1 the Palace and the Garden: the Connection Between the Agricultural

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

1 the Palace and the Garden: the Connection Between the Agricultural The Palace and the Garden : The connection between the agricultural milieu and 1 power structures within Islamic Iberia. 2 John Tighe ([email protected]) ‘We'll lounge beneath the pomegranates, palm trees, apple trees, under every lovely, leafy thing, and walk among the vines...wells that emitted water in streams from their mouths like rivers’-Solomon Ibn Gabirol, The Palace and the Garden .3 The so-called ‘garden poetry’, which flourished in al-Andalus in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, was a testament to the ability of both the state and individual communities to produce fertile fields in place of aridness. To do this, they incorporated the techniques of irrigation e.g. aqueducts and canals, which the Romans had left, and expanded the system, as Watson argued ‘‘The Islamic contribution was less in the invention of new devices than in the application on a much wider scale of devices...’. 4 The above description by the Jewish Andalusi poet Ibn Gabirol of the gardens of the Alhambra is a realisation in literary form of the fertility and water management systems employed in Islamic Iberia. Although it is an integral part to this subject, it is impossible to go into the intricacies of Islamic land law and divisions in this article. 5 The focus of this article will be on the tools of the irrigation system, the intellectual milieu and its associated physical structures which created and maintained it. 6 1 I would like to thank the Societa Friulana di Archaeolgia for allowing me to speak to their society in Udine in June 2015. Furthermore, I would like to thank Anita Pinagli and Giulia Cesarin 2PhD candidate, Trinity College, Dublin- [email protected]. Academia- https://tcd.academia.edu/JohnTighe 3 Solomon Ibn Gabirol, The Palace and the Garden quoted in Menocal, Maria Rosa, Visions of al- Andalus in Maria Rosa Menocal, Raymond P. Scheindlin and Michael Sells (eds.) , The literature of al-Andalus , (Cambridge: 2006 (2000), pp.1-2. 4 Watson, Andrew M., Agricultural innovation in the Early Islamic World , (Cambridge: 2008 (1983)),p.108. 5 For more information see Academia.edu, https://www.academia.edu/9217938/Concept_of_Land_in_Islamic_Iberia_Notes_for_talk_, (Accessed 8th November 2015); for issues of inheritance see Pearl, David, M uslim Personal Law, (London 1989 (1987)) and Schacht, Joseph, An Introduction to Islamic law , (Oxford: 1982 (1964)). Although what must be noted is that In the Muslim countries the size of land-holdings varied widely with peasant- owned lands existed side-by-side with large estates. 6 There is no space in this article to expand on the many tools used within the irrigation system, namely the qanat and the qaria . Further information on these can be found in Rotolo, Antonio, 1 The experimentation and the ‘Green’ revolution led to an increased agricultural output. While the effects of this were no doubt revolutionary, the term itself suggests a quick transition, which can be countered in two ways, those being the sheer size of the Dar el-Islam , and the fact that rural communities of farmers tend to be some of the most conservative people in society. Due to this, it is not advantageous for them to make decisions which may impact on their very survival. 7 A further assistance in this diffusion was the fact that the caliph was religiously obliged to promote the construction of irrigations systems for agricultural use across the Dar-el-Islam .8 This period of cultural openness led to the transmission of ideas from Roman and Byzantine agricultural traditions to the Islamic one. This began to go into decline in the later part of the epoch due to ecological, but also socio-political reasons. This expansion of irrigation practices across Iberia allowed the growth of tropical plants, otherwise unsuited to the climate of the peninsula, including cotton and sugar. Another crop plant, sorghum, is important as not only was it more drought resistant than many of the grain plants grown before in Iberia, it also illustrates the interaction of the two religious communities in convivencia . This is shown through its distribution right into Christendom. Galloway wrote one of the main monographs on The Sugar Cane Industry: An historical geography from its origins to 1914, which while more focused on the more modern aspects of the industry, does provide a decent synopsis of sugar in Iberian during the Islamic epoch. 9 Drainage Galleries in the Iberian Peninsula during the Islamic period , Journal of Water History, 5 (2013), pp. 7 Tighe, John, The inter-relationship of agricultural systems and power structure in Islamic Iberia, c.AD900-1300 , unpublished MPhil Thesis, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2014, p.51. 