Index

A Algae Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), 29 cattle health and diseases, 642–643 Abrasive wound model, 546 cultures and extracts, 503 Acacia nilotica, see Babool (Acacia nilotica) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 143 ACANIL, 106 Alkali-treated neem seed cake (ATNSC), 44 Accelerated stability test, 770–772 Alkaloids Acceptable daily intake (ADI), 802 Allium sativum, 571 Acetaminophen, 107 cancer, 607 (ACh) receptors, 78 feed additive, 355 (AChE), 139 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471 Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, 75 plant-derived immunomodulators, 594 Acetyl-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), 374 Allergic asthma, 16 AChE-inhibiting peptides, 405 Allergic dermatitis, 566 Acid detergent fibre (ADF), 42 Allergic reactions, see Hypersensitivity disorders Actaea racemosa L., see Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) Allergy, 16–17 Action potential (AP), 74 Allium cepa, see Onion (Allium cepa) Active immunity, veterinary vaccines for, 245–246 Allium sativum, see Garlic (Allium sativum) Acyl-CoA synthase, 75 Allium ursinum, 571, 628 Adaptive immune system, 245 Aloe vera Adenium obesum, 485, 563 dermatitis, 564, 565 Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 75 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 468 Adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), 58, 75, 197 periodontal disease, 457–458 Adulticides, 625 wound healing, 565 Advanced periodontitis, 449 Alpha (α)-linolenic acid (ALA), 124, 403–404, 677 Adverse events (AEs), 148 α-pinene, 139, 575 Affinity, 247 Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 395, 688 Aflatoxin, 95 berberine, 74 Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 85, 760 cannabinoids, 131 Aggression, 182 epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 196 Aging Amebiasis, 239 characteristics, 383 American Feed Industry Association (AFIA), 356, 358 Drosophila melanogaster, 687 American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, 143 external factors, 383 American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC), 447 free radical theory, 384–385 American Veterinary Medical Association, 777 immunologic theory, 385–386 Amino acids (AAs), 834 internal factors, 383 cancer, 613–614 in vivo model, 385–386 equine medicine, 653–654 mitochondrial decline theory, 385 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 472–473 nutrition effect, 383 inflammation, 590 quality of life, 384 2-Aminobutyric acid (2-AB), 428 scientific data, 384 Amla, antiaging, 386 signs, 384–386 Amylases, 303, 304 stochastic theory, 385 Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 74, 196 ubiquitin proteasomal system decline theory, 385 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 688 Aglycone metabolites, 114 Anandamide, 125 ‘AGMARK’ standards, 358 Anchovy (Coilia mystus), 394 Agnus castus, 485 Anchovy peptides, 405 Agricultural remedies, 846 Andrographis paniculata, 470 ® Aktivait , 408 Androstene, 106 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 41 Anethofuran, 165 Alcohol extraction, 38 Anethole, 93

# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 849 R. C. Gupta et al. (eds.), Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8 850 Index

Anethum graveolens L., 165 biosecurity Angelica archangelica, 398 animal welfare, 320 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, 429 cleaning and disinfection, 320–321 Animal feed definition, 319 hemp in, 124–125 disease prevention, 320 neem global efforts, 320 leaves, 42 good hygiene practices and environment, 321 oil, 43 high level, 319 seed, 43 immunity, 321–322 Animal models management, 322 safety and toxicity studies, 678 nutrition, 322 cytotoxic power, 681 in pig farming, 319 foundations, 678–679 risk-based weighted, 319 problems and alternatives, 679–681 stress, 322–323 toxic actions, 677–678 essential oils, 332 unresolved issues, 681–682 immunomodulatory compounds, 337 Animal production organic acids antibacterial alternatives, in animal health and disease, 323, 325 antibacterial activity, 328 ESM for growth promotion in, 230 beneficial effects, 327 nanoparticles butyrate, 329 developmental consequences, 756–759 butyric acid, 328–329 gastrointestinal function, 754–755 dietary acids inclusion, 327 growth, 752–754 in drinking water, 327 reproduction, 755–756 in food-producing animals, 327–328 Animal welfare, 320 intestinal mucosal surface, 329 Anthelmintic activity, in fenugreek, 30 mechanism of action, 327 Anthelmintics, 352 medium-chain fatty acids, 327 Anthocyanins, 191, 469 short-chain fatty acids, 327, 328 Antiaging toll-like receptors, 329 adaptogens, 386–387 undissociated form, 328 carotenoids, 389–390 phasing out animal growth promoters impact, 317–319 coenzyme Q10, 387 phytobiotics polyphenols, 387–388 antibacterials, 334 probiotics and prebiotics, 387 antimicrobial activity, 330, 331 vitamins, 388–389 dietary phytochemicals, 330 Antibacterial activity eucalyptus oil, 333 isothiocyanates, 115 feature, 331 lactoferrin, 238–239 flavonoids, 330–331 Nigella sativa,94–95 MCFA, 333 ovotransferrin, 238–239 minimal inhibitory concentration, 331 phytogenic feed additive, 353–355 modes of action, 331 Antibacterial alternatives, in animal health and disease phytochemical medicines, 330 antibiotic use plant-based compounds, 331 “Alliance to Save our Antibiotics,” 325 plant extracts, 332 in animal production, 323, 325 possible influence, 334 antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 324 primary components, 330 EU new one health action plan, 323 principal use, 332 interventions, 324 quorum sensing, 332 “One Health approach,” 323 SCFA, 334 preventive disease strategies, 324 phytogenics, 331 reduce disease, 325 Antibacterial effects, fenugreek, 29–30 reduction, 324 Antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal signs (AAGS), 297 vaccines, 325 Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), 266 veterinarians and farmers, 324, 325 Antibiotics, 351 antimicrobial peptides, 334–335 Antibloat compounds, feed additives, 352 bacteriophages Antibodies, 246 in broiler chicken, 337 classes, 246–247 cocktail, 336 monoclonal, 253–254 endolysins, 336 products, 250–251 lysins, 336 Y-shaped molecule, 246 phage lytic enzymes, 335 Antibody-antigen interactions, 247 PLEs, 336 Anticaking agents, 349 preparations, 335 Anticancer temperate phages, 335 Acacia nilotica, 108 therapy, 335 Drosophila melanogaster, 686–687 virulent phages, 335 isothiocyanates, 115 Index 851

Nigella sativa,95–96 lactoferrin, 239 Anticholinesterase effects, Acacia nilotica, 107 ovotransferrin, 239 Anticoccidials, 352 Antithyroid effects, of glucosinolate, 116 Anticonvulsant activity, Nigella sativa,98 Antitumor activity, resveratrol, 218–221 Anti-diabetic effects, Acacia nilotica, 107 Antiviral activity Antidiabetic effects, berberine, 76 lactoferrin, 239–241 Antifertility activity, Nigella sativa,96 ovotransferrin, 239–241 Antifungal activity resveratrol, 221–222 lactoferrin, 239 Anxiety disorders Nigella sativa,95 calming ovotransferrin, 239 dietary supplements, 420–421 Antifungal additives, 352 herbal extracts, 421–422 Antifungal effects, fenugreek, 29–30 chamomile, 164 Antihyperglycemic effects, berberine, 76 endocannabinoids, 128–129 Antihyperlipidemic effects, berberine, 75–76 herbal extracts and dietary nutrients, 418 Antihypertensive activity hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 417, 420 Acacia nilotica, 107–108 neurotransmitters and neuropeptides food-derived immunomodulators, 597 cholecystokinin, 419 Anti-inflammatory activity dopamine, 419 Flavonoids, 195 γ-aminobutyric acid, 418 Nigella sativa,96–97 norepinephrine, 419 phytogenic feed additive, 355 oxytocin, 419 polyphenols, 195 serotonin, 418–419 Anti-inflammatory drugs, 588–589 vasopressin, 419–420 Anti-inflammatory effects pathogenesis, 417 Acacia nilotica, 104–106 Apis mellifera (honey bee), 456–457, 573–574 chamomile, 164 Apoptosis, 221, 438 glucosinolates, 115 Apple polyphenol, antiaging, 387 omega fatty acids, 176–179 Apricot, 85–87 Antimicrobial activity, 315 feed formulation, 88 Acacia nilotica, 106 nutraceuticals, mechanism of therapeutic value, 87–88 berberine, 77–78 phytomolecules, 85 flavonoids, 195–196 plant-based feed formulation, 88 isothiocyanates, 115 on poultry, 87 2-Phenylethylisothiocyanate, 115, 116 Aquaneem, 39 polyphenols, 195–196 Arachidonic acid (AA), 176, 403–404 sinigrin, 115, 116 Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA), 125 Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs), 266–271, 303, 315 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), 125 Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), 334–335, 642 N-Arachidonoylphenolamine (AM-404), 130 Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), 315–317 Arctigenin, 617 Antimutagenic effects, Acacia nilotica, 108 Area under the curve (AUC), in homeopathy, 576 Antioxidant(s), 207–210, 348 Arthritis, 230, 365 Acacia nilotica, 104–106 Arugula (Eruca sativa), 504 biomarkers, 694–695 Ascorbic acid, 403 cardiovascular diseases, 428 Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), 422 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 402–403 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 41 defense mechanisms, 207–208 Aspergillus ficuum, 309 endocannabinoid system, 130–131 Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), 122, 123, enzymes, 208 467, 649, 779–780, 783, 787 flavonoids, 195 Astaxanthin, 389 of flavonoids, 193 Atazanavir, antidiabetic drugs, 96 food-derived immunomodulators, 597–598 Atherosclerosis, 181 ginger as, 56–57 Atopic dermatitis (AD), 178, 564, 566 hepatic injury, 437 Atopic eczema, chamomile, 164 hierarchy, 384, 385 Atractylodis macrocephalae Koidz., 572 mastitis, 570 Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG), 825 Nigella sativa,93–94 Australia regulatory guidelines, 783, 810 in non-neurodegenerative diseases, 207 complementary medicine, 825 phytogenic feed additive, 355 novel food, 826–827 polyphenols, 195 therapeutic goods, 823–825 resveratrol, 221 Autophagy, 221 stability test, 769 Avena sativa (oats), 795 sulforaphane, 115 Avocado (Persea americana), 504, 519 technological additives, 833 Avocado and soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), 372 Antioxidant response element (ARE), 115 Ayurveda, 4, 44 Antiparasitic activity Ayurvedic herb, 589 852 Index

Azadirachta indica, see Neem (Azadirachta indica) Beeswax, 576 Azadirachta leaves, 189 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 486–487 Azadirachtin, 39, 40, 42 Benzodiazepine (BZD), 418 Azadirachtin A, chemical structure of, 626, 628 Benzyl isothiocyanate, 115, 116 Berberine (BBR), 505 breast cancer, 482 B chemical structure, 71, 72 Babool (Acacia nilotica), 454–455 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 401 analgesic effects, 107 diabetes, 525, 528–529 anticancer effects, 108 mastitis, 573 anticholinesterase effects, 107 metabolites, 72, 73 anti-diabetic effects, 107 oral bioavailability, 72 antihypertensive effects, 107–108 pharmacodynamics, 72–73 antimicrobial effects, 106 pharmacokinetics, 72–73 antimutagenic effects, 108 pharmacological and therapeutic potential antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, 104–106 antihyperglycemic and antidiabetic effects, 76 antiplasmodials, 106–107 antihyperlipidemic effects, 75–76 antipyretic effects, 107 antimicrobial effects, 77–78 antispasmodic effects, 107–108 cardiovascular effects, 74–75 chemical constituents, 103–104 hepatoprotective effects, 77 extract, 104 neurodegenerative diseases, 73–74 hypoglycemic effects, 107 osteoarthritis, 78 hypolipidemic effects, 107 in rat noncompartmental model, 72 methanolic extract of, 105 safety and toxicity of, 78 nutritional value, 104 sulfate salt, 78 phytoconstituents, 105 vasodilatory and hypotensive actions of, 74 secondary metabolites, 104 Berberis vulgaris (barberry), 454 toxicity and safety, 108 Berberrubine, 72 Bacillus subtilis, 289, 292 β-caryophyllene (BCP), 130, 138, 460 Bacopa monnieri, 398 β-pinene, 130 Bacopasides, 398 Beta-secretase (BACE1) enzyme, 196 Bacteria, 262 Beta-sitosterol, 39 Bacterial diseases, neem oil, 39 Bharangin, 605 Bacteriocins Bifidobacteria, 238 antibiotic infusion, 578 Bifidobacterium, 262, 264, 289 antibiotic resistance, 577, 578 Bile aids, 52 haptoglobin, 578–579 Bioactive peptides, food-derived immunomodulators, 596 intramammary infusion, 578 antihypertensive activity, 597 Lactococcus lactis LMG 7930 strain, 579 antioxidant activity, 597–598 milk amyloid A, 578–579 biological activities, 597–598 milk SCC, 578 cytomodulatory and anticancer activities, 598 nisin, 579–580 eggs, 600 non-aureus staphylococci, 577 enzymatic hydrolysis with digestive enzymes, 596 peptides, 577 food proteins with proteolysis starter culture fermentation, 596–597 Bacteriophages functional ingredients, 598–600 in broiler chicken, 337 milk components, 598–599 cocktail, 336 mushrooms, 599–600 endolysins, 336 proteolysis, 597 lysins, 336 Bioavailable trace minerals, camelids, 658–659 mastitis, 580 Biological antioxidant potential (BAP), 420 phage lytic enzymes, 335 Biomarkers PLEs, 336 analgesic activity, 695 preparations, 335 anti-inflammatory activity analysis, 695 temperate phages, 335 antioxidant activity analysis, 694–695 therapy, 335 dietary ingredients, 693 virulent phages, 335 foods Bacteroidetes, 638 complexities, 694 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris), 454 functional and contaminants, 695, 696 Bark extract, 39 plant extracts, marine organisms, and nutraceuticals, 697–703 Bark powder, 39 necessity and importance, 693 Barley (Hordeum vulgare), 795 of oxidative stress, 206 Basil oil, 163 polyphenols Bax, 40 absorption, 704 B cells, 246, 247 blood/urinary metabolites, 704 Bcl-2-associated death promoter protein (Bad), 40 excretion, 704 Bees (Apis mellifera L.), 456–457 nutraceutical-gut microbiota interaction, 703 Index 853

