DOCSLIB.ORG

Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology AMRITPAL SINGH SAROYA Herbal Consultant Punjab India 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW CRC Press Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue Science Publishers an informa business New York, NY 10016 2 Park Square, Milton Park Enfield, New Hampshire www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX 14 4RN, UK Published by Science Publishers, P.O. Box 699, Enfi eld, NH 03748, USA An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Channel Islands E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.scipub.net Marketed and distributed by: 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW CRC Press Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue an informa business New York, NY 10016 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX 14 4RN, UK Copyright reserved © 2011 ISBN 978-1-57808-697-9 CIP data will be provided on request. The views expressed in this book are those of the author(s) and the publisher does not assume responsibility for the authenticity of the fi ndings/conclusions drawn by the author(s). Also no responsibility is assumed by the publishers for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, in writing. The exception to this is when a reasonable part of the text is quoted for purpose of book review, abstracting etc. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Printed in the United States of America Foreword It is indeed an honour to be invited to write the Foreword for book titled ‘Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology’ with its twin lofty motto both to educate and to provide much needed scientifi c validation to herbal medicine. The author has achieved in this book the multi-faceted objectives of emerging herbal science which is a blend of ancient knowledge coupled with scientifi c proofs. When I received an invitation from the author to write the Foreword to the book I was somewhat puzzled by the invitation. After all, during the past one decade, my work has focused upon the pharmacological aspects of Ayurvedic and herbal medicine. I have coauthored a number of research and review papers along with the author detailing herbal medicine and ethnopharmacology. And prior to that, my original scientifi c training and qualifi cations were as pharmacologist, rather than Herbal Medicine. The scope of this book is truly impressive, reviewing the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of herbal drugs. The book is thoroughly referenced and illustrates the scientifi c approach to herbalism. The book is not limited to one class of Complementary and Alternative Medicine but also highlights medicinal applications of lesser known systems like Amchi. The book clearly warrants application of algae, fungi and mosses in drug discovery. This book was need of the hour to provide clarifi cations regarding issues related to herbalism. Herbalism and traditional medicine are backbone of the modern pharmaceutical industry. In China and Western countries, herbal medicine has come into the limelight because of advancement in research and development. Taxol (Taxus brevifolia), Silymarin (Silybum marianum), Artemisinin (Artemisia annua) are some reputed drugs in synthetic system of medicine. All the three drugs owe their origin to plants. We need to explore other systems of Complementary and Alternative Medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy and Amchi for more potent and life saving drugs. I believe that this book should be of great help to people concerned about the value of herbalism in future healthcare. Dr. Samir Malhotra Associate Professor, Dept of Pharmacology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Chandigarh Preface This book has been written with the primary objective of providing scientifi c footage to medical herbalism. With advancement of our knowledge of the subject, a large number of texts have appeared which are useful in their own way but do not fully meet the interdisciplinary nature of herbalism. Herbalism coupled with phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology is a powerful tool for drug discovery. The present treatise has been presented in a simple and lucid style so that a student who has even a limited knowledge of herbalism can understand the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of