EVALUATION of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY and MODULATORY EFFECT on NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS of ALKALOIDS ISOLATED from Rhodolirium Andicola
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Β-Phenylethylamines and the Isoquinoline Alkaloids
-Phenylethylamines and the isoquinoline alkaloids Kenneth W. Bentley Marrview, Tillybirloch, Midmar, Aberdeenshire, UK AB51 7PS Received (in Cambridge, UK) 28th November 2000 First published as an Advance Article on the web 7th February 2001 Covering: July 1999 to June 2000. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2000, 17, 247. 1 Introduction 2 -Phenylethylamines 3 Isoquinolines 4 Naphthylisoquinolines 5 Benzylisoquinolines 6 Bisbenzylisoquinolines 7 Pavines and isopavines 8 Berberines and tetrahydoberberines 9 Protopines 10 Phthalide-isoquinolines 11 Other modified berberines 12 Emetine and related alkaloids 13 Benzophenanthridines 14 Aporphinoid alkaloids 14.1 Proaporphines 14.2 Aporphines 14.3 Aporphine–benzylisoquinoline dimers 14.4 Phenanthrenes 14.5 Oxoaporphines 14.6 Dioxoaporphines 14.7 Aristolochic acids and aristolactams 14.8 Oxoisoaporphines 15 Alkaloids of the morphine group 16 Colchicine and related alkaloids 17 Erythrina alkaloids 17.1 Erythrinanes 17.2 Cephalotaxine and related alkaloids 18 Other isoquinolines 19 References 1 Introduction Reviews of the occurrence of isoquinoline alkaloids in some plant species 1,2 and of recent developments in the chemistry and synthesis of alkaloids of these groups 3–6 have been published. 2 -Phenylethylamines β-Phenylethylamine, tyramine, N-methyltyramine, hordenine, mescaline, N-methylmescaline and N,N-dimethylmescaline 1, which is reported as an alkaloid for the first time, have been isolated from an unspecified species of Turbinocarpus 7 and N-trans-feruloyltyramine has been isolated from Cananga odorata.8 The N-oxides of the known alkaloid culantraramine 2 and the unknown culantraraminol 3, together with the related avicennamine 4 have been isolated as new alkaloids from Zanthoxylum avicennae.9 Three novel amides of dehydrotyr- leucine and proline respectively. -
Generic Classification of Amaryllidaceae Tribe Hippeastreae Nicolás García,1 Alan W
TAXON 2019 García & al. • Genera of Hippeastreae SYSTEMATICS AND PHYLOGENY Generic classification of Amaryllidaceae tribe Hippeastreae Nicolás García,1 Alan W. Meerow,2 Silvia Arroyo-Leuenberger,3 Renata S. Oliveira,4 Julie H. Dutilh,4 Pamela S. Soltis5 & Walter S. Judd5 1 Herbario EIF & Laboratorio de Sistemática y Evolución de Plantas, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile 2 USDA-ARS-SHRS, National Germplasm Repository, 13601 Old Cutler Rd., Miami, Florida 33158, U.S.A. 3 Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, Labardén 200, CC 22, B1642HYD, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina 4 Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Postal Code 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil 5 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, U.S.A. Address for correspondence: Nicolás García, [email protected] DOI https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12062 Abstract A robust generic classification for Amaryllidaceae has remained elusive mainly due to the lack of unequivocal diagnostic characters, a consequence of highly canalized variation and a deeply reticulated evolutionary history. A consensus classification is pro- posed here, based on recent molecular phylogenetic studies, morphological and cytogenetic variation, and accounting for secondary criteria of classification, such as nomenclatural stability. Using the latest sutribal classification of Hippeastreae (Hippeastrinae and Traubiinae) as a foundation, we propose the recognition of six genera, namely Eremolirion gen. nov., Hippeastrum, Phycella s.l., Rhodolirium s.str., Traubia, and Zephyranthes s.l. A subgeneric classification is suggested for Hippeastrum and Zephyranthes to denote putative subclades. -
An in Silico Study of the Ligand Binding to Human Cytochrome P450 2D6
AN IN SILICO STUDY OF THE LIGAND BINDING TO HUMAN CYTOCHROME P450 2D6 Sui-Lin Mo (Doctor of Philosophy) Discipline of Chinese Medicine School of Health Sciences RMIT University, Victoria, Australia January 2011 i Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at RMIT university or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgment is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at RMIT university or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project‘s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. PhD Candidate: Sui-Lin Mo Date: January 2011 ii Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Shu-Feng Zhou, for his excellent supervision. I thank him for his kindness, encouragement, patience, enthusiasm, ideas, and comments and for the opportunity that he has given me. I thank my co-supervisor, A/Prof. Chun-Guang Li, for his valuable support, suggestions, comments, which have contributed towards the success of this thesis. I express my great respect to Prof. Min Huang, Dean of School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Sun Yat-sen University in P.R.China, for his valuable support. -