rationale, 695, 696 Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), 57 tissue exposure, 704 Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), 57 total phenolic content, 696 Butyrate, 272, 329 toxicity and safety evaluation, 704–705 Butyric acid, 328–329 toxic potential, 705 Biosecurity animal welfare, 320 C cleaning and disinfection, 320–321 Cachexia, fish oil treatment, 175 definition, 319 CADES, see Canine Dementia Scale (CADES) disease prevention, 320 Caenorhabditis elegans, 385 global efforts, 320 Calabar bean (Physostigma venenosum), 394 good hygiene practices and environment, 321 Calciferol, see Vitamin D high level, 319 Calcitriol, 614 immunity, 321–322 Calcium, 659 management, 322 Calcium-buffering proteins, 402 nutrition, 322 Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), 227 in pig farming, 319 Calcium ions, 292 risk-based weighted, 319 Calendula Officinalis (pot marigold), 450 stress, 322–323 Calendula oil, 576 Bisabolol, 163 Calicivirus, 240 Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), 14 Camelids Bitter melon (Momordica charantia), 532 bioavailable trace minerals, 658–659 Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.), 712 calcium, 659 Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.), 492 digestible milk proteins, 659 Black currant fruit, 188 digestive capacity, 657 Black lentils (Vigna mungo), 517–518 galactolipid natural emulsifiers, 658 Black rice anthocyanins, antiaging, 388 glutamic acid, 659 Black seed, see Nigella sativa methylsulfonylmethane, 659 Black truffles, 137 microscopic toxin binder, 659 Blood-brain barrier (BBB), 406 milk, 658 Blueberry extract, antiaging, 387–388 natural buffering material, 659 Blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), 492 nucleotides, 659–660 Blue-green algae, 471 nutraceuticals effectiveness and dosage, 658 BMLs, see Bone marrow lesions (BMLs) oat-derived beta glucans, 658 Bone marrow lesions (BMLs), 366 oligosaccharides, 659 Boswellia serrata omega-3 fatty acids, 659 cancer, 605 phospholipids, 658 extract, 374 phosphorus, 659 Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), 516–517 prebiotics, 659 A (BoNT A), 376 tocotrienol antioxidants, 658 Bovine vitamin C, 660 cardiovascular diseases, 432–433 vitamin D3, 659 lactoferricin, 376 yeast cultures, 659 Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 598 Camellia sinensis, see Tea (Camellia sinensis) Boxer, 433 Canada regulatory guidelines, 810 Brahmi Cancer antiaging, 386 characteristics, 611 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 398 chemotherapy, 611 Brain development, docosahexaenoic acid, 176 curcumin, 17–18 Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), 653–654 drugs, 604 Brassica spp., 113, 117–118 endocannabinoid system, 129 Brazil regulatory guidlines, 782 epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 612, 615 Breast cancer, 482–484 with arctigenin, 617 British Journal of Pharmacology, 139 with Cruciferex™, 617 Broiler chickens, 664 with curcumin, 615–617 Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells, 177 with genistein, 616 Brown rice (Oryza sativus), 405 with inositol, 616–617 Brown seaweed by-products (BS643B) with phytic acid, 616–617 Buffalo, 571 with quercetin, 616, 617 Buffers, 349 with resveratrol, 615, 617 Bulls, 493 with sulforaphane, 616, 617 Bunium persicum, 571 with vitamin E, 617 Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD), 839 fenugreek, 29 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 358 fruits and vegetables, 611 Burmese cats, 523 ginger, 59–61 Butein, 594 incidence and death, 604 854 Index

Cancer (cont.) evaluation of trends in marijuana toxicosis in dogs, 142 lifestyle factors, 604 pet owner experiences with hemp products, 140 mouse model, 611–612 pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy in osteoarthritic neem, 40 dogs, 141–142 nutraceuticals, 604 safety of high-dose long-term exposure in dogs, 141 anticancer activities, 605–607 cannabinoid, 125 clinical potential, 606–607 chemical components, 134 nutrient combination, 617–618 chemistry angiogenesis inhibition, 618–619 cannabimimetics, 137 anti-inflammatory effects, 620 cannabis terpenes, 137–139 metastasis and invasion inhibition, 618 chemotaxonomy, 136–137 pro-apoptotic effects, 619–620 entourage/ensemble effect, 139–140 therapeutic effects, 620 phytocannabinoids, 134–136 xenografts, 618 Controlled Substance Act, 123 “ nutrient synergy ” approach, 612 current good manufacturing practices, 149–150 omega fatty acids, 182 endocannabinoid prevention, 604 chemistry, 125–127 risk, 604 feedback loop, 126 scientific research, 612 in health and disease, 128–132 somatic mutation theory, 196 non-cannabinoid receptor interactions and dimerization, 127– therapy, 604 128 treatments, 604, 611 phasic signaling, 126 vitamin C, 612 tonic signaling, 126 with amino acids and plant extracts, 613–614 veterinary, 132–133 with calcitriol, 614 hemp in animal feed, 124–125 with carotenoids, 614–615 nutritional value, 124 with copper, 612 regulatory and legal considerations, 122 with glutathione, 613 2018 US Farm Bill, 123 with lysine, proline, and green tea, 614 veterinary cannabis products in US Market with methylsulfonylmethane, 613 dosing considerations and strategies, 147–149 with quercetin, 613 formats and delivery methods, 144–146 with retinoic acid, 613–615 zero-THC hemp extracts, 146 with selenium, 612 Cannabis seed, 124 with vitamin E, 614, 615 Cannabitriol (CBT), 134 with vitamin K3, 614 Cannabivarins, 134 Candida spp., 239 Canola, 114, 117 ® Canine b/d , 408 Capillary electrophoresis (CE), 427 Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), 142 Capsaicin Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), 394 cancer, 607 See also Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, 127 Canine Dementia Scale (CADES), 395 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 469 Canine distemper (CD), 198 plant-derived immunomodulators, 596 Canine IBD activity index (CIBDAI), 178 Capsicum (Capsicum annuum), 519–520 Canine leishmaniosis, 565 Capsules, 144 Cannabichromene (CBC), 134 Captopril, 75 Cannabicyclol (CBL), 134 (CF), 206 Cannabidiol (CBD), 123, 127, 134–135, 142 Carbohydrases, 309–310 Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), 134, 135 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 740–741 Cannabielsoin (CBE), 134 See also Nanoparticles (NPs) Cannabigerol (CBG), 134, 135 Carcinogenesis, 604 Cannabimimetics, 137 Cardamom oil, 166 Cannabinoid, 125, 127 Cardiac hypertrophy, captopril, 75 in cancers, 129 Cardiomyopathy, 433 inflammation, 129–130 Cardiovascular activity, Nigella sativa,97 Cannabinoid and terpene potency testing, 149 Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), 127 anti-inflammatory effects, 428 Cannabinoid receptor, 121, 128 antioxidants, 428 anatomical localization in dog, 132–133 capillary electrophoresis, 427 dimerization, 128 cardiac biomarkers, 432 Cannabinol (CBN), 134, 135 carotenoids, 431 Cannabis sativa in cats and dogs, 433 animal studies and veterinary clinical trials coenzyme Q10, 431 clinical efficacy for treating osteoarthritis and refractory epilepsy colostrum, 431 in dog, 142–143 curcumin, 430–431 comparative pharmacokinetic study in beagle dog, 142 epigallocatechin gallate, 431 demographics and dog owner perceptions, 140–141 fenugreek in, 29 Index 855

flavonoids, 196–197, 429–430 Cervical cancer, 484 in horses and bovine, 432–433 Chalcones, 191 ingredients, 428, 429 Chamazulene, 163 lipidemia, 427 Chamber of Herbal Industries of the Philippines (CHIPI), 839 minerals, 430 Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), 163–164, 460 NF-κB regulatory network, 428 Chelates, 349–350 Nrf2, 428 Chicken nutraceuticals, 427 gastrointestinal function, 755 omega fatty acids, 181–182 growth, 753–754 polyphenols, 196–197, 429 immunity, 759–760 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 430 reproduction, 756 resveratrol, 431 Chicken Gene Nomenclature Consortium, 236 seaweed, 431–432 Chile regulation rules, 782 soy protein, 432 Chinaberry tree (Melia azedarach L.), 628 vitamins, 430 China regulatory guidelines, 783 Cardiovascular effects classification, 816 berberine, 74–75 current version, 818–819 endocannabinoid system, 130 Epimedii folium, 817–818 Carnitine, 653 Eucommia ulmoides leaves, 816–817 L-Carnitine, 433 feed additive, 819–829 β-Carotene, 209, 389, 503 approved, 819 Carotenoids, 503 import, 819–820 antiaging, 389–390 management, 819 cancer, 614–615 product, 819 cardiovascular diseases, 431 safe uses for, 819 Carprofen, osteoarthritis, 179 garlic, 816 Carvacrol, 93, 162 Ministry of Agriculture, 815 Casein, milk components, as immunomodulators, 598 perilla seed, 818 Casein phosphopeptides (CPPs), 641 tea polyphenols, 816 Caspases, 40 World Trade Organization, 815 Cat(s) Chinese Club Moss (Huperzia serrata), 401 cardiovascular diseases, 433 Chitosan, 455 periodontal diseases (see Periodontal disease) Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), 680 Catalase (CAT), 56, 208, 384, 385 Chlorogenic acid (CGA), 190, 195 Catalpol, diabetes, 531 Cholecystokinin (CCK), 419 Cat-anionic vesicles, 742–743 Chondroitin, 368–369, 732–733 Catechin(s), 104, 194, 198 Chondroitin sulfate (CS) Cattle equine medicine, 651–652 anionic peptides, 642 stability test, 768 dietary lipids, 640–641 Chromatographic techniques, 38 ginger products, 62–63 Chromium, 534 mastitis, 571 Chromolaena odorata, in wound healing microalgae and macroalgae, 642–643 application, 555 nutraceuticals, 637–638 chemical constituents, 549–551 phytonutraceuticals, 643–644 chemical research, 554 prebiotics, 639–640 common vernacular, 549 preventive medicine, 637 description, distribution and pharmacological uses, 548 probiotics, 638–639 eupolin, 555 proteins and peptides, 641–642 flavonoids, 555 risk assessment, 637 fresh leaves, 554 synbiotics, 640 herbal medicines, 556 Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh), see Blue Cohosh inflammation, 556 (Caulophyllum thalictroides) in vitro wound assay and in vivo studies, 555–556 CB2 cannabinoid receptor, 125 natural cascades, 556 CB1 receptor, 127 pharmacological activities, 550–553 CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), 75 phenol, 555 CDS, see Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) phytochemicals, 548, 549 Cedar oil, 630 plant-derived agents, 551–554 Celastraceae, 137 proinflammatory cytokines, 556 Cell membrane, 223 secondary metabolites, 549 resveratrol and, 222 volatile oils, 547 Centaury (Centaurium erythraea Rafn.), 506 Chronic constriction injury (CCI), 12 Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), 778, 786, 787 Chronic valvular heart disease (CVHD), 433 Center for Veterinary Medicine of the Food and Drug Administration Chuanxiong rhizome (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), 572 (FDA-CVM), 122–123 Cimicifuga racemosa, 718 Centralized Procedure (CP), 800 Cinnamaldehyde, 164, 168 856 Index