8 Mitteraur, Michael (translated by Gerald Chapple) Why Europe? The medieval origins of its special path , (London: 2010), p.14. 9 Galloway, J.H., The Sugar Cane Industry; An historical geography from its origins to 1914 , (Cambridge: 1989). 2 Figure 1 Fig(Left) Image of sugar plant and (Right) Map of full extent of sugar crop growth in the Western Mediterranean. 10 While it may have been introduced to the west in the century after the conquest the first reference to sugar cane being cultivated in Iberia comes from the Calendar of Cordoba, which denotes all the major agricultural processes for the year. 11 It discussed how sugar cane is harvested in November and February, planted in March and begins to grow in September. 12 It has been argued that this was a fiscal document, that the varying sowing and harvest times made it difficult for the state to take its share in tax, further granting greater autonomy to the peasant communities. 13 Ibn al-Awwam talks of three sugar harvests, that of the cane itself and subsequently of two rattoon crops. 14 He goes further saying that the crop was grown as far north as Castellon, arguably the most northerly point at which sugar has ever been grown, due to its climatic sensitivities. 15 These sensitivities include its threshold being twenty-one degrees Celsius, with a temperature of between twenty-seven and thirty-eight degrees being optimal, while 10 Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Paris, Ms. Arabe 2771 , fol.184r; Watson, Agricultural innovation , (Cambridge: 2008 (1983)),p. 11 Galloway, The Sugar Cane, (Cambridge: 1989), p.34. 12 Calendar of Cordoba by ‘Ar īb ibn Sa‘id (translation by John Brogden) in Schulz-dornburg, http://www.schulz-dornburg.info/english/Presse/Cordoba-Grafe.html (26th July 2014). Its author, Arib ibn Sa’d, was secretary fo the royal chancellery of the Umayyad caliph al-Hakam II. 13 San José, Carmen Trillo A social analysis of irrigation in Nazari Granada: (13 th -15 th centuries) , Journal of Medieval History, 31 (2005), p.169. 14 Ibn al-‘Aww ām Kit āb al-Fil āḥa, 2 vols . Edited, with a Spanish translation by J. A. Banqueri, (Madrid:1802), Vol.1, p.392. 15 Watson, Agricultural innovation ,(Cambridge: 2008 (1983)),p.28. 3 growth stops entirely between eleven and thirteen degrees, depending on the strain. 16 Its tropical background meant that in al-Andalus it had to be watered between every four and eight days. 17 Sugar was one of the few foodstuffs in the Middle Ages which needed chemical processing, its manufacture necessitated a high level of technological competence in its refining through different processes, and as such unlike milling, it was completely impossible for local communities to set up, so from the very start the State played a pivotal role in the establishment of sugar factories. 18 This, once more, shows the role and interest of the state in promoting agricultural output of the rural areas. In contrast, sugar cane became so marginalised after the conquest that James II of Aragon (1260-1327) had to send a delegation to Sicily to try and re-introduce the crop to Iberia, while Frederick II of Sicily (1194-1256), recently conquered from Muslim forces, had to send to the Holy land for sugar cane seeds and experts in efforts to re-introduce the crop but had no long-term success. 19 The tradition in al-Andalus of agronomical treatises that were patronised by Islamic rulers is critical, and as agricultural texts it is imperative to place these within the socio-agricultural and economic life of al-Andalus. Consequently, drainage galleries may not be seen outside of the modes of production. 20 In the period of this study, particularly during the period of the Taifa kings, at least ten books of filaha were written: the Anonymous Andalusi, Al-Zahr āwi, Ibn W āfid, Ibn Bass āl, Ibn Hajj āj, Abu ‘l-Khayr, Al-Tighnar ī, Ibn al-‘Aww ām, Ibn al-Raqq ām and Ibn Luyun. 21 Many of these men were polymaths, Ibn Hajj āj was a waz īr, a representative of the state, thus showing the importance of one to the other. Only two, Ibn Bassal and Ibn al-‘Aww ām seem to have been solely interested in husbandry.22 al-‘Aww ām gives some useful information to new landowners and farmers, in that he contended that 16 Galloway , The Sugar Cane , (Cambridge: 1989), p.14. 17 Watson, Agricultural innovation ,(Cambridge: 2008 (1983)), p.103. 18 Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. and Hill, Donald R., Islamic technology: An illustrated history , (Cambridge:1986), p.221. 19 Watson, Agricultural innovation , (Cambridge: 2008 (1983), p.66. 20 Rotolo, Antonio, Drainage Galleries in the Iberian Peninsula during the Islamic period , Journal of Water History, 5 (2013), pp.2-3 21 Fitzwilliam-Hall, Introductory survey , An Introductory survey of the the Arabic books of filaha and farming almanacs , p.5. 22 Ibid., p.6. 4 repeated sowing of beet in a saline soil will eventually remove all salinity from the soil, allowing it to be cultivated.
