DOCSLIB.ORG

The Axatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System in the Dog1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Axatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System in the Dog1 THE AXATOMY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE DOG1 NICHOLAS JAMES AIIZERES Ucpartnitiit of Aiintoiiry, Cnzvemtty of Xtclizgaii Scliool of ;2/cdicmc. Ann Arbor, Mtclatgan ELEVEN FIGURES INTRODUCTTOX I<iiowledgc clerivccl from cmprimeiits on tlie clog has not infrequently been applied to man without considering dif- fcmnccs in aiiatoniy. This is c~spcciallytrue of the autonomic nervous systeni, oiily parts of which have b:mi described in the adult clog. The cardiac ncli'vcs \\'ere described by Sc1iuran.- Iew ( '27) ant1 Soniclez ( '39), the gcw~alplan of the abrloniirial ancl sacral regions by Trumble ( '34), tlic lunibosacral trunk by Alehler, Fisclier and Alexander ( '52), the vagi lsy Hilsa- beck aid Hill ( '50) and BIcC'rca and D'hrcy ( '%), ant1 the urogenital plexuses by Schal~adasch( '26) aiicl Ncdowar ( '2.3. The present study was undertaken to fill gaps in previous clescriptions ancl to present an over-all view of the autonomic iierrous system in the (log, esclutliiig the cephalic region. In the pi-c~seiitiiivcstigation the XI< terminology has been used iiistpad of the usual RNA familiar in human anatomy loccause tlic study was based on the clog. Sincc a dog is a pronograde niamnial the terms cranial aiid caudal seeni nior(t appropriat r tliaii the ESA terms superior and inferior. Tiiis paper is n condensation of a clissei t:ition snbniittctl in paytial fulfillmc.~it of tlrc rcqiiireiiieuts for the drgrce of Doctor of Pliilosopliy in the University of Rlicliigaii. I wish to tlimik Dr. It. T. Wootlhuine for Ills interest and aclriec. For the supply of nlatciial tlie author vihlies to e\-pr('\s his appreciatioir to mcmbc~is of the 1)ep:irtiiiciits of P1iTsiolog.y :iiiil PIiar~u:~cologrof tlic Viiirersity of hliclrigan. 2 Present address: Dcpartniciit of Airntoiny, 1V:1pe Ultivcrsity School of JIcdieine, Detroit, Michigan. 283 286 NICHOLAS JAMES MIZERES MATERIAL AND METILOUS Ten adult clogs, 6 males and 4 fenialm, were injected with ernhalmiiig fluid sooii after death. In 4 speciniens rctl lead was added to facilitate dissectioii of small arteries. The cardiac region was dissected with the aid of a binocular dis- secting microscope. 1)ESCRIPTION The cerviccrl region Soiiidez’ (’31) study of this region ill the puppy is prob- ably the most dcltailecl work iii tlie clog. Both Xonidez (’31) and Finkelstein (1880) described the origin of the clepressor nerve in this area but I failed to find a iiervc which \vould fit their descriptions. It may possibly be very closely iii- corporatcd in the sheath of the vagus iierve near the nodose ganglion. 1. The crccszinl cerrictil gcrnglio.12. (fi%q. 1). The cranial cervical ganglion is it large fusiform niass lying adjacent to tlie origin of tlic iiiteriial carotid artc1.y antl tlccp to the lo~vcrmargin of the auditory 1)ulla. It is crossed ventrally by tlie nerve to the carotid sinus and the pharyngeal ramus of the vagus nerve. Its caudal portion lies dorsal to the auricular and occipital arteries antl the hifurcatioii of the coriirnon carotid artery. The riotlose gaiiglioii lies cauclo- lateral to it. I was able to o1)serve inconstant connections to the 9th’ 11th’ and 12th cranial nerves. A coniiectioii to the vagus nerve, just above the nodose ganglion, was ob- served in all 10 specimens. The internal carotid nerve (fig. 1) arises from the cranial pole of the cranial cervical ganglion and lies in close relation to the internal carotid artery as it enters its canal. Tlie artery is convoluted while in the canal and filaments from tlie iii- ternal carotid iierve were observed eiiteriiig the adventitia of the artery. A large nerve (fig. 