Cinnamon, 164, 530–531 hyperimmunized, 249 Cinnamyl acetate, 164 IgG, IgA and IgM in, 247, 248 Cisplatin, 53 programs, 249–250 Cis-resveratrol, 216, 217 quality, 249 Cis-trans isomer transition, 216 spray-dried, 249 Citronellal, 628–629 supplement, 249 Citronella winterianus, 628 vaccination of newborn animals, 250 Citrus aurantium, see Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) Commiphora myrrha, 458–459 Citrus lemon oil, 165 Commission Regulation (EU) No 37/2010 (EU 2010), 794 Citrus limon, 165 Commission Regulation (EU) No 68/2013 (EU 2013), 795 c-June N-terminal kinase (JNK), 40, 366 Communiqué, Turkey regulatory guidelines, 831 Classical type A chemical-driven hepatotoxicity, 712 Complementary Medicines Act, 847 Classical type B hepatotoxicity, 712 Compliance Policy Guide (CPG), 780 Classical type B idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, 712 Compound annual growth rate (CAGR), 809 Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD), 131–132 Coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea), 450, 454 Clostridium difficile, 317 Congestive heart failure (CHF), 74 Clostridium perfringens, 269, 272, 289, 310, 311 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 641, 668 Clove flower, 188 Conjugates, 547 Clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata/Syzygium aromaticum), 165, Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), 78 459–460, 630 Controlled Substance Act, 123 Coacervates, 547 Copper, 612 Coccidiosis, 265 Coriander oil, 166 Coccidiostats, 347, 835 Coriandrum sativum, 166 Cocoa, 188 Corn oil, 182 Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), 500–501 Coronary heart disease, 433 Codes of Good Labelling Practice, 799 Corticosteroids, 179 Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), 812 Cortisol, stress, 417 Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Corynebacterium bovis, 577 antiaging, 387 Costus igneus, 533 cardiovascular diseases, 431 Costus pictus, 533 metabolic diseases, 590 C-phycocyanin, 375 periodontal disease, 461 Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.), 504–505 Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) Creatine, 653 brain changes, 393 Crisping agents, 349 system and cognition, 394 Critical temperature, 84 cognition impairment, 394 Crocus sativus, see Saffron (Crocus sativus) diagnosis, 395 Crofelemer, 195 neurodegenerative changes, 393–394 Crohn’s disease, 8 oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, Cruciferex™, 617 394–395 Cryogenic grinding (CG) method, 92 pathological changes, 395 C-telopeptide type II collagen (CTX-II), 230 pathophysiology, 394 Cumin, 574 plant extracts, 394 Curcumin (Curcuma longa), 3, 4, 199, 371 prevalence, 393 allergy, 16–17 prevention and treatment in Alzheimer’s disease, 4 blood-brain barrier protection, 407 antiaging, 386 calcium-buffering proteins, 402 beneficial properties, 589 invertebrates, for bioactive substances, 405–406 bioavailability, 7 mitochondrial protection and activation, 407–408 breast cancer, 483 monoamine oxidase B inhibitors, 402 cancer, 17–18, 605, 615–617 nutraceuticals with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, 430–431 neuroprotective properties, 402–405 chemical structure, 4, 5 plants extracts and ingredients, 395–402 CNS effects, 14 therapeutic diets/prescription diets, 408 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 398 vertebrates, for bioactive substances, 406–407 common cold and infections, 10 Coilia mystus, 394 diabetes, 14–15, 529–530 Colgate herbal toothpaste, 461 dietary administration, on canine transcriptome, 7 Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), 9 doses, 4 College of Veterinary Medicine, 140 inflammatory bowel disease, 8–10 Colombia regulatory guidelines, 783 influenza A virus, 10 Colony collapse disorder, 279 kidney stones, 17 Colorants, 834 liposomal, 9 Colostrum, 247–249, 472 liquid micellar formulation, 7 bovine, 249 long-term effect, 8 cardiovascular diseases, 431 mechanism of action, 7–8 Index 857

metabolic disorders, 515–516 plant products, 565 metabolic syndrome, 15–16 treatment, 564 nanoparticle, 9 Dermatological disorders, 563 oral administration, 7 See also Skin disorders osteoarthritis, 10–12 6-Desacetylnimbin, 39 pain, 12–13 Desmosine, 229 pharmacokinetics, 6–7 Destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM), 11 PK/PD modeling, 6 Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens), 374–375, 718 plant-derived immunomodulators, 595 Dexamethasone, 16 psoriasis, 17 Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), 9 retinopathies, 16 Diabetes safety, 6 Burmese cats, 523 sports medicine, 13–14 chamomile, 164 tetrahydrocurcumin, 7 experimental models, 524–525 in vitro and in vivo activity, 19 fenugreek in, 27–29 Curcuminoids, 3, 4, 398, 589 monitoring, 525 Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), 149–150 pancreas, 443–444 Curry tree (Murraya koenigii), 517 pathophysiology, 524 Cyclanoline, 74 plant extracts, 524 Cyclooxygenase (COX), 195, 199 prevention and management, 525 Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), 57 antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic potential, 525–533 Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 57, 164 herbo-mineral/metal nutraceuticals, 533–534 Cymbopogon citratus, 167 therapeutic drugs, 523 Cymbopogon martinii var., 166 traditional management, 523 Cymbopogon nardus, 628 Diabetes mellitus (DM), 524 Cytochrome P450, 72 ginger, 57–58 Cytofluorimetric analysis, 221 Diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), 125 Cytokines, 599 Diarrhea, 297 Cytoprotective effect, fenugreek, 30 Diarylheptanoid from C. kwangsiensis (DCK), 17 Cytosolic β-glucosidase (CBG), 194 Dietary flavonoids, 190 Cytotoxicity, 740 Dietary lipids Cytotoxic power, 681 cattle health and diseases, 640–641 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471–472 genitourinary diseases, 493–494 D fish meal and oils, 494–495 Dammarane-type saponins, 399 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 494 Danielone, 216 vegetable oils, 495–496 Death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), 220 Dietary peptides Decentralized Procedure (DCP), 801 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 472–473 Decoctions, 572 inflammation, 590 Defensin(s), 29 Dietary polyphenols, 194 Defensin-like peptide, 29 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), 122, 650, Degenerative disease, 589–590 676, 772, 777–778, 783, 786–787 Degradative force, 228 Dietary supplements, 809 Dehydrozingerone, 52 Dietary synbiotic, 291 Demethoxycurcumin (DMC), 14 Digestible milk proteins, 659 Demethyleneberberine, 72 Digestive system, 467 Dendritic cells, 17 Dihydroberberine (dhBBR), 72 Deoiled groundnut cake (DGNC), 44 Diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP), 206 Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Animal Industry, 839 Dilinoleoylphaphatidyl (DLPC), 442 Department of Budget and Management (DBM), 839 Dill seed oil, 165 Department of Health-Food and Drug Administration (DOH-FDA), 837 Diltiazem, 97 Department of Science and Technology-Food and Nutrition Research Dimethyl sulfone, see Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) Institute (DOST-FNRI), 839 Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 16, 117 Depression, 182 Dimethyltryptamine, 104 Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs), 420 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), 206 Dermatitis, 563–564 Diosgenin, 27–29 allergic/atopic, 564, 566 Diosmin (diosmetin 7-rutinoside), 532 Aloe vera, 565 “Direct-fed microbial products (probiotics)”, 780 antibiotics, 564–565 Direct-feed microbial (DFM), 272 diet supplement, 565 Directive 2001/82/EC (EC 2001), 799 honey, 565 DISHA (Disorientation, Interaction changes, Sleep/wake cycle, House infectious and noninfectious agents, 564 soiling, Activity level changes), 395 physical agents, 564–565 Dithymoquinone, 94 plant-based nutraceuticals, 565 Dithymoquinonene, 93 858 Index

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 176, 206, 403–404 Eggshell, 227 Dog(s) Eggshell membrane (ESM), 376 cardiovascular diseases, 433 amino acid, 229 ginger extract, 63 collagen, 228 periodontal diseases (see Periodontal disease) components, 229 retinoids, 567 for growth promotion in production animals, 230 Dog-appeasing pheromone (DAP), 421 inner shell, 228, 229 Dopamine, 419 joint inflammation treatment Doxorubicin, 77 in animals, 229–230 D-pinitol, 104 in humans, 229 Drosophila melanogaster, 631 nutritional effects, 231 aging, 687 outer shell, 228, 229 anticancer potential, 686–687 separation methods, 228 model organism, 686 structure, 227–228 neurodegenerative diseases, 687–688 supplements on chicken performance and immunity, 231 nutraceuticals, 685–686 uses, 231 safety and efficacy assessment, 690 Egg white, proteins in, 236 toxicity evaluation, 688–689 Egg yolk immunoglobulin IgY, 582 Drug–drug interactions, 712, 714–717 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 176, 403–404 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 123 Electroshock technique, 96 Drug Enforcement Agency, 123 Electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS) Drugs, 649 technologies, 731 Drum stick tree, see Moringa oleifera Elettaria cardamomum, 166 Dry cow therapy, 575–576 Ellagic acid (EA), 104, 677 Dry socket (alveolar osteitis), 13 Ellagitannins (ETs), 190, 677 Dry steam distillation (DSD), 94 Emblica officinalis, see Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis) DSHEA, see Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) Emu oil, 167–168 Dysbiosis, 262 Endo-β-xylanase, 306 Dysentery, 839 Endocannabinoids (eCBs), 125–126 Endocannabinoid system (ECS) chemistry, 125–127 E feedback loop, 126 Eagle 20, 149 in health and disease, 128–132 Early warning system (EWS), 359 antioxidants and neuroprotection, 130–131 Echinacea, 137 anxiety and stress, 128–129 Echinacea purpurea, 450, 454 cancer, 129 ECS, see Endocannabinoid system (ECS) cardiovascular effects, 130 Ectoparasites clinical endocannabinoid deficiency, 131–132 cedar oil, 630 inflammatory conditions, 129–130 citronella and citronellal, 628–629 limitations, 132 clove oil, 630 memory, 131 D-limonene, 629 obesity and metabolic diseases, 129 enzymes inhibition, 626 pulmonary effects, 130 garlic, 628 sleep, 128 geranium oil, 630 invertebrate, 133 insect repellent chemicals, 625 non-cannabinoid receptor interactions and dimerization, 127–128 lavender oil, 629 phasic signaling, 126 lemon eucalyptus oil, 630 tonic signaling, 126 Melia azedarach L., 628 veterinary, 132–133 neem extract, 626–628 Endocannabinoid tone, 125 onion, 628 Endocrine pancreas, 443 peppermint oil, 629–630 Endolysin gene sequence (trx-SA1), 580 pet products, 625 Endolysins, 336 pine oil, 630 Endometriosis, 485 plant extracts, 626 Endothelial NOS (eNOS), 76, 205 Senna italica ssp. arachoides, 628 Endothelin-1, 76 soybean oil, 630 End products, 188 synthetic insecticides, 625 Entameba histolytica, 239 thyme oil, 631 Enterococcus faecalis, 577 EGCG, see Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) Enterococcus faecium, 291, 294 Eggs, 227 Enzymes antibodies, 251 choice of, 350–351 food-derived immunomodulators, 600 feed additives, 350–351 from hyperimmunized hens, 253 pancreas, 443 as natural source of immunoregulatory factors, 251–253 protein nature of, 304 spray-drying, 252 Epidiolex, 123 Index 859

Epigallocatechin, 104 Ethnoveterinary medicine, 507–509 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), 196, 677 Ethyl acetate extract, 570 cancer, 605, 612, 615 Eucalyptus, 165, 333, 460, 576 with arctigenin, 617 Eucalyptus citriodora, see Lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) with Cruciferex™, 617 oil with curcumin, 615–617 Eucommia ulmoides, 816–817 with genistein, 616 Eugenia caryophyllata, see Clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) with inositol, 616–617 Eugenol, 164, 168 with phytic acid, 616–617 Eupolin, 555 with quercetin, 616, 617 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 782, 798 with resveratrol, 615, 617 European Medicine Agency (EMA), 319–320, 799 with sulforaphane, 616, 617 European Union with vitamin E, 617 feed additive cardiovascular diseases, 431 nutritional additives, 338 Epilepsy, 98, 142–143 sensory additives, 338 Epimedii folium, 817–818 technological additives, 337–338 Epitope, 247 unresolved issues, 339 Epstein-Barr virus, 221 zoo-technical additives, 338–339 Equine regulatory guidelines, 782, 793–794, 810 dietary ingredient, 650–651 animal feed labels, 799 ginger extract, 63 feed additives, 794–798 joint supplements, 651–652 feed legislation, 794–795 nutritional supplements, 654–655 feed materials, 794, 795 performance boosters, 652–654 veterinary medicinal products, 794–795 polyphenols and flavonoids, 199 food-producing or companion animals, 801–802 regulations, 650 marketing authorization procedure, 799–801 Erucic acid, 113, 117 Ewes, 491 Erythematous pinnae, 141 Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), 443 Escherichia coli, 262, 289, 294, 296, 571–573, 640 Exocytosis, 238 Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), 176 Exogenous enzymes, 306, 665–666 Essential fatty acids (EFAs), 124, 176 Exons, 237 cardiovascular diseases, 430 Expert Advisory Committee on Veterinary Natural Health Products gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471–472 (EAC-VNHP or EAC), 788 Essential oils (EOs) Extracellular matrix (ECM), 299, 366 antibacterial alternatives, in animal health and disease, 332 basil oil, 163 cardamom oil, 166 F cattle health and diseases, 644 Failure of passive transfer (FPT), 248 chamomile oil, 163–164 Farm Feeds Act, 847–848 chemical constituents, 158–162 , 405–406 cinnamon oil, 164 Fatty acid, 176 citrus lemon oil, 165 Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), 125, 130, 137 clinical applications, 158–162 Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP), 127 clove oil, 165 n-3 Fatty acids, see Omega-3 fatty acids coriander oil, 166 Fatty acid synthase, 75 dill seed oil, 165 FDA/CVM, see Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary emu oil, 167–168 Medicine (FDA/CVM) eucalyptus oil, 165 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 122 feed additive, 355 Feed Additive Petition (FAP), 124 geranium oil, 167 Feed additives hemp/CBD/cannabis oil, 166 China regulatory guidelines, 819–829 lavender oil, 165–166 approved, 819 lemon grass oil, 167 import, 819–820 as modifiers of rumen fermentation, immune system, management, 819 and lactation, 168 product, 819 Myrrh oil, 167 safe uses for, 819 Oregano oil, 163 classification, 346 ozonated olive oil, 167 consumers, 346 palmarosa oil, 166 costs, 345 peppermint oil, 166 definition, 346 rosemary oil, 162–163 European Commission Regulations, 345, 347 safety, 168 European Union regulatory guidelines, 794–798 Sage oil, 166 Holistic Approach Sideritis hirsuta oil, 167 feed stability, manufacturing and properties, 347 tea tree oil, 167 modify animal growth, feed efficiency, and thyme oil, 162 performance, 347–348 860 Index