Recommended publications
  • Raspall Galvez.Pdf
    M. J. Raspall: Un arquitecte polifacètic. M. J. Raspall: Un arquitecte polifacètic. Melania Gálvez Muñoz Gener del 2008 IES Arquitecte Manuel Raspall 1 M. J. Raspall: Un arquitecte polifacètic. Índex 1.Introducció._________________________________________________3 2.Objectius.___________________________________________________4 3.Manuel J. Raspall i Mayol.Vida i obra. 3.1.Biografía._________________________________________________5 3.2.Llocs on va treballar._____________________________________7 3.3.Llistat d’obres de l’arquitecte.___________________________7 3.4.Detalls generals de la seva arquitectura._________________18 4.Etapes arquitectòniques a l’obra de Manuel Raspall. 4.1.Modernisme________________________________________________21 4.2.Noucentisme_______________________________________________24 4.3.Art Decó__________________________________________________27 5.Detalls arquitectònics característics de cadascuna de les etapes de Raspall. 5.1.Etapa modernista__________________________________________29 5.2.Etapa noucentista_________________________________________31 5.3.Etapa d’Art Decó__________________________________________33 6.Reportatge fotogràfic de tres obres de Manuel J. Raspall a Cardedeu. 6.1. Alqueria Cloelia_________________________________________35 6.2. Granja Viader____________________________________________47 6.3. Casa Borràs______________________________________________54 7. Conclusions._______________________________________________65 8.Agraïments._________________________________________________67 9.Bibliografía._______________________________________________68
    [Show full text]
  • 4.Fichas De Elementos Arquitectónicos
    4 FICHAS DE ELEMENTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS ÍNDICE DE FICHAS DE ELEMENTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS 197 FICHAS DE ELEMENTOS ARQUITECTÓNI- COS DE PRIMER ORDEN 200 PLAN DE ACCIÓN TERRITORIAL DE PROTECCIÓN DE LA HUERTA DE VALENCIA FICHAS DE ELEMENTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS 4. 197 VERSIÓN PRELIMINAR. MEMORIA DE ORDENACIÓN. ANEXO ÍNDICE DE FICHAS ÍNDICE DE FICHAS DE ELEMENTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS INVENTARIADOS U.P [01] HUERTA DE MONTCADA-EXTREMALES 200 U.P [04] HUERTA DE MONTCADA-ACEQUIA MADRE 236 EPA_01.01 Alquería de la Tanca EPA_04.01 Huerto de Salvador-Masía dels Pilars EPA_01.02 Torre Vigía EPA_04.02 Mas de Trenor o Casanova EPA_04.03 Mas del Rosari U.P [02] HUERTA DE MONTCADA-ZONA FINAL 203 EPA_04.04 Alquería del Pi. Cases de Bárcena EPA_02.01 Masía María Auxiliadora EPA_02.02 Alquería de San Rafael U.P [05] HUERTA DE L’ARC DE MONTCADA 241 EPA_02.03 Cartuja Ara Christi EPA_05.01 Alquería del Pelut EPA_02.04 Castillo de Cebolla EPA_05.02 Casa de la Sirena U.P [03] HUERTA DE MONTCADA-ZONA CENTRAL 209 EPA_05.03 Alquería del Rellotge EPA_05.04 Paretó dels Moros EPA_03.01 Alquería Nova EPA_03.02 Alquería de Pallès U.P [06] HUERTA DE ALBORAIA-ALMÀSSERA 246 EPA_03.03 Cebollera (Partida de l´Estació) EPA_06.01 Alquería de Requeni EPA_03.04 Alquería de Macià EPA_06.02 Ermita de Vera EPA_03.05 Alquería de Gori EPA_06.03 Alquería de Serra EPA_03.06 Alquería del Peix EPA_06.04 Alquería Caballero EPA_03.07 Alquería de la Palmera EPA_06.05 Casa Quelo EPA_03.08 Alquería de les Senyoretes, Alquería de Chulià, Alquería del Negre. EPA_06.06 Barraca Lladró EPA_03.09 Barraca del barri
    [Show full text]
  • Un Mundo De Casas. Profesorado
