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Current and Potential Aquatic Invasive Species in Ontario and the Great Lakes Region: a Compilation of Ecological Information

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Current and Potential Aquatic Invasive Species in Ontario and the Great Lakes Region: a Compilation of Ecological Information Science and Research Information Report IR-16 Current and potential aquatic invasive species in Ontario and the Great Lakes region: A compilation of ecological information Science and Research Information Report IR-16 Current and potential aquatic invasive species in Ontario and the Great Lakes region: A compilation of ecological information Elizabeth C. Hatton1, Jeffrey D. Buckley1, Shannon A. Fera1,2, Samantha Henry1, Len M. Hunt3, D. Andrew R. Drake4 and Timothy B. Johnson1 1 Aquatic Research and Development Section, Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF), 41 Hatchery Lane, Picton, ON K0K 2T0 2 Current address: Fisheries Section, Species Conservation Policy Branch, MNRF, 300 Water Street, Peterborough, ON K9J 8M5 3 Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, MNRF, 103-421 James St S, Thunder Bay, ON P7E 2V6 4 Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1 2019 Science and Research Branch Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry © 2019, Queen’s Printer for Ontario Copies of this publication are available from [email protected]. Cette publication hautement spécialisée, Current and Potential Aquatic Invasive Species in Ontario and the Great Lakes Region: A Compilation of Ecological Information, n’est disponible qu’en anglais conformément au Règlement 671/92, selon lequel il n’est pas obligatoire de la traduire en vertu de la Loi sur les services en français. Pour obtenir des renseignements en français, veuillez communiquer avec le ministère des Richesses naturelles et des Forêts au [email protected]. Some of the information in this document may not be compatible with assistive technologies. If you need any of the information in an alternate format, please contact [email protected]. Cite this report as: Hatton, E.C., J.D. Buckley, S.A. Fera, S. Henry, L.M. Hunt, D.A.R. Drake and T.B. Johnson. 2019. Current and potential aquatic invasive species in Ontario and the Great Lakes region: A compilation of ecological information. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Science and Research Branch, Peterborough, ON. Science and Research Information Report IR-16. 23 p. + appendices. Abstract We reviewed agency watch lists, invasive species databases, published reports, and primary literature to identify and compile information on 73 fishes, 66 invertebrates, and 67 plants that have been identified as current or potential aquatic invasive species (AIS) to the Laurentian Great Lakes region. Nearly three quarters of the species are indigenous to Eurasia and are primarily associated with aquarium/water garden (61%) or commercial shipping (37%) pathways. Once established in the Great Lakes region, secondary spread is linked to recreational boating, canals, commercial shipping, and bait release. Body size ranges from microns to metres, although the majority are small or produce small seeds making detection and control challenging. Collectively, the species show a wide range of tolerances for temperature and salinity and will distribute across all types of aquatic habitat. Longevity ranges from days (invertebrates) to years (fish), with age at first maturity similarly ranging from ≈daily to several years. Plants are largely perennials (84%), are distributed among multiple growth habits, and most have both sexual (flowering) and asexual (predominantly fragmentation) reproductive strategies. Invertebrates reproduce sexually (98%), although some (24%) can also generate offspring asexually. Most fish species (56%) spawn without guarding their clutch, although many (36%) guard their young. Fish and invertebrates are predominantly omnivores, and some fish are carnivores, suggesting their trophic impact may be broad. Current and anticipated impacts of AIS include moderate to high competition for resources, nuisance growth (clogging infrastructure and waterways), declines in indigenous species, ecosystem change (including food webs and physical habitat), and new vectors for disease. Résumé Espèces aquatiques envahissantes actuelles et potentielles en Ontario et dans la région des Grands Lacs : une compilation de données écologiques Nous avons passé en revue les listes de surveillance d’organismes, les bases de données sur les espèces envahissantes, les rapports publiés et la littérature (principaux travaux) afin de repérer et de compiler l’information sur 73 poissons, 66 invertébrés et 67 végétaux qui ont été identifiés comme étant des espèces aquatiques envahissantes (EAE) actuelles ou potentielles dans la région laurentienne des Grands Lacs. Près des trois quarts de ces espèces sont indigènes en Eurasie. L’invasion se fait surtout par des voies telles que les aquariums et les jardins aquatiques (61 %) ou la navigation commerciale (37 %). Une fois établie dans la région des Grands Lacs, la propagation secondaire est associée à la navigation de plaisance Science and Research Information Report IR-16 iii et commerciale, aux canaux et au lâcher d’appâts vivants. La taille corporelle des espèces varie, de micromètres à mètres, bien que la plupart soient petites ou produisent de petites semences qui rendent difficiles la détection et le contrôle. Dans l’ensemble, les espèces montrent de vastes plages de tolérance aux écarts de température et de salinité, et elles se répandent dans tous les types d’habitats aquatiques. La longévité varie de jours (invertébrés) à années (poissons), et il en est de même pour l’âge à la première maturité, allant de ≈quotidienne (jour même) à plusieurs années. Les végétaux sont largement des vivaces (84 %) et se répartissent entre plusieurs types de croissance. La plupart ont des stratégies de reproduction à la fois sexuelles (la floraison) et asexuelles (surtout la fragmentation). Les invertébrés se reproduisent sexuellement (98 %), bien que certaines espèces (24 %) puissent aussi générer des progénitures de façon asexuelle. La plupart des espèces de poissons (56 %) se reproduisent sans garder leur couvée, mais bon nombre d’entre elles (36 %) veillent sur leurs petits. Les poissons et les invertébrés sont majoritairement omnivores, et certains poissons sont carnivores, ce qui indique un impact trophique susceptible d’être vaste. Les répercussions actuelles et anticipées des EAE comprennent une concurrence de modérée à élevée pour les ressources, une prolifération nuisible (engorgeant l’infrastructure et les voies navigables), le déclin d’espèces indigènes, des changements dans les écosystèmes (y compris les réseaux alimentaires et les habitats physiques) et de nouveaux vecteurs de maladies. La base de données est disponible sur https://www.ontario.ca/fr/donnees/especes- aquatiques-envahissantes. Acknowledgements Funding for this study was provided by Great Lakes Protection Funding, which supports projects and activities that deliver on the commitments of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) under the Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality and Ecosystem Health and Ontario’s Great Lakes Strategy, as well as the Natural Heritage Policy Section of MNRF. Erika Jensen (Great Lakes Commission) shared information regarding U.S. species watch lists and contributed to preliminary discussions about this project. Allison Bannister (MNRF) contributed to a previous draft of this report, while Francine MacDonald (MNRF), Jeff Brinsmead (MNRF) and Shelley Arnott (Queen’s University) provided helpful suggestions on earlier drafts of this report. Science and Research Information Report IR-16 iv Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................ iii Résumé ................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. iv Background ........................................................................................................... 1 Methods ................................................................................................................ 3 Species selection ............................................................................................ 3 Data collection ................................................................................................ 5 Results .................................................................................................................. 7 Geographic ranges and pathways .................................................................. 7 Species ecology ............................................................................................. 9 Impacts ......................................................................................................... 14 Summary ............................................................................................................. 16 References .......................................................................................................... 19 Appendices map ................................................................................................. 24 Appendix A. Methods .......................................................................................... 25 Appendix B. Current and potential invasive fishes .............................................. 35 Appendix C. Current and potential invasive aquatic invertebrates ...................... 78 Appendix D. Current and potential invasive
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