Feed additives (cont.) cervical cancer, 484 modify animal health, 348 ovarian cancer, 485 modify consumer acceptance, 348 uterus, 484–485 importance, 346 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) nutrients, 346 amino acids, 27 origin and function in animal health digestion and absorption, 349–350 antibacterial and antifungal effects, 29–30 enzymes, 350–351 cancer, 29 feed intake, 348–349 cholesterol lowering and cardiovascular protection, 29 growth and production, 351–352 cutaneous wound healing, 30 livestock health status, 352 diabetes, 27–29 metabolism, 352 gastroprotection, 30 phytogenic, 352–356 toxicity amelioration, 30 quality and acceptability, 349 diabetes, 530 quality standards ethnohistorical uses, 27 assurance, 356–357 fish production, 31 chemical evaluation, 357 livestock production, 31 Indian feed industry legislations, 358 metabolic disorders, 517 ingredient specifications, 357–358 minerals, 27 latest developments, 358–360 phytochemicals, 25, 28 necessity, 357 phytoconstituents nutritive value, 356 leaves, 26 physical evaluation, 357 seeds, 26, 27 program, 356 poultry production, 31 quality control, 357 proteins, 27 Turkey regulatory guidelines pyridine alkaloids, 26 animal nutrition, 831–832 sapogenins, 26 coccidiostats and histomonostats, 835 saponins, 26 nutritional additives, 834 scientific classifications, 26 sensory additives, 834 toxicology and safety profile, 32 technological additives, 832–834 vitamins, 27 zootechnical additives, 834–835 Fenugreek seed meal (FSM), 31 in USA regulation rules, 787 Fenugreek seeds powder (FSP), 30 Feed Control Officials (FCOs), 122 Fermentation, 114 Feed conversion ratios (FCR), 265, 269 Ferrets (Mustela nigripes), 502 Feed enzymes Fertilisers, 846 in animal, 303 Few-layer graphene (FLG), 744 carbohydrases, 309–310 Fiber, 639 dietary substrates, 307–308 Firmicutes, 638 effectiveness, 305 Firming agents, 349 extraction from microorganisms, 303 Fish, 118 feed digestion by, 306 ginger extract, 63 β-galactomannans, 312 meal and oils, 494–495 and gastrointestinal microbiota, 305–306 neem, 44 in industry, 308 production, 31 mode of action, 306–307 F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), 206–208 phytase, 308–309 Flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS), 525 in poultry, 303–304 Flavanols, 190–191 proteases, 310–311 Flavones, 191 reaction conditions Flavonoids, 28, 29 concentration, 305 anthocyanins, 191 moisture content, 304 antiaging, 387 pH, 304–305 B ring, 190 substrate concentration, 305 cardiovascular diseases, 429–430 temperature, 304 chalcones, 191 role of, 304 chemical structures, 191 supplementation, 304 Chromolaena odorata, in wound healing, 555 types, 307–308 classes and subclasses, 192 unique feature of, 304 in common plants, 192–193 variety of, 303 C ring, 190 xylanase, 311 extraction, 193–194 Female reproductive disorders flavanols, 190–191 Adenium obesum, 485 flavones, 191 Agnus castus, 485 flavonols, 190, 191 breast cancer, 482–484 in human medicine causes, 481–482 cardiovascular diseases, 196–197 Index 861

neoplasms, 196 Furostanol, 27 neurodegenerative disorders, 196 Fusarium,45 isoflavones, 191 natural sources, 192 pharmacokinetic attributes, 194–195 G pharmacological attributes Galactans, 266 anti-inflammatory activity, 195 Galactogogue, 27 antimicrobial activity, 195–196 Galactolipid natural emulsifiers, 658 antioxidant activity, 195 β-Galactomannans, 312 plant-derived immunomodulators, 594–595 Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), 266, 288 rich plants in animal feeding, 199–200 Galanthus nivalis (snowdrop), 394 structural activity relationship, 193 Gallic acid, 104, 190 toxicity, 200 Gallotannins, 190 in veterinary medicine Gallus gallus, 236 companion animals, 198–199 γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 418 equine sector, 199 γ-globulin, 598 laboratory animals, 199 γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, 41 piggery sector, 198 Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), 124 poultry sector, 197 γ-Oryzanol (GO), 654 Flavonols, 190, 191 Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen ), 483 Flavopiridol, 607 Garlic (Allium sativum), 168, 571 Flavoring agents, 348–349 china regulatory guidelines, 816 Flax (Linum usitatissimum), 178, 492, 504, 572 ectoparasites, 628 Fleas, 625 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique, 92 Flos Carthami, 572 Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, 294 F4-neuroprostanes (F4-NeuroPs), 206–208 Gastrointestinal (GI) conditions Folic acid, 460–461 chamomile, 164 Food, 27 dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, 471–472 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 838 dietary peptides and amino acids, 472–473 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 786 medicinal plants, 468 Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary Medicine multifaceted microorganisms, 467 (FDA/CVM), 778–779, 781, 783 phytochemicals Food-derived immunomodulators alkaloids, 471 bioactive peptides, 596 Aloe vera, 468 antihypertensive activity, 597 Andrographis paniculata, 470 antioxidant activity, 597–598 anthocyanin, 469 biological activities, 597–598 blue-green algae, 471 cytomodulatory and anticancer activities, 598 capsaicin, 469 eggs, 600 flavonoids influence and regulate, 468 enzymatic hydrolysis with digestive enzymes, 596 fruits and vegetables, 469 food proteins with proteolysis starter culture fermentation, 596– ginger, 469 597 isoflavonoids, 469–470 functional ingredients, 598–600 L-glutamine, 471 milk components, 598–599 Oregano vulgare, 470–471 mushrooms, 599–600 Pistacia lentiscus, 470 proteolysis, 597 plants, 468 clinical applications, 600 polyphenols, 470 effects, 598 quercetin, 470 Food for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU), 783 tea, 470 Foodomics, 732–734 turmeric, 468–469 Food-responsive diarrhea (FRD), 178 prebiotics, 475 Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA), 782–783, 812 probiotics, 473–475 Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), 149 synbiotics, 475, 476 Food security, 346 Gastrointestinal disorders, 52–56 FOSHU, see Food for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU) Gastrointestinal microbiota, 261–266, 305–306 Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (FIM), 383 Gastrointestinal microflora Free radical, 205 animal diet, 326 theory, 384–385 antibiotic growth promoters, 326, 327 “French Paradox,” 407 disease-causing microorganisms, 325 Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), 266, 269, 270, 288 eubiotics, 326 Fruit fly(Drosophila melanogaster), see Drosophila melanogaster immune system, 325 Fruits, 611 multi-phase feeding systems, 325 Full fat NSM (FFNSM), 44 national veterinary associations, 326–327 Full-thickness wound models, 546 in pig, 326 Functional foods, 785 prebiotics, 326 Fungal diseases, 40 probiotics, 326 862 Index

Gastrointestinal tract (GIT), 247, 261 Ginsenosides, 399, 574 Gastroprotection, 30 Glioblastoma, 17 Gastroprotective activity, Nigella sativa,97 Glioma, 17 Generally regarded as safe (GRAS), 787 Glomerulosclerosis, 180 Genistein, 616 Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), 294, 523–524 Genital warts, 195 β-Glucanase, 307 Genitourinary diseases Glucobrassicin, 114, 116 ancillary nutraceuticals, 503 Gluconasturtiin, 116 black cohosh, 492 Glucooligosaccharide, 266 blue cohosh, 492 Glucoraphanin, 114 carnitine Glucosamine, 229, 368–369 blood, 495 equine medicine, 651–652 bovine, 497 nutriproteomics, 732–733 equine, 497–498 stability test, 767–768 feeding hens, 496 Glucose, 404 OCTN2 transporter, 495 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), 294 oocytes, 500 Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), 57 porcine, 498–499 Glucosinolates poultry, 499 adverse effects, 116–117 semen, 499–500 benefits, 115–116 Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), 500–501 β-D-glycopyranose, 113 dairy cows, 490 effects of, 115–118 dietary lipids, 493–494 fermentation, 114 fish meal and oils, 494–495 glucobrassicin, 114 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 494 glucoraphanin, 114 vegetable oils, 495–496 heat treatment, 114 ethnoveterinary medicine, 507–509 indole, 113 flax, 492 isothiocyanates, 115 Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers), 493 metabolism of, 114 melatonin, 491 metabolites, 114–115 nutraceutical recipes and candidate nutraceuticals, 506–507 in oil seed meals, 114 probiotics, 507 progoitrin, 114–115 quercetin, 501 R-group, 113 raspberry, 491–492 sinigrin, 115 seasonal breeders, 491 sulfonated oxime, 113 vitamins and selenium, 502–503 Glutamate, 131 Geranium oil, 167, 630 Glutamic acid, 659 Geranium sylvaticum, 398 L-Glutamine (GLN), 471 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Glutathione (GSH), 208, 613 as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, 57 Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), 56, 208 as antioxidant, 56–57 Glutathione reductase, 208 breast cancer, 483–484 Glutathione S-transferases (GST), 689 cancer, 59–61, 607 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 236 in cardiovascular disorders, 62 Glycoraphanin, 115 clinical studies, 58–59 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 229 clinical trials, 54–55 Glycosylated quercetin moiety, 194 in CNS disorders, 61–62 Glycyrrhiza glabra, 386–387 in diabetes, 57–58 Goats, 574 in gastrointestinal disorders, 52–56, 469 Goitrogen, 118 in obesity, 59 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), 457, 505 pharmacological effects, 56 Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), 149 phytochemical composition of, 52 Good manufacturing practices (GMP), 772, 790 safety profile, 63–64 GPR18, 127 veterinary use of, 62–63 GPR55, 127 Gingerols, 52, 59 GPR119, 127 Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), 125 antiaging, 386 Grain, 124 anxiety and stress disorders, 421 Gram-negative bacteria, 95 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 399–400 Gram-positive bacteria, 95 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Grape(s), 188 antiaging, 387 Grape pomace, 503 anxiety and stress disorders, 422 Grape seed extract (GSE), 458 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 399 Graphene, 743 diabetes, 532–533 Green-lipped mussel (GLM), 373 mastitis, 574–575 Green tea, 200, 459, 614, 678 Ginsenoside-Rh1has, 399 Green tea extract (GTE), 677 Index 863