    Propuesta Didáctica: Nuestra casa, nuestro mundo 1º y 2º de Educación Primaria PARA EL PROFESORADO UN MUNDO DE CASAS Objetivos Conocer la estructura geográfica de España. Saber cuántas comunidades y ciudades autónomas hay y cuáles son. Localizar en un mapa las diferentes comunidades y ciudades autónomas. Ubicar las provincias que configuran cada comunidad autónoma. Conseguir despertar la curiosidad de los alumnos por conocer nuestro país. Contenidos Las autonomías. Nociones básicas. Localización de las diferentes comunidades y ciudades autónomas de España. Provincias que constituyen cada comunidad. Sede del gobierno autonómico en cada comunidad. Descripción de las actividades Se presentan cuatro actividades prácticas y al mismo tiempo de descubrimiento. Para su realización se requiere soporte visual del mapa de España, ya sea proyectado o desplegado. También se pueden consultar atlas, enciclopedias, libros de texto y/o acceso a Internet. Estas cuatro actividades siguen un orden creciente de dificultad por lo que el profesor decidirá cuáles son más pertinentes para que las realicen los diferentes grupos de alumnos. En la 1ª actividad los alumnos deberán localizar Mar Francia en un mapa mudo de España donde vienen Cantábrico delimitadas las diferentes comunidades y Atlántico Océano Portugal ciudades autónomas, cada una de ellas por medio de la casa típica de la comunidad. Cada casa típica tiene un número, y ese número Mar es el que deben escribir en cada círculo blanco Mediterráneo que hay en el mapa mudo. Para acertar de qué comunidad o ciudad ÁFRICA autónoma se trata, la casa típica lleva "pistas" que facilitan su identificación. En la 2ª actividad cambiarán el número de cada comunidad o ciudad autónoma por su nombre completo que escribirán en una etiqueta identificativa.
    [Show full text]
  • Plan Nacional De Arquitectura Tradicional
    PLAN NACIONAL DE ARQUITECTURA TRADICIONAL 1 COMISIÓN DE REDACCIÓN DEL PLAN NACIONAL DE ARQUITECTURA TRADICIONAL Coordinación del Plan Nacional de Arquitectura Tradicional Félix Benito Martín (+), Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España. Mª Pía Timón Tiemblo, Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España. Coordinación General de los Planes Nacionales Carmen Caro Jaureguialzo, Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España. Secretariado del Plan Nacional de Arquitectura Tradicional Elena Agromayor Navarrete, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Expertos externos Juan Agudo Torrico, Universidad de Sevilla. Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Camilla Mileto, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Luis Azurmendi Pérez, Asociaciones ACEM y Tajamar. Fernando Vela Cossío, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. José Luís García Grinda, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Eduardo de Santiago Rodríguez, Ministerio de Fomento. José Mª Pérez González (Peridis). Representantes de las Comunidades Autónomas Andalucía: Aniceto Delgado Méndez (IAPH). Aragón: Mercedes Souto Silva. Baleares: Aina Serrano Espases. Castilla – La Mancha: María Perlines Benito y Lázaro Alonso Torre. Castilla y León: Benito Arnáiz Alonso. Cataluña: Roger Costa Solé. Extremadura: Ismael Sánchez Expósito. Galicia: Manuel Chaín Pérez. Madrid: José Mª Ballester Palazón y Fernando Velasco Steigrad. Valencia: Carmen Pérez-Olagüe. Técnicos Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España. Nayra García-Patrón, Conservadora-Restauradora. Mónica Redondo Álvarez, Conservadora.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Cultural Heritage, Geographic
    EVALUATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND TERRITORY MUSEUM TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT APPLICATION OF TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN PERU Authors Authors Jorge Hermosilla Pla Director Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú: Mónica Fernández Villarejo Luis Repetto Málaga, Coordinator Ghaleb Fansa Amalia Castelli Gonzalez Sandra Mayordomo Maya Viviana Munguia Monterroso Miguel Antequera Fernández Claudio Mendoza Castro Esther Haro Carrasco Roberto Escrivá Almiñana Assistant team from the Dirección Desconcentrada de Cultura, La Libertad, Ministerio de Cultura Technical team María Elena Córdova Burga Esther Alba Pagán Former Deputy Minister of Cultural Heritage and Industries Catherine Andrés Langa Jhon Juárez Urbina Miguel Antequera Fernández DDC Director, La Libertad José Vicente Aparicio Vayà César Gálvez Mora Roberto Escrivá Almiñana DDC Sub director, La Libertad Esther Haro Carrasco Luis Chaparro Frías Emilio Iranzo García Responsible for Intangible Cultural Heritage, DDC La Libertad José Luis Jiménez Salvador Víctor Vallejo Martell Joan Carles Membrado Tena Head of the Citizen Participation Unit, PECACH Carme Piqueras Sanchis David LLancari Oliden GIS Operator, PECACH Collaborators Rolando Paredes Grados Anna García Responsible for Archaeological Site of Chan Chan and Site Museum Museo de la Universitat de València de Historia Natural Flor Díaz Deza Ernesto Manzanedo Responsible for Cultural Heritage Defence Museo de Cerámica de Paterna Roger Montealegre Barrientos Eva Sanz Responsible for Communications
    [Show full text]
  • Mallorca Travel Guide
    MALLORCA TRAVEL GUIDE Made by Dorling Kindersley 22. September 2010 PERSONAL GUIDES POWERED BY traveldk.com 1 Practical Information This section covers all the pre-travel basics to help you plan your trip - and how to get around once you've arrived. This is where to find out what paperwork you'll need, what to do about currency, food, avoiding cultural faux pas, web access, public transport, car rental, what plug to use – everything you need to feel informed, confident and ready to travel. MALLORCA TRAVEL GUIDE outfit is a good idea if you plan to visit an upmarket Planning Your Trip restaurant or club. Climate 1 Mallorca has mild, humid winters, and hot, dry summers. Expect daytime temperatures in winter to be above 12°C (53°F), and in summer not to fall below 30°C Getting to Mallorca (86°F). By Air from the Mainland 1 Scheduled flights and charters connect with all When to Go major Spanish and European cities. Visitors from the US 2 Summer is high season in Mallorca. Autumn is thus will have to make the connection somewhere in Europe. a better time to visit, when the weather is still great, the Mallorca’s airport is located 10 km (6 miles) southeast water at its warmest and prices lower. Hiking and cycling of Palma, with taxis and buses transporting visitors to are best in April. Nature lovers should come in spring or the city and resorts. autumn, when birds are on the move and wildflowers are blooming. By Air from Ibiza and Menorca 2 Iberia has the monopoly on inter-island flights and Visas and Red Tape operates scheduled runs daily from both Ibiza and 3 EU citizens can enter Spain with just their valid ID Menorca to Palma.
