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Zjsp Livanjsko Polje ZAŠTITIMO JADRANSKI SEOBENI PUT LIVANJSKO POLJE Foto: ©Mirko Šarac/“Naša baština“ OSIJEK, OŽUJAK 2018. Uvodvo Jadranskii seobeniseob put je migracijski koridor koji milioni ptica selica iz Evrope i zapadnepadn Azije prate tokom svoje seobe – u jesen sa sje- vera prema jugu odnosno u proljeće u suprotnom smjeru. Tokom ovog putovanja od više hiljada kilometara ptice prelijeću planine Balkana i Jadransko more, prelaze Apeninski poluotok i Sredozem- no more te dolaze do obala Sjeverne Afrike. Neke vrste poput žli- čarke Platalea leucorodia ovdje prezime, ali mnogim vrstama, poput čaplje dangube Ardea purpurea ili patke pupčanice Spatula querque- dula to nije kraj putovanja, već moraju preći pustinju Saharu kako bi se domogle bogatih močvara središnje Afrike, tzv. pojasa Sahel. Tokom duge seobe sve ptice s vremena na vrijeme moraju sletjeti kako bi se odmorile i nahranile prije nastavka svog putovanja. Duž Jadranskog seobenog puta postoji niz važnih odmorišta koje ptice redovno koriste i koje su prave oaze za desetine hiljada selica. To su prije svega preostale velike močvare uz obalu Jadrana, u Italiji i Sjevernoj Africi. Seoba je za ptice prepuna opasnosti – pored ne- stajanja staništa, širenja pustinjskih područja Sahare, ili sudara s električnim vodovima. Jedan od faktora koji najviše ugrožava ptice selice je svakako krivolov i ilegalno uzimanje ptica iz prirode, te tro- vanje. Prema najnovijim procjenama organizacije BirdLife Interna- tional samo u Sredozemlju se godišnje ilegalno ubije ili uhvati oko Foto: ©Nermina Sarajlić/O.D. „Naše ptice“ 23 miliona ptica. Takve gubitke, uz sve ostale prijetnje sa kojima se ptice suočavaju, mnoge vrste ne mogu kompenzirati pa dolazi 4 do pada brojnosti njihovih populacija, kako na područjima gdje gnijezde, tako i u Bosni i Hercegovini, te Ulcinjska solana u Crnoj Gori. Glavni ciljevi projekta na seobi, odnosno zimovalištima. Tragičan primjer kako krivolov može dovesti su spriječiti krivolovni pritisak na ptice te uspostaviti tzv. nelovna područ- do istrebljenja cijele vrste je tankokljuni pozviždač Numenius tenuirostris, vrsta ja (engl. hunting ban areas) na spomenutim močvarama – mjesta gdje će lov močvarice koja je iz sibirskih gnjezdilišta preko Balkanskog poluotoka dolazila na ptice biti u potpunosti zabranjen te će se desetine hiljada ptica u miru do zimovališta u Maroku, no danas se smatra izumrlom zbog posljedica velikog odmarati tijekom svoje seobe ili zimovanja. Ova serija brošura predstavlja po- krivolovnog pritiska na seobenom putu. jedina projektna područja – njihove glavne karakteristike i prirodne vrijednosti te prijetnje opstanku staništa i ptica, kao i moguća rješenja postojećih problema. Projekat Jadranski seobeni put 3 (Adriatic Flyway 3), pod vodstvom njemačke fon- dacije EuroNatur i uz fi nansiranje švicarske fondacije MAVA, okuplja niz nevla- dinih udruženja sa područja Balkana, koje u zajedničkoj saradnji rade na tome da se krivolov iskorijeni, odnosno da se javnost educira o problemu krivolova i načinima kako se protiv njega uspješno boriti. „Crne tačke“ krivolova su vrlo često u Sredozemlju upravo močvarna područja gdje se ptice okupljaju u najvećem broju, te se