response, 651 Spirochetes, 146 Stable angina, 312 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 821 11/12/20 9:35 AM 822 INDEX INDEX

Stable (quiescent) cells, 46 Sterile pyuria, 624 hypertension, 308 Sucralfate, 409 Stab wounds and winged scapula, 458 Sterilization/disinfection methods, 204 ischemic, types of, 529 mechanism and clinical use, 409 Staghorn calculi, 622 Steroids lesion area and symptoms, 532 Sudden cardiac death, 312 Stains, 125 acute pancreatitis, 407 sickle cell anemia, 432 Sudden death Standard deviation berylliosis, 701 syphilis, 147 cardiac death, 312, 323 dispersion, 267 multiple sclerosis, 541 thrombolytic drugs with, 447 cocaine use, 595 variability, 267 synthesis of, 47 Stroke volume sleep apnea, 703 Standard error of the mean, 267 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 194 equation for, 293, 294 with myocarditis, 323 Stanford type A aortic dissection, 311 atypical variant of, 150 Strongyloides spp, 158 Sudden infant death syndrome Stanford type B aortic dissection, 311 drug reaction and, 253, 495 Strongyloides stercoralis (SIDS), 658 Stapedial artery, 289 sulfa drug allergies, 253 intestinal infections, 159 Suicidal patients, 273 Stapedius muscle, 644 Stimulants Structural quality measurement, 280 elderly, 273 Stapes (ossicles), 551 intoxication and withdrawal, 594 ST segment, 302 Suicide Staphylococcal scalded skin laxative, 411 ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) deaths from, 279 syndrome, 493 St. John’s wort, 255 acute coronary syndrome, 317 physician-assisted, 276 Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome St. Louis encephalitis, 167 diagnosis of, 312 risk factors for completion, 585 (TSS), 135 Stomach ECG localization of, 314 Sulbactam, 189 Staphylococci histology, 372 NSTEMI comparison, 312 Sulfadiazine, 194 antibiotic tests, 134 secretin effect on, 382 Studying for USMLE Step 1 exam Toxoplasma gondii, 156 Staphylococcus aureus, 135 Stone bone, 475 timeline for, 16–19 Sulfa drugs, 253 bacterial endocarditis, 321 Strategies Study materials, 20–21 adverse effects, 255 bullous impetigo, 493 clinical vignette, 23 Study schedule, 16–20 megaloblastic, 253 food poisoning, 178 test-taking, 22–23 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 543 Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), 194 toxin production, 133 “Strawberry cervix” presentation, 543 Sulfapyridine, 410 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 135 Trichomonas vaginalis, 158 Stylohyoid ligament, 644 Sulfasalazine antibiotic tests, 134 Strawberry cervix, 181, 184 Stylohyoid muscle, 644 mechanism and clinical use, 410 biofilm production, 128 Strawberry hemangiomas, 492 Styloid process, 644 Sulfatides, 140 normal flora, 180 Strawberry tongue, 136 Stylopharyngeus, 644 Sulfisoxazole, 194 nosocomial infection, 182 Kawasaki, 484 Subacute bacterial endocarditis, 321 Sulfonamides, 204 osteomyelitis, 180 scarlet fever, 136 Subacute combined degeneration hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 253 urease-positive, 127 Streak gonads, 646 (SCD), 69, 548 hypothyroidism, 252 vancomycin for, 190 Streptococci Subacute endocarditis mechanism and clinical use, 194 Staphylococcus pyogenes antibiotic tests, 134 enterococci, 137 photosensitivity, 253 necrotizing fasciitis, 493 Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Staphylococcus gallolyticus, 137 trimethoprim, 194 Staphylococcus pyogenes strep), 137 Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 skin infections, 493 hippurate test for, 137 349 Sulfonamides (TMP-SMX) Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 136 β-hemolytic nature of, 137 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Bordatella pertusis, 143 antibiotic tests, 134 Streptococcus aureus (SSPE), 170 Nocardia treatment, 139 gram-positive testing, 135 septic arthritis, 480 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 530 Sulfonylureas kidney tones and, 622 Streptococcus bovis, 137 aneurysms, 534 disulfiram-like reaction, 254 UTIs, 181 Streptococcus spp nimodipine for, 326 Sulfonylureas (1st gen), 363 Starling curves, 294 septic arthritis, 480 Subarachnoid space, 511 Sulfonylureas (2nd gen), 363 “Starry sky” appearance of B cells, 439 Streptococcus mutans Subclavian arteries, 289 Sulfur granules, 128 Start and stop codons, 44 normal flora, 178 Subcutaneous emphysema Sumatriptan, 567 Startle myoclonus, 539 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 136 esophageal perforation, 387 cluster headaches, 536 Starvation phases, 91 antibiotic testing, 135 Subcutaneous fat coronary vasospasm with, 251 Statins chloramphenicol, 192 erythema nodosum in, 496 Sunburn, 496 hepatitis, 252 encapsulated bacteria, 127 skin layers, 487 Sunburst pattern (X-ray), 477 myopathy, 253 IgA protease and, 127 Subcutis, 487 Superficial burn, 497 Statistical distribution, 267 IV drug use and, 178 Subdural hematomas, 531 Superficial inguinal nodes, 648 Statistical hypothesis testing, 268 meningitis, 178 Subendocardium, 210 Superficial partial-thickness bur, 497 common tests, 269 pneumonia, 178, 707 Sublimation, 577 Superior gluteal nerve, 463 confidence interval, 269 postviral infection, 178 Sublingual gland Superior mesenteric artery correct result, 268 rusty sputum, 136 stones in, 386 embryology, 368 outcomes, 268 Streptococcus pyogenes Submandibular gland Superior mesenteric artery (SMA), testing, 268 toxin production, 133 stones in, 386 368 Statistical tests, common, 269 Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Submucosa, 372 Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) Status epilepticus, 535 strep), 136 Submucosal polyps, 397 syndrome, 373 treatment, 566 Streptococcus pypgenes Substance abuse Superior oblique muscle, 560 Steady state, 233 signs and symptoms, 183 parental consent, 270 Superior rectus muscle, 560 Steatorrhea Streptogramins, 198 tricuspid valve endocarditis and, Superior sulcus tumor, 710 abetalipoproteinemia, 94 Streptokinase, 447 321 Superior vena cava syndrome, 98, 710 chronic pancreatitis, 407 Streptolysin O, 133 Substance P, 536, 572 lung cancer, 710 malabsorption syndromes and, 391 Streptomycin, 191 Substance use disorder, 591 Pancoast tumor, 710 octreotide effect, 410 mechanism and clinical use, 197 Subthalamic nucleus Superoxide dismutase, 127 with orlistat, 411 Stress incontinence, 623 lesion effects, 528 Supination Steatosis (hepatic), 401 Stress-related disorders, 587 Subunit vaccines, 111 deficit in Erb palsy, 458 Stellate cells, 399 Striated muscle Succimer forearm, 456 Stellate ganglion, 710 tumor nomenclature, 221 heavy metal toxicity, 251 Supine hypotensive syndrome, 667 Stem cells Striatum, 516 lead poisoning, 429 Supportive therapy, 596 aplastic anemia, 431 stroke, 446 Succinate dehydrogenase, 67 Suppression (defense mechanism), myelodysplastic syndromes and, Stroke Succinylcholine, 570, 614 577 440 central post-stroke pain syndrome, Succinyl-CoA Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) paroxysmal nocturnal 533 gluconeogenesis, 78 circadian rhythm, 513 hemoglobinuria, 432 eclampsia, 667 TCA cycle, 76 sleep physiology and, 512 Steppage gait, 462 homocystinuria, 85 Sucking reflex, 527 Supracondylar fracture, 457 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 822 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 823