1) emerges from the caudal pole of the cranial cervical ganglion and forms a clensp plexus n.liich follows the hraiiclics of the external carotid artery. X short thick branch was also observed joiniiig the pliaryngeal raiiiu:, of the vagus ncrvc. Xonidez ( ’31) regarded this liraiicli a:, eiitclriiig the “infei.ior pharyngeal ranius ” of the vagus iiervc’. In the spccirriciis I exarriiiiccl tlic superior and inferior phar- yiigeal ranii \wrc givcw off after this spnipathc~ticconnection entered a “conir1ioii” pharyiigcd ranius. h thin filament arose frorii the cciiti-a1 poi*tioiiof tlic cranial cervical gaiiglioii, coursed hehiiitl tho iiitcrnal carotid artery and nodose gaiiglioii arid eiitt.r(ld tlie first cervical iierv(i (fig. 1). In tlirccl specirrims tliis coniniunicati~igranius mit additiorial filici~to tlie sccoiid aiitl thiid ccrvical nerves ant1 to tlie clcsc(w1iiig cervical ~ier*ve,wlieii piweiit. In t1irc.e of the 10 cases this ramus was absent. C’audally tlic syrnpathctic trunk joiiis the vagus iic’rvc just bclow the nodose gaiiglioii (fig. 1). 111 4 speciniciiis the craiii:il cc>rvical gaiiglioii was obscrvetl scparatccl from the iiotloh~ ganglion bilatci*ally hut in 6 speciniciis t1it.y irere coiiiiectcti lvith short stiaaiicls iaangiiig froin multiple filarricliits to alnioht cornpletcl fusion. A thick mass of fiheix arising from tlic. caudal pole of the ci*aiiial ccrrical ganglion aiid lying 011 thcl hi furcation of thc coniiiioii carotid artery gives rise to iiuiii(~~*ousshort and loiig cloi.sal filanieiits. The short filaments ramify on the wall of the cai.otid sinus or hull) and coirirnoii carotid artery. Tlic long filaments coniprisc two sets. Oiic group courses oii tliv tlorsal wall of the common caieotitl artc1i.p aiid imnifies 011 all pal-ts of tlic niorc caudal portion of thcl ai*tc>ry.The sccoii(I gi-oul) cornpiks what Xoriidm ( ’31 ) calls tlic thpi*oitl iwi*v~ (fig. 1). Fusion of thew filarnciits is variable and in oiily 4 of my specinleiis \\’as a siiiglc iici~eol)serve(l. The thproitl 11e1~vcdescc~iids to\varc\ tlic thyi.oid artci-y as a plesiis (fig. 1 ) \vhich ~*eccivcsan aiiastorriotic filanicnt fi.orn the csteriial laryngeal nerve arid follo\vs tlic artcry tliiwtly into the tliy- roid gland. According to Xonidez ( ’31) the thyroid glaii(1 of the dog is innci~atcdby the cranial crlrrical ganglion ant1 tlic recurrelit laryngeal iierw. I was ahlo in all caws to fintl rccurrciit filwniciiis entcriiig the glaiid. 111 4 CRS;CS soiiic of the tcrniiiial himichrs of tlic recurrent larpiigc~al iicrvo niiiiglcvl with filaitieiits of tlic thyroid plexus. 2. ?’lie r.ccgos?/Inl,trflrefic. frzciik. In the cowse of dissec- tioii, it I\ as o1,servcd that incision of tlic coiiiicctivc tissue slicatli sui.iouiicliiig lmth vagus aiid symp:ithctic t ruiiks al- lo1vcltl tlioir scpai*atioii. By this “ slicath tlissection” it was INT. CAROTID N INT MAX A 8PLX. MARGIN OF AUDIT BULLA EXT CAROTIDA XI1 N PHARY NGE A RAMUS OF X NGEAL PLX. NT LARYNGEAL N. THYROID N. EXT LARYNGEAL N. VAGOSYMPATHETIC TK C CAROTIDA THYROID PLX. fon11tl that both trixiiks actually separate a few ceiitimcters cc~1~lialaclto the caudal crrvical ganglioii (fig. 2 E). hi the cixiiial portioii of the iiccli tlic vagus iiewe and sympathetic tlaiil; are coiiiplctcly fuscd. To iiiakc certain this scpara t'1011 aiitl fusioii \\-as iiot a11 ai-tifact of dissectioii, wrial scictioiis 290 SICHOLAS JAMES NIZERES of 6 cervical trunks were made and stained with liematosplin and eosin. It is readily seen that in the middle cervical region a thin comnioii perincurial septum (fig. 3 b) still sepai*ates tlic two trunks (fig. 3 a). In the upper cervical region this coni- nion perincurial septum disappears so that both vagal ailti synipatlietic fibers become interrniiiglecl. The vagosynipa- tlietic trunk sends bi.anclies to the trachea, esophagus, and