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LAS CRUCES, NEW- M'EXICO,U.S.A., OCTOBER 14-'19, �990- . , I -. 6th.International . Conference on the . , \ ., " - Conservation of ,Earthen Architecture Adobe 90 Preprints ' , ' . .... , I . \ . , A NOTE ON THE COVER Historic photograph of Fort Selden courtesy of Museum of New Mexico State Monuments. 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture Adobe 90 Preprints LAS CRUCES, NEW MEXICO, U.S.A., OCTOBER 14-19, 1990 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture Adobe 90 Preprints Under the aegis of US IICOM OS Sponsored by: The Getty Conservation Institute Museum of New Mexico State Monuments ICCROM CRATerre-EAG National Park Service, Southwest Region THECONSERVATION GETTYINSTITUTE Los Angeles, 1990 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our appreciation and gratitude go to Jo Ann Hill assisted with copy editing those who have contributed their ideas the English language papers. and services to this publication. My Special thanks also go to those who have fellow Conference Co-Chairs-Michael faced and met the many challenges of Taylor, Alejandro Alva Balderrama, and organizing this conference: in Los Hugo Houben-provided essential Angeles, Roland Tseng, Conference editorial assistance at every stage. They Coordinator, and Laura Sanders, assessed abstracts submitted in Spanish, Assistant Coordinator; in Santa Fe, Joan French, and English; they reviewed full Pace and Margaret Alexander. These texts for approval and provided technical individuals deserve every recognition for editing of accepted papers. Michelle their efforts. Buchholz, Marta de la Torre, and Blanca Zimmerman furnished proofreading of -Neville Agnew the French and Spanish language papers Conference Co-Chair for as well as translations where necessary. Publications EDITORIAL REVIEW COMMITTEE GCI PUBLICATIONS Copyright © 1990]. Paul Getty Trust Neville Agnew, Irina Averkieff, Publications Coordinator Copyright of individual papers The Getty Conservation Institute Jacki Gallagher, Assistant Publications remains with the authors. Published by the Getty Michael Taylor, National Park Service, Coordinator Conservation Institute, 1990 Southwest Region ISBN 0-89236-181-6 Alej andro Alva Balderrama, ICCROM DESIGN AND PRODUCTION Printed in the United States of America Hugo Houben, CRATerre-EAG Marquita Stanfield Available from: MANAGING EDITOR PRINTING J. Paul Getty Book Distribution Center Box 2II2 Kirsten Grimstad Franklin Press Santa Monica, CA 90406, U.S.A. Vll Contents Introduction History and Traditions 3 Mauro Bertagnin, Conservation del'architecture en brique crue: la recherche sur les "casoni" du nord-est Italie et la strategie operationelle 8 Edwin Binda Compton, Arquitectura vernacular del Valle Central de Chile 14 Dirk Bouwens, Clay Lump-The English Adobe 20 Francisco T. Casal Iglesias, Ins6lita tradici6n de tapial en Cuba 24 Mario Ceballos, Restauraci6n de adobe en edificios coloniales de Antigua Guatemala 29 Anne Chayet, Corneille Jest, and John Sanday, Earth Used for Building in the Himalayas, the Karakoram, and Central Asia-Recent Research and Future Directions 35 Jef1806-1870frey W. Cody, Earthen Wallsfrom France and England for North American Farmers, 44 Segismundo Engelking Keeling and Saul Aldntara Onofre, El uso del adobe en edificios en eldrea metropolitana de ciudad de Mexico; el pasado, el presente y las expectativas para el fUturo 50 Eugenio Galdieri, Arquitectura de tierra en Italia: desde las colonias griegas hasta la dominaci6n espanola 53 James W. Garrison, The Evolution ofAdobe Construction Systems in the Southwest (USA) and Related Conservation Issues 57 Jochen Georg Giintzel, On the History of Clay Buildings in Germany 66 J. R. Harrison, The "Slow" Method of Construction of Traditional Wet Mixed and Placed Mass Subsoil Walling in