Supraoptic and paraventricular Tachyarrhythmia Telencephalon, 504 Testosterone, 659, 682 nuclei, 513 isoproterenol for evaluating, 245 Tellurite agar, 126 androgen insensitivity syndrome, Suprascapular nerve, 456 thyroid storm, 350 Telomerase 662 Supraspinatus Tachycardia action of, 38 Leydig cell secretion, 652 Erb palsy, 458 phencyclidine, 595 Telophase, 46 Sertoli cells, 652 Supraspinatus muscle, 456 phenoxybenzamine, 247 Temazepam, 566 spermatogenesis, 652 Supraventricular tachycardia reflex, 247 Temperature receptors, 509 Testosterone-secreting tumors, 662 adenosine for diagnosing, 332 stimulants and, 594 Temperature sensation Testosterone synthesis, 199 etiology and treatment, 315 supraventricular, 248 cape-like distribution loss, 506, Test-taking strategy, 22–23 Suramin, 200 thyroid hormones, 364 548 Tetanospasmina Surface F protein, 169 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Temporal arteritis, 484 effects of, 132 Surgical neck of humerus, 465 315 Temporalis muscle, 524 Tetanus, 131 Surrogate decision-maker, 271, 272 PCP, 595 Temporal lobe, 513 unvaccinated children, 186 Sustained angiogenesis, 222 Tacrolimus Temporal lobe encephalitis, 118 Tetanus toxin Suvorexant, 567 hyperglycemia, 252 Temporomandibular disorders, 472 passive vs active immunity, 110 Swallowing Tactile hallucinations Tendinopathy (rotator cuff), 456 Tetany tongue movement in, 523 cocaine, 595 Tendinous xanthomas, 309 hypocalcemia, 615 Swan-Ganz catheter, 304 Tadalafil, 249, 678 familial hypercholesterolemia, 94 hypoparathyroidism, 352 Swarming, 181 Taenia solium Tendons Tetrabenazine, 569 Sweat glands, 239 intestinal infection, 160 collagen in, 50 Tourette syndrome, 596 pilocarpine effects, 243 Praziquantel, 160 Tenecteplase (TNK-tPA), 447 Tetracaine, 571 Swiss cheese model, 280 Takayasu arteritis, 484 Teniposide, 452 Tetracyclines Sydenham chorea, 322, 537 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, 318 Tennis elbow, 469 esophagitis, 252 Sympathetic nervous system Tamoxifen “Tennis rackets” (Birbeck granules), Fanconi syndrome, 254 denervation of face, 559 estrogen receptor modulator, 680 444 mechanism and clinical use, 192 male sexual response, 651 hot flashes with, 252 “Tennis rackets” (Birbeck) granules, pseudotumor cerebri and, 540 receptor targets, 239 mechanism, use and adverse 444 teratogenicity of, 191, 638 venous return and, 295 effects, 452 Tenofovir, 203 Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) Sympatholytics (α2-agonists) Tamsulosin, 247, 682 Tenosynovitis, 480 in phenylketonuria, 84 applications and adverse effects, 246 T-and B-cell activation, 103 Tension headaches, 536 Tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), 68 Sympathomimetics, 245 Tanner stages (sexual development), Tension pneumothorax Tetralogy of Fallot, 306 direct, 245 660 physical findings, 704 22q11 syndromes, 308 indirect, 245 Tardive dyskinesia presentation and treatment, 706 Tetrodotoxin, 250 Sympathomimetics, physiologic metoclopramide adverse effect, 410 Tensor fascia latae muscle, 461 TGF-β effects of, 246 nigrostriatal pathway, 514 Tensor tympani muscle, 644 in wound healing, 217 Synaptophysin Target cells Tensor veli palatini muscle, 644 Th1 cells tumor identification, 228 associated pathology, 425 Teratogen cytokines secreted by, 108 Syncope “Target sign” (ultrasound/CT), 395 medications, 638 Th2 cells atiral tumors, 324 Tarsal tunnel syndrome, 463 Teratogens cytokines secreted by, 108 during exercise, 318 Taste ACE inhibitors, 633 Thalamus pulsus parvus et tardus, 300 cranial nerve lesions and, 550 aminoglycosides, 191 limbic system and, 514 Syndrome of apparent TATA box, 41 angiotensin II receptor blockers, neuropathic pain, 533 mineralocorticoid excess Tay-Sachs disease 633 nuclei and sensory relay, 513 markers in, 615 lysosomal storage disease, 88 griseofulvin, 200 Thayer-Martin agar, 126 renal tubular defects, 610 Tazobactam, 189 in fetal development, 633 Theca lutein cysts, 670 Syndrome of inappropriate TCA cycle, 77 in organogenesis, 638 Theca-lutein cysts, 666 antidiuretic hormone hyperammonemia, 78 leflunomide, 500 Thecoma, 671 secretion, 346 metabolic site, 74 propylthiouracil in pregnancy, 364 Thenar muscles, 457 drug raction and, 252 pyruvate metabolism, 77 ribavirin, 204 Theophylline, 249, 712 renal disorders features, 615 rate-determining enzyme for, 73 susceptiblity to, 636 Therapeutic antibodies, 122 Synthase, 73 T cells, 120, 419 Teratoma, 677 Therapeutic index, 237 Syntrophoblast, 640 activation, 103 immature, 670 Therapeutic window Syphilis, 125 anergy, 110 testicular, 677 lithium, 593 diagnosis, 148 cell surface proteins, 110 Terazosin, 678 safety and, 237 heart disease with, 322 corticosteroid effects, 120 Terbinafine Thermogenin, 78 STI, 184 cytokines secreted by, 108 mechanism and clinical use, 199 Thiamine, 66, 76 testing for, 125 cytotoxic, 102 Teres minor, 456 Thiazide diuretics TORCH infection, 182 diabetes mellitus, 355 Teriparatide, 501 in gout, 253 Syphilitic heart disease, 322 differentiation of, 102 Tertiary disease prevention, 278 in heart failure, 319 Syringomyelia, 506, 548 disorders of, 116, 117 Tertiary hyperparathyroidism, 353 in hypertension, 324 Syrinx, 506 exhaustion/dysfunction, 223 Tertiary syphilis mechanism, use and adverse Systemic amyoidosis, 213 functions of, 101 presentation, 184 effects, 632 Systemic mycoses, 151 neoplasms of, 439 Testes Thiazolidinediones, 363 Systemic primary carnitine regulatory, 102 descent of, 648 Thionamides deficiency, 89 sirolimus effect, 120 progesterone production, 654 mechanism and clinical use, 364 Systemic sclerosis thymus, 98 Testicular atrophy Thiopental, 566, 570 mixed connective tissue disease, Tea-colored urine, 434 alcoholism, 595 Thiopurines 482 “Teardrop” RBCs, 424, 443 muscular dystrophy, 61 mechanism and clinical use, 450 Systemic senile (age-related) Teeth Testicular cancer, 677 Thioridazine, 597 amyloidosis, 213 congenital syphilis, 147 Testicular torsion, 675 Third-degree (complete) AV block, Systolic ejection, 296 dentinogenesis imperfecta, 51 Testicular tumors 316 Systolic heart murmurs, 300 discoloration, 192 germ cell, 676 3rd pharyngeal pouch, 644 osteogenesis imperfecta, 51 gynecomastia, 673 Thoracic aortic aneurysm, 308, 310 T Telangiectasias non-germ cell tumors, 677 Thoracic outlet syndrome Tabes dorsalis, 147, 184 basal cell carcinomas, 498 Testing agencies, 25 injury and deficits, 458 spinal cord lesions, 548 hereditary hemorrhagic, 324 Testis-determining factor, 645 Threadworms, 159 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 823 11/12/20 9:35 AM 824 INDEX INDEX