common carotid artery. The thorcrcic region By incising tlic cpincurial sheath, the ~xteiit,location, ant1 variations of the raga1 and sympathetic branches forniing a cardiac nerve can be ascci*tained with coniparativc eascl. Tliih method of dissection has some application in nerve stirnula- tion. If, in the living animal, tlie caudal cervical ganglioxi can be separated carefully from the vagus nerve with a needle or scalpel, it might be stimulated so that its specific effect on the heart could he determined. The same could be done with the vagus nerve and its branches. The following tle- scription is liasccl on dissection of tlic sheath under a dissect- ing microscope. The figuiw are composite di~awingsant1 thc nerves represented arc those of most frequent occurrence. Because of differences in numher, course, and origin of cardiac nerves in dog and man, it is not possible to LISC iden- tical terminology. Cepl~aladto the caudal ccrvical gaiiglion there is no cardiac nerve in the dog, as was Formerly main- tained by Keng (1893), but later refuted by Sonidez ( ’39) and others. Thus, no superior (cranial) cautiiosymi)wtlicitic nerve can be itlentificd in this foi-m. Soniclez ncvcrthclcss named a superior cardiosympatlietic nerve, sincc ‘‘in sonic instances it (superior cardiosympathetic nerve) map also carry bundles of fibers from the middle cervical ganglion to the deep cardiac plexus or to the anterior wall of tlie atyia.” Although such an ai*i-angerneIitwas founcl in tlic majoiitp of specimens in the present study, it does not secin a valid basis for the namc ascrilwcl to it. So superficial cardiac plexus, comparal)lti to that in ~riaii, could br fomicl iii the clog. Tlicre is a plcsns at the tracheal bifurcation that iiiay be corripai.ct1 to the tlccp cardiac plcsus, lmt, as will be tlcscrihed, its components ai~iiot the same. Schui~awle~\-( ’2i) i~cgarcleclthis plexus as tlic pretracheal plcsus. He classifictl 6 cpicardial plexuses as visualized by the riiethylene blue nietliotl. Actually, only three of these can lw obsc>rvedwith tlie naked eye. These are his plexuses I ailti I1 (right arid left coronary), and IV, wliicli lies in the fold for the ligament of the left precaval vein in the dorsal wall of the left atriurii aiitl extends over the dorsal ventricular wall.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic Nervous System
    The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system Zsuzsanna Tóth, PhD Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Semmelweis University The role of the autonomic nervous system Claude Bernard • „milieu intérieur” concept; every organism lives in its internal environment that is constant and independent form the external environment Walter Bradford Cannon homeostasis; • an extension of the “milieu interieur” concept • consistence in an open system requires mechanisms that act to maintain that consistency • steady-state conditions require that any tendency toward change automatically meets with factors that resist that change • regulating systems that determine the homeostatic state : o autonomic nervous system ( sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteral) o endocrine system General structure of the autonomic nervous system craniosacral thoracolumbar Anatomy Neurotransmittersof the gut autonomic nervous system. symp. gangl pregangl. fiber pregangl. postgangl. fiber fiber (PoR) PoR enteral ganglion PoR PoR smooth muscle smooth muscle Kuratani S Development 2009;136:1585-1589 Sympathetic activation: Fight or flight reaction • energy mobilization • preparation for escape, or fight vasoconstriction • generalized Parasympathetic activation: adrenal • energy saving and restoring • „rest and digest” system • more localized vasoconstriction Paravertebral ganglia and the sympathetic chains pars cervicalis superius ganglion medium cervicale stellatum pars vertebrae • from the base of the skull to the caudal end thoracalis thoracalis of the sacrum • paravertebral ganglia (ganglia trunci sympathici) • rami interganglionares pars vertebrae • the two chains fuses at the ganglion impar abdominalis lumbalis sacrum pars pelvina foramen sacralia anteriora ganglion impar Anatomy of the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk superior cervical ganglion • behind the seath of the carotid, fusiform ggl. cervicale superius • IML T1-3 vegetative motoneurons- preganglionic fibers truncus symp.