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Gesnerus 2020-2.Indb
Gesnerus 77/2 (2020) 279–311, DOI: 10.24894/Gesn-de.2020.77012 Vom «autistischen Psychopathen» zum Autismusspektrum. Verhaltensdiagnostik und Persönlichkeitsbehauptung in der Geschichte des Autismus Rüdiger Graf Abstract Der Aufsatz untersucht das Verhältnis von Persönlichkeit und Verhalten in der Defi nition und Diagnostik des Autismus von Kanner und Asperger in den 1940er Jahren bis in die neueren Ausgaben des DSM und ICD. Dazu unter- scheidet er drei verschiedene epistemische Zugänge zum Autismus: ein exter- nes Wissen der dritten Person, das über Verhaltensbeobachtungen, Testver- fahren und Elterninterviews gewonnen wird; ein stärker praktisches Wissen der zweiten Person, das in der andauernden, alltäglichen Interaktion bei El- tern und Betreuer*innen entsteht, und schließlich das introspektive Wissen der ersten Person, d.h. der Autist*innen selbst. Dabei resultiert die Kerndif- ferenz in der Behandlung des Autismus daraus, ob man meint, die Persönlich- keit eines Menschen allein über die Beobachtung von Verhaltensweisen er- schließen zu können oder ob es sich um eine vorgängige Struktur handelt, die introspektiv zugänglich ist, Verhalten prägt und ihm Sinn verleihen kann. Die Entscheidung hierüber führt zu grundlegend anderen Positionierungen zu verhaltenstherapeutischen Ansätzen, wie insbesondere zu Ole Ivar Lovaas’ Applied Behavior Analysis. Autismus; Psychiatriegeschichte; Wissensgeschichte; Verhaltenstherapie; Neurodiversität PD Dr. Rüdiger Graf, Leibniz-Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam, Am Neuen Markt 1, 14467 Potsdam, [email protected]. Gesnerus 77 (2020) 279 Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 01:45:02AM via free access «Autistic Psychopaths» and the Autism Spectrum. Diagnosing Behavior and Claiming Personhood in the History of Autism The article examines how understandings of personality and behavior have interacted in the defi nition and diagnostics of autism from Kanner and As- perger in the 1940s to the latest editions of DSM and ICD. -
Building Empathy Autism and the Workplace Katie Gaudion
Building Empathy Autism and the Workplace Katie Gaudion Workplac_Cover v2.indd 1 11/10/2016 14:26 About the research partners The Kingwood Trust Kingwood is a registered charity providing support for adults and young people with autism. Its mission is to pioneer best practice which acknowledges and promotes the potential of people with autism and to disseminate this practice and influence the national agenda. Kingwood is an independent charity and company limited by guarantee. www.kingwood.org.uk The Helen Hamlyn Centre for Design, Royal College of Art The Helen Hamlyn Centre for Design provides a focus for people-centred design research and innovation at the Royal College of Art, London. Originally founded in 1991 to explore the design implications of an ageing society, the centre now works to advance a socially inclusive approach to design through practical research and projects with industry. Its Research Associates programme teams new RCA graduates with business and voluntary sector partners. www.hhcd.rca.ac.uk BEING BEING was commissioned by The Kingwood Trust to shape and manage this ground breaking project with the Helen Hamlyn Centre for Design. BEING is a specialist business consultancy that helps organisations in the public, private or charitable sectors achieve their goals through the effective application and management of design. www.beingdesign.co.uk Workplac_Cover v2.indd 2 11/10/2016 14:26 Contents 2 Foreword 3 Introduction 4 Context: Autism and work 6 Research Methods 8 Co-creation Workshop 12 Autism and Empathy 18 Findings: -
Zero Project Report 2019
Zero Project Report 2019 Independent Living and Political Participation 66 Innovative Practices, 10 Innovative Policies, from 41 countries International study on the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – “For a World without Barriers” Zero Project Director: Michael Fembek Authors: Thomas Butcher, Peter Charles, Loic van Cutsem, Zach Dorfman, Micha Fröhlich, Seena Garcia, Michael Fembek, Wilfried Kainz, Seema Mundackal, Paula Reid, Venice Sto.Tomas, Marina Vaughan Spitzy This publication was developed with contributions from Doris Neuwirth (coordination); Christoph Almasy (design); John Tessitore (editing); and atempo (easy language). Photos of Innovative Practices and Innovative Policies as well as photos for “Life Stories” have been provided by their respective organizations. ISBN 978-3-9504208-4-5 © Essl Foundation, January 2019. All rights reserved. First published 2019. Printed in Austria. Published in the Zero Project Report series and available for free download at www.zeroproject.org: Zero Project Report 2018: Accessibility Zero Project Report 2017: Employment Zero Project Report 2016: Education and ICT Zero Project Report 2015: Independent Living and Political Participation Disclaimers The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Essl Foundation or the Zero Project. The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatso- ever on the part of the Essl Foundation concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. The composition of geographical regions and selected economic and other group- ings used in this report is based on UN Statistics (www.unstats.org), including the borders of Europe, and on the Human Development Index (hdr.undp.org). -