Threonine, 81 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone magnesium for, 332 Transfusion-related acute lung injury, Threonine kinase, 225 (TRH) sotalol, 331 114 Thrombi function of, 336 Torsemide, 631 Transgender, 590 mural, 317 Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), Torticollis, 537 Transient ischemic attack post-MI, 317 339 Torus (buckle) fracture, 474 effects and treatment of, 529 Thrombin, 447 Thyroxine (T4), 339, 347 Total lung capacity (TLC), 688 Transitional cell carcinoma (bladder), Thromboangiitis obliterans, 484 TIBC (total iron-binding capacity) Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 406 629 Thrombocytes (platelets), 417 lab values in anemia, 429 Total peripheral resistance (TPR), Transitional cell carcinomas, 226 disorders, 436 microcytic anemia, 428 295 Transjugular intrahepatic liver markers, 362 Tibial nerve, 463 Tourette syndrome, 580 portosystemic shunt (TIPS), Thrombocytopenia Ticagrelor, 447 drug therapy for, 596 375 Class IA antiarrhythmics, 330 Ticlopidine, 421, 447 obsessive-compulsive disorder and, Transketolase drug reaction and, 253 Tidal volume (TV), 688 586 vitamin B1 and, 66 ganciclovir, 202 Tigecycline sympatholytic drugs for, 246 Translocation recombinant cytokines, 121 mechanism and clinical use, 192 Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), Down syndrome, 63 sulfa drug allergies, 253 Tight junctions, 488, 511 495 fluorescence in situ hybridization, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 117 Timolol, 331, 573 Toxicities and side effects of drugs, 55 Thrombogenesis, 421 Tinea, 152 250 in protein synthesis, 45 Thrombolytic drugs, 423, 447 Tinea capitis, 152 imunosuppressants, 119 Mantle cell lymphoma, 439 Thrombopoietin Tinea corporis, 152 Toxicity treatments, specific, 251 Robertsonian, 63 clinical use, 121 Tinea cruris, 152 Toxic megacolon Translocations Thrombosis Tinea pedis, 152 Clostridium difficile, 138 Burkitt lymphoma, 439 celecoxib, 500 Tinea unguium, 152 Toxic multinodular goiter follicular lymphoma, 439 contraceptive and hormone Tinea versicolor, 152 causes and findings, 350 Transpeptidases, 124 replacement, 253 Tinel sign, 470 Toxic shock-like syndrome, 136 Transplant rejection homocystinuria, 85 Tiotropium, 712 Toxic shock–like syndrome, 133 pathogenesis and features, 119 Thrombotic microangiopathies Tirofiban, 421, 447 Toxic shock syndrome Transplants diagnosis and presentation, 436 Tissue factor activation, 133 presentation, 135 immunosuppressants in, 120 Thrombotic stroke, 529 Tizanidine, 572 toxin, 133 Transposition of great vessels Thrombotic thrombocytopenic TMP-SMX, 194 Toxins diabetes during pregnancy and, 308 purpura, 436 for Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154 myocarditis with, 323 embryologic development, 289 Thromboxane A2 (TXA), 421 prophylaxis, 198 seafood (ingested), 250 Transtheoretical model of change, 592 thrombogenesis, 421 TNF (tumor necrosis factor), 214, Toxins (bacterial) Thrush, 117 216, 218 Transudate characteristics, 705 exotoxins, 130 hairy leukoplakia vs, 493 TNF-α Transversalis fascia, 380 lysogenic phage encoding, 130 Candida albicans, 153 immunotherapy target, 122 Transversion mutation, 40 Toxocara canis, 158 nystatin, 199 TNF-α inhibitors Transversus abdominis, 462 tissue infections, 159 “Thumbprint” sign (imaging) colonic mechanism, use and adverse Tranylcypromine, 599 Toxocara spp, 158 ischemia, 396 effects, 502 Trapezium bone, 459 Toxoid, 110 “thumb sign” (x-ray), 142 Tocolytics, 681 Trapezoid bone, 459 Toxoid vaccines, 111 “Thunderclap headache”, 534 Toddler development, 578 TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid Toxoplasma gondii Thymic aplasia, 116 Togaviruses phosphatase) CNS infections, 156 Thymic shadow, 117 rubella, 167 tumor identification, 228 Thymidine, 202 Tolbutamide, 363 HIV-positive adults, 177 Trastuzumab, 452 Thymidine kinase, 202 Tolcapone, 568 in HIV positive adults, 177 Trauma and stress-related disorders, Thymidylate synthase, 36 Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 99 TORCH infection, 182 587 Thymoma clinical use, 121 Toxoplasma spp, 180 adjustment disorder, 587 myasthenia gravis and, 229 Tolterodine, 244 Toxoplasmosis Trauma-informed communication, paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 Tolvaptan, 364 prophylaxis, 198 274 thymus Tongue pyrimethamine, 200 Traumatic aortic rupture, 311 Immune system organs, 98 development and innervation, 507 TP53 gene, 225 Traumatic pneumothorax, 706 Thymus ectopic thyroid tissue in, 334 Tracheal deviation, 704 Travelers’ diarrhea, 145 benign neoplasm, 98 glossoptosis, 644 Tracheoesophageal anomalies, 369 Trazodone, 600 T cell origination in, 419 pharyngeal arch derivation, 644 Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), 369 Treacher Collins syndrome, 644 Thymus-dependent antigens, 105 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure, Traction apophysitis, 473 “Tree bark” appearance (aorta), 322 Thymus-independent antigens, 105 535 Tractus solitarius, 511 Trematodes Thyroid adenoma, 350 Tonic-clonic seizures, 535 Tramadol infections, 160 Thyroid cancer Tonic seizures, 535 mechanism, use and adverse Tremor diagnosis and treatment, 351 Tonsils effects, 573 at rest, 528 metastasis of, 224 immune system organ, 96 seizures with, 254 essential, 537 undifferentiated/anaplastic pharyngeal pouch derivation, 644 “tram-track” appearance, 620 immunosuppressants, 120 carcinoma, 351 Tooth abnormalities “Tram-track” appearance, 620 intentional, 537 Thyroid development, 334 opalescent teeth, 51 Transcription factor, 225 resting, 537 Thyroidectomy, 351 Tophus formation, 479 Transduction bacterial genetics, 130 Trench fever, 161 Thyroid hormones Topiramate Transference, 576 Treponema spp in toxic multinodular goiter, 350 epilepsy therapy, 564 Transferrin dark-field microscopy, 146 source, function, and regulation, pseudotumor cerebri, 540 acute phase reactants, 214 Gram stain for, 125 339 Topoisomerase inhibitors free radical injury, 210 Treponema pallidum synergism with GH, 339 mechanism, use and adverse indirect measure of, 429 penicillin G/V for, 184 Thyroidization of kidney, 624 effects, 452 iron study interpretation, 429 STI, 184 Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin Topotecan, 452 lab values in anemia, 429 Triamterene, 632 (TSI), 339 TORCH infections, 182 Transformation, bacterial genetics, Triazolam, 566 Thyroid storm cataracts, 554 130 Triceps reflex, 527 causes and findings, 350 Torsades de pointes, 315 Transformation zone (cervix) Triceps surae, 463 corticosteroids for, 350 Class IA antiarrhythmics, 330 dysplasia, 669 Trichinella spiralis, 159 Thyrotoxicosis, 339 drug reaction and, 251 histology of, 650 Trichinosis, 159 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 824 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 825