Green tea polyphenol (GTP) produces, 688 nonconventional sources for poultry feeding at, 84 Grit, 349 poultry production at, 84 Growth-promoting property, phytogenic feed additive, 355–356 sea buckthorn, 84–86 Growth-stimulating hormone (GSH), 98 nutraceuticals, mechanism of therapeutic value, 87–88 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), 248 plant-based feed formulation, 88 Gut flora stabilizers, 835 High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 197 Gut microbiota, 263 Highly water pressurized brown rice (HPBR), 405 High-throughput sequencing (HTS), 265 Hippocampal CA1 dendritic system, 207 H Hippophae rhamnoides, Sea buckthorn (SBT) HA, see Hyaluronic acid (HA) Histomonostats, 347, 835 Haematococcus pluvialis, 503 Histone deacetylases (HDACs), 367 Hard biscuits, 145 Homeopathic Materia Medica, 789 Harm-benefit analysis (HBA), 682 Homeopathic veterinary medicinal products, 802 Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil’s claw), 718 Homeopathy, 576–577 Health supplement, 845 Honey, 456, 565, 573–574 Heart failure (HF), 427 Honey bee (Apis mellifera), 456–457, 573–574 Heat treatment, 114 Hordeum vulgare (barley), 795 Heavy metal contamination, 150 Horses, 117–118, 432–433 Heinz body anemia, 117 Human plasma proteins (HAS), 222 Helichrysum umbraculigerum, 137 Humectants, 349 Helicobacter pylori,55 Humulene, 139 Hemorrhage, 117 Huperzia serrata, see Chinese Club Moss (Huperzia serrata) Hemp, 123 Hyaluronan, 369–371 in animal feed, 124–125 Hyaluronic acid (HA), 179, 229, 369–371, 461 seed oil, 124 Hydra, 121 Hemp/CBD/cannabis oil, 166 Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), 457, 505 Hemp Industries Association of Colorado, 124 Hydrodistillation (HD), 94, 163 Hepatic injury and repair Hydrogels, 547 lecithin, 442 Hydrogen peroxide, 208 α-lipoic acid, 442 Hydroxybenzoic acid, 190 mechanisms, 437–438 8-Hydroxy-2¢-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 206 N-acetylcysteine, 440 β-Hydroxy β-Methyl Butyrate (HMB), 653–654 response to injury, 438–439 Hydroxycinnamic acid, 190 S-adenosylmethionine, 439–440 4-Hydroxyisoleucine (4-HIL), 28 silymarin, 440–441 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), 75, 168, 197 ubiquinol, 442–443 Hypercholesterolemia, 181 ursodeoxycholic acid, 443 Hyperglycemia, 28, 164, 523, 525 vitamin C, 441 Hypericum perforatum, see St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) vitamin E, 441 Hyperlipidemia, 181 Hepatic lipid metabolism, 30 Hypersensitivity disorders, 590 Hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α), 76 Hypertriglyceridemia, 181 Hepatoprotective activity, 440 Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), 489 Hepatoprotective effects, berberine, 77 Hypoglycemic effects, Acacia nilotica, 107 Hepatotoxicity, 711–712 Hypokalemic encephalopathy, 718 Hepatotropic virus, 438 Hypolipidemic effects, Acacia nilotica, 107 Herbal, 444 Hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, 417, 420 extracts Hypothyroidism, 116 ashwagandha, 422 Ginkgo biloba, 421 ginseng, 422 I St. John’s wort, 421–422 Idioblasts, 114 valerian, 422 IFOMA, 250 products, 533 Immune disorders Herbs, 353 anti-inflammatory drugs, 588–589 Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 221, 240 degenerative disease, 589–590 Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), 40 hypersensitivity disorders, 590 Hesperidin, 198 metabolic diseases, 589–590 Hexane extraction, 38 nutritional deficiencies, 588 Hexosamines, 229 Immune response, 245 Hibiscus sabdariffa, 518–519 Immune system, 588 High-altitude environment Immunity apricot, 85–87 animals, 760–761 nutraceuticals, mechanism of therapeutic value, 87–88 chickens, 759–760 plant-based feed formulation, 88 Immunoglobulin A (IgA), 247, 248, 251 diseases and clinical conditions of poultry at, 84 Immunoglobulin D (IgD), 247 864 Index

Immunoglobulin E (IgE), 247 Isoflavonoids, 469–470 Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 231, 247, 248, 251 Isomalto-oligosaccharide (IOS), 263, 288 Immunoglobulin M (IgM), 231, 246–248, 251 Isoquercetin, 198 Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), 251, 252 Isothiocyanates, 115, 117 Immunohistochemistry, 132 antibacterial activity, 115 Immunologic theory, 385–386 anticancer activity, 115 Immunomodulators, phytogenic feed additive, 356 antimicrobial effects, 115 Immunomodulatory activity epigenetic effects, 115 glucosinolates, 115 Nigella sativa,97 Immunosaccharides, 270 J Immunotherapy, 178, 582 Japan regulatory guidelines, 783, 810 Indian Frankincense, see Boswellia serrata Jatrorrhizine, 72 Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis) Joint inflammation antiaging, 386 in animals, 229–230 metabolic disorders, 517 in humans, 229 India regulatory guidelines, 782, 807–808 Joint protectants, 767 animal feed, 811–812 Juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), 280 benefits, 813 Commitment Towards International Standards, 812 current trends, 809–810 K disadvantages, 813 Kaempferol, 104 government and public sector institutes roles, 813 antioxidative activity, 104–105 historical background, 808 cancer, 196 livestock sector, 808–809 Kainic acid (KA), 206 product evaluation, 812–813 Kalonji, see Nigella sativa requirements, 812 Kennel cough, 10 Inducible NOS (iNOS), 205 Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), 177 Industrial hemp, 140 Kidney stones, 17 Inflammation Klebsiella spp., 238 endocannabinoid system, 129–130 neem, 40 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) L Crohn’s disease, 8 α-Lactalbumin (αLA), 598 curcumin, 8–10 Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH), 194 omega fatty acids, 177–178 Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), 270, 288 turmeric, 8–10 Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), 221 ulcerative colitis, 8 Lactitol, 266 Inflammatory diseases, 590 Lactobacillus, 238, 262, 264, 275, 289, 577 Inflammatory disorders, 57 Lactobacillus acidophilus, 296, 297 Influenza A virus (IAV), 10 Lactobacillus casei, 294 Inhalation, 146 Lactobacillus paracasei, 295 Inositol, 616–617 Lactobacillus plantarum, 296 Insulin plants, 533 Lactococcus lactis, 272, 293, 577–580 Insulin resistance, 523, 524 Lactoferrin (LF), 235, 337, 598–599, 642 Insulin sensitivity, 525 antibacterial activity, 238–239 Inter-Agency Coordination Group (IACG), 323–324 antifungal activity, 239 Interim Notification Pilot Program (INPP), 788–789 antiparasitic activity, 239 Interleukin-10 (IL-10), 17, 40 antiviral activity, 239–241 Interleukin (IL), 78 apo, 236 Interleukin-17F (IL-17F), 15 bioavailability, 237–238 International Conference on Harmonization (ICH 2003), 773 characteristics, 236 International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements C-lobe, 236 for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products, 844 functional properties, 238 International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, 274 genes, 236–237 Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), 53 holo, 236 Intestinal bacteria, 72, 262 milk components, as immunomodulators, 598 Intestinal microbiota, 262 N-lobe, 236 Intestinal microorganisms, 288 receptors, 236 Intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAM), 129 structure, 237 Inulin, 266, 288, 291 Lactoferrin receptors (LFR), 235, 236 “ipê roxo,” see Pau d’Arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa) β-Lactoglobulin, milk components, as immunomodulators, 598 Isodesmosine, 229 Lactoperoxidase (LP), 598 Isoflavones, 191 Lactulose, 266, 288, 296, 639 breast cancer, 482–483 Lagenaria siceraria, see Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 401–402 Larvicides, 625 Index 865

Lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia), 165–166, 629 Macroalgae, see Seaweeds Lead, 77 Macro-dosages, 140 Lecithin, 442 Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), 227 Lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) oil, 630 Magnesium oxide and silicon oxide (MgO-SiO2), 760–761 Lemon grass oil, 167 Maintains balance of healthy microflora, 789 Lepidium meyenii Walpers (maca), 493 Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs), 405–406 Leptospermum scoparium (manuka honey), 574 Male reproductive disorders, 486–487 Leukotriene biosynthesis, 57 Malondialdehyde (MDA), 206 Levisticum officinale Koch. (lovage), 506 Manganese (Mn), 207, 430, 659 LF, see Lactoferrin (LF) Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), 483 Lignans, 190, 192, 470 Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), 266, 269, 288, 289 Lignins, 42 Mannose, 506 Lignocellulose A, 267 Manufacturing environment, 765 Limonene, 138–139, 165, 354 Manuka honey (Leptospermum scoparium), 574 D-Limonene, 629 MAPK, see Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Limonoids, 39 Marijuana toxicosis, in dogs, 142 Linalool, 139, 165–166 Mastitis Linalool acetate, 165–166 acute and chronic infections, 570 Linoleic acid (LA), 124 alternative therapies Linolenic acid (LA), 403–404 candidate and proprietary herbal remedies, 575 Linseed, 192, 572 essential oils treatment, 573 Linum usitatissimum, see Flax (Linum usitatissimum) ethnic phytoremedies, 570, 571 Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), 752 ginseng root, 574–575 Lipid peroxidation, 28, 40 herbal remedies, 570 Lipoic acid, 505–506 holistic medicine, 570 α-Lipoic acid, 442 honey, 573–574 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 573 plant extracts, 570–572 Lipoprotein lipase, 75 traditional Chinese medicine, 572–573 Liposaccharide (LPS), 231 antibiotic resistance, 570 Liposomal curcumin, 9 antimicrobial resistance, 570 See also Curcumin (Curcuma longa) bacteriocins Liposomes antibiotic infusion, 578 nanoparticles, 751 antibiotic resistance, 577, 578 nanoparticles and molecular delivery system, 742 haptoglobin, 578–579 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX), 57 intramammary infusion, 578 Liquorice, 386–387 Lactococcus lactis LMG 7930 strain, 579 Listeria monocytogenes, 336 milk amyloid A, 578–579 Listerine, 162 milk SCC, 578 Liver, 437 nisin, 579–580 Liverwort (Radula marginata), 137 non-aureus staphylococci, 577 Long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (LCPUFA), 124 peptides, 577 Longifolene, 92 bacteriophages, 580 α-Longipinene, 92 biomarkers, 570 Long-term depression (LTD), 131 cows with, 569 Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.), 506 dry cow therapy, 575–576 Lovastatin, 77 homeopathy, 576–577 Low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF), 525 human medicine experience, 580 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 197, 428 immunotherapy, 582 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 62, 75 infectious, 569 Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), 75 Lactococcus lactis, 577–580 5-Loxin®, 374 organic farming and economics, 570 Luzon, 838 pathogenesis, 569–570 Lycopene, 390, 403, 431 probiotics, 577 Lymphocytes, 248 teat duct, 581 Lymphoid, 248 treatment, 569 Lysine, 614 vitamin and mineral supplementation, 580–581 Lysins, 336 Matricaria chamomilla L. (Chamomile), 460 Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), 127 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight tandem mass pectrometry Lysostaphin, 577 (MALDI/MS/MS), 731 Lysozyme, 641 Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), 16, 78, 230, 606 Maximal electroshock (MES), 98 Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, 13–14 M McConnell amendment, 123 Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers), 493 Medicago sativa, 795 Maceration, 38 Medical device, 845 Macleaya cordata, 588 Medicated feeding stuffs, 795 866 Index

Medicines Act, 844 Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 253–254 Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), 327, 333 Monoterpene hydrocarbons, 92 Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), 404 Monoterpenoids, 52 Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), 207 Monsonia angustifolia, 400–401 α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), 129 Moringa oleifera, 189, 199, 200, 532 Melatonin, 209 Morphine tolerance, 12 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 404–405 Mosquitoes, 625 genitourinary diseases, 491 Mother Nature, 685 Melia azedarach, 628 MSM, see Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) Memory Mucin 2 (MUC-2), 273 cannabis, 131 Mucin 3 (MUC-3), 273 Nigella sativa,97–98 Multidrug resistance protein (MRP), 194 Mentha piperita, see Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, 10 Mentha x piperita L., 571 Murraya koenigii, see Curry tree (Murraya koenigii) Mercury, 77 Musculoskeletal pain, 13 Mesalamine, 8 Mushroom Metabolic diseases, 589–590 factors influencing bioactivity, 599 Metabolic disorders polysaccharides, 588, 600 avocado, 519 Mustela nigripes (ferrets), 502 black lentils, 517–518 Mutual Recognition Procedure (MRP), 800 bottle gourd, 516–517 Myeloid cells, 248 capsicum, 519–520 Myrcene, 138 curcumin, 515–516 α-Myrcene, 130, 138 curry tree, 517 Myrosinase, 114 fenugreek, 517 Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha), 167, 458–459 Hibiscus sabdariffa, 518–519 Indian gooseberry, 517 rosemary, 520 N St. John’s wort, 519 Nabilone, 125 tea, 518 N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 78, 440 Metabolic syndrome, 15–16 N-acylethanolamines (NAE), 137 Metallic nanoparticles, 750 Nanocapsules, 751 Methane, 116 Nanocrystals, 752 Methionine, 506 Nanoemulsions, 751–752 Methotrexate, 77 Nanoparticles (NPs), 547 5-Methoxydimethyltryptamine, 104 advanced therapeutic strategies, 741–742 Methylnitrosourea, 96 animal production N-Methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 30 developmental consequences, 756–759 Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), 371–372 gastrointestinal function, 754–755 camelids, 659 growth, 752–754 cancer, 613 reproduction, 755–756 stability test, 768 anti-inflammatory activity, 759 Mexico regulatory guidelines, 783 carbon nanotubes, 740–741 Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), 270 cat-anionic vesicles, 742–743 Microbiological contamination, 149–150 classification, 749–750 Microbiome, 261–266 complexity, 737 Microdoses, 147 drug vehiculation, 738–739 Microparticles, 547 embryonic and developmental effects, 757–758 MicroRNAs (miRNAs), 376 immunity Microwave steam distillation 1 (MSD1), 92 animals, 760–761 Microwave steam distillation 2 (MSD2), 92 chickens, 759–760 Milk somatic cell counts (SCC), 573 lipid, 752 Mindanao, 838 liposomes, 742, 751 Minerals metallic, 750 cardiovascular diseases, 430 nanocapsules, 751 stability test, 769 nanocrystals, 752 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 94, 95 nanoemulsions, 751–752 Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), 815 nanosupplement delivery, 750 Mink, 503 nanotubes, 743–744 Mitochondrial decline theory, 385 natural, 750 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 127, 196, 366 oocyte function, 759 Mitophagy, 8 polymeric, 751 Momordica charantia, see Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) polymeric micelles, 750–751 Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), 125, 137 properties, 749 Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors, 402 risks and challenges, 761 Index 867