aktiv- nosti projekta upravo fokusiraju na preostalim velikim močvarnim područjima – se godišnje ilegalno Labudovo okno u Srbiji, Delta Neretve u Hrvatskoj, Livanjsko polje i Hutovo blato ubije ili uhvati [oko 23 miliONA ptica] Livanjsko polje Foto: ©Nermina Sarajlić/O.D. „Naše ptice“ 5 se odlikuje minimalnim oborinama u ljetnim mjesecima i maksimalnim za vrije- Foto: ©Nermina Sarajlić/O.D. „Naše ptice“ me zimskog perioda mirovanja vegetacije. Srednje godišnje temperature zraka (na osnovu podataka za Meteorološku stanicu Livno) iznose 8,87 °C; apsolutne minimalne dostižu vrijednosti od blizu -20 °C, a apsolutne maksimalne blizu 40 Opis područja °C. Godišnja količina padavina kreće se oko 1200 mm. Livanjsko polje ima veoma bogatu mrežu površinskih i podzemnih voda u po- vremenim i stalnim tokovima (Sturba, Žabljak, Bistrica, Brina, Plovuča i Jaruga) ivanjsko polje je smješteno u jugozapadnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine, koji jedino u zimskom periodu imaju obilje vode, a tokom ljeta svi osim Bistrice, Lizmeđu kraških planina Dinare i Kamešnice na jugozapadu, krečnjačke površi- Sturbe i Žabljaka presuše. Sve ove rijeke pripadaju slivu rijeke Cetine, odno- ne sa Grabovičkom planinom na jugoistoku, Tušnice na istoku, Krug planine i Cin- sno Jadranskom slivu, a osim njih se u Livanjskom polju nalaze još i površinski i cara na sjeveroistoku, Golije na sjeveru, te Šatora i Staretine na zapadu, na nad- podzemni izvori, jezera, riječni rukavci, estavele i ponori, od kojih treba spome- morskoj visini od 700-720 metara. Zauzima površinu od 458,7 km², što ga čini nuti Čajički, Opaki i Kameniti ponor. Plavljenje redovno zahvata najmanje jednu najvećim močvarnim kompleksom u Bosni i Hercegovini i najvećim plavnim trećinu polja na više od 10.000 ha. Polje je ispresijecano mrežom kanala koji višak kraškim poljem na svijetu. vode tokom jesenje-zimskog perioda odvode u Buško jezero, koje se nalazi na jugoistočnom dijelu polja. Vode Buškog jezera koriste se za potrebe HE „Orlovac“ Na jugozapadnom dijelu Livanjskog polja je tokom 1960-ih godina formirana vje- kao i za potrebe vodosnabdjevanja u Republici Hrvatskoj. štačka akumulacija Buško jezero, što je dovelo do toga da su kontinentalnu klimu, koja se odlikuje hladnim snježnim zimama i žarkim ljetima zamijenile kišovite Posebna obilježja i ekološke vrijednosti Livanjskom polju daje prisustvo treset- zime i vlažnija i hladnija ljeta. Polje je i pod uticajem mediteranske klime, koja nih zemljišta, koja ovdje pokrivaju najveće površine u Bosni i Hercegovini, a 6 najbolje su razvijena u Ždralovcu, na sjeverozapadnom dijelu Livanjskog polja. Procesi nastanka treseta se odvijaju uglavnom u bazičnoj sredini, u anaerobnim uslovima, dugotrajni su i spori i mogu se odvijati samo u uslovima nesmetanog vodnog režima i odsustva antropogenog uticaja. Prirodnu vegetaciju unutar poplavnog dijela Livanjskog polja čini vegetacija ni- skih tresetišta reda Caricetalia davallianae i vegetacija bara i močvara reda Phragmitetalia. Na dijelu polja u kojem nivo podzemne vode značajno varira u Livanjsko polje toku godine razvijene su mezofi lne i higrotermofi lne livade Molinio-Arrhenathere- je najveće plavno tea, a na rubu polja, izvan uticaja podzemnih voda termofi