Trichomonas spp Trypanosoma cruzi DRESS syndrome, 253 Urea cycle, 82 metronidazole, 195 nifurtimox for, 200 graft-versus-host disease, 119 metabolic site, 72 vaginitis, 181 visceral infections, 158 Typhoid fever, 144 ornithine transcarbamylase Trichomonas vaginalis, 181, 184 Trypanosomes Typhus, 149 deficiency and, 83 sexually transmitted infections, 158 stains for, 125 transmission of, 149, 150 rate-determining enzyme for, 73 Trichomoniasis, 184 Trypsin, 383 Typical (1st-generation) antipsychotic, Ureaplasma spp, 127 Trichophyton spp, 152 Trypsinogen 597 Gram stain for, 125 Trichotillomania, 586 pancreatic secretion, 383 Tyrosinase, 490 Uremia Trichuris, 158 Tryptase, 418 Tyrosine acute pericarditis, 323 Trichuris trichiura Tryptophan, 81 in phenylketonuria, 84 Ureter, 649 intestinal infections, 159 TSC1/TSC2 genes course of, 605 Tricuspid atresia, 289, 306 oncogenicity of, 225 U damage in gynecologic procedures, Tricuspid regurgitation, 296 t-test, 269 Ubiquitination, 45 605 Tricuspid valve endocarditis, 321 T-tubule membrane, 466 Ubiquitin-proteasome system, 48 Ureteric bud, 602 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Ttyrosine catabolism/catecholamine UDP-glucuronosyltransferase Ureteropelvic junction mechanism and clinical use, 599 synthesis, 83 physiologic neonatal jaundice, 404 development of, 603 naming convention for, 256 Tuberculoid leprosy, 141 Ulcerative colitis embryology, 602 overdose and treatment, 593 Tuberculosis, 140 autoantibody, 115 Urethra torsades de pointes, 251 erythema nodosum, 496 spondyloarthritis, 481 BPH, 678 toxicity treatment, 251 Tuberin protein, 225 sulfasalazine for, 410 genitourinary trauma, 651 Trientine Tuberoinfundibular pathway, 514 Ulcers (gastrointestinal) Urethritis Wilson disease, 405 Tuberous sclerosis, 543 bismuth/sucralfate for, 409 chlamydia, 148 Trifluoperazine, 597 Tubulointerstitial inflammation complications, 390 Chlamydia trachomatis, 148 Trigeminal nerve (CN V), 523 WBC casts in, 618 Curling, 389 reactive arthritis, 481 lesion of, 550 Tubulointerstitial nephritis, 625 Cushing, 389 Urge incontinence neuralgia, 536 Tularemia, 149 esophageal, 387 drug therapy for, 244 pharyngeal arch derivation, 644 Tumor lysis syndrome, 445 obstruction of GI tract, 390 Urgency incontinence, 623 Triglycerides Tumor markers (serum) palatal/tongue, 151 Uric acid Von Gierke disease, 87 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 408 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 361 kidney stones, 622 Trihexyphenidyl, 568 Tumor nomenclature Ulcers (skin) Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 Triiodothyronine (T3), 339 benign vs malignant, 221 Raynaud syndrome, 486 Von Gierke disease, 87 Trimethoprim “Tumor plop” sound, 324 Ulipristal, 681 Urinalysis mechanism and use, 194 Tumors, grade vs stage, 221 “Ulnar claw”, 460 reducing sugar, 80 pyrimidine synthesis and, 36 Tumor suppressor genes, 46, 225 Ulnar claw, 457 Urinary incontinence Trimming (protein synthesis), 45 Tunica albuginea, 675 Ulnar nerve drug therapy for, 244 Trinucleotide repeat expansion Tunica vaginalis, 648 injury, 460 enuresis, 591 diseases, 61 Turcot syndrome, 397 injury and presentation, 457 ephedrine for, 245 myotonic dystrophy, 61 Turner syndrome Umbilical cord hydrocephalus, 540 Triple-blinded studies, 261 cardiac defect association, 308 blood flow in, 642 mechanisms and associations of, Triptans characteristics of, 661 late separation of, 117 623 angina triggers, 312 coarctation of aorta and, 307 Umbilical hernia