    [Show full text]
  • Nota De Prensa Press Release
    NOTA DE PRENSA PRESS RELEASE Telefónica vuelve a participar en 2019 en e l programa de extensión de la banda ancha promovido por la SEAD • Los proyectos presentados tendrán un desarrollo plurianual en el periodo 2019-2021 y tendrán el apoyo de fondos FEDER, además de financiación de la propia compañía. • Telefónica se compromete a llevar banda ancha a través de fibra óptica con velocidades por encima de 100 megas a más de 10.400 núcleos en 16 Comunidades Autónomas. Madrid, 1 diciembre 2019.- Telefónica concurre, un año más, en la convocatoria de 2019 de la Secretaría de Estado para el Avance Digital (SEAD) para el Programa de Extensión de banda ancha de nueva generación, conocido como PEBANG. El proceso para la concesión de ayudas acaba de finalizar, y se apoyará, como es habitual, en fondos FEDER. Este tipo de convocatorias son un instrumento fundamental en la estrategia de desarrollo de las redes ultrarrápidas contemplada en la Agenda Digital para España, y su objetivo fundamental es acelerar la extensión de la cobertura de las redes públicas de comunicaciones electrónicas capaces de proporcionar servicios de banda ancha de alta y de muy alta velocidad, siempre en las zonas sin cobertura actual ni prevista en los próximos tres años. Telefónica, como ha hecho en las últimas convocatorias, y a pesar de la incertidumbre del marco regulatorio, concurre a este programa con el fin de aumentar la cobertura y minimizar la brecha digital en áreas que pudiesen ver retrasado su despliegue en condiciones comerciales. Los proyectos presentados tendrán un desarrollo plurianual, en el período 2019-21, y se verán beneficiados de ayudas en formas de subvención y anticipos FEDER, junto a la propia financiación del Grupo Telefónica.
    [Show full text]
  • PLA ESPECIAL DE PROTECCIÓ DE CIUTAT VELLA I CATÀLEG DE PROTECCIONS
    DOC 1 - DOCUMENTOS SIN EFICACIA NORMATIVA 1.3 MEMORIA JUSTIFICATIVA DEL CATALOGO (version en castellano) VERSION PRELIMINAR JUN. 2018 (MOD. OCT.2019) PEP PLA ESPECIAL DE PROTECCIO CIUTAT VELLA CATALEG DE PROTECCIONS AMBIT PERTANYENT A L AREA CENTRAL DEL CONJUNT HISTORIC DE VALENCIA PROMOTOR CONTRATISTA UTE Equip tècnic Pla Especial Ciutat Vella. C/ Francisco Almarche nº12, 46910 Benetusser. NIF: U98847791 EQUIPO REDACTOR COORDINACIÓN ÁREAS URBANISMO Y PATRIMONIO - HISTORIA Y ARQUEOLOGIA - JURÍDICA Y ECONÓMICA INÉS ESTEVE SEBASTIÀ, arquitecta especialista en Urbanismo y Patrimonio NÚRIA MOYA LLORENS, arquitecta especialista en Patrimonio ÁREA PAISAJE, MEDIOAMBIENTE Y PARTICIPACIÓN PÚBLICA: IGNACIO DÍEZ TORRIJOS, ingeniero Agrónomo, máster en paisaje CERCLE, Territori, paisatge i arquitectura EQUIPO TÉCNICO ÁREA URBANISMO Y PATRIMONIO VICENT CALABUIG MONTESINOS, arquitecto especialista en Patrimonio LUÍS ALMENA GIL, arquitecto especialista en Patrimonio CRISTINA ALCALDE BLANQUER, arquitecta AIDA FERNÁNDEZ SINISTERRA, arquitecta ÁREA HISTORIA Y ARQUEOLOGÍA AGUSTINA HERREROS HERNÁNDEZ, licenciada en Geogra a e Historia. Especialidad Arqueología ÁREA JURÍDICA Y ECONÓMICA GARRIGUES Abogados JOSÉ VICENTE BELENGUER MULA, abogado especialista en Derecho Urbanís co ARANTXA FORN BAGÓ, abogada especialista en Derecho Urbanís co JAVIER SANCHO SEBASTIÁN, economista CLAUDIA GIMENO FERNÁNDEZ, abogada especialista en Derecho Urbanís co ÁREA PAISAJE, MEDIOAMBIENTE Y PARTICIPACIÓN PÚBLICA CERCLE, Territori, paisatge i arquitectura ANNA BONET ASENSI, arquitecta,
    [Show full text]
  • Catalan to English with Notes for English Speakers
    DACCO : The Open Source English-Catalan Dictionary - DACCO Catalan to English for English Speakers 2012-01 Catalan-English dictionary: 16540 entries, 24504 translations, 1592 examples 557 usage notes Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 You are free: • to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work • to make derivative works • to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions: Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. • For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. • Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. This is a human-readable summary of the Legal Code (full license). To view a copy of the full license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. This PDF document was created using Prince. Prince. Prince is a powerful formatter that converts XML into PDF documents. Prince can read many XML formats, including XHTML and SVG. Prince formats documents according to style sheets written in CSS. Prince has been used to publish books, brochures, posters, letters and academic papers. Prince is also suitable for generating reports, invoices and other dynamic documents on demand. The DACCO team would like to thank Prince for the kind donation of a license to use their extremely powerful software which made this PDF possible.
