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ECOLOGY of NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER FISHES

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ECOLOGY of NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER FISHES ECOLOGY of NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER FISHES Tables STEPHEN T. ROSS University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London © 2013 by The Regents of the University of California ISBN 978-0-520-24945-5 uucp-ross-book-color.indbcp-ross-book-color.indb 1 44/5/13/5/13 88:34:34 AAMM uucp-ross-book-color.indbcp-ross-book-color.indb 2 44/5/13/5/13 88:34:34 AAMM TABLE 1.1 Families Composing 95% of North American Freshwater Fish Species Ranked by the Number of Native Species Number Cumulative Family of species percent Cyprinidae 297 28 Percidae 186 45 Catostomidae 71 51 Poeciliidae 69 58 Ictaluridae 46 62 Goodeidae 45 66 Atherinopsidae 39 70 Salmonidae 38 74 Cyprinodontidae 35 77 Fundulidae 34 80 Centrarchidae 31 83 Cottidae 30 86 Petromyzontidae 21 88 Cichlidae 16 89 Clupeidae 10 90 Eleotridae 10 91 Acipenseridae 8 92 Osmeridae 6 92 Elassomatidae 6 93 Gobiidae 6 93 Amblyopsidae 6 94 Pimelodidae 6 94 Gasterosteidae 5 95 source: Compiled primarily from Mayden (1992), Nelson et al. (2004), and Miller and Norris (2005). uucp-ross-book-color.indbcp-ross-book-color.indb 3 44/5/13/5/13 88:34:34 AAMM TABLE 3.1 Biogeographic Relationships of Species from a Sample of Fishes from the Ouachita River, Arkansas, at the Confl uence with the Little Missouri River (Ross, pers. observ.) Origin/ Pre- Pleistocene Taxa distribution Source Highland Stoneroller, Campostoma spadiceum 2 Mayden 1987a; Blum et al. 2008; Cashner et al. 2010 Blacktail Shiner, Cyprinella venusta 3 Mayden 1987a Steelcolor Shiner, Cyprinella whipplei 1 Mayden 1987a Redfi n Shiner, Lythrurus umbratilis 4 Mayden 1987a Bigeye Shiner, Notropis boops 1 Wiley and Mayden 1985; Mayden 1987a Bullhead Minnow, Pimephales vigilax 4 Mayden 1987a Mountain Madtom, Noturus eleutherus 2a Mayden 1985, 1987a Creole Darter, Etheostoma collettei 2a Mayden 1985 Orangebelly Darter, Etheostoma radiosum 2a Page 1983; Mayden 1985, 1987a Speckled Darter, Etheostoma stigmaeum 3 Page 1983; Simon 1997 Redspot Darter, Etheostoma artesiae 3 Mayden 1985; Piller et al. 2001 Banded Darter, Etheostoma zonale 1 Page 1983; Mayden 1988 Channel Darter, Percina copelandi 1 Mayden 1987a 1 = Found in all Central Highlands (some with disjunct populations in central lowlands) 2 = Endemic to Ouachita Highlands 2a = Ouachita Highlands and various adjoining regions 3 = Widespread, primarily lowland species with sister species found in Central Highlands (i.e., cladogenesis likely before uplift of Central Highlands) 4 = Widespread but biogeographically noninformative species uucp-ross-book-color.indbcp-ross-book-color.indb 4 44/5/13/5/13 88:34:34 AAMM TABLE 5.1 Prevalence of Larval and Early Juvenile Drift in Numerically Dominant Freshwater Fish Families of North America Family Common name Occurrence in drift Source Cyprinidae Minnows Common in most Gale and Mohr 1978; Gallagher and genera and species Conner 1980; Floyd et al. 1984; Muth and Schmulbach 1984; Brown and Arm- strong 1985; Peterson and VanderKooy 1995; Gadomski and Barfoot 1998; Robinson et al. 1998; Slack et al. 1998; Marchetti and Moyle 2000; Harvey et al. 2002; Johnson and McKenna 2007 Percidae Perches Common in most Gale and Mohr 1978; Floyd et al. 1984; genera and species Corbett and Powles 1986; Johnston et al. 1995; Peterson and VanderKooy 1995; Marchetti and Moyle 2000; Slack et al. 2004; Johnson and McKenna 2007 Catostomidae Suckers Common in all genera Gallagher and Conner 1980; Muth and but not in all species Schmulbach 1984; Corbett and Powles 1986; Kay et al. 1994; Brown and Arm- strong 1995; Johnston et al. 1995; Pe- terson and VanderKooy 1995; Kennedy and Vinyard 1997; Robinson et al. 1998; Slack et al. 1998; Marchetti and Moyle 2000; Johnson and McKenna 2007 Poeciliidae Livebearers Rare— poeciliids are Brown and Armstrong 1985; Peterson livebearers and VanderKooy 1995; Marchetti and Moyle 2000 Ictaluridae North Ameri- Common in most Floyd et al. 1984; Muth and Schmul- can catfi shes genera; rare in Noturus bach 1984; Brown and Armstrong 1985; Holland- Bartels et al. 1990; Slack et al. 1998; Marchetti and Moyle 2000 Goodeidae Goodeids Rare— goodeids are Miller 2005 livebearers Atherinopsidae New World Common in Labides- Frietsche et al. 1979; Peterson and silversides thes; rare in Menidia VanderKooy 1995; Slack et al. 1998; Marchetti and Moyle 2000 Salmonidae Trouts and Present in Coregonus, Scott and Crossman 1973; Randall et al. salmons Prosopium, Thymallus, 1987; Crisp 1988; Thorpe 1988; Winnell and perhaps Stenodus; and Jude 1991; Pavlov 1994; Moyle 2002 uncommon or of short duration in Oncorhyn- chus, Salvelinus, and Salmo and varies among species Cyprinodon- Pupfi