herbalism. A simple, clear, well illustrated and a concise account of phytochemicals and experimental pharmacology has been presented. An introductory chapter in the beginning of the text is meant to acquaint the students with a general outline of various issues related to herbalism. Another objective has been to present the entire subject matter in light of new advancements in herbal drug discovery. The book is primarily meant for students of phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, phytotherapy and medicinal plants. For the benefi t of the readers, concise information in form of tables has been included. Each chapter contains a complete bibliography which may particularly benefi t postgraduate and research-oriented students and teachers. It is certainly not possible to consider all aspects of herbalism in a single book, especially when there are genuine limitations such as lack of standardization and awareness. No originality is claimed in the preparation of this book. It is simply a compilation of work done in a manner so as to meet the needs of the students of herbalism and related subjects. A large of standard books on the subject and research journals have been consulted. I am also greatly indebted to all eminent herbal scientists of the world for sending me copies of original papers. During the three-year period that this book passed through the different stages of preparation and production, I perforce ignored my family. For all kinds of personal help rendered to me by my parents and wife, I have no words to express my feelings. Special thanks is due to my pretty daughter Seerat Kaur for tolerating my whims and moods while working for the project. My heartiest thanks to Dr. Bhupinder Singh Bhoop, viii Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology Professor (Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics), University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Punjab University, Chandigarh and Dr. Samir Malhotra, Associate Professor (Pharmacology), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chandigarh for providing the stimulus to achieve this ambitious project. Finally, I wish to express my thanks to my publishers for providing me the facilities in the publication of the book. Constructive suggestions from readers, for the improvement of possible future editions of the book, shall be gratefully acknowledged. September 2010 Amritpal Singh Contents Foreword v Preface vii 1. Herbal Drug Industry 1 2. Reverse Pharmacology 18 3. Ethnopharmacology 26 4. Medicinal Phytochemistry 33 5. Phytochemicals 36 6. Phytochemicals Research—Emerging Concepts 215 7. Therapeutic Utility of Ayurveda 251 8. Amchi System of Medicine 263 9. Ethnopharmacology of Algae 268 10. Ethnopharmacology of Lichens 277 11. Ethnopharmacology of Bryophytes 286 12. Ethnopharmacology of Anthelmintic Ferns 294 13. Ethnopharmacology of Medicinal Orchids 300 14. Salacia sp. Potential Hypoglycemic Plants 312 15. Ethnopharmacology of Taraxacum offi cinale Weber 323 16. Ethnopharmacology of Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. 336 17. Ethnopharmacology of Alstonia macrophylla ex A. DC 341 18. Ethnopharmacology of Alstonia venenata R. Br 351 19. Ethnopharmacology of Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. 353 20. Ethnopharmacology of Terminalia belerica (Gaertn.) Roxb 357 21. Ethnopharmacology of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. 362 22. Ethnopharmacology of Eclipta alba Linn. 368 23. Ethnopharmacology of Cassia siamea Lam. 376 24. Ethnopharmacology of Tylophora asthmatica Wight & Arn. 384 25. Colchicine Containing Medicinal Herbs 390 x Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology 26. Lakshmana-Ayurvedic Drug of Controversial Origin 395 27. Antidiabetic Potential of Pterocarpus marsupium 399 Index 405 Color Plate Section 427 Chapter 1 Herbal Drug Industry 1.1 Introduction A considerable number of defi nitions have been proposed for the term ‘medicinal plant’. According to the World Health Organization, “a medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for chemopharmaceutical semi synthesis”. This defi nition distinguishes between the already known medicinal plants whose therapeutic properties or characters are precursors of certain molecules which have been established scientifi cally, with that of other plants used in traditional medicine which are regarded as medicinal, but have not yet been subjected to a thorough scientifi c study. Medicinal plants are a signifi cant source of synthetic and herbal drugs. Patterns of herbal utilization are depicted in Fig. 1.1 Medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of diseases since antiquity. According to Alves
