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Inflammatory Responses in Mice After Intratracheal Instillation of Microbes Isolated from Moldy Buildings

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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Julkari Inflammatory Responses in Mice after Intratracheal Instillation of Microbes Isolated from Moldy Buildings Juha J. Jussila National Public Health Institute Division of Environmental Health Laboratory of Toxicology P.O.Box 95, FIN-70701 Kuopio, FINLAND and University of Kuopio Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology P.O.Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, FINLAND Academic dissertation To be presented with permission of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Kuopio for public examination in Auditorium L3 in the Canthia building, University of Kuopio, on Friday 24th January 2003, at 12 o’clock noon. Publisher: National Public Health Institute Mannerheimintie 166 FIN-00300 Helsinki FINLAND Phone +358-9-47441 Fax +358-7-47448408 Author’s address: National Public Health Institute Division of Environmental Health Department of Environmental Medicine Laboratory of Toxicology P.O.Box 95 FIN-70701 Kuopio FINLAND Phone +358-17-201320 Fax +358-17-201265 Email [email protected] Supervisors: Docent Maija-Riitta Hirvonen, Ph.D. Department of Environmental Health National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland Docent Hannu Komulainen, Ph.D. (Pharm.) Department of Environmental Health National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland Professor Jukka Pelkonen, M.D. Department of Clinical Microbiology University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland Reviewers: Professor Pekka Saikku, M.D. Department of Medical Microbiology University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Docent Ilkka Julkunen, M.D. Department of Microbiology National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland Opponent: Professor Kai Savolainen, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland ISBN 951-740-331-3 ISSN 0359-3584 ISBN (pdf version) 951-740-332-1 ISSN (pdf version) 1458-6290 Kuopio University Printing Office, Kuopio, Finland, 2003 Jussila, Juha J. Inflammatory Responses in Mice after Intratracheal Instillation of Microbes Isolated from Moldy Buildings. Publications of the National Public Health Institute, A1/2003, 96 pages. ISBN 951-740-331-3 ISSN 0359-3584 ISBN (pdf version) 951-740-332-1 ISSN (pdf version) 1458-6290 ABSTRACT Moisture-damage is common in buildings, and it is associated with a variety of adverse health effects, especially inflammatory responses in the lower airways. Exposure to microbial spores or cells has been suspected to be one reason for the inflammation, but the inflammatory and toxic potential of the microbes has not been well characterized. In this study, a mouse model was devised to elucidate and compare the adverse effects provoked by microbes isolated from the indoor air of a moisture-damaged building. The animals were exposed intratracheally to the microbial spores or cells. The effects caused by the bacterial species Streptomyces californicus and Mycobacterium terrae and the fungi Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium spinulosum were investigated. They are typical microbes observed in moisture-damaged buildings, but P. spinulosum is also frequently observed in all indoor air environments. Both the dose-response and time-course of the inflammatory and toxic responses were investigated after a single dose of the microbe. Biochemical parameters indicating inflammation and/or toxicity (tumor necrosis factor α, TNFα, interleukin-6, IL-6, total protein, albumin, hemoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase) were measured from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and a histopathological analysis was performed from lungs, lymph nodes and spleen. In addition, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was determined from lavaged cells, and the cytokine concentrations were measured in serum. Moreover, the effects of S. californicus were studied after repeated dosing of the spores. In that experiment also lymphocyte subpopulations were investigated in the lungs, lymph nodes and the spleen. Both the biochemical parameters and histopathology revealed that all the microbes studied provoked inflammation after a single dose, but the magnitude and its characteristic features were different. The spores of S. californicus provoked a very intense acute inflammation indicated by a strong and rapid IL-6 and TNFα production in the lungs, recruitment of inflammatory cells into the airways, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lavaged cells at 24 hours. An increase in TNFα and IL-6 concentrations in serum was also detected. The cells of M. terrae induced a biphasic inflammatory response, which consisted of an acute and a sustained phase. In the acute phase, TNFα and IL-6 were produced and inflammatory cells were recruited into the lungs. In the later phase, TNFα production was sustained up to 14 days, and inflammatory cell recruitment was even more intense, with iNOS being expressed in lavaged cells. Reactive changes in lymph nodes were also observed. The inflammatory response lasted until the end of the experiment (28 days), and at that time some mycobacterial cells were still present in the lungs. At comparable volumetric doses with the bacteria, the fungal species also induced a rapid production of proinflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory cell recruitment into the airways, but they were generally less potent than the bacteria. P. spinulosum induced only a mild inflammatory response and transient TNFα and IL-6 production into BALF. The spores of A. versicolor caused a slow TNFα response, and