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A SUMMARY of the LIFE HISTORY and DISTRIBUTION of the SPRING CAVEFISH, Chologaster ]Gassizi, PUTNAM, with POPULATION ESTIMATES for the SPECIES in SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

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A SUMMARY of the LIFE HISTORY and DISTRIBUTION of the SPRING CAVEFISH, Chologaster ]Gassizi, PUTNAM, with POPULATION ESTIMATES for the SPECIES in SOUTHERN ILLINOIS View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository A SUMMARY OF THE LIFE HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPRING CAVEFISH, Chologaster ]gassizi, PUTNAM, WITH POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR THE SPECIES IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS PHILIP W. SMITH -NORBERT M. WELCH Biological Notes No.104 Illinois Natural History Survey Urbana, Illinois • May 1978 State of Illinois Department of Registration and Education Natural History Survey Division A Summary of the life History and Distribution of the Spring Cavefish~ Chologasfer agassizi Putnam~ with Population Estimates for the Species in Southern Illinois Philip W. Smith and Norbert M. Welch The genus Chologaster, which means mutilated belly various adaptations and comparative metabolic rates of in reference to the absence of pelvic fins, was proposed all known amblyopsids. The next major contribution to by Agassiz ( 1853: 134) for a new fish found in ditches our knowledge was a series of papers by Hill, who worked and rice fields of South Carolina and described by him with the Warren County, Kentucky, population of spring as C. cornutus. Putnam (1872:30) described a second cave fish and described oxygen preferences ( 1968), food species of the genus found in a well at Lebanon, Tennes­ and feeding habits ( 1969a), effects of isolation upon see, naming it C. agassizi for the author of the generic meristic characters ( 1969b ), and the development of name. Forbes ( 1881:232) reported one specimen of squamation in the young ( 1971). Whittaker & Hill Chologaster from a spring in western Union County, ( 1968) described a new species of cestode parasite, nam­ Illinois, and noted that it differed from known specimens ing it Proteocephalus chologasteri. of the two described species but did not assign a specific In the early 1970's, H. E. McReynolds of the U. S. name to the Illinois population. After acquiring addi­ Forest Service, became concerned about the status of the tional specimens, Forbes ( 1882: 1) described it on the spring cavefish on the Shawnee National Forest in south­ basis of color differences as a new species, C. papilliferus. ern Illinois. He appointed a technical advisory committee Jordan & Gilbert ([1883]: 325, 890) recognized all three to direct research designed to ascertain population size species and noted that the two spring cavefishes ( agassizi of the species in the LaRue-Pine Hills Ecological Area in and papilliferus) occurred in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Union County, lllinois, and hired one of us (Welch) to southern Illinois. Jordan & Evermann (1927:503) be­ conduct censusing studies throughout 1973. In 1974 per­ lieved the different way of life between the epigean C. sonnel from the Section of Faunistic Surveys and Insect cornutus and the hypogean (subterranean) C. papilliferus Identification of the Illinois Natural History Survey, un­ warranted erection of a new genus for the latter and der contract with the Forest Service, investigated the proposed Forbesella, but Jordan (1929:68) noted that status of several unusual fishes, including the spring cave­ Forbesella was preoccupied and suggested Forbesichthys fish, on the Shawnee National Forest and prepared a as a substitute name. report. Since that time Jeffrey J. Webb of Anna, Illinois, Woods & Inger (1957 ) revised all species in the has independently censused spring cavefish in Cave family Amblyopsidae and synonymized C. papilliferus Spring Cave, about 5\12 miles northeast of Pine Hills, and under the earlier C. agassizi, although they pointed out kindly gave his population estimates to us. that minor differences were observed from population to This paper presents the population estimates and population. Their arrangement has been generally fol­ other data taken directly from the three recent reports lowed by subsequent authors, including Hill ( 1969b ) who and brief summaries of other aspects of the life history studied the effects of isolation upon meristic characters. of the spring cavefish reported in the literature. Only Clay (1975:240) has maintained that C. agassizi and C. papilliferus are specifically distinct. Rosen ( 1962 ) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS discussed in detail the anatomy of amblyopsid fishes (in­ The U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service cluding Chologaster) and their relationships to other fish initiated and supported most of the investigations upon families but did not concern himself with the validity of which this paper is based and paid for its printing. the described species. Special thanks are due to H. E. McReynolds, Zone Fish­ Except for some studies of eye structure by Eigen­ eries Biologist, and to the personnel of the Harrisburg mann (summarized in Eigenmann 1909), the nonsystem­ Forest Supervisor's Office