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Index Vol. 12-15
    353 INDEX VOL. 12-15 Die Stichworte des Sachregisters sind in der jeweiligen Sprache der einzelnen Beitrage aufgefiihrt. Les termes repris dans la Table des matieres sont donnes selon la langue dans laquelle l'ouvrage est ecrit. The references of the Subject Index are given in the language of the respective contribution. 14 AAG (Alpha-acid glycoprotein) 120 14 Adenosine 108 12 Abortion 151 12 Adenosine-phosphate 311 13 Abscisin 12, 46, 66 13 Adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate 148 14 Absorbierbarkeit 317 13 Adenosine triphosphate 358 14 Absorption 309, 350 15 S-Adenosylmethionine 261 13 Absorption of drugs 139 13 Adipaenin (Spasmolytin) 318 14 - 15 12 Adrenal atrophy 96 14 Absorptionsgeschwindigkeit 300, 306 14 - 163, 164 14 Absorptionsquote 324 13 Adrenal gland 362 14 ACAI (Anticorticocatabolic activity in­ 12 Adrenalin(e) 319 dex) 145 14 - 209, 210 12 Acalo 197 15 - 161 13 Aceclidine (3-Acetoxyquinuclidine) 307, 13 {i-Adrenergic blockers 119 308, 310, 311, 330, 332 13 Adrenergic-blocking activity 56 13 Acedapsone 193,195,197 14 O(-Adrenergic blocking drugs 36, 37, 43 13 Aceperone (Acetabutone) 121 14 {i-Adrenergic blocking drugs 38 12 Acepromazin (Plegizil) 200 14 Adrenergic drugs 90 15 Acetanilid 156 12 Adrenocorticosteroids 14, 30 15 Acetazolamide 219 12 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 13 Acetoacetyl-coenzyme A 258 16,30,155 12 Acetohexamide 16 14 - 149,153,163,165,167,171 15 1-Acetoxy-8-aminooctahydroindolizin 15 Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) 216 (Slaframin) 168 14 Adrenosterone 153 13 4-Acetoxy-1-azabicyclo(3, 2, 2)-nonane 12 Adreson 252
    [Show full text]
  • Β-Phenylethylamines and the Isoquinoline Alkaloids
    -Phenylethylamines and the isoquinoline alkaloids Kenneth W. Bentley Marrview, Tillybirloch, Midmar, Aberdeenshire, UK AB51 7PS Received (in Cambridge, UK) 28th November 2000 First published as an Advance Article on the web 7th February 2001 Covering: July 1999 to June 2000. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2000, 17, 247. 1 Introduction 2 -Phenylethylamines 3 Isoquinolines 4 Naphthylisoquinolines 5 Benzylisoquinolines 6 Bisbenzylisoquinolines 7 Pavines and isopavines 8 Berberines and tetrahydoberberines 9 Protopines 10 Phthalide-isoquinolines 11 Other modified berberines 12 Emetine and related alkaloids 13 Benzophenanthridines 14 Aporphinoid alkaloids 14.1 Proaporphines 14.2 Aporphines 14.3 Aporphine–benzylisoquinoline dimers 14.4 Phenanthrenes 14.5 Oxoaporphines 14.6 Dioxoaporphines 14.7 Aristolochic acids and aristolactams 14.8 Oxoisoaporphines 15 Alkaloids of the morphine group 16 Colchicine and related alkaloids 17 Erythrina alkaloids 17.1 Erythrinanes 17.2 Cephalotaxine and related alkaloids 18 Other isoquinolines 19 References 1 Introduction Reviews of the occurrence of isoquinoline alkaloids in some plant species 1,2 and of recent developments in the chemistry and synthesis of alkaloids of these groups 3–6 have been published. 2 -Phenylethylamines β-Phenylethylamine, tyramine, N-methyltyramine, hordenine, mescaline, N-methylmescaline and N,N-dimethylmescaline 1, which is reported as an alkaloid for the first time, have been isolated from an unspecified species of Turbinocarpus 7 and N-trans-feruloyltyramine has been isolated from Cananga odorata.8 The N-oxides of the known alkaloid culantraramine 2 and the unknown culantraraminol 3, together with the related avicennamine 4 have been isolated as new alkaloids from Zanthoxylum avicennae.9 Three novel amides of dehydrotyr- leucine and proline respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Umbilicariaceae Phylogeny TAXON 66 (6) • December 2017: 1282–1303