Urinary retention, 240 for migraine headaches, 536 T wave (ECG), 302 congenital, 368 atropine, 244 mechanism, use and adverse 21-hydroxylase, 343 Umbilicus bethanechol for, 240 effects, 567 22q11 deletion syndromes, 116 portosystemic anastomosis, 375 delirium, 581 Triquetrum bone, 459 22q11 deletion syndromes, 308 UMP synthase, 430 neostigmine for, 243 Trismus (lockjaw) Twin concordance study, 260 Unambiguous genetic code, 37 treatment of, 240 tetanospasmin, 132 Twinning Uncal herniation, 547 Urinary tract infections (UTIs) Trisomies (autosomal), 61 dizygotic, 641 Uncinate process, 370 antimicrobial prophylaxis for, 198 ventral wall defect association, 368 monozygotic, 641 Unconjugated bilirubin, 385 BPH, 678 Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), 63 Twin-twin transfusion syndrome, 641 Unconjugated (indirect) interstitial nephritis, 254 hCG in, 658 2-naphthylamine, 226 hyperbilirubinemia, 403 presentation and causes of, 181 Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), 63 Type 1 vs type 2 diabetes mellitus, Uncoupling agents, 78 Urinary tract obstruction hCG in, 658 355 Undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas, hydronephrosis, 623 Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), 63 Type I collagen, 50 351 pyelonephritis, 624 tRNA, 44 Type I error (α) (statistical testing), 268 Undulant fever, 143 Urine structure, 44 Type I hypersensitivity reaction “Unhappy triad” (knee injuries), 471 Bence Jones proteinuria, 440 Trochlear nerve (CN IV), 523 antibody-mediated, 112 Unilateral renal agenesis, 603 diuretic effects on, 632 damage to, 561 atopic dermatitis, 491 Uniparental disomy, 57 drug elimination in, 235 ocular motility, 560 Type II collagen, 50 Universal electron acceptors, 75 electrolyte changes with diuretics, palsy of, 563 Type II error (β) (statistical testing), Universal genetic code, 37 632 Tropheryma whipplei, 391 268 Unnecessary procedure requests, 276 in acute kidney injury, 625 stain for, 125 Type II hypersensitivity reaction Unstable angina pregnancy test, 658 Tropheryma whipplei antibody-mediated, 112 acute coronary syndrome, 317 type and significance of casts in, GI disease with, 391 organ transplants, 119 Upper extremity 618 Tropical sprue, 391 pemphigus vulgaris/bullous innervation of, 456 Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) Tropicamide, 244 pemphigoid, 494 Upper extremity nerves plasma cell dyscrasias, 440 Troponins, 314, 466 rheumatic fever, 322 injury and presentation, 456–502 Urobilinogen Trousseau sign, 352, 615 Type III collagen, 50 Upper GI bleeding, 390 extravascular hemolysis, 431 Trousseau syndrome Type III hypersensitivity reaction, 112 Upper motor neuron (UMN), 526 intravascular hemolysis, 432 pancreatic cancer, 408 immune complex, 113 Brown-Séquard syndrome, 549 Urogenital sinus, 645 True” diverticulum, 393 SLE, 482 facial nerve lesion, 550 Urosepsis, 624 True-negative rate, 263 Type II skeletal muscle fibers, 467 facial paralysis, 532 Urothelial carcinoma (bladder), 629 True-positive rate, 263 Type I skeletal muscle fibers, 467 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 548 Urticaria, 489 Truncal ataxia, 515 Type IV hypersensitivity reaction lesion signs, 547 mast cell degranulation, 491 Trypanosoma brucei, 200 cell-mediated, 113 Urachal cysts, 642 scombroid poisoning, 250 CNS infections, 156 contact dermatitis, 491 Urachus, 291, 642 sulfa drug allergies, 255 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 825 11/12/20 9:35 AM 826 INDEX INDEX