shes Uncommon but larvae Hardy 1978 tidae are free- swimming after hatching Fundulidae Topminnows Uncommon Peterson and VanderKooy 1995; Robinson et al. 1998 (continued) uucp-ross-book-color.indbcp-ross-book-color.indb 5 44/5/13/5/13 88:34:34 AAMM TABLE 5.1 (continued) Family Common name Occurrence in drift Source Centrarchidae Sunfi shes Common in all genera Floyd et al. 1984; Muth and Schmulbach 1984; Peterson and VanderKooy 1995; Marchetti and Moyle 2000 Cottidae Sculpins Common in Cottus Gadomski and Barfoot 1998; Marchetti and Moyle 2000; Harvey et al. 2002; White and Harvey 2003 Petromyzon- Lampreys Common in all genera Gadomski and Barfoot 1998; Harvey et tidae al. 2002; White and Harvey 2003 Cichlidae Cichlids Uncommon— Winemiller et al. 1997; Miller and Norris Neotropical cichlids are 2005 brood guarders Clupeidae Herrings Common in all genera Muth and Schmulbach 1984; Peterson and VanderKooy 1995; Gadomski and Barfoot 1998 uucp-ross-book-color.indbcp-ross-book-color.indb 6 44/5/13/5/13 88:34:34 AAMM uucp-ross-book-color.indbcp-ross-book-color.indb 7 44/5/13/5/13 88:34:34 AAMM TABLE 6.1 Long- Term (≥ 2 years) Studies of North American Stream Fish Assemblages Organized from Low to High Levels of Stress and from Low to High Latitudes Temporal Spatial No. of scale scale Latitudec Longitudec Potential stressor species Site Habitata (years) (km)b (DD) (DD) Stations and stress level analyzed Black Creek, Medium 9 14.20 31.2 89.5 5 Annual overbank 25 MS stream fl ooding (low stress) Pearl River, Large 16 42.00 31.5 90.1 8 Periodic fl ood- 28 MS river ing; upstream impoundments (generally low stress) Undisturbed Small 2 01.35 33.4 82.0 9 Annual varia- 15d streams, Sa- stream tion in fl ow (low vannah River stress) Site, SC Kiamichi Medium 6 106.00 34.5 95.4 6 Annual high 10 River, OK stream fl ows (low stress) Ball Creek, Small 4 00.03 35.1 83.4 1 Spring fl ooding; 3 NC (up- stream late spring to fall stream site) drought (gener- ally low stress) Ball Creek, Small 4 00.03 35.1 83.4 1 Spring fl ooding; 4 NC (down- stream late spring to fall stream site) drought (gener- ally low stress) Coweeta Medium 4 00.03 35.1 83.4 1 Spring fl ooding; 5 Creek, NC stream late spring to fall drought (gener- ally low stress) Coweeta Medium 10 0.04 35.1 83.4 1 Annual variation 16 Creek, NC stream in fl ow, including droughts (gener- ally low stress) Piney Creek, Medium 15 27.00 36.1 92.1 5 Periodic fl ooding 10 AR stream (low stress) Martis Creek, Small 11 2.90 39.3 120.1 4 Periodic fl ood- 5 CA stream ing; severe spring fl ood in 1983; nonnative preda- tors (generally low stress) uucp-ross-book-color.indbcp-ross-book-color.indb 8 44/5/13/5/13 88:34:34 AAMM High Human Low persis- High Author’s conclusions disturbance stress tence stability Source Temporal persistence; temporal stability based on N Y Y Y Ross et al. numbers of individuals and rank- order data 1987 Temporal persistence overall; temporal stability N Y Y Y Gunning and overall based on similarity analyses; high varia- Suttkus 1991; tion in numbers of individuals (CV = 1.03) data analyzed by Matthews 1998 Temporal persistence overall; temporal stability N Y Y Y Paller 2002 based on rank- order data and similarity analyses; moderate stability based on CV of 0.44 Temporal persistence of common species overall; N Y Y Y Matthews temporal stability overall based on rank- order et al. 1988 data and similarity analyses; stability at 3 indi- vidual stations and instability at 3 others based on rank- order data. Temporal persistence of resident species; moder- N Y Y Y Freeman ate temporal stability of resident species based on et al. 1988 actual abundances (mean CV = 0.53) Temporal persistence of resident species; tempo- N Y Y Y Freeman ral stability of resident species based on relative et al. 1988 abundance; moderate to low temporal stability based on actual abundances (mean CV = 0.75) Temporal persistence of resident species; tempo- N Y Y Y Freeman ral stability of resident species based on relative et al. 1988 abundance; moderate to low temporal stability based on actual abundances (mean CV = 0.62) Temporal persistence of common species (mean N Y Y N Grossman Cj =0.79; range = 0.67– 1.0); temporal stability et al. 1998; altered by drought (predrought, drought, and additional postdrought assemblages distinct) analysis by STR Temporal persistence overall; temporal stability N Y Y Y Ross et al. overall based on rank- order data and similarity 1985; Mat- analyses; temporal stability at individual stations thews et al. based on rank- order data 1988 Temporal persistence overall; low temporal N Y Y N Strange et al. stability based on relative-abundance data (spe- 1992 cies abundances changed dramatically after 1983 fl ood) (continued) uucp-ross-book-color.indbcp-ross-book-color.indb 9 44/5/13/5/13 88:34:34 AAMM TABLE 6.1 (continued) Temporal Spatial No.
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