    Davydov & al. • Umbilicariaceae phylogeny TAXON 66 (6) • December 2017: 1282–1303 Umbilicariaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) – Trait evolution and a new generic concept Evgeny A. Davydov,1 Derek Peršoh2 & Gerhard Rambold3 1 Altai State University, Lenin Ave. 61, Barnaul, 656049 Russia 2 Ruhr-Universität Bochum, AG Geobotanik, Gebäude ND 03/170, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany 3 University of Bayreuth, Plant Systematics, Mycology Dept., Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany Author for correspondence: Evgeny A. Davydov, [email protected] ORCID EAD, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2316-8506; DP, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5561-0189 DOI https://doi.org/10.12705/666.2 Abstract To reconstruct hypotheses on the evolution of Umbilicariaceae, 644 sequences from three independent DNA regions were used, 433 of which were newly produced. The study includes a representative fraction (presumably about 80%) of the known species diversity of the Umbilicariaceae s.str. and is based on the phylograms obtained using maximum likelihood and a Bayesian phylogenetic inference framework. The analyses resulted in the recognition of eight well-supported clades, delimited by a combination of morphological and chemical features. None of the previous classifications within Umbilicariaceae s.str. were supported by the phylogenetic analyses. The distribution of the diagnostic morphological and chemical traits against the molecular phylogenetic topology revealed the following patterns of evolution: (1) Rhizinomorphs were gained at least four times independently and are lacking in most clades grouping in the proximity of Lasallia. (2) Asexual reproductive structures, i.e., thalloconidia and lichenized dispersal units, appear more or less mutually exclusive, being restricted to different clades.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Lecanora S. Lat., Growing on Lasallia Pustulata
    The Lichenologist 40(2): 111–118 (2008) 2008 British Lichen Society doi:10.1017/S0024282908007469 Printed in the United Kingdom A new species of Lecanora s. lat., growing on Lasallia pustulata Sergio PEuREZ-ORTEGA and Javier ETAYO Abstract: The new species Lecanora lasalliae Pe´rez-Ortega & Etayo is described from Spain. It is included provisionally in Lecanora s. lat as characters such as Lecanora-type ascus, exciple composed of thick radiating hyphae and the usual presence of algal cells in the excipulum or its lichenicolous habitus on Lasallia pustulata, do not fit well within any known genus of lichenicolous or lichenized fungi. Its taxonomic affinities with several taxa are discussed, including the parasitic Lecanora gyrophorina. Key words: Carbonea, Lecidea, lichenicolous fungi, Nesolechia, Phacopsis, Protoparmelia, Ramboldia, Scoliciosporum, Spain Introduction and compare it to other genera with licheni- The umbilicate genus Lasallia Me´rat does colous species with Lecanora-type ascus with not host many species of fungi; so we were which the species could be related or surprised to find several healthy thalli of confused. Lasallia pustulata (L.) Me´rat. with small patches of apothecia growing on the thallus Material and Methods margins, mainly mixed with clusters of isidia. Because of the frequent presence of The material was examined using standard micro- scopical techniques. Photographs were taken with a dispersed algae in the exciple, thick excipu- Leica Mz75 stereomicroscope and a Zeiss Axioskop2 lar hyphae, the nature of the pigments in Plus microscope equipped with differential contrast. paraphyses and excipulum, and the Amyloid reactions were tested with Lugol’s reagent, Lecanora-type ascus, we hesitated to include either without or with a pre-treatment with KOH (I and K/I respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • A Systematic Review on Main Chemical Constituents of Papaver Bracteatum
    Journal of Medicinal Plants A Systematic Review on Main Chemical Constituents of Papaver bracteatum Soleymankhani M (Ph.D. student), Khalighi-Sigaroodi F (Ph.D.)*, Hajiaghaee R (Ph.D.), Naghdi Badi H (Ph.D.), Mehrafarin A (Ph.D.), Ghorbani Nohooji M (Ph.D.) Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran * Corresponding author: Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, P.O.Box: 33651/66571, Karaj, Iran Tel: +98 - 26 - 34764010-9, Fax: +98 - 26-34764021 E-mail: [email protected] Received: 17 April 2013 Accepted: 12 Oct. 2014 Abstract Papaver bracteatum Lindly (Papaveraceae) is an endemic species of Iran which has economic importance in drug industries. The main alkaloid of the plant is thebaine which is used as a precursor of the semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds including codeine and naloxone, respectively. This systematic review focuses on main component of Papaver bracteatum and methods used to determine thebaine. All studies which assessed the potential effect of the whole plant or its extract on clinical or preclinical studies were reviewed. In addition, methods for determination of the main components, especially thebaine, which have been published from 1948 to March 2013, were included. Exclusion criteria were agricultural studies that did not assess. This study has listed alkaloids identified in P. bracteatum which reported since 1948 to 2013. Also, the biological activities of main compounds of Papaver bracteatum including thebaine, isothebaine, (-)-nuciferine have been reviewed. As thebaine has many medicinal and industrial values, determination methods of thebaine in P. bracteatum were summarized. The methods have being used for determination of thebaine include chromatographic (HPLC, GC and TLC) and non chromatographic methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Resolving Lamiales Relationships
    Schäferhoff et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:352 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/352 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences Bastian Schäferhoff1*, Andreas Fleischmann2, Eberhard Fischer3, Dirk C Albach4, Thomas Borsch5, Günther Heubl2, Kai F Müller1 Abstract Background: In the large angiosperm order Lamiales, a diverse array of highly specialized life strategies such as carnivory, parasitism, epiphytism, and desiccation tolerance occur, and some lineages possess drastically accelerated DNA substitutional rates or miniaturized genomes. However, understanding the evolution of these phenomena in the order, and clarifying borders of and relationships among lamialean families, has been hindered by largely unresolved trees in the past. Results: Our analysis of the rapidly evolving trnK/matK, trnL-F and rps16 chloroplast regions enabled us to infer more precise phylogenetic hypotheses for the Lamiales. Relationships among the nine first-branching families in the Lamiales tree are now resolved with very strong support. Subsequent to Plocospermataceae, a clade consisting of Carlemanniaceae plus Oleaceae branches, followed by Tetrachondraceae and a newly inferred clade composed of Gesneriaceae plus Calceolariaceae, which is also supported by morphological characters. Plantaginaceae (incl. Gratioleae) and Scrophulariaceae are well separated in the backbone grade; Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae appear in distant clades, while the recently described Linderniaceae are confirmed to be monophyletic and in an isolated position. Conclusions: Confidence about deep nodes of the Lamiales tree is an important step towards understanding the evolutionary diversification of a major clade of flowering plants. The degree of resolution obtained here now provides a first opportunity to discuss the evolution of morphological and biochemical traits in Lamiales.
    [Show full text]
  • An in Silico Study of the Ligand Binding to Human Cytochrome P450 2D6
    AN IN SILICO STUDY OF THE LIGAND BINDING TO HUMAN CYTOCHROME P450 2D6 Sui-Lin Mo (Doctor of Philosophy) Discipline of Chinese Medicine School of Health Sciences RMIT University, Victoria, Australia January 2011 i Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at RMIT university or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgment is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at RMIT university or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project‘s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. PhD Candidate: Sui-Lin Mo Date: January 2011 ii Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Shu-Feng Zhou, for his excellent supervision. I thank him for his kindness, encouragement, patience, enthusiasm, ideas, and comments and for the opportunity that he has given me. I thank my co-supervisor, A/Prof. Chun-Guang Li, for his valuable support, suggestions, comments, which have contributed towards the success of this thesis. I express my great respect to Prof. Min Huang, Dean of School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Sun Yat-sen University in P.R.China, for his valuable support.