Review Article SOME PLANTS AS a SOURCE of ACETYL CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS: a REVIEW Purabi Deka *, Arun Kumar, Bipin Kumar Nayak, N
Purabi Deka et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2017, 8 (5) INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY www.irjponline.com ISSN 2230 – 8407 Review Article SOME PLANTS AS A SOURCE OF ACETYL CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS: A REVIEW Purabi Deka *, Arun Kumar, Bipin Kumar Nayak, N. Eloziia Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology & Science, Dehradun, India *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Article Received on: 27/03/17 Approved for publication: 27/04/17 DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.08565 ABSTRACT The term dementia derives from the Latin demens (“de” means private, “mens” means mind, intelligence and judgment- “without a mind”). Dementia is a progressive, chronic neurological disorder which destroys brain cells and causes difficulties with memory, behaviour, thinking, calculation, comprehension, language and it is brutal enough to affect work, lifelong hobbies, and social life. Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Dementia with Lewys Bodies are some common types of dementias. Acetylcholinesterase AChE) Inhibition, the key enzyme which plays a main role in the breakdown of acetylcholine and it is considered as a Positive strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders. Currently many AChE inhibitors namely tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine have been used as first line drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. They are having several side effects such as gastrointestinal disorder, hepatotoxicity etc, so there is great interest in finding new and better AChE inhibitors from Natural products. Natural products are the remarkable source of Synthetic as well as traditional products. Abundance of plants in nature gives a potential source of AChE inhibitors. The purpose of this article to present a complete literature survey of plants that have been tested for AChE inhibitory activity. -
Acacia Nilotica
Index A Algae Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), 29 cattle health and diseases, 642–643 Abrasive wound model, 546 cultures and extracts, 503 Acacia nilotica, see Babool (Acacia nilotica) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 143 ACANIL, 106 Alkali-treated neem seed cake (ATNSC), 44 Accelerated stability test, 770–772 Alkaloids Acceptable daily intake (ADI), 802 Allium sativum, 571 Acetaminophen, 107 cancer, 607 Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, 78 feed additive, 355 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 139 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471 Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, 75 plant-derived immunomodulators, 594 Acetyl-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), 374 Allergic asthma, 16 AChE-inhibiting peptides, 405 Allergic dermatitis, 566 Acid detergent fibre (ADF), 42 Allergic reactions, see Hypersensitivity disorders Actaea racemosa L., see Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) Allergy, 16–17 Action potential (AP), 74 Allium cepa, see Onion (Allium cepa) Active immunity, veterinary vaccines for, 245–246 Allium sativum, see Garlic (Allium sativum) Acyl-CoA synthase, 75 Allium ursinum, 571, 628 Adaptive immune system, 245 Aloe vera Adenium obesum, 485, 563 dermatitis, 564, 565 Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 75 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 468 Adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), 58, 75, 197 periodontal disease, 457–458 Adulticides, 625 wound healing, 565 Advanced periodontitis, 449 Alpha (α)-linolenic acid (ALA), 124, 403–404, 677 Adverse events (AEs), 148 α-pinene, 139, 575 Affinity, 247 Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 395, 688 Aflatoxin, 95 berberine, 74 Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 85, -
MAPEAMENTO DOS SÍTIOS DE Dnar 5S E 45S E ORGANIZAÇÃO DA CROMATINA EM REPRESENTANTES DA FAMÍLIA AMARYLLIDACEAE JAUME ST.-HIL