and the Jonesboro Ranger, atic literature on the spring cavefish consists mostly of District of the Shawnee National Forest, for their interest new locality records and brief incidental accounts of and cooperation. Acknowledgment is also due to the behavior, habitat, food, and size classes (Forbes & Rich­ Chologaster Technical Advisory Committee under the ardson 1908, 1920; Layne & Thompson 1952; Gunning chairmanship of H. E. McReynolds. For aid with field & Lewis 1955 ) . Weise ( 195 7) summarized the prior work work we are indebted to Larry M. Page, Brooks M. Burr, on the species and described in detail the habitat, photo­ John A. Boyd, and Michael A. Morris of the Illinois taxis, thigmotaxis, rheotaxis, temperature tolerance, in­ Natural History Survey, and to the Survey for partial vertebrate and vertebrate species associates, and sexual support of field work and for various administrative dimorphism in a life-history study of the species at Pine services. Marvin E. Braasch of Belleville, Illinois, sup­ Hills in Union County, Illinois. Poulson ( 1963 ) discussed plied new records for Kentucky and Tennessee. Bernice This paper is published by authority of the State of Illinois, IRS Ch. P. Sweeney typed the manuscript, Craig W. Ronto pre­ 127, Par. 58.12. Its printing was paid for by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Dr. Smith is a Taxonomist and Head of the pared the drawings, and Larry M. Page and Larry Far- Section of Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification of the Illinois Natural History Survey. Dr. Welch is a physician on the staff of Parkland Hospital, Dallas, Texas. Cover Illustration. - Spring cavefish. Drawing by Craig Ron to. 2 3 low took the photographs. Assistant Technical Editor Shirley McClellan edited the manuscript, and John E. Cooper of the North Carolina Museum of Natural His­ tory served as guest reviewer. Larry M. Page and Brooks M. Burr kindly copied records of spring cavefish in sev­ eral museum collections that they visited, and officials in charge of these collections made their holdings freely Fig. 1. - Adult spring cavefish from spring along Big Creek available. David H. Snyder of Austin Peay University in Hardin County, Illinois. (Tennessee) advised us of several collections. The col­ lections include the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), Eastern Kentucky University (EKU) , Ken­ better known from springs, spring runs, and spring seeps tucky Fish and Wildlife Department (KFW), Murray (Fig. 2- 4) . It is subterranean, emerging at dusk and State University (MSU), University of Michigan Mu­ usually retreating underground an hour or two before seum of Zoology (UMMZ), U.S. National Museum of dawn. It has eyes that appear functional but serve only Natural History (USNM), UniversityofLouisville (UL ), to distinguish light and darkness (Hill 1969a). In south­ University of Oklahoma (UO ), University of Tennessee ern Illinois its appearance above ground is strongly cor­ (UT), University of Tulsa (UTULSAC), University of related with the amount of flow emerging from the Alabama (UA), and Northeastern Louisiana University springs and with the season. During dry seasons, some (NLU) . Jeffrey J. Webb of Anna, Illinois, supplied a springs have no flow; others continue to flow but have population estimate for Cave Spring Cave, and Claude only a few spring cavefish or none at all. Fish were found D. Baker of the University of Illinois Dixon Springs Acr­ throughout the year in the LaRue-Pine Hills Ecological ricultural Station performed some water chemistry ana l~ ­ Area, but in fewer numbers in January, February, and ses for us. Finally, the Illinois Department of Conserva­ March, and no gravid females were seen from January tion Division of Fisheries granted permission to collect through May. specimens for these studies. Fish from different springs were marked with various colors of tatoo ink so that when recaptured they could be identified with the spring in which they were initially HABITAT AND BEHAVIOR found. The color coding was done deliberately to see if The spring cavefish (Fig. 1) bridges the gap between there was any mixing or exchange underground of indi­ an epigean and hypogean existence. It is known to occur viduals from adjacent springs. None was observed. in caves throughout most of its range, but it is much In tiles where spring water collected to form pools, Fig. 2.- Spring along Big Creek in Hardin County, Illinois. This spring at the base of a large tree ceases to flow when the water table IS very low. The first spring cavefish in Hardin County were discovered here. 4 fish were usually not visible during daylight hours, and The well-developed negative phototaxis noted above at night they usually disappeared into crevices and holes is overshadowed by a strong thigmotaxis. Weise ( 195 7: when the water was disturbed or when a strong light 197) found that in the absence of other forms of conceal­ was directed at the fish. During the day, fish could be ment the fish would float at the surface with the tops of found in spring runs by turning over rocks, but they their heads in contact with floating corks, and that if quickly buried in gravel interstices and under other only lighted places of concealment were present they stones when uncovered.
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