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of Arrhythmia in Patients with Cervical Spondylosis: a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
    Journal of Clinical Medicine Article Association of Arrhythmia in Patients with Cervical Spondylosis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study Shih-Yi Lin 1,2, Wu-Huei Hsu 1,3, Cheng-Chieh Lin 1,4, Cheng-Li Lin 5,6, Chun-Hao Tsai 1,7, Chih-Hsueh Lin 1,4, Der-Cherng Chen 7, Tsung-Chih Lin 8, Chung-Y. Hsu 1 and Chia-Hung Kao 1,9,10,* ID 1 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan; [email protected] (S.-Y.L.); [email protected] (W.-H.H.); [email protected] (C.-C.L.); [email protected] (C.-H.T.); [email protected] (C.-H.L.); [email protected] (C.-Y.H.) 2 Division of Nephrology and Kidney Institute, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University Hospital and China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan 4 Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan 5 Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; [email protected] 6 College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan 7 Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; [email protected] 8 Department of Orthopedics, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; [email protected] 9 Department of Nuclear Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan 10 Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-4-2205-2121 (ext.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MAIN PERIPHERAL CONNECTIONS of the HUMAN SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM by T
    THE MAIN PERIPHERAL CONNECTIONS OF THE HUMAN SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM By T. K. POTTS, M.B., CH.M. (SYDNEY)1 BIIE recent investigation (5,7) of the functional significance of the sympathetic system by 1)r N. D). itoyle and Professor J. I. Hunter has revealed the necessity for a re-examination of the anatomy of the human sympathetic system. Ini particular the operations of ramisectioni (7, 8) devised by Dr Royle, in collabora- tion with Professor Hunter, call for a more exact determination of the precise position and topographical relations of the sympathetic cord and its ram? cotitnunicantes than at present is available. The dissection described ill this note was undertaken primarily to provide the surgeon with this guidance. In this matter, two regions stand out as having assumed an added interest ill the light of recent research. I refer to those regions associated with the operations known as cervical, and lumbar sympathetic ramisection, which are performed to remove the rigidity of the musculature of the extremities ill spastic paralysis (2,3,4,5, 7, 8, 9,10). As a description of the rari commnunicantes necessarily involves some mention of the arrangement of corresponding ganglia, this will be done in considering the various regions. To facilitate demonstration, the services of Miss D. Harrison were procured and, under my guidance, faithful repro- dluetions of the dissection were made by her. The dissection has been mounted, and placed in the Wilson. Museum of Anatomy, at the Medical School, Uni- versity of Sydney. The cervical portion of the sympathetic is characterized by the absence of segmental ganglia, and of white rami comnimunicantes.