sperm function, 758–759 novel food, 826–827 transport into reproductive tissues, 756–757 therapeutic product, 825–826 vesicles and related aggregates, 739–740 Next amino acid, 310 N-arachidonoylglycine (NAGly), 127 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), 205 N-arachidonyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), 125 Nigella sativa NASC Adverse Event Reporting System (NAERST), 123 antibacterial activity, 94–95 National Animal Supplement Council (NASC), 122, 123, 149, 650, 781 anticancer activity, 95–96 National Codex Contact Point (NCCP), 812 anticonvulsant activity, 98 National Procedure (NP), 800 antidiabetic properties, 96 National Research Council (NRC), 787, 788 antifertility activity, 96 Natural nanoparticles, 750 antifungal activity, 95 Natural plant products, 587 anti-inflammatory activity, 96–97 Necrotic enteritis, 265 antioxidant activity, 93–94 Neem (Azadirachta indica) cardiovascular activity, 97 alcohol extraction, 38 chemical constituents, 92–94 as animal feed essential oil from, 92 leaves, 42 flowers, 91–92 oil, 43 gastroprotective properties, 97 seed, 43 geographical location, 92 chromatographic techniques, 38 immunomodulatory activities, 97 ectoparasites, 626–628 memory and learning activities, 97–98 extracts of, 38 seed of, 91–93 as fish feed, 44 taxonomical classification, 92 hexane extraction, 38 toxicological properties, 98 kernels, 39 volatile constituents, 95 maceration, 38 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 280 medicinal uses Nimbidin, 39, 40 bacterial diseases, 39 Nimbidiol, 45 cancer, 40 Nimbin, 39 fungal diseases, 40 Nimbinin, 39 inflammation, 40 Nimbolide, 40 oxidative stress, 40 N-isobutylamide, 137 reproductive health and fertility, 40–41 Nitric oxide (NO), 430–431 ulcer, 40 Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 205 viral diseases, 39–40 Nitriles, 116, 117 as nutraceutical, 44–45 Nitrogen dioxide, 116 oil, 41, 43 N-methyl stepholidine, 74 phytoconstituents, 39 N-methyltryptamine, 104 as poultry feed, 43 NOD-like receptors (NLRs), 263 safety, 45–46 Nonadaptive immune system, 245 seed cake, 44 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 77 toxicity, 46–47 Non-cannabinoid receptor interactions, 127 water extraction, 38 Non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL), 75 Neem kernel cake (NKC), 38 Non-neurodegenerative diseases, 207 Neem leaf meal (NLM), 45 Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), 263, 266, 306 Neem seed cake (NSC), 43, 44 anti-nutritive effects, 306 Neem seed meal (NSM), 44 dietary enzymes, 306 Nelfinavir, 96 hydrolysis, 310 ® NEM , 376 negative effects, 306 Neonatal nutrition, 317 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 10, 130, 365–366 Nerium oleander, 565 Nonvolatile pungent components, 52 Neurodegeneration No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), 679 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 394–395 Norepinephrine, 419 oxidative stress and, 206–207 Norovirus, 239 Neurodegenerative diseases North American Veterinary Nutraceutical Council (NAVNC), 122, 649, berberine, 73–74 657, 780 Drosophila melanogaster, 687–688 Novifit®, 408 Neuronal NOS (nNOS), 205 Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 factor (NFE2L2), 115 Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 42 Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins, 273 Neutralizers, 349 Nutraceutical Research Laboratory (NRL), 840 Neutricks®, 408 Nutraceuticals, 587 Neutrophils, 235 categories, 587 New animal drug application (NADA), 650 classification, 193 New Zealand defined, 188 green-lipped mussel, 373 Nutramind®, 408 regulatory guidelines Nutrient combination (NM), cancer, 617–618 868 Index

Nutrient combination (NM) (cont.) medium-chain fatty acids, 327 angiogenesis inhibition, 618–619 poultry, 666–667 anti-inflammatory effects, 620 short-chain fatty acids, 327, 328 metastasis and invasion inhibition, 618 toll-like receptors, 329 pro-apoptotic effects, 619–620 undissociated form, 328 therapeutic effects, 620 Organic chelates, of mineral elements, 349 xenografts, 618 Organosulfur compounds (OSC), 677 Nutrients, 649 Origanum majorana, 571, 572 Nutriproteomics, 732 Origanum vulgare, 163, 457, 571 glucosamine and chondroitin, 732–733 Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), 16 omega-3 fatty acids, 733 Ortolani Maneuver, 367 S-Adenosylmethionine, 732 Oryza sativa, 571 Nutritional additives, 338, 347, 834 Oryza sativus, see Brown rice (Oryza sativus) Nutritional interventions, 593 Osteoarthritis (OA) Nyctanthes arbortristis, 200 berberine, 78 botulinum toxin A, 376 bovine lactoferricin, 376 O characteristics, 365 OA, see Osteoarthritis (OA) clinical efficacy of CBD, 142–143 OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs), 78 C-phycocyanin, 375 Oat-derived beta glucans, 658 curcumin, 10–12 Oats (Avena sativa), 795 diagnosis Obesity, 467 biochemical biomarkers, 368 endocannabinoids, 129 Ortolani and cranial tibial drawer examination, 367 ginger, 59 pain measurement, 367, 368 See also Metabolic disorders in dogs, 10–11 Ocimum basilicum L., 163 eggshell membrane, 376 Oligofructose, 266 etiology, 365 Oligosaccharides, 267, 268, 659 IL-1β,78 Olive oil, 576 management Omega-3, 124 avocado and soybean unsaponifiables, 372 Omega-6, 124 Boswellia serrata extract, 374 Omega fatty acids chondroitin, 368–369 adverse effects, in dogs and cats, 183 collagen, 372 aggression and depression, treatment of, 182 curcumin, 371 anti-inflammatory effects, 176–179 Devil’s claw, 374–375 beneficial effects, 176 glucosamine, 368–369 brain and retina, development of, 176 green-lipped mussel, 373 in cardiovascular diseases, 181–182 hyaluronan, 369–371 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 403–404 methylsulfonylmethane, 371–372 in hyperlipidemia, 181 Naturally Preferred Holistic Frozen Dog Treats, 373 osteoarthritis treatment, 179–180 omega-3 fatty acids, 373–374 preterm labor, prevention of, 182–183 sauchinone, 375 renoprotective effects, 180–181 shilajit, 374 therapeutic role against cancer, 182 microRNAs, 376 Omega-3 fatty acids, 175, 176, 373–374 omega fatty acids, 179–180 camelids, 659 pathogenesis, 11 nutriproteomics, 733 pathophysiology, 366–367 Omics-based methodologies, 682 pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy of CBD treatment, Onion (Allium cepa), 574, 628 141–12 Open-chain flavonoids, 191 resveratrol, 375–376 Opiate-cannabinoid receptor dimerization, 128 signs and symptoms, 365 Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), 13 spermidine, 376–377 Oral health, in dogs and cats, 467 Otitis externa, 564 Oregano oil (Origanum vulgare), 163, 572 Ovalbumin (OVA), 16, 641 Oregano vulgare, 470–471 Ovarian cancer, 485 Organic acids Ovicides, 625 antibacterial activity, 328 Ovomucin, 641 beneficial effects, 327 Ovomucoid, 641 butyrate, 329 Ovotransferrin (OVTF), 229, 235, 641 butyric acid, 328–329 antibacterial activity, 238–239 dietary acids inclusion, 327 antifungal activity, 239 in drinking water, 327 antiparasitic activity, 239 in food-producing animals, 327–328 antiviral activity, 239–241 intestinal mucosal surface, 329 bioavailability, 237–238 mechanism of action, 327 characteristics, 236 Index 869

C-terminal lobe, 236 cinnamon powder, 457 functional properties, 238 clove, 459–460 genes, 236–237 coenzyme Q10, 461 iron bound, 236 colgate herbal toothpaste, 461 iron-free, 236 diagnostic markers, 448 N-terminal lobe, 236 dogs and cats, 447 receptors, 236 Echinacea purpurea, 450, 454 structure, 237 Eucalyptus, 460 Ovum, 492 folic acid, 460–461 Oxidative damage, 206 grape seed extract, 458 Oxidative stress, 28, 56, 83 green tea, 459 anxiety and stress disorders, 420 hyaluronic acid, 461 biomarkers, 206 Hydrastis canadensis, 457 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 394–395 myrrh, 458–459 dairy cows, 490 nutraceuticals, 450–453 neem, 40 oregano, 457 and neurodegeneration, 206–207 Parodontax®, 461 in non-neurodegenerative diseases, 207 pathophysiology, 448–449 Oxytocin (OT), 419 Pau d’Arco, 450 Ozoderm, 167 peppermint, 458 Ozonated olive oil, 167 plant extracts and products, 447 probiotics, 461–462 propolis, 456–457 P rosemary, 454 p53, 40 royal jelly, 456 Packing constraint (PC) theory, 739 sage, 457 Paclitaxel, 138 sodium Hexametaphosphate, 461 Paclobutrazol, 149 stages, 448–449 Pain, curcumin, 12–13 thyme, 460 Palatability influence, phytogenic feed additive, 356 treatment, 447 Palmarosa oil, 166 Periodontitis, 448 Palmitic acid, 124 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), 7 Panax ginseng, see Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Peripheral neuropathy (PN), 12 Pancreatic dysfunction, 443 Peroxidases, 384, 385 Paradols, 52 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g (PRAR-g), 75 Parkinson’s disease (PD), 688 Peroxynitrite (ONOO-), 205 ® Parodontax , 461 Persea americana (avocado), see Avocado (Persea americana) Partial thickness wound models, 546 Peyer’s patches, 248 Particular Nutritional Uses (PARNUTs), 676 P54FP, 11 Passive immunity, 245, 246 P-glycoprotein (P-), 72, 194 colostrum and, 247–249 Phage lytic enzymes (PLEs), 336 by egg antibodies, 251 Phage therapy, 335, 337, 339 Passive immunization, 246 Phellandrene, 165 Pasteurella multocida, 311 Phenolic acids, 190 Pattern recognition receptors (PRR), 270 Phenols, 555 Pau d’Arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa), 450 2-Phenylethylisothiocyanate, 115, 116 p-cymene, 93 Phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), 209 Pears (Pyrus spp.), 504–505 Pheromones, 421 Pecans, 188 Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care Pelargonium graveolens L., 167 (PITAHC), 839 Pellets, 145 Philippine Natural Health Products Industry (PNHPI), 839 Peltogynoids, 106 Philippines regulatory guidelines Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), 98 bureaus and research agencies, 838 Peppermint (Mentha piperita), 166, 458, 629–630 Chamber of Herbal Industries of the Philippines, 839 Peptides, 231, 641–642 Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Animal Industry, 839 Performance-enhancing nutraceuticals, 593–600 dysentery, 839 Perilla seed (Perilla frutescens L.), 818 Food and Agriculture Organization, 838 Perillyl alcohol, 139 gastrointestinal disorders, 837 Periodontal disease Luzon, 838 Aloe vera, 457–458 medicinal plant species, 837–838 babool, 454–455 Mindanao, 838 barberry, 454 Nutraceutical Research Laboratory, 840 Calendula Officinalis, 450 Philippine Natural Health Products Industry, 839 β-caryophyllene, 460 Philippine Statistics Authority, 838 chamomile, 460 PITAHC, 839 chitosan, 455 product information and requirements, 839 870 Index

