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Marktkonzentration WIR. FÖRDERN. ZUKUNFT. Open-Access im Kontext der Forschungsförderung - Open Access Policy des Wissenschaftsfonds (FWF) Katharina Rieck, MA MA(LIS) FWF Open Science Manager Berlin am 12. März 2019 Dysfunktionaler Publikationsmarkt . Publikationen können nicht substituiert werden, jede Publikation ist ein Monopol (“each product represents a unique value and cannot be replaced”) . Verlage verkaufen große Publikationspakete (big deal) mit intransparenter Preispolitik (non-disclosure clauses) . Das Preis-Leistungs-Verhältnis für Publikationen ist für WissenschafterInnen oft intransparent, weil sie für die Publikation nicht selbst bezahlen. Der Markt wird von einigen Oligopolisten mit operating profits von 35-42% (Einnahmen von ca. Ø $ 5.000 pro Artikel) dominiert (mehr als 50% entfallen auf 5 Verlage) . Verlage behalten das ausschließliche Verwertungsrecht (copyright transfer agreement) für Publikationen, das u.a. für hochprofitable Mehrwertdienste genutzt wird Herausbildung von steuerfinanzierten Informationsgiganten . Wissenschaftskarrieren werden oft nicht von der Qualität der Publikationen, sondern vom Namen des Verlages bestimmt (Luxury Journal Effect) als Gegenbewegung siehe DORA 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 3 Marktkonzentration Geht der Trend der Oligopolisierung weiter, wird es in einigen Jahren zwei bis drei Anbieter geben, die den Markt nicht nur bei Publikationen, sondern für den gesamten wissenschaftlichen Workflow beherrschen. Marktkonzentration Source: Kramer B., Bosman J. (2015): 101 Innovations in Scholarly Communication - the Changing Research Workflow. figshare. Poster. https://figshare.com/articles/101_Innovations_in_Scholarly_Communication_the_Changing_Research_Workflow/1286826 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 5 Was ist das Problem? Source: Dallmeier-Tiessen S. et al (2011): Highlights from the SOAP project survey. What Scientists Think about Open Access Publishing. https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.5260 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 6 Benutzungsintensität von Sci-Hub Source: Bohannon, J. (2016): Who's downloading pirated papers? Everyone. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/whos-downloading- pirated-papers-everyone 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 7 Systemwechsel “Human factors research tells us that when users keep making the same mistake, it isn't a mistake - it's the system that needs to change. Flip the business model to open access, and the Sci-Hub problem goes away - it becomes unnecessary on the one hand and legitimate on the other.“ Ivy Anderson, California Digital Library (University of California) Source: Bohannon, J. (2016): Who's downloading pirated papers? Everyone. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/whos-downloading- pirated-papers-everyone 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 8 Warum OA publizieren? Source: Expert Group „National Strategy“ of the Open Access Network Austria (OANA) et. al. (2016): Recommendations for the Transition to Open Access in Austria. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.51799 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 9 Steigende Zahl an Open Access Policies weltweit Source: http://roarmap.eprints.org/ 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 10 Funder Policies Source: http://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/view/funder_visualisations/1.html 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 11 Open Access Policy - Entwicklung 2003 2009 2012 Berlin Declaration Programm zur Förderung Anschubfinanzierung Unterzeichnung von OA Büchern für OA Zeitschriften 2000 2004 seit 2011 Förderung Einführung OA Policy Förderung von von OA SCOAP³, Artikeln Europe PMC, arxiv, DOAJ, OAPEN, OLH, SciPost 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 12 Open Access Policy - Entwicklung seit 2014 2017 2019 Open Access Verträge mit Unterzeichner der OA für Research IOP Publishing, Sage, EOSC Declaration Data Mandat und Taylor & Francis, Springer, DMP Wiley, Frontiers, MDPI 2013 2016 2018 Gründung des Open Research Data Pilot Mitglied von Open Science Unterzeichner der Max COAlition S Network Austria Planck Society OA2020 Mission PASTEUR4OA Studie: One of the 6 most effective OA funder policies worldwide 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 13 FWF Open Access Policy Elemente der Open Access Policy . Open Access für Referierte Publikationen . Open Access für Forschungsdaten 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 14 Open Access für referierte Publikationen . Green Open Access: Selbstarchivierung der vom Verlag akzeptierten Version (accepted manuscript) in einem disziplinspezifischen oder institutionellen Repositorium mit einem Embargo von max. 12 Monaten (z.B. in arXiv, PubMedCentral oder institutionellen Repositorien) . Gold Open Access: Direkte Publikation in einem Open Access Medium unter der Creative Commons Attribution Lizenz CC BY in einer DOAJ gelisteten Zeitschrift. Kosten werden bis drei Jahre nach Projektende über das Programm Referierte Publikationen zusätzlich erstattetet. Preisobergrenze: EUR 2,500 . Hybrid Open Access: Freikauf von einzelnen