    [Show full text]
  • Sympathetic Tales: Subdivisons of the Autonomic Nervous System and the Impact of Developmental Studies Uwe Ernsberger* and Hermann Rohrer
    Ernsberger and Rohrer Neural Development (2018) 13:20 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13064-018-0117-6 REVIEW Open Access Sympathetic tales: subdivisons of the autonomic nervous system and the impact of developmental studies Uwe Ernsberger* and Hermann Rohrer Abstract Remarkable progress in a range of biomedical disciplines has promoted the understanding of the cellular components of the autonomic nervous system and their differentiation during development to a critical level. Characterization of the gene expression fingerprints of individual neurons and identification of the key regulators of autonomic neuron differentiation enables us to comprehend the development of different sets of autonomic neurons. Their individual functional properties emerge as a consequence of differential gene expression initiated by the action of specific developmental regulators. In this review, we delineate the anatomical and physiological observations that led to the subdivision into sympathetic and parasympathetic domains and analyze how the recent molecular insights melt into and challenge the classical description of the autonomic nervous system. Keywords: Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Transcription factor, Preganglionic, Postganglionic, Autonomic nervous system, Sacral, Pelvic ganglion, Heart Background interplay of nervous and hormonal control in particular The “great sympathetic”... “was the principal means of mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and the ad- bringing about the sympathies of the body”. With these renal gland in adapting the internal
    [Show full text]
  • CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy
    2010 CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy General Anatomy & Carnivore Anatomy Lecture Notes by Thomas F. Fletcher, DVM, PhD and Christina E. Clarkson, DVM, PhD 1 CONTENTS Connective Tissue Structures ........................................3 Osteology .........................................................................5 Arthrology .......................................................................7 Myology .........................................................................10 Biomechanics and Locomotion....................................12 Serous Membranes and Cavities .................................15 Formation of Serous Cavities ......................................17 Nervous System.............................................................19 Autonomic Nervous System .........................................23 Abdominal Viscera .......................................................27 Pelvis, Perineum and Micturition ...............................32 Female Genitalia ...........................................................35 Male Genitalia...............................................................37 Head Features (Lectures 1 and 2) ...............................40 Cranial Nerves ..............................................................44 Connective Tissue Structures Histologic types of connective tissue (c.t.): 1] Loose areolar c.t. — low fiber density, contains spaces that can be filled with fat or fluid (edema) [found: throughout body, under skin as superficial fascia and in many places as deep fascia]
    [Show full text]
  • Annotation SURGICAL TREATMENT of ASTHMA
    Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.25.283.193 on 1 May 1949. Downloaded from '93 Annotation tissue pouting into the bronchial lumen as a result of ulceration of tuberculous hilar glands and perhaps associated with a bronchial stricture may SURGICAL TREATMENT give rise to difficulty. The diagnosis in these cases is readily established by bronchoscopy. OF ASTHMA Severe degrees of emphysema. and bullous cysts of the lung present greater difficulty. The purpose ofthis communication is to attempt Emphysema of greater or less extent is indeed a to analyse as simply as possible the present position common result of asthma and may develop at an of surgical procedures in relation to asthma. The early date, but it may also occur without true approach to the subject must necessarily be asthma and operation will afford no relief. As to guarded for there is as yet insufficient evidence giant bullous cysts, they are, in the majority of on which to base firm opinions. Medical feeling instances, unilateral and although they may appear has so far been biased against surgery because to occupy the whole of one side of the chest, they surgeons are still unable to state what are the usually arise from only one lobe and the rest of the criteria for operation and, if surgery is agreed upon, compressed lung tissue is visible. what operation is. to be done. How shall we tell which asthmatic will respond favourably and Physiological Considerations (Miscall, which will not? Gay and Rienhoff's (1938) method 1943) of choosing only cases which had failed to respond In normal respiration, active inspiration and to any other treatment and who were consequently passive expiration suffice.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 15: the Autonomic Nervous System
    Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron Two divisions: Sympathetic Parasympathetic Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Structure of the Sympathetic Division Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sympathetic Division Thoracolumbar division- Preganglionic neurons originate from the thoracic and lumbar levels of the spinal cord (T1-L2). Sympathetic ganglia: Sympathetic trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia. Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia: celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, aorticorenal and renal. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Postganglionic neurons in the Sympathetic Division Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Postganglionic Neurons in the Sympathetic Division An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or Sympathetic chains or An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there or An axon may pass through the sympathetic trunk ganglion and a prevertebral ganglion and then to the adrenal medulla. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sympathetic Division A single sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more postganglionic neurons. The postganglionic axons typically terminate in several visceral effectors and therefore the effects of sympathetic stimulation are more widespread than the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Structure of the Parasympathetic Division Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Parasympathetic Division Craniosacral division: Preganglionic neurons originate from the cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X and sacral spinal nerves S2-S4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Recurrent Laryngeal Cardiac Nerve in Fetuses
    Int. J. Morphol., 32(2):415-419, 2014. The Recurrent Laryngeal Cardiac Nerve in Fetuses El Nervio Laríngeo Recurrente Cardiaco en Fetos B. Z. De Gama*; L. Lazarus* & K. S. Satyapal* DE GAMA, B. Z.; LAZARUS, L. & SATYAPAL, K. S. The recurrent laryngeal cardiac nerve in fetuses. Int. J. Morphol., 32(2):415- 419, 2014. SUMMARY: The recurrent laryngeal nerve has been reported to supply cardiac branches to the cardiac plexus. A review of anatomical literature on the existing term used to describe these branches revealed that varying interpretations and descriptions exist among various authors. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the origin and incidence of branches from the recurrent laryngeal nerves to the cardiac plexus and their connections with sympathetic cardiac nerves. The sample comprised 40 cadaveric fetuses (n=80) (gestational ages: 16-30 weeks). The recurrent laryngeal cardiac nerve was described as the cardiac branch that originated directly from the recurrent laryngeal nerve and reached the superficial or deep parts of the cardiac plexus. This study found the recurrent laryngeal cardiac nerve in 76% of the cases contributing direct and indirect branches in 75% and 25% of the cases, respectively. This study recorded only two (2%) of these branches contributing to the superficial cardiac plexus while the rest (74%) of these branches contributed to the deep cardiac plexuses. The remaining 24% had no contributions from the recurrent laryngeal nerve to either the superficial or deep part of the cardiac plexus. The most common point of origin for the recurrent laryngeal cardiac nerve was at the lower distal part in 59% of the specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ANATOMY of the SYMPATHETHIC TRUNKS in MAN by MARTIN WRETE Histological Department, the University of Uppsala, Sweden
    [ 448 ] THE ANATOMY OF THE SYMPATHETHIC TRUNKS IN MAN BY MARTIN WRETE Histological Department, The University of Uppsala, Sweden INTRODUCTION Even a cursory study of the anatomical descriptions of the cervical parts of the sympathetic trunks given in modern text-books or articles discloses that, now as earlier, great confusion exists with respect to terminology. This applies even to monographs and more specialized presentations. The primary cause of this confusion is the very marked variability of the trunks in the neck region, which gives wide scope for arbitrary interpretations of the arrangement; some uncertainty about the terminology and notation of other parts of the trunks also persists. It is true that the terms to be used for the sympathetic nervous system were fixed by the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (Nomina Anatomica, Paris, 1955). This does not, however, prevent some of the individual terms being used to denote different anatomical units, and for practical reasons (such as limiting printing costs) comprehensive explanations could not always be given in the annota- tions to the Parisian Nomina Anatomica. As one of the three members of the Sub- Committee responsible for the nomenclature of the peripheral nervous system, I wish to define more exactly my views on the terminology adopted for the sympathetic trunks. I also take this opportunity of revising a few terms I used in certain papers published some twenty years ago. In Nomina Anatomica the term truncus sympathicus is followed by the names of its ganglia, ganglia trunci sympathici, as well as of its connecting rami interganglio- nares. But, also under the heading ganglia trunci sympathici, the term ganglia intermedia is used to denote ganglia on the rami communicantes and certain ganglia on the trunks in the rami interganglionares between the other ganglia-namely the ganglion cervicale superius, ganglion cervicale medium, ganglion cervicothoracicum (s.