EMMANUELLY CALINA XAVIER RODRIGUES DOS SANTOS MAPEAMENTO DOS SÍTIOS DE DNAr 5S E 45S E ORGANIZAÇÃO DA CROMATINA EM REPRESENTANTES DA FAMÍLIA AMARYLLIDACEAE JAUME ST.-HIL. RECIFE-PE 2015 i EMMANUELLY CALINA XAVIER RODRIGUES DOS SANTOS MAPEAMENTO DOS SÍTIOS DE DNAr 5S E 45S E ORGANIZAÇÃO DA CROMATINA EM REPRESENTANTES DA FAMÍLIA AMARYLLIDACEAE JAUME ST.-HIL. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutora em Botânica. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Reginaldo de Carvalho Dept° de Genética/Biologia, Área de Genética/UFRPE Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Leonardo Pessoa Felix Dept° de Fitotecnia, UFPB RECIFE-PE 2015 ii MAPEAMENTO DOS SÍTIOS DE DNAr 5S E 45S E ORGANIZAÇÃO DA CROMATINA EM REPRESENTANTES DA FAMÍLIA AMARYLLIDACEAE JAUME ST.-HIL. Emmanuelly Calina Xavier Rodrigues dos Santos Tese defendida e _________________ pela banca examinadora em ___/___/___ Presidente da Banca/Orientador: ______________________________________________ Dr. Reginaldo de Carvalho (Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – UFRPE) Comissão Examinadora: Membros titulares: ______________________________________________ Dra. Ana Emília de Barros e Silva (Universidade Federal da Paraíba – UFPB) ______________________________________________ Dra. Andrea Pedrosa Harand (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPE) ______________________________________________ Dr. Felipe Nollet Medeiros de Assis (Universidade Federal da Paraíba – UFPB) ______________________________________________ Dr. Marcelo Guerra (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPE) Suplentes: ______________________________________________ Dra. Lânia Isis Ferreira Alves (Universidade Federal da Paraíba – UFPB) ______________________________________________ Dra. Sônia Maria Pereira Barreto (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFRPE) iii A minha família, em especial ao meu pai José Geraldo Rodrigues dos Santos que sempre foi o meu maior incentivador e a quem responsabilizo o meu amor pela docência. -
Alkaloids from Chilean Species of the Genus Rhodophiala C. Presl (Amaryllidaceae) and Their Chemotaxonomic Importance
Gayana Bot. 75(1): 459-465, 2018. ISSN 0016-5301 Original Article Alkaloids from Chilean species of the genus Rhodophiala C. Presl (Amaryllidaceae) and their chemotaxonomic importance Alcaloides de especies chilenas del género Rhodophiala C. Presl (Amaryllidaceae) y su importancia quimiotaxonómica ISABEL LIZAMA-BIZAMA1*, CLAUDIA PÉREZ1, CARLOS M. BAEZA1, EUGENIO URIARTE2 & JOSÉ BECERRA1 1Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile. 2Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, España. *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The family Amaryllidaceae is widely distributed from temperate to tropical regions. Amaryllidaceae species from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae can biosynthesize alkaloids with important physiological effects. Rhodophiala C. Presl is one of the native genera of Amaryllidoideae of Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil. However, despite the diversity of this genus in Chile, their alkaloids have only been studied previously in one species of this country. The present work aims to analyze the alkaloid profi les and chemotaxonomically compare three other Chilean species of Rhodophiala: Rhodophiala bagnoldii (Herb.) Traub, Rhodophiala pratensis (Poepp.) Traub and Rhodophiala volckmannii Phil. Bulb extracts were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and alkaloids were characterized according to retention time and fragmentation pattern. The skeleton type alkaloids detected were lycorine, crinine, galanthamine, homolycorine, tazettine and montanine. All analyzed species showed different alkaloid profi les, indicating these compounds can be used as a chemotaxonomic tool. Furthermore, the alkaloid types detected in this genus have multiple reported biological properties and these species can constitute new sources of important medicinal products. -
Plastic Responses Contribute to Explaining Altitudinal and Temporal Variation in Potential Flower Longevity in High Andean Rhodolirion Montanum