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), 838 Pinene, 93 Phlorizin, see Flavonoids Pine oil (Pinus longifolia), 630 Phlorotannins, 643 Piperine, 7 Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), 606 Piper methysticum, 137 Phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (pTEN), 40 Piper species, 398 Phosphatidylserine, 404 Pistacia lentiscus, 470 Phospholipase C (PLC), 125 Plant antioxidants, 131 Phospholipids, 658 Plant-derived immunomodulators Phosphorus, 308–309, 659 alkaloids, 594 Photoisomerization, 216 capsaicin, 596 Physostigma venenosum (calabar bean), 394 chemical structures, 595 Phytase, 308–309 compounds, 594 Phytic acid, 309, 616–617 curcumin, 595 Phytoalexins, 215–217 flavonoids, 594–595 Phytobiotics medicinal plants uses, 594 antibacterials, 334 quercetin, 595–596 antimicrobial activity, 330, 331 resveratrol, 595 dietary phytochemicals, 330 terpenoids, 595 eucalyptus oil, 333 Plant extracts, 355 feature, 331 cancer, 613–614 flavonoids, 330–331 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 394 MCFA, 333 ectoparasites, 626 minimal inhibitory concentration, 331 mastitis, 570–572 modes of action, 331 Plant food supplements (PFS), 680 phytochemical medicines, 330 Plant secondary metabolites (PSM), 353 plant-based compounds, 331 PLGAcurcumin nano-formulation, 13 plant extracts, 332 Polyclonal antibody, 253 possible influence, 334 Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC), 442 poultry, 668–669 Polygonum cuspidatum, 220 primary components, 330 Polygonum hydropiper, 395, 398 principal use, 332 Polymeric micelles, 750–751 quorum sensing, 332 Polymeric nanoparticles, 751 SCFA, 334 Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), 235 Phytocannabinoids, 134–136 Polyphenols, 83 Phytochemicals (PCs), 188–189, 809 antiaging, 387–388 fenugreek, 25, 28 bacterial enzymatic degradation, 194 ginger, 52, 53 biomarkers Phytoconstituents, neem, 39 absorption, 704 Phytoestrogens, 200 blood/urinary metabolites, 704 Phytogenic feed additive excretion, 704 in animal feeding, 352–353 nutraceutical-gut microbiota interaction, 703 antibiotic restrictions, 353 rationale, 695, 696 awareness, 353 tissue exposure, 704 classification total phenolic content, 696 antibacterial activity, 353–355 cardiovascular diseases, 429 anti-inflammatory action, 355 classification, 190 antioxidant activity, 355 in common plants, 191–192 growth-promoting property, 355–356 conjugation pathways, 194 gut function, 356 extraction, 193–194 immunomodulators, 356 flavonoids, 190–192 palatability influence, 356 in flora and fauna and human health, 193–196 compounds, 353 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 470 plant secondary metabolites, 353 in human medicine reasons for use of, 354 cardiovascular diseases, 196–197 research studies, 353 neoplasms, 196 Phyto-Mast15, 575 neurodegenerative disorders, 196 Phytonutraceuticals, 643–644 inflammation, 589 Phytopharmaceutical, in traditional Oriental traditional medicine, 574 lignans, 192 Pichia pastoris, 272, 310 pharmacokinetic attributes, 194–195 Pig farming, in proteases, 311 pharmacological attributes Piggery sector anti-inflammatory activity, 195 flavonoids, 198 antimicrobial activity, 195–196 polyphenols, 198 antioxidant activity, 195 Pigs, 752–753 phenolic acids, 190 PI3K/AKT pathway, 524 rich plants in animal feeding, 199–200 PI3-kinase signaling pathways, 196 stilbenes, 192 Index 871

structural activity relationship, 193 antiaging, 387 toxicity, 200 aquaculture, 278–279 in veterinary medicine cattle health and diseases, 638–639 companion animals, 198–199 classification, 273 equine sector, 199 competitive exclusion, 273 laboratory animals, 199 defined, 272 piggery sector, 198 dietary supplementation, 273 poultry sector, 197 dogs and cats, 278 Polyphenon E, 195 feed additives, 351–352 Polysaccharopeptide (PSP), 599 foodomics, 733–734 Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, 179 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 473–475 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 167, 179, 206, 373 genitourinary diseases, 507 cardiovascular diseases, 430 honey bee, 279 cattle health and diseases, 640 horses, 277–278 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 403–404 immunoregulatory, 273 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471–472 immunostimulatory, 273 genitourinary diseases, 494 livestock, 272 poultry, 667–668 MAMPs, 273 stability test, 770 mastitis, 577 Pomegranate, 486 mechanisms of action, 272–273 Poria cocos, 505 microorganisms, 288 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 131 periodontal disease, 461–462 Potassium bromide (KBR), 143 pigs, 275–276 Pot marigold (Calendula Officinalis), 450 poultry, 274–275, 662–663 Poultry, 117 rabbits, 278 dynamic balance, 661 ruminants, 276–277 exogenous enzymes, 665–666 Progoitrin, 114–115 farming, 661 Programmed cell death, see Apoptosis feed, 43, 303, 350 Programmed electrical stimulation (PES), 74 ginger extract, 63 Proinflammatory cytokines, 556 intestinal mucosa functions, 661 Pro-inflammatory cytokines, 366 organic acids, 666–667 Prolactin, 599 parenteral applications, 662 Proline, 614 phytobiotics, 668–669 Prophylactic antibiotics, 323 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 667–668 Propolis, 456–457 prebiotics, 663–664 Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), 139 probiotics, 662–663 Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 176 production, 31 Prostaglandins (PGs), 206 synbiotics, 664–665 Prostate gland disease, 486–487 Powders, 145 Proteases, 304, 310–311 Prebiotic index, 266 Protein(s), 231 Prebiotics, 266–271, 287 cattle health and diseases, 641–642 antiaging, 387 hydrolysates, 421 broiler chickens, 664 stability test, 769 camelids, 659 Protein kinase C (PKC), 76 cattle health and diseases, 639–640 Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), 367 defined, 266 Proteolysis, 597 dogs and cats, 271 Proteomics farmed aquatic species, 271 foodomics, 733–734 feed additives, 351, 352 mass spectrometers, 731 fermentation, 267 measurable changes, 731 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 475 nutriproteomics gut flora stabilizers, 835 glucosamine and chondroitin, 732–733 horses, 270–271 omega-3 fatty acids, 733 as immunostimulants in aquaculture, 271 S-adenosylmethionine, 732 in livestock nutrition, 288 Proteus spp., 238 pigs, 270 Prototheca zopfii, 571 poultry, 269–270, 663–664 Prunus armeniaca, see Apricot ruminants, 270 Pruritus, 178 sources, 288 Psoriasis, 17 Primary idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia, 181 Pueraria flower, 485 Pristine carbon nanotubes, 741 Pulverized turmeric root, 3 Proanthocyanidins, 194, 504 Pumpkin seed, 486 ® Probiotics, 271–279, 287, 489, 809 Purina Pro Plan Bright Mind , 408 872 Index

“Purple lapacho,” see Pau d’Arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa) novel food, 826–827 Pyridine alkaloids, 26 therapeutic goods, 823–825 Pyrodextrins, 263, 288 in Canada, 810 Pyrophosphate index, 680 adverse effects report, 790 Pyrus spp., see Pears (Pyrus spp.) compliance and enforcement, 790 Expert Advisory Committee on Veterinary Natural Health Products, 788 Q health guidelines, 789–790 Quality by design (QbD), 773 included and excluded products, 789 Quality control (QC) testing, 149 Interim Notification Pilot Program, 788–789 Quality standards, of feed additives manufacturing requirements, 790 assurance, 356–357 Veterinary Drugs Directorate, 788 chemical evaluation, 357 veterinary health products, 788 Indian feed industry legislations, 358 in China ingredient specifications, 357–358 classification, 816 latest developments, 358–360 current version, 818–819 necessity, 357 Epimedii folium, 817–818 nutritive value, 356 Eucommia ulmoides Leaves, 816–817 physical evaluation, 357 feed additive, 819–829 program, 356 garlic (Allium sativum L.), 816 quality control, 357 Ministry of Agriculture, 815 Quercetin, 195, 594 perilla seed, 818 antioxidant activity, 199 tea polyphenols, 816 antiviral activity, 198 World Trade Organization, 815 cancer, 613, 616, 617 DSHEA, 777–778, 783 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 408 European Union, 793–794 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 470 animal feed labels, 799 genitourinary diseases, 501 feed additives, 794–798 in hyperglycaemic pigs, 198 feed legislation, 794–795 in meat quality of broiler chickens, 197 feed materials, 794, 795 plant-derived immunomodulators, 595–596 veterinary medicinal products, 794–795, 799–802 procarcinogenic effect, 200 in European Union, 810 Quil A, 644 FDA/CVM, 778–779, 783 in India, 807–808 animal feed, 811–812 R benefits, 813 Rabbits, 118 Commitment Towards International Standards, 812 Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (red sage root), 572 current trends, 809–810 Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO), 293 disadvantages, 813 Rams, 491 government and public sector institutes roles, 813 Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), 491–492 historical background, 808 Ratio dosing, 148 livestock sector, 808–809 RDP-modified liposome (RCL), 17 product evaluation, 812–813 Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), 56, 195, 205 requirements, 812 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 56, 83, 195, 205 in Japan, 810 mitochondrial cellular respiration, 438 legally marketed for animals, 781–782 periodontal pathogens, 448 manufacturers face, 783 physiological functions, 489 in New Zealand Real-time stability test, 770–772 novel food, 826–827 Red sage root (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae), 572 therapeutic product, 825–826 Red yeast rice (RYR), 677–678 in Philippines Reference concentration (RfC), 679 bureaus and research agencies, 838 Reference dose (RfD), 679 Chamber of Herbal Industries of the Philippines, 839 Reference Member State (RMS), 801 Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Animal Industry, 839 Refined functional carbohydrates (RFCs), 270 dysentery, 839 Regional Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia andthe Food and Agriculture Organization, 838 Pacific (APHCA), 838 gastrointestinal disorders, 837 Regulation (EC) 767/2009 (EC 2009a), 799 Luzon, 838 Regulation (EC) No 429/2008 (EC 2008b), 796 medicinal plant species, 837–838 Regulation (EC) No 767/2009 (EC 2009b), 795 Mindanao, 838 Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (2003a), 798 Nutraceutical Research Laboratory, 840 Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (EC 2003a), 798 Philippine Natural Health Products Industry, 839 Regulatory guidelines Philippine Statistics Authority, 838 AFFCO, 779–780, 783 PITAHC, 839 in Australia, 810 product information and requirements, 839 complementary medicine, 825 probiotics claims, 780 Index 873

rules in different countries, 782–783 Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuanxiong rhizome), 572 in South Africa, 843 Rhizome (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati), 572 legislative framework, 843–846 Rhododendron, 137 veterinary nutraceuticals control, 846–848 Rimonabant, 132 trade organizations related, 780–781 Rojelexin™, 456 in Turkey Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), 162–163, 454, 520 animal-breeding targets, 829 (RosA), 162–163, 405 Communiqué, 831 Rosmarinus officinalis, see Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) feed, 829 Rotavirus, 239 feed additives, 831–835 Royal jelly (RJ) feed and food official control, 831 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 405–406 feed hygiene regulation, 830–831 periodontal disease, 456 legislation, 830 Rubus idaeus, see Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) livestock production, 829 Rumen, 276 market and feed use, 831 Ruminants, 118 in USA, 785 gastrointestinal function, 754–755 DSHEA, 786–787 growth, 753 FDA, 786 reproduction, 755–756 feed additives, 787 See also Cattle pets, 787–788 Rutin, 104, 198 safety concerns, 788 Renal pelvis, 504 Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, 180 S Reproductive disorders Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 289 female S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Adenium obesum, 485 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 404 Agnus castus, 485 hepatic injury and repair, 439–440 breast cancer, 482–484 nutriproteomics, 732 causes, 481–482 Safflower (Flos Carthami), 572 cervical cancer, 484 Saffron (Crocus sativus), 400 ovarian cancer, 485 Sage (Salvia officinalis), 166, 457, 573 uterus, 484–485 St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), 421–422, 519 male, 486–487 Sakuranetin, 216 Resveratrol, 192, 375–376 Salannin, 39 administration, 223 Salmonella enteritidis, 312 adverse effects, 224 Salmonella spp., 264, 274 antiaging, 387 Salvia officinalis, 166, 457 aromatic rings, 216 Sanguinarine, 605 biological actions Sapogenins, 26 antioxidant activity, 221 Saponins, 26, 27, 29, 644 antitumor activity in mammals, 218–221 Sauchinone, 375 antiviral activity, 221–222 Scaffold, 547 cell death, 221 SCFAs, see Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and cell membrane, 222 Schizophyllan (SPG), 599 breast cancer, 482 Sea buckthorn (SBT), 84–86, 189, 199 cancer, 605, 607, 615, 617 feed formulation, 88 cardiovascular diseases, 431 nutraceuticals, mechanism of therapeutic value, 87–88 as chelator of copper in blood of pigs, 198 phytomolecules, 84 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 407 plant-based feed formulation, 88 commercially available commodities, 219 on poultry, 85, 86 in cosmetic industry as anti-ageing substance, 198 Seaweeds, 431–432, 643 molecular weight, 216 Secondary lipid disorders (SLDs), 181 occurrence in nature, 218 Seizure-induced cerebral oxidative damage, 207 pharmacodynamics, 222–223 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), 419 pharmacokinetics, 222–223 Selenium (Se) phytoalexins, 215–217 bioavailability, 659 plant-derived immunomodulators, 595 cancer, 612 synthesis, 216–219 genitourinary diseases, 502–503 Resveratrol synthase, 216 immune disorders, 588 Retina, 16 nanoparticles, 756 Retinoic acid, 613–615 Senilife®, 408 Retinoids, 567 Senna italica ssp. arachoides, 628 Retinol, 390 Sensory additives, 338, 347, 834 Retinopathies, 16 Sequestrants, 349 Reverse pharmacology, 193 Serotonergic system, 128 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 365 Serotonin (5-HT), 418–419 874 Index