Use of interpreters, 275 diaphragm innervation, 687 Vemurafenib, 453 VHL gene, 225 USMLE Step 1 exam lesions of, 550 Venlafaxine, 599 oncogenicity, 225 check-in process, 7 pharyngeal arch derivation, 644 phobias, 586 Vibrio cholerae, 146 clinical vignette strategies, 23 Valacyclovir, 202 Venous gonadal drainage, 648 exotoxin production, 132 content areas covered in, 2 Validity (accuracy), 269 Venous return, 295 toxin in, 132 goal-setting for, 12 Valine Venous sinus thrombosis (dural), 519 watery diarrhea, 179 leaving exam early, 8 classification of, 81 Venous thrombosis Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 178 overview of, 2 maple syrup urine disease, 81 paroxysmal nocturnal food poisoning, 178 passing rates for, 10 Valproic acid hemoglobinuria, 432 Vibrio vulnificusa practice exams for, 11, 21–22 epilepsy therapy, 564 Venous ulcer, 495 food poisoning, 178 registering for, 5–6 hepatic necrosis, 252 Ventilation, 688 Vibrio vulnificus, 178 rescheduling, 6 Valsartan, 633 alveolar ventilation, 688 Vilazodone, 600 score notifications for, 7 Valvular disease high altitude, 694 Vimentin scoring of, 8–9 pressure-volume loops, 297 minute ventilation, 688 cytoskeletal element, 48 testing agencies, 25 Valvular dysfunction, 320 Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) tumor identification, 228 testing locations, 6 Vancomycin mismatch, 693 Vinca alkaloids, 451 test-taking strategies, 22–23 cutaneous flushing, 251 Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio Vincristine, 451 time budgeting during, 7–8 mechanism and clinical use, 190 exercise response, 694 microtubules and, 33 types of questions on, 8 MRSA, 198 Ventral lateral (VL) nucleus, 513 toxicities of, 451 Ustekinumab toxicity of, 251 Ventral pancreatic bud, 370 Vinyl chloride carcinogenicity, 226 target and clinical use, 122 Vanishing bile duct syndrome, 119 Ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus, angiosarcomas, 492 Uterine conditions Vardenafil, 249 513 VIPomas neoplasms, 672 Varenicline, 600 Ventral posteromedial (VPM) MEN 1 syndrome, 360 non-neoplastic, 672 Variable expressivity, 56 nucleus, 513 octreotide for, 410 Uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies, Variance, 267 Ventral tegmentum, 510 regulatory substances, 381 646 Variant angina, 312 Ventricles Viral envelopes, 163 Uterine neoplasms, 672 Variceal bleeding, 248 contractility of, 292 Viral infections Uterine procidentia, 649 Varicella zoster virus Ventricular action potential, 301 skin, 493 Uterovaginal agenesis, 662 guanosine analogs, 202 Ventricular aneurysm Viral structure Uterus HHV-3 transmission and clinical pseudoaneurysm, 317 general features, 162 anomalies of, 646 significance, 165 true, 313, 317 Virchow node, 389 collagen in, 50 immunity, 110 Ventricular fibrillation (VF) Viridans group streptococci, 136 didelphys, 646 immunodeficient patients, 118 ECG tracing, 316 Viridans streptococci epithelial histology, 650 rash and clinical presentation, 183 Ventricular filling antibiotic testing, 135 zygote implantation, 657 skin infection, 493 early diastole, 296 biofilm production, 128 Uterus didelphys, 646 vesicles with, 489 ECG and, 302 Virilization, 343 Uveitis, 555 Varicocele, 675 Ventricular free wall rupture, 317 Virulence factors inflammatory bowel disease, 392 Vasa previa, 665 Ventricular myocytes, 303 bacterial, 135 in sarcoidosis, 700 Vasa vasorum Ventricular noncompliance, 296 Bordetella pertussis, 143 seronegative spondyloarthritis, 481 syphilis, 147 Ventricular septal defect, 300 Virulence factors, bacterial, 129 U wave in ECG, 302 Vascular dementia Ventricular septal defect (VSD), 307 Viruses symptoms and histologic findings, congenital rubella, 308 as cause of myocarditis, 323 V 539 cri-du-chat syndrome, 64 causing diarrhea, 179 Vaccination Vascular tumors of skin, 492 Down syndrome, 308 causing meningitis, 180 vaccine types, 111 Vasculitides, 484 heart murmurs, 300 genetic/antigenic drift, 169 Vaccine, 105, 127 Vasculitis Ventricular system (CNS), 520 immunocompromised patients, B-cell disorders, 116 focal necrotizing, 485 Ventricular tachycardia 178 Haemophilus influenzae, 142 immunoglobulin A, 485 Torsades de pointes, 315 in immunodeficiency, 118 miningococci, 142 intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 531 Ventriculomegaly, 505, 540 naked (nonenveloped), 163 PPSV23, 105 large-vessel, 484 Ventromedial nucleus naked viral genome infectivity, Salmonella typhi, 144 medium-vessel, 484 (hypothalamus), 513 163 toxoids as, 139 small-vessel, 484 Verapamil, 318, 326, 536 negative-stranded, 168 types of, 111 Vasculopathy antianginal therapy, 327 receptors for, 166 Vagal nuclei noninflammatory, 487 Verrucae, 491 segmented, 167 nucleus and function, 521 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide Verrucous thrombi, 482 structure of, 162 Vagina (VIP) Vertebral compression fractures, 474 Visceral leishmaniasis, 158 drainage of, 648 source and action of, 381 Vertebral landmarks Viscosity (blood), 295 epithelial histology, 650 Vasoconstrictors, 571 gastrointestinal structure Visual cortex, 513 Vaginal bleeding Vasodilation innervation, 374 Visual field defects, 562 cervical cancer, 669 sympathetic receptors, 241 Vertical gaze palsy, 546 craniopharyngiomas, 546 Vaginal candidiasis Vasodilators Vertigo, types of, 552 idiopathic intracranial nystatin, 199 aortic dissection, 311 Vesicle hypertension, 540 Vaginal infections coronary steal syndrome, 312 characteristics, 489 saccular aneurysms and, 532 common, 181 nitrates as, 326 Vesicles with stroke, 532 Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma, Vasopressin, 335 dermatitis herpetiformis, 495 Visual hallucinations, 582 668 Vasopressors, 295 varicella zoster virus, 493 Visual impairment Vaginal tumors, 668 Vasospastic angina, 312 Vesicourachal diverticulum, 642 cataract, 554 Vaginismus, 590 V(D)J recombination, 99 Vesicoureteral reflux, 603 drug-related, 254 Vaginitis VDJ recombination defect hydronephrosis, 623 glaucoma, 555 Trichomonas spp, 181 immunodeficiency, 117 Vesicular monoamine transporter Toxicara canis, 159 Trichomonas vaginalis, 158 Vector-borne illnesses, 150 (VMAT), 569 pituitary apoplexy, 347 trichomoniasis, 184 Vedolizumab Vesicular tinea pedis, 152 refractive errors, 553 Vagus nerve (CN X), 523 target and clinical use, 122 Vesicular trafficking proteins, 47 Takayasu arteritis, 484 baroreceptors/chemoreceptors Vegetative state Vestibular schwannomas, 543 Vital capacity, 688 and, 303 axonal injury and, 533 Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), Vitamin and mineral absorption, cardiac glycoside effects, 329 Velocardiofacial syndrome, 116 523 384 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 826 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX INDEX 827