Britain 72 Hou Jiyao and Jia Weitung, Earth, Culture, Architecture-The Protection and Development ofRammed Earth and Adobe Construction in China 77 Donatius Msobwe Kamana Kamamba, Cyclical Maintenance ofEarthen Architecture as a Future Policy in Tanzania 81 Shawn R. H. Kholucy, Some Notes on Earth Buildingin Britain 86 David Teal Kirkpatrick, Prehistoric Mogollon and Anasazi Earthen Architecture ofthe Southwestern United States 92 Randolph Langenbach, OfTaq and Dhajji Dwari: The Earthquake Resistant Mud and Brick Architecture ofKashmir 99 Jean-Louis Michon, Mud Castles (Kasbas) ofSouth Morocco--Will They Survive? 105 B. D. Nandadeva, Traditions and Techniques ofEarthen Architecture ofSri Lanka III Hugo Pereira G., Revalorizaci6n del material tierra en la arquitectura chilena II7 Richard Pieper, Earthen Architecture ofNew York State: Adobe Construction in a Nonarid Climate 122 David Smail, Retention ofthe Traditional Values of African Earth Architecture 126 James McLeod Steele, Jr., The Lesson ofDar Al Islam 131 Lazar Sumanov, Traditional Sun-Baked (Adobe) Brick Structures in Macedonia, Yugoslavia 137 Graciela Marfa Vifiuales, Construcci6n tradicional en el nordeste argentino Vlll Conservation and Restoration 143 Nancy Arnon and Sam Baca, Churches, Symbols of Community: The Preservation ofNew Mexico s Adobe Churches 149 Biilent Baradan, A New Restoration Material for Adobe Structures 153 Michael Emrick and Carl Meinhardt, Reconstruction of Traditional Structures in the Al­ TuraifQuarter, Dir'lyah, Kingdom ofSaudi Arabia 159 Paul G. McHenry, Jr., Acoma: A Case Study in Preservation Philosophy and Implementation 166 Mario Mendonca de Oliveira, Cybele Celestino Santiago, and Silvia Pimenta d'Mfonseca, The Study of Accelerated Carbonation ofLime-Stabilized Soils 171 Carlos Rua and Anton Rajer, Restoration of the Sixteenth-Century Church at Curahuara de Carangas, Bolivia: A Case Study 176 Constance S. Silver, Analyses and Conservation ofPueblo Architectural Finishes in the American Southwest 182 Koenraad Van Balen, Methodologie de la conservation et de la restauration des monuments en terre 188 Julio Vargas-Neumann y Juan Bariola Bernales, Construcciones de tierra, en el PerU de hoy Site Preservation 197 Jeffrey L. Boyer, Architecture as a Human Artifact: An Archaeological Perspective on Adobe Analyses 204 Roy B. Brown, Beatriz Sandoval, and Haydee Orea M., The Protection and Conservation ofthe Adobe Structures at Paquime, Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico 209 Thomas J. Caperton, Fort Selden Ruins Conservation 212 Jean Chausserie-Lapree, L 1le de Martiques a l'Age du Fer: un village en terre, histoire et preservation du site 219 Thomas E. Emerson and William I. Woods, The Slumping ofthe Great Knob: An Archaeological and Geotechnic Case Study of the Stability ofa Great Earthen Mound 225 Ana Maria Hoyle, Chan Chan: Aportes para la conservaci6n de la arquitectura de tierra 230 Boris Marshak, Panjikent: A Pre-Islamic Town in Central Asia 233 Myriam Olivier, Ali Mesbah et Willy Adam, Restauration des murailles de San a, Yemen du Nord Consolidation Studies 243 Neville Agnew, The Getty Research Project at Fort Selden l· Experimental Design 250 Richard Coffman, Charles Selwitz, and Neville Agnew, The Getty Research Project at Fort Selden II: A Study of the Interaction of Chemical Consolidants with Adobe and Adobe Constituents 255 Charles Selwitz, Richard Coffman, and Neville Agnew, The Getty Research Project at Fort Selden Ill- An Evaluation ofthe Application of Chemical Consolidants to Test Walls 261 Allen S. Bohnert, The Preservation ofPrehistoric Mud Plaster at Mesa Verde National Park 267 Giacomo Chiari, Chemical Surface Treatments and Capping Techniques ofEarthen Structures: A Long-Term Evaluation 274 Richard L. Ferm, Synthetic Latex-Soil Slurry: A New Adobe Preservation Technique IX 277 Fatma