View This Issue
AUTISM SPECTRUM NEWS TM YOUR TRUSTED SOURCE OF SCIENCE-BASED AUTISM EDUCATION, SPRING 2014 INFORMATION, ADVOCACY, AND COMMUNITY RESOURCES VOL. 6 NO. 4 Autism in the Workplace Identifying Employment Opportunities and Providing Support By Raul Jimenez II, MST According to Unger (1999), the roles and Amy Greenberg, BA of supervisors and co-workers are in- New Frontiers in Learning strumental to the success of people with disabilities in the workplace. Support is essential in the following areas: learning etween 1997 and 2011, the un- how to complete tasks and regular job employment rate of those di- duties, how to perform infrequent duties agnosed with disabilities has associated with the position, learning how ranged from 72% to 88%. This to complete novel tasks and assignments, Bis an astounding number of persons with taking lunch and other breaks, etc. Ung- disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disor- er’s research determined that success was ders (ASD), specifically, without a job. ensued with the proper training and sup- Despite the enthusiasm, motivation, and port in place to help those with disabilities dependability so many job seekers with in the workforce. ASD have in their will to work, many workplaces are hesitant to take the risk to Examples of Supported Employment support them, or lack the knowledge on how to support them in an employment A company in Guildford, CT, called Ros- setting. Supported employment is the es for Autism, trains, hires and provides opportunity for individuals with disabil- other employment opportunities for older ities to be integrated in a working envi- students and adults on the autism spec- ronment with the necessary supports to Flatow (1997) has argued that busi- and routines, such as a co-worker assist- trum. -
Alder Hey Autism Spectrum Disorder Pathway
Alder Hey Autism Spectrum Disorder Pathway Information & Additional Support for Parents & Carers Contents Information about ASD Local support Information and contact details National Support Information and contact details A little Extra Final Thoughts A note on language: There is ongoing discussion about the correct language to use when talking about ASD and there is still no agreement. What we know is that there is a shift towards ‘Identity First’ language. For example, an adult might say they are an ‘autistic adult’ rather than an ‘adult with autism’. Following discussion with a local parent group, reading about autistic people’s views and from looking at the language used by leaders such as the National Autistic Society, this leaflet aims to use ‘Identity First’ language. What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? (ASD) Anyone can be born with ASD; it is part of what makes them who they are. If a child or young person gets a diagnosis of ASD it means they are autistic and they will always be autistic, but this is OK! If we did not have autistic people, our world would miss the chance to know kind friends, committed workers, great teachers, funny comedians and great thinkers! There is a mixture of reasons why some people are born autistic. It will be different for each person. Most autistic people share these experiences: • They communicate differently • They like restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities • They may have more specific likes and dislikes to sensory aspects of life Being autistic means that life might be different in some respect. The world is getting better at understanding ASD and what helps autistic people. -
(OAARSN) Adult Autism News, 19 January 2016
Ontario Adult Autism Research and Support Network (OAARSN) Adult Autism News, 19 January 2016 This OAARSN bulletin may be read online at: http://www.ont-autism.uoguelph.ca/OAARSN-20160119.pdf Announcements 1. Ontario Working Group on Mental Health & Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder offers 2016 Conference on Mental Health & Adults with ASD Hyatt Regency, Toronto, ON February 26, 2016 For information, visit the website at http://www.adultasd.ca/ “In response to the alarming lack of knowledge and appropriate services for adults living with ASD, this collaboration was created in spring 2014. We are leaders in the ASD field, clinicians and researchers in adult mental health, and representatives from professional clinical organizations across Ontario.” Register at special rate before Jan 25: https://www.oma.org/Resources/Documents/MentalHealthReg.html 2. Autism Awareness Centre Presents: March 31 & April 1, 2016 Shaw Centre - 55 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 9J2 Kerry Mataya - Problem Solving: A Step-by-Step Process for Success Anna Vagin - Turn It On – Using Media for Social Learning For more information or to register on-line, visit www.autismawarenesscentre.com or contact Maureen Bennie – 1-866-724-2224 or [email protected] 3. ICE4Autism Specially developed in collaboration with people on the spectrum for people on the spectrum, ICE4Autism stores and communicates YOUR unique sensitivities and special needs. http://www.ice4autism.com ICE4Autism is generously donating 10% of all Canadian sales to Autism Canada: __________________________ Interesting Articles 1. Extraordinary minds: The link between savantism and autism by Linda Marsa in Spectrum. “Some people with autism have an exceptional talent for music, math, art or language. -