Artikeln in Subskriptionszeitschriften unter der Creative Commons Attribution Lizenz CC BY. Kosten werden bis 3 Jahre nach Projektende über das Programm Referierte Publikationen zusätzlich erstattet. Preisobergrenze EUR 1,500.00 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 15 OA Transformationsmodelle Verträge gemeinsam mit Kooperation E-Medien Österreich 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 16 Transparenz - Offene Verträge 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 17 Transparenz – Kosten 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 18 Alternative Publikationsmodelle „Ultimately, the delivery of OA policy compliance at scale must proceed hand-in-hand with the development of an effective OA infrastructure”. Source: Johnson R., Fosci M. (2016): Putting down roots. Securing the future of open access policies. http://repository.jisc.ac.uk/6269/10/final-KE-Report-V5.1-20JAN2016.pdf 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 19 FWF Förderung von Alternativen Modellen und Plattformen Source: https://www.fwf.ac.at/de/forschungsfoerderung/open-access-policy/open-access-fuer-referierte-publikationen/open-access- publikationsmodelle/ 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 20 Alternative Publikationsmodelle . Etablierte Publikationsorgane Ihres Fachgebietes auf Open Access umstellen oder Gründung neuer, v.a. unabhängig von Großverlagen . Crowdfunding, nicht-kommerzielle Infrastrukturen . Rollenmodelle existieren bereits Open Library of Humanities , SciPost See: Eve M. (2017): Flipping to Open Access Using Consortial Funding Models Wise A., Estelle L. (2019): Towards transition strategies and business models for Society Publishers who wish to accelerate Open Access and Plan S. http://www.informationpower.co.uk/consultation/#_ftn39 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 21 Open Access für Forschungsdaten . Open Research Data: Für Forschungsdaten, die den wissenschaftlichen Publikationen des Projekts zugrunde liegen, ist der offene Zugang verpflichtend. Das sind alle Daten, die zur Reproduktion und Überprüfbarkeit der Ergebnisse der Publikationen erforderlich sind, einschließlich der zugehörigen Metadaten. Diese Daten sollen schnellstmöglich veröffentlicht werden, jedoch spätestens zusammen mit der entsprechenden wissenschaftlichen Publikation. Sollte aus rechtlichen, ethischen oder anderen Gründen ein offener Zugang zu diesen Daten nicht oder nur teilweise möglich sein, ist das im Datenmanagementplan (DMP) zu begründen. Forschungsdatenmanagement: Der FWF verlangt für alle Projekte, die nach dem 1. Jänner 2019 nach den neuen Antragsrichtlinien bewilligt werden, einen Datenmanagementplan (DMP). 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 22 Funder Policies Source: http://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/view/funder_visualisations/1.html 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 23 Compliance “… funders can clearly shape compliance through their mandates, and that this compliance needs to be monitored … the rhetoric surrounding disciplinary barriers might be more a myth than a reality: when the proper structure and incentives are in place, researchers comply.” Source: Larivière V, Sugimoto C.(2018): Do authors comply when funders enforce open access to research? https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07101-w 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 24 Monitoring der OA Compliance 100% 7% 6% 5% 9% 12% 10% 17% 14% 13% 15% 13% 10% 80% 16% 23% 22% 19% 22% 20% 22% 20% 60% No open access 16% Other open access Green open access 40% Hybrid open access 35% 47% 45% 46% 42% 41% Gold open access 36% 20% 16% 20% 13% 13% 14% 13% 7% 0% <2013 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017/18 Total n=1870 n=653 n=935 n=1101 n=1221 n=659 n=6439 Source: Kunzmann M., Reckling F. (2018): Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Open Access Compliance Monitoring 2017. https://zenodo.org/record/1239495#.XIJSOmepV9A 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 25 Forderung nach Open Access "The results have to be free and open to anyone from the minute they are published“ Joe Biden, former US Vice President “…. open access makes complete sense. It generates income, raises excellence and integrity, and involves the public in what they pay for.” Carlos Moedas, EU Commissioner 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 26 Koordiniertes Vorgehen Source: Kratky C (2013): A coordinated approach is key for open access. https://www.nature.com/news/a-coordinated-approach-is-key-for- open-access-1.13610 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 27 12.3.2019 FWF Open Access 28 Beteiligte Organisationen National funders Charitable foundations Austria: FWF The Wellcome Trust Finland: AKA The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation France: ANR Compagnia di San Paolo Ireland: SFI Africa Italy: INFN Luxembourg: FNR National Science and Technology Netherlands: NWO Council, Zambia Norway: RCN Asia Poland: NCN Slovenia: ARRS Government of India Sweden: FORMAS Middle East: Sweden: FORTE The Higher Council for Science and UK: UKRI Technology of Jordan. European funders Coordinated by: Science Europe European
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