    [Show full text]
  • EVALUATION of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY and MODULATORY EFFECT on NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS of ALKALOIDS ISOLATED from Rhodolirium Andicola
    UNIVERSIDAD DE LA FRONTERA Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales EVALUATION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY AND MODULATORY EFFECT ON NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS OF ALKALOIDS ISOLATED FROM Rhodolirium andicola DOCTORAL THESIS IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUERIMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF SCIENCES IN NATURAL RESOURCES FELIPE EDUARDO MORAGA NICOLÁS TEMUCO-CHILE 2018 Evaluation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and modulatory effect on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of alkaloids isolated from Rhodolirium andicola Esta tesis fue realizada bajo la supervisión del director de Tesis Dra. ANA MUTIS TEJOS, y bajo la co-tutela del Dr. EMILIO HORMAZÁBAL URIBE, pertenecientes al Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales de la Universidad de La Frontera, y es presentada para su revisión por los miembros de la comisión examinadora. FELIPE EDUARDO MORAGA NICOLÁS Dr. Andrés Quiroz Director programa de Doctorado en Dra. Ana Mutis T. Ciencias de Recursos Naturales Dr. Emilio Hormazábal U. Dr. Patricio Iturriaga V. Dra. Mónica Rubilar Directora Académica de Postgrado Universidad de La Frontera Dr. Andrés Quiroz C. Dr. Alejandro Urzúa M. Dr. Leonardo Guzmán G. Dedico esta tesis a mi Madre por su apoyo amor y confianza Agradecimientos/Acknowledgments Este escrito no solo refleja los resultados de una investigación, sino también, interés y aprecio por los productos naturales. El desarrollo de este trabajo no habría sido posible sin el apoyo de todas aquellas personas, que directa o indirectamente, me han permitido llevar a cabo los objetivos propuestos en esta investigación. De este modo, las siguientes líneas expresan mis agradecimientos más sinceros a quienes colaboraron en hacer esto una realidad.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases Chemicals Found in Papaver Somniferum
    Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases Chemicals found in Papaver somniferum Activities Count Chemical Plant Part Low PPM High PPM StdDev Refernce Citation 0 (+)-LAUDANIDINE Fruit -- 0 (+)-RETICULINE Fruit -- 0 (+)-RETICULINE Latex Exudate -- 0 (-)-ALPHA-NARCOTINE Inflorescence -- 0 (-)-NARCOTOLINE Inflorescence -- 0 (-)-SCOULERINE Latex Exudate -- 0 (-)-SCOULERINE Plant -- 0 10-HYDROXYCODEINE Latex Exudate -- 0 10-NONACOSANOL Latex Exudate Chemical Constituents of Oriental Herbs (3 diff. books) 0 13-OXOCRYPTOPINE Plant -- 0 16-HYDROXYTHEBAINE Plant -- 0 20-HYDROXY- Fruit 36.0 -- TRICOSANYLCYCLOHEXA NE 0 4-HYDROXY-BENZOIC- Pericarp -- ACID 0 4-METHYL-NONACOSANE Fruit 3.2 -- 0 5'-O- Plant -- DEMETHYLNARCOTINE 0 5-HYDROXY-3,7- Latex Exudate -- DIMETHOXYPHENANTHRE NE 0 6- Plant -- ACTEONLYDIHYDROSANG UINARINE 0 6-METHYL-CODEINE Plant Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations. 0 6-METHYL-CODEINE Fruit -- 0 ACONITASE Latex Exudate -- 32 AESCULETIN Pericarp -- 3 ALANINE Seed 11780.0 12637.0 0.5273634907250652 -- Activities Count Chemical Plant Part Low PPM High PPM StdDev Refernce Citation 0 ALKALOIDS Latex Exudate 50000.0 250000.0 ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes. 5 ALLOCRYPTOPINE Plant Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations. 15 ALPHA-LINOLENIC-ACID Seed 1400.0 5564.0 -0.22115561650586155 -- 2 ALPHA-NARCOTINE Plant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp. 17 APOMORPHINE Plant Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations. 0 APOREINE Fruit -- 0 ARABINOSE Fruit ANON.
    [Show full text]
  • The Orchid Flora of the Colombian Department of Valle Del Cauca Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad, Vol
    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad ISSN: 1870-3453 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Kolanowska, Marta The orchid flora of the Colombian Department of Valle del Cauca Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, vol. 85, núm. 2, 2014, pp. 445-462 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42531364003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 445-462, 2014 Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 445-462, 2014 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.32511 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.32511445 The orchid flora of the Colombian Department of Valle del Cauca La orquideoflora del departamento colombiano de Valle del Cauca Marta Kolanowska Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland. [email protected] Abstract. The floristic, geographical and ecological analysis of the orchid flora of the department of Valle del Cauca are presented. The study area is located in the southwestern Colombia and it covers about 22 140 km2 of land across 4 physiographic units. All analysis are based on the fieldwork and on the revision of the herbarium material. A list of 572 orchid species occurring in the department of Valle del Cauca is presented. Two species, Arundina graminifolia and Vanilla planifolia, are non-native elements of the studied orchid flora. The greatest species diversity is observed in the montane regions of the study area, especially in wet montane forest.