Neurotribes 20/20
Neurotribes 20/20, (March 13, 1992). The Street Where They Lived. Part 1, ABC News 20/20, (March 20, 1992.). The Street Where They Lived. Part 2, ABC News A Tribute to Eric Schopler (1927–2006). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_THeWH0ox4 Adams, G. S. and Kanner, L. (1926). General Paralysis among the North American Indians: A Contribution to Racial Psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry Aichhorn, A. (1965). Wayward Youth. New York, NY: Penguin Books repr. ed. Aldiss, B. W. (1995). The Detached Retina: Aspects of SF and Fantasy. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press Allison, H. (1987). Perspectives on a Puzzle Piece. National AutisticSociety Aly, G. Chroust, P. and Pross, C. (1994). Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press American Journal of Psychiatry, (1939). News and Notes. 96(3). 736–46 American Philosophical Society. Eugenics Record Office Records, 1670–1964 American-Austrian Foundation. The Medical Club—Billrothhaus: Epoch-Making Lectures in Medical History.” http://www.aaf-online.org/ Anderson v. W. R. Grace: Background/About the Case, Seattle University School of Law. http://www.law.seattleu.edu/centers-and-institutes/films-for-justice-institute/lessons-from- woburn/about-the-case Anderson, E. L. (1988). Behavioral Treatment of Autism. Documentary by Edward L. Anderson and Robert Aller. Focus International Andreas Ströhle et al. (2008.). Karl Bonhoeffer (1868–1948). American Journal of Psychiatry Andrews, J. (1997). The History of Bethlem. (pp. 272). New, York: Psychology Press Angres, R. (Oct. 1980). Who, Really, Was Bruno Bettelheim? Commentary Anthony, E. J. (1958). An Experimental Approach to the Psychopathology of Childhood Autism. -
Neurodiversity 10Th Annual Nurturing Developing Minds Conference
Neurodiversity 10th Annual Nurturing Developing Minds Conference Manuel F. Casanova, M.D. SmartState Endowed Chair in Childhood Neurotherapeutics University of South Carolina Greenville Health System Conflict of Interests Neuronetics (TMS platform), Neuronetrix Incorporated, Clearly Present Foundation Pfizer, Eisai, Nycomed Amersham, Aventis Pasteur Limited, Medvantis Medical Service Council of Health Care Advisors for the Gerson Lehrman Goup Royalties: Springer, Nova, Taylor and Francis, John Wiley I am a physician who deals with individuals with neurodevelopmental disabilities and have a grandson with autism. Neurodiversity “A new wave of activists wants to celebrate atypical brain function as a positive identity, not a disability.” New York News and Politics “…neurological (brain wiring) differences, traditionally seen as disadvantages, are really advantages.” Fox and Hounds “What is autism: a devastating developmental disorder, a lifelong disability, or a naturally occurring form of cognitive difference akin to certain forms of genius?” SUPOZA.COM NEURODIVERSITY AND AUTISTIC PRIDE Individual with autism vs. Autistic Individual Control subject vs. Typically developing(TD) subject What message are you sending??? “Why is it that what makes me me, needs to be classified as a disability?” A child under 18 will be considered disabled if he or she has a medically determinable physical or mental impairment or combination of impairments that cause marked and severe functional limitations, that can be expected to cause death or that has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months. Normal variation in the human genome A social category rather than a medical disorder Includes autism, bipolar disorders, and other neurotypes It does not need to be cured ABA is specially pernicioius. -
Personal Tragedies, Public Crisis
Personal tragedies, public crisis The urgent need for a national response to early death in autism Introduction New research confirms the true scale of the hidden mortality crisis in autism. The inequality About autism in outcomes for autistic people shown by this data is shameful, but we must not forget the real One in a hundred people in the UK has individuals and families behind these statistics. autism, a lifelong developmental disability Every death is a personal tragedy and a national that affects how a person communicates outrage. For years, society and the healthcare with, and relates to, other people. It also system have ignored the voices of devastated affects how they make sense of the world families who have lost autistic loved ones around them. Autism is a spectrum unnecessarily, and far too young. That ends now. condition, which means that while all We cannot accept a situation where many autistic people share certain difficulties, their autism people will never see their 40th birthday. will affect them in different ways. Some autistic people are able to live independent National and local government, research funders lives but many have learning disabilities or and industry, as well as the NHS and service co-occurring healthcare conditions often providers, all have a responsibility to step up and requiring a lifetime of specialist support, as tackle this issue. Autistica is totally committed to well as the health issues we all face as part playing our part, raising at least £10m of new of the normal ageing process. funding through our Autism Lifesavers Fund to find answers and start saving lives. -
The Autism Binary: Finding the Cause and Cure