the inflammatory cell response was more sustained than by P. spinulosum. In contrast to the bacteria, the studied fungal species did not induce expression of iNOS. Acute cytotoxicity in lungs indicated by LDH response was observed during S. californicus, M. terrae and A. versicolor exposure. M. terrae exposure caused the strongest and most sustained effect. However, none of the microbes were highly cytotoxic in the lungs, and the effect was frequently associated with an acute inflammatory response. P. spinulosum exposure showed no cytotoxic effect. After repeated airway exposure to the spores of S. californicus, both the innate and adaptive host defenses were activated in the lungs. The inflammatory cell response in the lungs was more severe and appeared at a lower dose level than after a single dose. Spleen cell count was decreased indicating a systemic immunotoxic effect, and the lymphocyte subpopulations were altered in the lungs, lymph nodes and the spleen. Reactive changes were observed in lymph node histopathology. In summary, the results show that the indicated microbes have a different potential to cause inflammatory and toxic responses after airway exposure in mice, and suggest that microbes present in a moisture-damaged building can induce inflammation in lungs and cause systemic toxicity. To my family ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been carried out in the Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland. I would like to thank Professor Jouko Tuomisto, the Director of the Department of Environmental Health, for providing the facilities for this study. I express my deepest gratitude to my principal supervisor Docent Maija-Riitta Hirvonen for her enthusiastic attitude, and support throughout this work. I also wish to express my warmest thanks to Docent Hannu Komulainen for his valuable guidance and advice, and Professor Jukka Pelkonen for his encouragement and guidance during these years. Thank you Jukka also for the hard badminton games and pleasant discussions. My kind appreciation is due to Docent Aino Nevalainen and Ph.D. Anne Hyvärinen for their enthusiastic attitude concerning the moldy building phenomenon, and valuable collaboration. I am also grateful to Ph.D. Eila Torvinen and M.Sc. Pirjo Torkko for providing the mycobacterium for the experiments, and their comments concerning the manuscript. I also wish to express my warmest thanks to Professor Veli-Matti Kosma for his valuable comments about the manuscripts, and excellent co-operation. I owe my deepest thanks to the reviewers Professor Pekka Saikku and Docent Ilkka Julkunen for their constructive criticism, beneficial advice, and positive co-operation. I want to thank my nearest co-workers M.Sc. Kati Huttunen and Ph.D. Marjut Roponen for their company, sense of humor, and excellent co-operation during these years in the same office room. I wish to thank also M.Sc. Timo Murtoniemi for his friendship and support. I am also grateful to Ph.D. Arja Hälinen, Dr. Raimo O. Salonen, Dr. Stephen H. Gavett and Dr. Carol Rao, Docent Anita Naukkarinen, and Ph.D. Jenni Vuola for consultation, and co- operation during this study. I thank also Jorma Mäki-Paakkanen for his valuable contribution concerning genotoxicological analyses, as well as his sense of humor. My special thanks are due to Mrs. Leena Heikkinen for her excellent technical assistance, pleasant company and friendship during the long days in the laboratory. I owe my warmest thanks to Ms. Heli Martikainen for her excellent technical assistance, including also the field of cell culturing. I also wish to thank the late Mrs. Tuula Wallenius, Ms. Mirja Ojainväli, Mrs. Arja Rönkkö, Mrs. Anne Seppä, Mrs. Irma Väänänen and Mrs. Arja Kinnunen for their excellent technical assistance and co-operation. I owe my sincere thanks to M.Sc. Mikko Vahteristo and M.Sc. Pekka Tiittanen for their valuable statistical consultation, and friendship during these years. I wish to thank also Pharm.D. Ewen MacDonald for checking the language of the manuscripts,
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  • Fungi and Allergic Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases

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    Clinical reviews in allergy and immunology Series editors: Donald Y. M. Leung, MD, PhD, and Dennis K. Ledford, MD Fungi and allergic lower respiratory tract diseases Alan P. Knutsen, MD,a Robert K. Bush, MD,b Jeffrey G. Demain, MD,c David W. Denning, FRCP, FMedSci,d Anupma Dixit, PhD, MPH,e Abbie Fairs, MD,f Paul A. Greenberger, MD,g Barbara Kariuki, BS, MPH,a Hirohito Kita, MD,h Viswanath P. Kurup, PhD,i Richard B. Moss, MD,j Robert M. Niven, MD,d Catherine H. Pashley, MD,f Raymond G. Slavin, MD,e Hari M. Vijay, PhD, MPH,k and Andrew J. Wardlaw, MDf St Louis, Mo, Madison and Milwaukee, Wis, Anchorage, Alaska, Manchester and Leicester, United Kingdom, Chicago, Ill, Rochester, Minn, Palo Alto, Calif, and Ottawa, Ontario, Canada INFORMATION FOR CATEGORY 1 CME CREDIT Credit can now be obtained, free for a limited time, by reading the review PhD, Richard B. Moss, MD, Robert M. Niven, MD, Catherine H. Pashley, articles in this issue. Please note the following instructions. MD, Raymond G. Slavin, MD, Hari M. Vijay, PhD, MPH, and Andrew J. Method of Physician Participation in Learning Process: The core ma- Wardlaw, MD terial for these activities can be read in this issue of the Journal or online at Activity Objectives the JACI Web site: www.jacionline.org. The accompanying tests may only 1. To describe the most common environmental factors affecting fungal be submitted online at www.jacionline.org. Fax or other copies will not be spore dispersal . accepted. 2. To list the diagnostic criteria for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergil- Date of Original Release: February 2012.