Vitamin A (retinol) Vitelline duct cyst, 642 Watershed areas Wound healing function, deficiency and excess, 66 Vitiligo, 490 hypoxic stroke in, 529 keratinocytes, 217 idiopathic intracranial Vitreous body Watershed zones, 518 phases of, 217 hypertension, 254, 540 collagen in, 50 Water-soluble vitamins, 65 scar/keloid formation, 219 measles morbidity and mortality, VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), Waxy casts in urine, 618 tissue mediators, 217 170 94 WBC casts in urine, 618 Woven bone, 468 storage of, 377 Volume, 303 Weakness Wright-Giemsa stain, 417 Vitamin B1 (thiamine), 66 Volume contraction amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 548 Wright stain function and deficiency, 66 alkalemia from diuretics, 632 motor neuron signs, 547 Borrelia spp, 146 functions of, 73 Volume of distribution (Vd), 233 poliomyelitis, 549 Wrist solubility of, 65 Volvulus, 394 spinal muscular atrophy, 548 bones, 459 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome midgut, 396 “Wear and tear” pigment, 212 overuse injuries of, 469 treatment, 595 Onchocerca, 158 Weight gain Wrist drop Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) sigmoid, 396 danazol, 682 lead poisoning, 429 function and deficiency, 67 Vomiting, 370 mirtazapine, 600 Written advance directives, 272 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, area postrema and, 511 Weight loss WT1 gene 76 biliary colic, 406 chronic mesenteric ischemia, 396 oncogenicity, 225 solubility, 65 bilious, 394 diabetes mellitus, 354 WT1/WT2 mutations Vitamin B3 (niacin) fructose intolerance, 80 glucagonoma, 361 nephroblastoma, 629 function, deficiency and excess, Histoplasma capsulatum, 177 Histoplasma capsulatum, 177 Wuchereria bancrofti 67 in stroke, 532 orlistat for, 411 tissue infections, 159 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, maple syrup urine disease, 84 pancreatic cancer, 407 Wuchereria bancrofti, 158 76 MI and, 313 polyarteritis nodosa, 484 solubility, 65 posttussive, 132, 143, 186 polymyalgia rheumatica, 177 X Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) toxic shock syndrome, 135 renal cell carcinoma, 628 Xanthelasma, 309 function and deficiency, 67 trichinosis, 159 sleep apnea treatment, 703 Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex vitamin C toxicity, 69 Well-patient care, 277 624 and, 77 Vomiting center, 511 Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, 548 Xanthomas, 309 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), 67 Von Gierke disease, 87 Wernicke aphasia, 532, 534 familial dyslipidemias, 94 deficiency, 67 von Hippel-Lindau disease Wernicke area, 534 palmar, 94 functions and deficiency, 67 chromosome association, 64 Wernicke encephalopathy, 66, 595 Xerophthalmia, 66 tumor suppressor genes and, 225 solubility of, 65 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 66, Xerosis cutis, 66 Von Hippel-Lindau disease, 543 Vitamin B7, 68 528, 595 Xerostomia, 243, 246, 480 Vitamin B (biotin) von Willebrand disease, 421 Wernicke (receptive) aphasia, 534 7 X-inactivation (lyonization) activated carriers, 75 Von Willebrand disease, 437 Western blot, 53 Barr body formation, 61 function and deficiency, 68 Voriconazole, 199 Wet beriberi, 66 X-linked (Bruton) pyruvate metabolism, 68 Vortioxetine, 600 Wharton duct, 386 agammaglobulinemia, 116 solubility of, 65 VRE (vancomycin-resistant Wharton jelly, 665 X-linked dominant inheritance, 59 Vitamin B (folate) enterococci) Wheals 9 X-linked recessive disease function and deficiency, 68 treatment of highly resistant, 198 characteristics, 489 adenosine deaminase deficiency, solubility, 65 V , 232 urticaria, 489 max 37 Vitamin B (cobalamin), 69 Vulnerable child syndrome, 579 Whipple disease, 361, 391 12 G6PD deficiency, 432 causes and effects of deficiency, Vulva Whispered pectoriloquy, 704 430 epithelial histology, 650 White blood cells (WBCs) hyper-IgM syndrome, 117 61 deficiency, 160 lymphatic drainage of, 648 in leukemias, 442 X-linked recessive diseases, function and deficiency, 69 Vulvar carcinoma, 668 White matter adrenoleukodystrophy, 48 malabsorption, 409 Vulvar pathology demyelinating disorders, 542 agammaglobulinemia, 116 solubility, 65 neoplastic, 668 multiple sclerosis, 541 Menkes disease, 51 spinal cord lesions, 548 non-neoplastic, 668 Whooping cough Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 117 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Vulvovaginitis, 153, 181 Bordetella pertussis, 143 X-linked recessive inheritance, 59 free radical elimination by, 204 Candida spp, 181 pertussis toxin, 132 X-ray/imaging findings functions, 69 Wickham striae, 496 bamboo spine, 481 methemoglobin treatment, 251, W Wide splitting, 298 Bird’s beak sign, 386 690 WAGR complex/syndrome, 629 Williams syndrome Bone-in-bone, 475 Vitamin D (calciferol) “Waiter’s tip”, 458 cardiac defect association, 308 Codman triangle, 477 calcitriol production, 613 Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, Wilms tumor Coffee bean sign, 396 excess, 70 440 neuroblastomas vs, 358 Coin lesion, 709 functions, 70 Walking milestone, 578 tumor suppressor genes and, 225 pencil-in-cup, 481 hyperparathyroidism, 476 Wallenberg syndrome, 533 Wilson disease punched out bone lesions, 440 hypocalcemia with, 352 Wallerian degeneration, 510 chromosome association, 64 Steeple sign (x-ray), 170 osteomalacia/rickets, 475 Wall tension, 293 Winged scapula String sign, 392 osteoporosis and, 474 Warburg effect, 222 injury and deficits, 458 Sunburst pattern, 477 production, 613 Warfarin Winters formula, 616 X-rays (teratogenicity), 638 solubility of, 70 adverse effects of, 445 “Wire looping” of capillaries, 620 Vitamin E, 70 griseofulvin and, 200 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 117 Y deficiency in abetalipoproteinemia, heparin vs, 446 X-linked recessive disorder, 61 Yellow fever virus 94 mechanism and clinical use, 446 “Soap bubble” appearance/lesions characteristics, 171 function, 69 PT measurement, 435 Cryptococcus neoformans, 153 Yersinia enterocolitica, 179 solubility of, 65 refersal of, 447 Wnt-7 gene, 636 transmission and treatment, 144 Vitamin K, 71 teratogenicity of, 638 Wobble, 37 Yersinia pestis coagulation disorder, 435 toxicity treatment, 251, 423 Wolff-Chaikoff effect, 349, 350 animal transmission, 149 in coagulation, 421 vitamin K antagonist, 71 Wolffian duct, 645 facultative intracellular organisms, vitamin E interaction, 70 Warthin tumor, 386 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 127 Vitamin K–dependent coagulation, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, 315 Yolk sac tumor, 671, 677 423 357 “Word salad”, 582 ovarian, 670 Vitelline duct, 642 meningococci, 142 “Worst headache of my life”, 534 testicular, 677 © 2021 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 827 11/12/20 9:35 AM 828 INDEX