RESEARCH ARTICLE Plastic Responses Contribute to Explaining Altitudinal and Temporal Variation in Potential Flower Longevity in High Andean Rhodolirion montanum Diego AndreÂs Pacheco1,2☯*, Leah S. Dudley3☯, Josefina Cabezas1,2☯, Lohengrin A. Cavieres1,4, Mary T. K. Arroyo1,2☯ 1 Instituto de EcologõÂa y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile, 2 Departamento de Ciencias EcoloÂgicas, Facultad a11111 de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 3 Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin, United States of America, 4 Departamento de BotaÂnica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y OceanograÂficas, Universidad de ConcepcioÂn, ConcepcioÂn, Chile ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Pacheco DA, Dudley LS, Cabezas J, Cavieres LA, Arroyo MTK (2016) Plastic The tendency for flower longevity to increase with altitude is believed by many alpine ecolo- Responses Contribute to Explaining Altitudinal and gists to play an important role in compensating for low pollination rates at high altitudes due Temporal Variation in Potential Flower Longevity in to cold and variable weather conditions. However, current studies documenting an altitudi- High Andean Rhodolirion montanum. PLoS ONE nal increase in flower longevity in the alpine habitat derive principally from studies on open- 11(11): e0166350. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0166350 pollinated flowers where lower pollinator visitation rates at higher altitudes will tend to lead to flower senescence later in the life-span of a flower in comparison with lower altitudes, and Editor: Renee M. Borges, Indian Institute of Science, INDIA thus could confound the real altitudinal pattern in a species potential flower longevity. In a two-year study we tested the hypothesis that a plastic effect of temperature on flower lon- Received: June 3, 2016 gevity could contribute to an altitudinal increase in potential flower longevity measured in Accepted: October 27, 2016 pollinator-excluded flowers in high Andean Rhodolirium montanum Phil. -
Filogenia De Los Géneros De Amaryllidaceae De Chile: Una Aproximación Desde La Biología Molecular
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DSpace Universidad de Talca FILOGENIA DE LOS GÉNEROS DE AMARYLLIDACEAE DE CHILE: UNA APROXIMACIÓN DESDE LA BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR LUIS ALBERTO LETELIER GÁLVEZ INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO RESUMEN La familia Amaryllidaceae comprende aproximadamente 850 especies en 60 géneros. Algunos de sus representantes son cultivados como ornamentales, tales como Amaryllis L., Crinus L., Galanthus L., Leucojum L., Lycoris Herb. y Narcissus L. En Chile, especies de los géneros Placea Miers, Phycella Lindl. y Rhodophiala C.Presl han llamado la atención de investigadores en floricultura, ya que sus vistosas flores representan un potencial ornamental tanto para ser utilizadas como plantas de jardín o de macetas. Sin embargo, para cualquier programa de investigación de biotecnológica vegetal aplicada, es necesaria la identificación del material vegetal que se está utilizando. Esto, en Amaryllidaceae chilenas es un desafío, puesto que la clasificación de los géneros y especies, que se ha hecho en base caracteres morfológicos tradicionales, es aún controvertida, dado por complejas variación morfológica observadas en géneros tales como Hippeastrum Herb., Phycella Lindl. Y Rhodophiala C.Presl, lo que se traduce en caracteres homoplásicos, o bien, en la supresión de la variación fenotípica o canalización. Mediante el uso de secuencias ITS, obtenidas desde material vegetal de 13 especies chilenas pertenecientes a los géneros Phycella Lindl., Rhodophiala C.Presl, Rhodolirium Phil. Famatina Ravenna y Miltinea (Ravenna) Ravenna. Se realizó un análisis filogenético de máxima parsimonia, con apoyo bootstrap, y posteriormente se combinó este análisis molecular con características morfológicas y estudios citológicos para proponer una clasificación mas robusta, predictiva, y consistente de estos 5 géneros nativos de Amaryllidaceae de Chile. -
Neuroprotective Activity of Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Of
Food and Chemical Toxicology 132 (2019) 110665 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food and Chemical Toxicology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchemtox Neuroprotective activity of isoquinoline alkaloids from of Chilean Amaryllidaceae plants against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity on T human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and mouse hippocampal slice culture Lina M. Trujillo-Chacóna, Julio E. Alarcón-Enosb, Carlos L. Céspedes-Acuñab, Luis Bustamantec, Marcelo Baezad, Manuela G. Lópeze, Cristina Fernández-Mendívile, Fabio Cabezasf, Edgar R. Pastene-Navarretea,* a Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Dpto. de Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, P.O. Box 237, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile b Laboratorio de Síntesis y Biotransformación de Productos Naturales, Dpto. Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bio-Bio, Chillan, Chile c Dpto. de Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile d Dpto. Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile e Departamento de Farmacología. Instituto Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain f Dpto. Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Universidad de Cauca, Popayán, Colombia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In this study we evaluate the chemical composition and neuroprotective effects of alkaloid fractions of the Alzheimer Amaryllidaceae species Rhodophiala pratensis, Rhodolirium speciosum, Phycella australis and Phaedranassa leh- Amaryllidaceae mannii. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) enable the identification of 41 known alkaloids. Alkaloids Rhodolirium speciosum and Rhodophiala pratensis were the most active extracts against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with IC50 values of 35.22 and 38.13 μg/mL, respectively. The protective effect of these extracts on human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) subjected to mitochondrial oxidative stress with rotenone/oligomycin A (R/O) and toxicity promoted by okadaic acid (OA) was evaluated. -
Universidade Federal Do Ceará Faculdade De Farmácia, Odontologia E Enfermagem Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ FACULDADE DE FARMÁCIA, ODONTOLOGIA E ENFERMAGEM PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS FARMACÊUTICAS ANA SHEILA DE QUEIROZ SOUZA PERFIL ALCALOÍDICO DE AÇUCENA (Hippeastrum elegans) E EFEITO ANTI- INFLAMATÓRIO EM NEUTRÓFILO E MICRÓGLIA FORTALEZA 2021 2 ANA SHEILA DE QUEIROZ SOUZA PERFIL ALCALOÍDICO DE AÇUCENA (Hippeastrum elegans) E EFEITO ANTI- INFLAMATÓRIO EM NEUTRÓFILO E MICRÓGLIA Dissertação apresentada a Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Ceará, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Área de concentração: Biologia para Saúde. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal. Coorientador: Dr. Kirley Marques Canuto. FORTALEZA 2021 3 4 ANA SHEILA DE QUEIROZ SOUZA PERFIL ALCALOÍDICO DE AÇUCENA (Hippeastrum elegans) E EFEITO ANTI- INFLAMATÓRIO EM NEUTRÓFILO E MICRÓGLIA Dissertação apresentada a Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Ceará, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Área de concentração: Biologia para Saúde. Aprovada em: ___/___/______. BANCA EXAMINADORA ________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Regina Claudia de Matos Dourado Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR) _________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Flávia Almeida Santos Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) ____________________________________ Profa. Dra. Luzia Kalyne Almeida M. Leal (Orientadora) Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) ____________________________________ Dr. Kirley Marques Canuto (Coorientador) Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical (EMBRAPA) 5 À minha Mãe, Maria José, luz da minha vida. 6 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus a força e o entusiasmo necessário para continuar nessa jornada. Aos meus pais, Maria José e Luiz, o apoio essencial à continuidade dos meus estudos. -
Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology
Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology Herbalism, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology AMRITPAL SINGH SAROYA Herbal Consultant Punjab India 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW CRC Press Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue Science Publishers an informa business New York, NY 10016 2 Park Square, Milton Park Enfield, New Hampshire www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX 14 4RN, UK Published by Science Publishers, P.O. Box 699, Enfi eld, NH 03748, USA An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Channel Islands E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.scipub.net Marketed and distributed by: 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW CRC Press Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue an informa business New York, NY 10016 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX 14 4RN, UK Copyright reserved © 2011 ISBN 978-1-57808-697-9 CIP data will be provided on request. The views expressed in this book are those of the author(s) and the publisher does not assume responsibility for the authenticity of the fi ndings/conclusions drawn by the author(s). Also no responsibility is assumed by the publishers for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, in writing. The exception to this is when a reasonable part of the text is quoted for purpose of book review, abstracting etc.