POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS: AGRARIAN BOTANICAL DATA FROM WESTERN NORWAY

POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS: AGRARIAN BOTANICAL DATA FROM WESTERN NORWAY Kari Loe Hjelle University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen [email protected] Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen Museum of Archaeology, University of Stavanger [email protected] Eli-Christine Soltvedt Museum of Archaeology, University of Stavanger [email protected]

ABSTRACT Palaeobotanical sampling in relation to legally required rescue excavations from agrarian contexts, has been carried out for half a century, with increased effort since the introduction of mechanical top-soil stripping from the 1990s. Development instigated excavations have increased our knowledge of the agricultural history of Western Norway, and highlighted the importance of systematic palaeo­botanical sampling. Samples with charred seeds and other macro­scopic plant remains, as well as in-context pollen samples, are only available through archaeological excavation. These data represent the primary data set for understanding the development of farming, cultivation and land-use practices. Each site is a step towards greater knowledge of the development of agrarian societies. In this paper we present samples from house remains, cultivated fields and clearance cairns found in the collections of the University Museums of Bergen and Stavanger. The time periods covered are the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age (2200–1100 BC), Late Bronze Age (1100–500 BC), Early Iron Age (500 BC–AD 550) and Late Iron Age (AD 550–1030/50). In Rogaland, samples from house structures dominate the record, whereas samples from cultivated fields are more numerous further north. This is discussed in relation to natural resources and collection strategies, and gaps of knowledge related to archaeological periods and geographical distribu- tion are identified. Effort has been made to highlight the potential of botanical sampling.

INTRODUCTION by the University Museums of Norway. One of the The Agrarian Network is one of three subprojects aims of the Joint Research project was the activation associated with the Joint Research project, conducted of material/data collected during rescue excavations,

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as suggested by the Ministry of Education and the implementation of the Cultural Heritage Act Research (2008). Another aim was to strengthen the in 1905. Samples for botanical analysis have, on the collaboration between the University Museums of other hand, not automatically been collected and Norway and emphasize the potential of the existing stored. At the University Museums of Bergen and material. The Agrarian Network was designed to Stavanger, interdisciplinary collaboration between focus on the traces found within settlement areas. archaeology and palaeobotany has been distinct and Specific focus has been placed on house structures, a broad competence within pollen analysis and plant cultivation layers/soil profiles, and clearance cairns. macrofossil analysis in relation to archaeological Botanical samples from these contexts contain excavations has developed. This has resulted in a information on economy, land-use practices and large amount of samples in the storerooms of the environment of people in the past. The data produced respective museums available for further research. from these samples are presented in publications, Holmboe’s (1927) analysis of plant macrofossil reports, or as lists in topographical archives at the remains recovered during the excavation of the respective museums together with lists of unpro- Oseberg ship in Vestfold was the first archaeobo- cessed samples. This paper, as a product of the tanical investigation in Norway. His work was ahead Agrarian Network, will focus on samples collected of its time. In the late 1960s, sampling of charred from different agrarian contexts and their potential seeds from the prehistoric farm at Ullandhaug for future research by: demonstrated the potential of integrating archaeo­ logical and botanical data for investigating the • Presenting a compilation of botanical agrarian economy (Lundberg 1972; Myhre 1980; material (both macro- and microfossil Rindal 2011). In contrast to plant macrofossil ana­ remains) sampled and stored from archae- lysis, pollen analysis became an important method ological contexts in western Norway for understanding the development of agriculture already by the 1940s and 50s. • Giving a brief review of the differ- Knut Fægri, one of the pioneers in develop- ences in botanical sampling strategy ing the method, collaborated with archaeologists and methods between the University and contributed to our understanding of human Museums in Stavanger and Bergen impact on vegetation history, using pollen dia- grams from lakes and bogs (Fægri 1940; 1944). • Identifying knowledge gaps in west- The importance of integrated archaeological and ern Norway related to the actual palynological studies, although still based on peat archaeological contexts, either geo- and lake sediments, became clear through the work graphically or chronologically on early farming in Hordaland by Egil Bakka and Peter Emil Kaland (1971). With the excavation of • Presenting the potential of the botan- the farm at Lurekalven in the 1970’s, the potential ical material and providing some ideas of pollen analysis of agrarian contexts was shown and recommendations for the future (Kaland P.E. 1979; Kaland S. 1979; Kvamme 1982). From the 1980’s, an increased focus has been on Archaeological data has been protected by law, and the collection of pollen samples from archaeological stored at the responsible institutions/museums, since sites in addition to sampling from bogs or lakes in