    [Show full text]
  • 6Th International Conference on Earthen Architecture
    LAS CRUCES, NEW- M'EXICO,U.S.A., OCTOBER 14-'19, �990- . , I -. 6th.International . Conference on the . , \ ., " - Conservation of ,Earthen Architecture Adobe 90 Preprints ' , ' . .... , I . \ . , A NOTE ON THE COVER Historic photograph of Fort Selden courtesy of Museum of New Mexico State Monuments. 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture Adobe 90 Preprints LAS CRUCES, NEW MEXICO, U.S.A., OCTOBER 14-19, 1990 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture Adobe 90 Preprints Under the aegis of US IICOM OS Sponsored by: The Getty Conservation Institute Museum of New Mexico State Monuments ICCROM CRATerre-EAG National Park Service, Southwest Region THECONSERVATION GETTYINSTITUTE Los Angeles, 1990 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our appreciation and gratitude go to Jo Ann Hill assisted with copy editing those who have contributed their ideas the English language papers. and services to this publication. My Special thanks also go to those who have fellow Conference Co-Chairs-Michael faced and met the many challenges of Taylor, Alejandro Alva Balderrama, and organizing this conference: in Los Hugo Houben-provided essential Angeles, Roland Tseng, Conference editorial assistance at every stage. They Coordinator, and Laura Sanders, assessed abstracts submitted in Spanish, Assistant Coordinator; in Santa Fe, Joan French, and English; they reviewed full Pace and Margaret Alexander. These texts for approval and provided technical individuals deserve every recognition for editing of accepted papers. Michelle their efforts. Buchholz, Marta de la Torre, and Blanca Zimmerman furnished proofreading of -Neville Agnew the French and Spanish language papers Conference Co-Chair for as well as translations where necessary. Publications EDITORIAL REVIEW COMMITTEE GCI PUBLICATIONS Copyright © 1990].
    [Show full text]
  • Naturaleza Apellidos Nombre
    NATURALEZA APELLIDOS NOMBRE FALLECIMIENTO EDAD PROFESION CAUSA_FALLECIMIENTO REGISTRO CIVIL FUENTE ORDEN_INSCRIPCION (REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA) PRADOS DÍAZ RAFAEL 28-abr-45 48 CAMPO FALLECIDO ANTES DE EMITIR LA SENTENCIA EN LA FECHA QUE APARECELA HERRADURA AUDITORIA DE GUERRA N.C. ABLA (ALMERÍA) MAQUEDA ORTUÑO ANICETO 04-ago-44 35 ARRIERO FUSILADO CUMPLIENDO SENTENCIA DICTADA EN 14.04.1944 EL CAMPILLO REGISTRO CIVIL_GRANADA JUEZ RUIZ RODRÍGUEZ ABRUCENA (ALMERÍA) - DÓLAR ROSALES LATORRE BERNARDO 30-ene-41 26 CAMPO FUSILADO POR SENTENCIA EMITIDA EN 06.02.1940 EL CAMPILLO REGISTRO CIVIL_GRANADA JUEZ FERNÁNDEZ AMIGO ACEQUIAS LIZANCO CABEZAS FRANCISCO 0 N.C. ADHESIÓN A LA REBELIÓN - PENA DE MUERTE N.C. AUDITORIA DE GUERRA N.C. ADRA (ALMERÍA) SALINAS VARGAS FRANCISCO 06-feb-40 47 CAMPO PRISIÓN - ASISTOLIA MURTAS AUDITORIA DE GUERRA N.C. AGRÓN BONILLA CALVENTE