lne livade Festuco-Bro- metea i kamenjare Thero-Brachypodietea. Rub polja obrastao je šumama hrasta kraško polje lužnjaka Quercetum roboris, cretne breze Betuletum pubescentis, crne johe Alne- na svijetu tum glutinosae i barske vrbe Salicetum pentandrae. Na dubljim aluvijalnim nano- ] sima prisutni su fragmenti nekada dobro razvijenih šuma bijele vrbe Salicetum [ albae, a na malo većim visinama i manje vlažnim tlima razvijene su šuma cera Quercetum cerris mediterraneo-montanum i šuma crnog jasena i cera Fraxino or- ni-Quercetum cerris; šuma cera i hrasta kitnjaka Quercetum petraeae-cerris, šuma medunca i sitnolisnog hrasta Quercetum pubescentis-daleschampi, a na izraženi- jim nagibima terena i najtoplijim staništima niske šume i šikare sa bjelograbićem Carpinetum orientalis. Prirodne poplave su važan dio ekoloških procesa Foto: ©Tibor Mikuska/HDZPP 7 Buško jezero je važno okupljalište ptica močvarica Foto: ©Mirko Šarac/“Naša baština“ 8 Na području Livanjskog polja dosadašnjim istraživanjima zabilježeno je preko 700 vrsta vaskularnih biljaka, uključujući i niz endema vezanih isključivo za kraška polja: Molinia coerulea, Peucedanum pospichalii, Gladiolus illyricus, Carex panicea, Scilla littardierei, Hieracium pavichii, Edraianthus dalmaticus, Gentianella crispata i Getianella poljensis, kao i veliki broj ljekovitih, aromatičnih i medonosnih biljaka. Bogatstvo biodiverziteta Livanjskog polja ilustruje i podatak o preko 100 vrsta algi i cijanobakterija, preko 30 vrsta beskičmenjaka u sastavu zooplanktona, 42 vrste vilinskih konjica i 39 vrsta leptira. U vodama Livanjskog polja, prema ranijim istraživanjima, živi 16 vrsta riba, od kojih su četiri isključivo vezane kako za kraške vode: oštrulj Aulopyge hugeli, podbila Chondrostoma phoxinus, turski klen Leuciscus turskyi i gaovica livanjska Phoxinellus alepidotus, vrsta koja isključivo živi u podzemnim vodama. U sastavu faune vodozemaca registrovano je 6 vrsta. Moguće je da se na sjevernom dijelu Livanjskog polja nalaze i populacije čovječje ribice Proteus anguinus, koja je zabi- lježena u izvorima rijeka Ruda i Grab, lijevim pritokama Cetine, koji se napajaju vodama iz Livanjskog polja, ali do sada istraživanja na ovu temu na području Livanjskog polje nisu rađena. Livanjsko polje sa svojom raznovrsnom okolinom je i stanište brojnim vrstama sisara, od kojih su najbrojniji glodari (rovke, ježevi, krtice, zečevi, vjeverice, miše- Foto: ©Mirko Šarac/“Naša baština“ vi, puhovi i voluharice), divlje svinje, jeleni, kune, medvjedi, a na rubu Livanjskog polja, na padinama Cincara živi populacija od oko 150 divljih konja. Merops apiaster, pupavac Upupa epops, rusi svračak Lanius colurio, mali svračak Lanius minor, kokošica Rallus aquaticus, riđa štijoka Porzana porzana, siva štijoka Na prostoru Livanjskog polja, uključujući i vještačku akumulaciju Buško jezero u Porzana parva, vivak Vanellus vanellus i veliki pozviždač Numenius arquata, a za- njegovom jugoistočnom dijelu, do sada je registrovano 235 vrsta ptica. Kao nimljivo je da je Livanjsko polje najjužnije gnjezdilište u Evropi za šljuku kokošicu izuzetno brojna izdvaja se gnjezdeća populacija kosca Crex crex koja je naj- Gallinago gallinago. brojnija
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