    [Show full text]
  • Root Fungal Associations in Some Non-Orchidaceous Vascular Lithophytes
    Acta Botanica Brasilica - 30(3): 407-421. July-September 2016. doi: 10.1590/0102-33062016abb0074 Root fungal associations in some non-orchidaceous vascular lithophytes Thangavelu Muthukumar1*, Marimuthu Chinnathambi1 and Perumalsamy Priyadharsini1 Received: March 7, 2016 Accepted: July 11, 2016 . ABSTRACT Plant roots in natural ecosystems are colonized by a diverse group of fungi among which the most common and widespread are arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungi. Th ough AM and DSE fungal associations are well reported for terricolous plant species, they are rather poorly known for lithophytic plant species. In this study, we examined AM and DSE fungal association in 72 non-orchidaceous vascular plant species growing as lithophytes in Siruvani Hills, Western Ghats of Tamilnadu, India. Sixty-nine plant species had AM and 58 species had DSE fungal associations. To our knowledge, we report AM fungal association in 42 and DSE fungal association in 53 plant species for the fi rst time. Th ere were signifi cant diff erences in total root length colonization and root length colonized by diff erent AM and DSE fungal structures among plant species. In contrast, the diff erences in AM and DSE fungal colonization among plants in various life-forms and lifecycles were not signifi cant. AM morphology reported for the fi rst time in 56 plant species was dominated by intermediate type AM morphology. A signifi cant negative relationship existed between total root length colonized by AM and DSE fungi. Th ese results clearly
    [Show full text]
  • Estudos Das Potencialidades Farmacológicas De Plantas Endémicas /Medicinais De Cabo Verde: Campylanthus Glaber Benth Ssp Glaber E Da Globularia Amygdalifolia Webb
    UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR Ciências Estudos das Potencialidades farmacológicas de plantas endémicas /medicinais de Cabo Verde: Campylanthus glaber Benth ssp glaber e da Globularia amygdalifolia Webb Versão final após defesa Nadir Alves Cardoso Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Química Medicinal (2º ciclo de estudos) Orientador: Prof. Doutor Jesús Miguel López Rodilla Covilhã, março de 2018 Dedicatória Ao meu pai João e à minha mãe Rosa “Os nossos pais amam-nos porque somos seus filhos, é um fato inalterável. Nos momentos de sucesso, isso pode parecer irrelevante, mas nas ocasiões de fracasso, oferecem um consolo e uma segurança que não se encontram em qualquer outro lugar.” Bertrand Russell ii Agradecimentos Ao Pai celestial Senhor Jeová pela vida e pelas bênçãos derramadas nessa caminhada, graças a Ele consegui suportar e ser bem sucedida em todas as dificuldades. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Doutor Jesús Miguel López Rodilla pelo apoio direto e incentivo desde o primeiro momento da minha chegada à Universidade, pelo tempo disponibilizado, e os conhecimentos transmitidos na orientação deste trabalho. Aqui exprimo a minha gratidão. À Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade da Beira Interior, particularmente o departamento de Química e todos os Professores e técnicos de laboratório pelo apoio na realização deste trabalho e a todos os professores que lecionaram unidades curriculares no Mestrado de Química Medicinal, obrigado pelos conhecimentos transmitido. À Universidade de Cabo Verde pela oportunidade e financiamento desse mestrado. Agradeço profundamente à Magnifica Reitora Judite Nascimento! À amiga e Professora Cláudia Beato, pelo incentivo, apoio emocional, pelo ombro emprestado nos momentos de desespero vividos aqui na Covilhã.
    [Show full text]