JOSÉ 22-may-37 47 CARTERO H.A.F. EL CAMPILLO REGISTRO CIVIL_GRANADA JUEZ RUIZ HORQUES AGRÓN CASTRO MOYA ANTONIO (A) CARRETERO 24-may-49 43 CAMPO ENFRENTAMIENTO GUARDIA CIVIL GÜÉJAR SIERRA AUDITORIA DE GUERRA N.C. AGRÓN FABRE GARCÍA FRANCISCO 13-feb-41 43 CAMPO PRISIÓN AGRÓN AUDITORIA DE GUERRA N.C. AGRÓN GARCÍA DIONISIO MIGUEL (A) ISIDRO, MONA 24-may-49 30 CAMPO ENFRENTAMIENTO GUARDIA CIVIL GÜÉJAR SIERRA AUDITORIA DE GUERRA N.C. AGRÓN GUERRERO MOLES CECILIO (A) ALBERTO 10-ene-49 26 N.C. ENFRENTAMIENTO GUARDIA CIVIL AGRÓN AUDITORIA DE GUERRA N.C. AGRÓN JIMÉNEZ MORENO JOSÉ 28-mar-40 33 CAMPO H.A.F. EL CAMPILLO REGISTRO CIVIL_GRANADA JUEZ MOLINA MELGUIZO AGRÓN MOLES VELÁZQUEZ ANTONIO 30-jul-37 19 CAMPO FUSILADO CUMPLIENDO SENTENCIA DICTADA EN 21.06.1937 EL CAMPILLO REGISTRO CIVIL_GRANADA JUEZ NAVARRO AGRÓN PÉREZ JIMÉNEZ MILESIO (A) PANZÓN 28-may-49 30 CAMPO BANDOLERISMO LA ZUBIA AUDITORIA DE GUERRA N.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Alqueria Y Su Territorio En Al-Andalus.Pdf
    Arqueología Espacial 26 Arqueología Espacial: Espacios Agrarios Coordinado por Almudena Orejas Seminario de Arqueología y Etnología Turolense TERUEL 2006 Director: Francisco Burillo Mozota Secretario: Julian M. Ortega Ortega Infografía y Maquetación: C. Polo Cutando Comité Científico: Joan Bernabeu, Universidad de Valencia. Enrique Cerrillo Martín de Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura. Felipe Criado Boado, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Antonio Gilman, California State University North Ritge. Antonio Malpica Cuello, Universidad de Granada. Linda Manzanilla, Universidad Nacional de Mexico. Francisco Nocete Calvo, Universidad de Huelva. José Luis Peña Monné, Universidad de Zaragoza. Jesús Picazo Millán, Universidad de Zaragoza. Joan Sanmartí Gregó, Universidad de Barcelona. Arturo Ruiz Rodríguez, Universidad de Jaen. Gonzalo Ruiz Zapatero, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Juan Vicent García, C.S.I.C. - Madrid. La dirección de esta revista no se responsabiliza de las opiniones de los autores Para información, Intercambios y suscripciones, dirigirse al SEMINARIO DE ARQUEOLOGIA Y ETNOLOGIA TUROLENSE Campus Universitario de Teruell. Ciudad Escolar, s/n. 44003 TERUEL Tel. (978) 61 81 19 Fax (978) 61 81 03 E-mail: [email protected] ESTA PUBLICACION HA SIDO SUBVENCIONDA POR LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA. VICERRECTORADO DE INVESTIGACIÓN (MECENAZGO CAI-IBERCAJA) Y LA CAJA RURAL DE TERUEL Dibujo de la Portada: Harfouche, R., Fig. 7. Deposito Legal: ISBN: 1136-81-95 Imprime: Cometa, S. A. - Crta. Castellón, km. 3,400 - Zaragoza Edita: Seminario de Arqueología y Etnología Turolense 4 ÍNDICE Arqueología de los paisajes agrarios e historia rural, por 7 A.OREJAS. Movilidad, funcionalidad y usos del suelo en la Prehistoria Reciente, por P. DIAZ DEL RIO Y J. M. VICENT.
    [Show full text]