Z Ziehl-Neelsen stain, 125 Ziprasidone gastrin in, 381 Zafirlukast, 712 Zika virus long QT, 315 MEN 1 syndrome, 360 characteristics, 172 mechanism, 597 proton pump inhibitors for, 409 Zanamivir, 201 Zileuton, 712 Zoledronate, 500 Zona fasciculata, 344 Zellweger syndrome, 48 Zinc Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Zoonotic bacteria, 149 Zenker diverticulum, 394 function and deficiency effects, 71 duodenal ulcer, 390 Zero-order elimination, 234 Wilson disease treatment, 405 effects and diagnosis, 361 Zidovudine, 203

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 828 11/12/20 9:35 AM INDEX

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 829 11/12/20 9:35 AM `` NOTES

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 830 11/12/20 9:35 AM `` NOTES

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 831 11/12/20 9:35 AM `` NOTES

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 832 11/12/20 9:35 AM `` NOTES

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 833 11/12/20 9:35 AM `` NOTES

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 834 11/12/20 9:35 AM `` NOTES

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 835 11/12/20 9:35 AM `` NOTES

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 836 11/12/20 9:35 AM `` NOTES

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 837 11/12/20 9:35 AM `` NOTES

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 838 11/12/20 9:35 AM `` NOTES

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 839 11/12/20 9:35 AM `` NOTES

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FAS1_2021_21_Index_775-840.indd 840 11/12/20 9:35 AM