    [Show full text]
  • Superior and Posterior Mediastina Reading: 1. Gray's Anatomy For
    Dr. Weyrich G07: Superior and Posterior Mediastina Reading: 1. Gray’s Anatomy for Students, chapter 3 Objectives: 1. Subdivisions of mediastinum 2. Structures in Superior mediastinum 3. Structures in Posterior mediastinum Clinical Correlate: 1. Aortic aneurysms Superior Mediastinum (pp.181-199) 27 Review of the Subdivisions of the Mediastinum Superior mediastinum Comprises area within superior thoracic aperture and transverse thoracic plane -Transverse thoracic plane – arbitrary line from the sternal angle anteriorly to the IV disk or T4 and T5 posteriorly Inferior mediastinum Extends from transverse thoracic plane to diaphragm; 3 subdivisions Anterior mediastinum – smallest subdivision of mediastinum -Lies between the body of sternum and transversus thoracis muscles anteriorly and the pericardium posteriorly -Continuous with superior mediastinum at the sternal angle and limited inferiorly by the diaphragm -Consists of sternopericardial ligaments, fat, lymphatic vessels, and branches of internal thoracic vessels. Contains inferior part of thymus in children Middle mediastinum – contains heart Posterior mediastinum Superior Mediastinum Thymus – lies posterior to manubrium and extends into the anterior mediastinum -Important in development of immune system through puberty -Replaced by adipose tissue in adult Arterial blood supply -Anterior intercostals and mediastinal branches of internal thoracic artery Venous blood supply -Veins drain into left brachiocephalic, internal thoracic, and thymic veins 28 Brachiocephalic Veins - Formed by the
    [Show full text]
  • Neurobiology of Visceral Pain
    Neurobiology of Visceral Pain Definition Pain arising from the internal organs of the body: • Heart, great vessels, and perivascular structures (e.g., lymph nodes) • Airway structures (pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleura) • Gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum) • Upper-abdominal structures (liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, pancreas, spleen) • Urological structures (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra) • Reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries, vagina, testes, vas deferens, prostate) • Omentum, visceral peritoneum Clinical Features of Visceral Pain Key features associated with pain from the viscera include diffuse localization, an unreliable association with pathology, and referred sensations. Strong autonomic and emotional responses may be evoked with minimal sensation. Referred pain has two components: (1) a localization of the site of pain generation to somatic tissues with nociceptive processing at the same spinal segments (e.g., chest and arm pain from cardiac ischemia) and (2) a sensitization of these segmental tissues (e.g., kidney stones may cause the muscles of the lateral torso to become tender to palpation). These features are in contrast to cutaneous pain, which is well localized and features a graded stimulus-response relationship. Anatomy of Neurological Structures Pathways for visceral sensation are diffusely organized both peripherally and centrally. Primary afferent nerve fibers innervating viscera project into the central nervous system via three pathways: (1) in the vagus nerve and its branches; (2) within and alongside sympathetic efferent fiber pathways (sympathetic chain and splanchnic branches, including greater, lesser, least, thoracic, and lumbar branches); and (3) in the pelvic nerve (with parasympathetic efferents) and its branches. Passage through the peripheral ganglia occurs with potential synaptic contact (e.g., celiac, superior mesenteric, and hypogastric nerves).
    [Show full text]
  • Autonomic Nervous System
    17 The Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The autonomic nervous system functions outside of our conscious awareness • The autonomic nervous system makes routine adjustments in our body’s systems • The autonomic nervous system: • Regulates body temperature • Coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive functions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems • Autonomic nervous system • Axons innervate the visceral organs • Has afferent and efferent neurons • Afferent pathways originate in the visceral receptors • Somatic nervous system • Axons innervate the skeletal muscles • Has afferent and efferent neurons • Afferent pathways originate in the skeletal muscles ANIMATION The Organization of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Subdivisions of the ANS • The autonomic nervous system consists of two major subdivisions • Sympathetic division • Also called the thoracolumbar division • Known as the “fight or flight” system • Parasympathetic division • Also called the craniosacral division • Known as the “rest and repose” system © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.1b Components and Anatomic Subdivisions of the ANS (Part 1 of 2) AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM THORACOLUMBAR DIVISION CRANIOSACRAL DIVISION (sympathetic (parasympathetic division of ANS) division of ANS) Cranial nerves (N III, N VII, N IX, and N X) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T Thoracic 6 nerves T7 T8 Anatomical subdivisions. At the thoracic and lumbar levels, the visceral efferent fibers that emerge form the sympathetic division, detailed in Figure 17.4. At the cranial and sacral levels, the visceral efferent fibers from the CNS form the parasympathetic division, detailed in Figure 17.8.
    [Show full text]