Serratia spp., 576 real-time, 770–772 Serum amyloid A (SAA), 588 reasons for, 765 Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 92 regulatory guideline aspects, 772–773 Sesquiterpenoids, 52 in USA, 765 Sheep, 574 Stallions, 493 Shilajit Standardized turmeric (ST), 4 diabetes, 533–534 doses, 4 osteoarthritis, 374 efficacy and safety of, 5 Shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL), 17 traumatic muscular injuries, 13 Shogaols, 52 Statins, 29 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 261, 263, 269, 279, 288, 327, 328 Steam distillation (SD), 94 Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS), 271 Steam-distilled neem oil, 41 Sialic acid, 229 Stearic acid, 124 Sideritis hirsuta oil, 167 Stearidonic acid (SDA), 124 Silage additives, 833–834 Stepharanine, 74 Silymarin, 440–441 Steroid-sparing effect, 178 Single-walled concentric CNTs (SWCNTs), 743 Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), 75 Sinigrin, 115 Stevia rebaudiana, 531 SIRT-1 gene, 220 Stilbenes, 190, 192, 216 Skin (cutaneous) cancer, 566–567 See also Resveratrol Skin disorders, 563–564 Stochastic theory, 385 allergic/atopic, 564, 566 Stock Remedies Act, 846 Aloe vera, 565 Streptococcus faecium, 294 antibiotics, 564–565 Streptozotocin (STZ), 524–525 diet supplement, 565 Stress honey, 565 endocannabinoids, 128–129 infectious and noninfectious agents, 564 in endoplasmic reticulum, 490 otitis externa, 564 See also Anxiety disorders physical agents, 564–565 Stressful public speaking test (SPST), 129 plant-based nutraceuticals, 565 Structural activity relationship (SAR), 193 plant products, 565 Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), 277 treatment, 564 Sulfasalazine, 8 Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis), 394 Sulforaphane, 115 Sodium butyrate, 667 antioxidant activity, 115 Sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1), 194 cancer, 616, 617 Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), 461 in vitro bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal activity, 116 Sodium nimbidinate, 41 SUMOylation, 394 Soft-chews, 145 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE-SD), 94 Soluble dietary fiber (SDF), 27 Superoxide, 205 Solvent extraction (SE), 94 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 56, 77, 208 Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) method, 163 Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), 687 South Africa regulatory guidelines, 843 Superoxide radical, 208 legislative framework, 843–844 Sweeteners, 349 Medicines Act, 844–846 Swine, 117 Stock Remedies Act, 846 feed, 303 veterinary nutraceuticals control, 846–848 Synbiotics Soy, 432 aquaculture, 280 Soya-oligosaccharide, 266 cattle health and diseases, 640 Soybean oil, 630 for companion animals, 296–297 Soybean oligosaccharides, 266 dogs and cats, 280 Soybean peptides, 401–402, 641 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 475, 476 Soy-genistein, 198 for pigs, 295–296 Soy oligosaccharides (SOS), 288 poultry, 279, 289–294, 664–665 Spermidine, 376–377 for ruminants, 294–295 Spices, 353 Syzygium aromaticum (Clove), 459–460 Spirulina platensis, 503 Spleen, 246 Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), 130 T Sports medicine, 13–14 Tabebuia impetiginosa (Pau d’Arco), 450 Spray-drying eggs, 252 Tablets, 769 Stability test Taiwan regulatory guidelines, 782 accelerated, 770–772 Tannic acid, 107, 355 categories, 767–770 Tannins, 107, 643–644 factors affect, 765–767 “Tape stripping,” 546 nutraceutical products, 765 Tea (Camellia sinensis), 459, 470 Index 875

catechins, 388 central nervous system, 718 leaves, 188 coagulation system, 717–718 metabolic disorders, 518 allergic and skin effects, 712–713, 717 Tea polyphenols (TPs), 816 cardiovascular effects, 712 Teat duct, 581 drug–drug interactions, 712, 714–717 Tea tree oil, 167, 576 endocrine and reproductive system effects, 718 Technological additives, 337–338, 347, 832–834 hepatotoxicity, 711–712 Terminalia chebula, 570–572 musculoskeletal system effects, 718 Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), 269 Trace element compounds, 834 Terpenes, 133, 137–139 Trachyspermum ammi, 199, 200 Terpenoids, 139, 595 Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997, 839 4-Terpineol, 93 Traditional Chinese Medicine, 572–573, 789 Terpinolene, 139 Transcytosis, 238 Testicles, 494 Transdermal applications, of cannabinoids, 146 , 134–136 Transferrin, 238 Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), 135–136 Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β,40 Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), 7, 9, 123, 144 Transgalactooligosaccharide (TGOS), 293 Thalifendine, 72 Transgalactosylated-oligosaccharides (TOS), 266, 288 Theaflavins, 388 Transgenic Drosophila, 689 Therapeutic Goods Act 1989, 824, 825 Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), 12 Therapeutic Goods Administration, 825 Transmucosal routes, 145–146 Thermodynamics, 738 Traumatic muscular injuries, 13 Thiamine, 408 Triatoma infestans, 628 Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 206 Triglyceride (TG), 75 Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 355 Trigonella foenum-graecum, see Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- Thiocyanates, 118 graecum) Thiouracil, 117, 118 Trigonelline, 27, 29 Th2-mediated allergic responses, 16 Triiodothyronine, 46 Three-dimensional (3D) tissue models, 681 Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), 482 Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris), 162, 460, 571, 631 Triterpene, 106 Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), 16 Triticum aestivum L., 571 Thymol, 94, 97, 162 Trypanosoma brucei, 628 Thymoquinone (TQ) Trypanosoma cruzi, 628 anticancer activity, 95 Tulbaghia violacea, 628 antifungal activity, 95 Turkey regulatory guidelines anti-inflammatory activity, 96 animal-breeding targets, 829 antioxidant activity, 93 Communiqué, 831 gastroprotective activity, 97 feed, 829 neuroprotective properties, 98 feed additives seizures, 98 animal nutrition, 831–832 Thymus vulgaris, see Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris) coccidiostats and histomonostats, 835 Thyroid hypertrophy, 117 nutritional additives, 834 Thyroxine, 46 sensory additives, 834 Ticks, 625 technological additives, 832–834 Tincture, 141, 144 zootechnical additives, 834–835 Tinospora cordifolia, 575 feed and food official control, 831 α-Tocopherol, 208 feed hygiene regulation, 830–831 D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), 72 legislation, 830 Tocotrienol antioxidants, 658 livestock production, 829 Toll-like receptor (TLR), 263, 273 market and feed use, 831 Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9, 475 Turkish Statistical Institute’s, 829 Topical administration, of cannabinoids, 146 Turmeric (Curcuma longa), 3 Total cholesterol (TC), 75 antiarthritic effects, 8 Touchi extract, 533 chemical constituents, 6 Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs), 680 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 398 Toxicity common cold and infections, 10 babool (Acacia nilotica), 108 composition, 3, 4 berberine, 78 consumption, 6 flavonoids, 200 diabetes, 14–15 neem, 46 doses, 5 Nigella sativa,98 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 468–469 polyphenols, 200 inflammatory bowel disease, 8–10 Toxicity amelioration, 30 ingredients, 3 Toxicology and drug interactions long-term effect, 8 adverse effects mechanism of action, 7–8 876 Index

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) (cont.) inhalation, 146 osteoarthritis, 10–12 oral route of administration, 144–146 pain, 12–13 topical administration, 146 pharmacokinetics, 6–7 zero-THC hemp extracts, 146 phytochemicals, 18 Veterinary Drugs Directorate (VDD), 788 PK/PD modeling, 6 Veterinary Feed Directive, 230 polar extract of, 11 Veterinary health products (VHPs), 788 safety, 6 Veterinary medicinal products (VMPs), 794–795 translation, 18 food-producing or companion animals, 801–802 uses, 4 marketing authorization procedure, 799–801 Type A hepatotoxicity, 712, 713 Veterinary medicine, 845 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 76, 523, 524 Vigna mungo (black lentils), see Black lentils (Vigna mungo) Type II collagen, 372 Viral diseases, 39–40 Visceromotor responses (VMRs), 12 Vitamin A, 209 U Vitamin C, 209 Ubiquinol, 442–443 antiaging, 388 Ubiquitin proteasomal system decline theory, 385 camelids, 660 Udder, 569 cancer, 612 Ulcer, 40 with amino acids and plant extracts, 613–614 Ulcerative colitis, 8 with calcitriol, 614 Umbelliferone, 104–105 with carotenoids, 614–615 Undenatured type II collagen (UC-II), 652 with copper, 612 Unsaturated fatty acids, 176 with glutathione, 613 Upstream activating sequence (UAS), 689 with lysine, proline, and green tea, 614 Urea, 834 with methylsulfonylmethane, 613 Urea ammoniated neem seed meal (UANSM), 44 with quercetin, 613 Urea-treated neem seed cake (UANSC), 44 with retinoic acid, 613–615 Urinary bladder, 504 with selenium, 612 Urinary diseases, 503–504 with vitamin E, 614, 615 antimicrobial pharmaceuticals, 504 with vitamin K3, 614 Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.), 504–505 hepatic injury and repair, 441 herbal remedies, 505 Vitamin D, 388–389, 430 lipoic acid, 505–506 Vitamin D3, 659 mannose and methionine, 506 Vitamin E, 208 See also Genitourinary diseases antiaging, 388 Urine drug screening test (UDST), 142 cancer, 614, 615 Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), 443 cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 403 USA regulatory guidelines, 782–783 genitourinary diseases, 502–503 USFDA, 432 hepatic injury and repair, 441 US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 650 mastitis, 580–581 US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine Vitamin K3, 614 (FDA-CVM), 650 Vitis, 503 Uterus, 484–485 Vitis vinifera, resveratrol chemical biosynthesis of, 216, 219 Volatile fatty acid (VFA), 168, 263, 267, 292, 306 Volatile oils, 547 V Vaccination of calves, 250 W for specific antibodies and processing egg yolk strategies, 252 Walnut (Persea americana), 504 Vaccinium spp., see Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.) Water extraction, 38 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis), 422 Water-soluble cannabinoids, 145 Valproate, 98 Weaning, 275 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 115 Wear and tear theory, 385 Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), 74 Western diet, 124 Vasopressin (AVP), 419–420 Wheat-based diets, 304 Vaso-relaxation, 130 Withania somnifera, see Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Vegetables, 483, 495–496, 611 Wnt-induced signaling protein 1 (WISP-1), 367 Venereal tumours, 198 World Trade Organization (WTO), 815 Ventricular arrhythmia, 433 Wound healing Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), 199 acute wound, 541 Veterinary cannabis products, in US market animal models, 545 dosing considerations and strategies for veterinary species, 147–148 Chromolaena odorata adverse events and dosage, 148 application, 555 drug interactions with cannabis, 148–149 chemical constituents, 549–551 ratio dosing, 148 chemical research, 554 Index 877

common vernacular, 549 pathophysiology, 542–543 description, distribution and pharmacological uses, 548 plants, 543, 544 eupolin, 555 therapeutic approaches, 543 flavonoids, 555 fresh leaves, 554 herbal medicines, 556 X inflammation, 556 Xenografts, 618 in vitro wound assay and in vivo studies, 555–556 Xylanase, 304, 311, 666 natural cascades, 556 Xylitol, 443 pharmacological activities, 550–553 Xylo-oligosaccharide, 266 phenol, 555 phytochemicals, 548, 549 plant-derived agents, 551–554 Y proinflammatory cytokines, 556 YiShenJianPi recipe, 503 secondary metabolites, 549 volatile oils, 547 chronic wounds, 541–542 Z folk medicine, 543 Zero-THC hemp extracts, 146 herbal plants, 543 Z-γ-bisabolene, 92 human models, 545–546 Zingerone, 52, 53 in vitro assays, 543–545 Zingiber officinale, see Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in vivo models, 545 Zingiberol, 52 nutraceuticals formulation and delivery systems, 546–547 Zootechnical additives, 338–339, 347, 834–835, 846