THE AUTISM BINARY: FINDING THE CAUSE AND CURE/ ACCEPTING AND HELPING THE AFFECTED POPULATION – MAKING THE CASE FOR NEURODIVERSITY By STEVEN WALKER A capstone submitted to the Graduate School-Camden Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Program in Liberal Studies Written under the direction of Professor Timothy Pure And approved by _____________________ Professor Timothy Pure Camden, New Jersey May 2017 CAPSTONE ABSTRACT The Autism Binary: Finding the Cause and Cure/Accepting and Helping the Affected Population – Making the Case for Neurodiversity by STEVEN WALKER Capstone Director: Professor Timothy Pure According to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the probability of a child being diagnosed with some form of Autism Spectrum Disorder is 1 in 68. Autism is nondiscriminatory, for it can arise in any family at any time. In light of these facts, the Autistic community has become a veritable part of the western world. Subsequently, a continuing debate exists on whether to find the cause and possible cure for the condition, or to pursue the Neurodiversity movement, which is to accept Autism as a brain variation – not a disability. As an Autistic individual, I concur with the latter motive, for an immeasurable amount of neurotypicals are obsessed with the former idea. In addition, neurotypicals make endless attempts to ‘normalize’ the Autistic populace without their consent whatsoever. Well, what exactly is the true definition of ‘normal?’ Normal is a relative descriptor after all. Therefore, in this paper I will argue in favor of the Neurodiversity movement, for I am a proponent of its core message. -
Insights Into the Impact of COVID-19 on Children and Young People with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities in Northern Ireland
Insights into the impact of COVID-19 on children and young people with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities in Northern Ireland Final Report June 2021 Written by Teresa Geraghty and Frances Lyons for NCB. UNITED FOR DISABLED CHILDREN 1 2 Acknowledgements The research team at NCB would like to thank each and every person who contributed to this research. In particular, we would like to extend our gratitude to all of the young people, parents, teachers and practitioners who participated in interviews and focus groups. Thank you for taking the time to speak with us and to share your experiences, thoughts and feelings about COVID-19 and its impact. Thanks also to our partners for their insights and feedback on research instruments and draft reports and for sharing their particular expertise with us. Our partners in this research project were: • The Council for Disabled Children • Mencap NI • Specialisterne and • SENAC (Special Educational Needs Advice Centre) 3 Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 Introduction 17 The context for children and young people with SEND in Northern Ireland 18 The rationale for this study 19 Aims of the research 20 Methodology 21 A partnership approach 21 Research methods 21 Findings 23 A. The impact of COVID-19 24 B. The impact of the measures taken to address the spread of COVID-19 across Northern Ireland 30 C. The impact of the vaccine rollout and looking to the future 66 Conclusions and recommendations 85 Appendix 1: Summary timeline 91 Footnotes 96 4 Executive Summary Introduction It was said of COVID-19 that ‘we are all in this together’ but NCB knew from evidence and media reports that it did not impact everyone in the same way. -
Neurodiversity 10Th Annual Nurturing Developing Minds Conference
Neurodiversity 10th Annual Nurturing Developing Minds Conference Manuel F. Casanova, M.D. SmartState Endowed Chair in Childhood Neurotherapeutics University of South Carolina Greenville Health System Conflict of Interests Neuronetics (TMS platform), Neuronetrix Incorporated, Clearly Present Foundation Pfizer, Eisai, Nycomed Amersham, Aventis Pasteur Limited, Medvantis Medical Service Council of Health Care Advisors for the Gerson Lehrman Goup Royalties: Springer, Nova, Taylor and Francis, John Wiley Neurodiversity “A new wave of activists wants to celebrate atypical brain function as a positive identity, not a disability.” New York News and Politics “…neurological (brain wiring) differences, traditionally seen as disadvantages, are really advantages.” Fox and Hounds “What is autism: a devastating developmental disorder, a lifelong disability, or a naturally occurring form of cognitive difference akin to certain forms of genius?” SUPOZA.COM AUTISM PRIDE Normal variation in the human genome A social category rather than a medical disorder Includes autism, bipolar disorders, and other neurotypes It does not need to be cured Nick Walker argued in 2012 that there is no such thing as a "neurodiverse individual", because the concept of neurodiversity encompasses all people of every neurological status, and that all people are neurodiverse. Walker instead proposes the term neurominority as "a good, non-pathologizing word for referring to all people who aren't neurotypical". What message are you sending??? A child under 18 will be considered disabled if he or she has a medically determinable physical or mental impairment or combination of impairments that cause marked and severe functional limitations, that can be expected to cause death or that has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.