M. Helmi, Deterioration and Conservation ofSome Mud Brick in Egypt 283 Huang Kezhong, Jiang Huaiying, Cai Run, and Feng Lijuan, The Weathering Characteristics ofthe Rocks of the Kezier Grottoes and Research into Their Conservation 289 Stephen P. Koob, Mark H. Rogers, and G. Kenneth Sams, Preserving the Eighth-Century B. C. Mud Brick Architecture at Gordion, Turkey:Approaches to Conservation 295 Li Zuixiong, Consolidation ofa Neolithic Earthen Site with Potassium Silicate 302 Sergio Jose Fagundes de Sousa Lima and Silvia Puccioni, General Considerations on the Preservation ofEarthen Architecture in the State ofMinas Gerais, Brazil, and a Proposal for Reinforcement of a Structure of a Brayed Mud Wall Seismic Mitigation 3II J. Bariola, M. Tinman, R. Ortiz, B. Alberca y J. Vargas, Comportamiento estructural de la quincha 316 Ines del Pino, Patrick De Sutter y Mario Moran P., La arquitectura de Quito frente a los stsmos 322 Patrick de Maisonneuve, Le bati ancien dans les zones a risques 327 Edna E. Kimbro, The Impact of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake on Historic Adobe Structures in Santa Cruz County, California 331 Marfa Elena Molina de Garda, Prevenci6n sismica en las construcciones de adobe, en la ciudad de Guatemala despues de los terremotos de 1917-1918 336 Nels Roselund, Repair ofCracked Adobe Walls by Injection ofModified Mud 342 Roberto Samanez Argumedo, Criterios y tecnicas de restauraci6n aplicadas en los monumentos de adobe en el PerU 348 Gil Sanchez and Daryl Allen, Seismic Strengthening ofHistoric Adobe Structures in California:An Overview Current Field Research 357 Marfa Auxiliadora Mo nso Alvarenga, Adobe-ConstructiveMethod and Thermic Characteristics 363 Jean-Paul Laurent, Influence de l'humidite sur les proprietes thermiques du materiau terre: problematique, metro logie, resultats experimentaux 371 Eduardo Munoz G. y Monica Bahamondez P., Conservaci6n de un sitio arqueo16gico construido
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  • The Atlantic Online | June 2008 | the Sky Is Falling | Gregg Easterbrook

    The Atlantic Online | June 2008 | the Sky Is Falling | Gregg Easterbrook

    The Atlantic Online | June 2008 | The Sky Is Falling | Gregg Easter... http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/print/200806/asteroids Print this Page Close Window JUNE 2008 ATLANTIC MONTHLY The odds that a potentially devastating space rock will hit Earth this century may be as high as one in 10. So why isn’t NASA trying harder to prevent catastrophe? BY GREGG EASTERBROOK The Sky Is Falling Image credit: Stéphane Guisard, www.astrosurf.com/sguisard ALSO SEE: reakthrough ideas have a way of seeming obvious in retrospect, and about a decade ago, a B Columbia University geophysicist named Dallas Abbott had a breakthrough idea. She had been pondering the craters left by comets and asteroids that smashed into Earth. Geologists had counted them and concluded that space strikes are rare events and had occurred mainly during the era of primordial mists. But, Abbott realized, this deduction was based on the number of craters found on land—and because 70 percent of Earth’s surface is water, wouldn’t most space objects hit the sea? So she began searching for underwater craters caused by impacts VIDEO: "TARGET EARTH" rather than by other forces, such as volcanoes. What she has found is spine-chilling: evidence Gregg Easterbrook leads an illustrated that several enormous asteroids or comets have slammed into our planet quite recently, in tour through the treacherous world of space rocks. geologic terms. If Abbott is right, then you may be here today, reading this magazine, only because by sheer chance those objects struck the ocean rather than land. Abbott believes that a space object about 300 meters in diameter hit the Gulf of Carpentaria, north of Australia, in 536 A.D.