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their vicinity (see Høgestøl 1985; Danielsen et al. archaeologists and botanists are organised in common 2000; Prøsch-Danielsen 2005; 2011; Kaland 2009, units, whereas these disciplines are organizationally for more detailed history and references therein). separated in Bergen. With the exception of Ullandhaug and a few others, it was not until the 1980s that archaeobotanical STUDY AREA AND ENVIRONMENT sampling in general, gradually became a regular part Our study area covers the counties Rogaland, of rescue excavations of prehistoric sites in Norway, Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane and Sunnmøre (south- strongly associated with the adoption of mechanical ern part of Møre og Romsdal) (Fig. 1). This is the topsoil stripping. There are, however, considerable area for which the Museum of Archaeology/UiS differences between the museum districts regard- and the University Museum of Bergen/UiB have ing sampling practices, which is also visible in the administrative responsibilities. In the following we following presentation of data from the University will use UiS/AM and UiB/UM for these institutions, Museums of Bergen and Stavanger. independent of the institutional name at the time The histories of the two University Museums are of sampling. quite different. Stavanger Museum was founded in The bedrock is mainly of Precambrian age, both 1877, but it was not until 1909, with the hiring of in the southern and northern study areas. Rocks of archaeologist A. Brøgger, that the Department of Caledonian orogeny constitute a broad field from Archaeology and Cultural History was established. the Boknafjord area to inner Hardanger and from Sampling of botanical material started in 1967. In the coast north of the Hardangerfjord to the inner 1975, Archaeological Museum in Stavanger (AmS) Sognefjord. An area along the northwestern coast was established as a separate museum which, in 2009, contains Devonian sedimentary rocks (Sigmond was fused with the University of Stavanger (UiS/ 1985; Moen 1999:Figs. 13 and 14). In the southern AM). Bergens Museum was founded in 1825, with part of western Norway, areas with phyllite, mica focus on collections both within cultural history schists and limestones contain nutrients valuable for and natural history from the very beginning. In plant growth while in the northern part the basement 1914, the museum got five professorships, one of rocks are comprised of thrusted and folded gneiss these being awarded to archaeologist H. Shetelig, and granites with poor nutrient value. However, it another to botanist Jens Holmboe. With roots in is the combination of the bedrock and overlying Bergens Museum, the University of Bergen (UiB) Quaternary deposits which determine the properties was established in 1946, and the museum depart- of the actual soil cover, and hence influence plant ments included in the faculties. Bergen Museum growth and suitability for agriculture. In our study (BM) was re-established as a faculty within UiB in area, thick Quaternary deposits are found especially 1993, and since 2002, BM has been an independent in the Jæren region in Rogaland and western parts of unit with two scientific departments – Cultural Sunnmøre (Fig. 1) (Moen 1999:Fig. 15), areas that History and Natural History. The name Bergen were ice-free during the Younger Dryas stage (Olsen Museum was changed to University Museum of et al. 2013:Fig. 22). Large terraces and moraines are Bergen (UM) in 2011. also found within the fjord systems. Today, one basic difference exists in the organi- The data represent four climate sections; O3 (t and zation of archaeology and botany at the University h), O2, O1, OC from west to east (Fig. 2) (Moen Museums in Stavanger and Bergen – in Stavanger 1999:Fig. 88), where the inner part of the Sognefjord

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Figure 1. The study area in Norway (Sunnmøre, Sogn og Fjordane, Hordaland and Rogaland) with a coarse scaled map of the distribution of seven categories of superficial Quaternary deposits (from Moen 1999:Fig. 15). Note the areas with huge till moraines (green) along the coast of Jæren and Sunnmøre. The borders of the study area are outlined in bold.

belongs to the OC, indifferent section. These sec- In Rogaland, the northern boreal and alpine zones tions are mainly distinguished by differences in constitute approximately 25 % of the area, rising oceanity, where precipitation and winter temperature to around 50 % in the counties further north. The are decisive for the distribution of different plant vegetation zones define limits for where one can species and vegetation zones, especially for plant expect agrarian settlement. The most suitable areas species in the boreonemoral zone that occupy the for agriculture are found in Rogaland, where around coastal areas. The study area is further divided into 50 % of the area lies within the boreonemoral and five vegetation zones mainly corresponding to high southern boreal zones. summer temperatures. They are arranged from west Our data set is restricted to the permanently set- to east and with rising latitudes and altitudes, the tled lowland regions, containing houses, cultivated boreonemoral zone, southern boreal zone, middle fields and clearance cairns, thus the summer farm/ boreal zone, northern boreal zone and the alpine shieling region in the mountains and localities within zone (Figs. 3a and 3b) (Moen 1999:Figs. 70 and 71). the northern boreal (sub-alpine birch forest) and

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Figure 2. The distribution of the vegetation sections from the coast to inland in western Norway, primarily the result of differences in oceanity along a west-east gradient (from Moen 1999:Fig. 88). The borders of the study area are outlined in bold. alpine zones are not included in this study. Fields MATERIAL AND METHODS from three localities in Suldal/Rogaland, today lying The data included are samples from agrarian monu- in summer farm areas, have, however, been included ments older than AD 1030/50 that are automatically due to the likelihood that they were continuously protected by the Cultural Heritage Act (Act No. 50 settled in the Late Iron Age/Medieval Period. § 4) (Ministry of Environment 1993), and include

297 Agrarian life | Kari Loe Hjelle – Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen – Eli-Christine Soltvedt a)

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Figure 3. Vegetation zones in western Norway, depending on summer and winter temperature.

a) The distribution of the zones (from Moen 1999:Fig. 70).

b) The coverage of the different vegetation zones (from Moen 1999:Fig. 71). The borders of the study area are outlined in bold.

298 POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS: AGRARIAN BOTANICAL DATA FROM WESTERN NORWAY houses and traces of cultivation such as clearance cairns Pollen and plant macrofossils supplement each and fields, as well as lynchets and plough furrows. other. Pollen provides information on the vegeta- Fences and enclosures are omitted even though they tion at the site and its surroundings, whereas plant define the limits between infield and outfield systems macrofossil remains reflect plant species that have (i.e. Juhl 2002; Øye et al. 2002; Soltvedt et al. 2007). been present at the site. Herbs, cultivated plants Pastoralism constituted an important part of agrarian and weeds are generally better represented by pollen subsistence, but is not included in this study. The than by seeds in prehistoric cultivation layers and topic, thoroughly described and compiled in Prøsch- clearance cairns. On the other hand, seeds can Danielsen and Simonsen (2000a; 2000b); Hjelle et al. almost always be determined to species level and (2006) and in Høgestøl and Prøsch-Danielsen (2006), charred seeds may be the only preserved remains is one of the topics within the Outfield Network of in sandy soils. Thus, using only one of the methods the Joint Research project (Hjelle 2015). gives limited information – related to either the The study covers palaeobotanical material, both specific land-use activity on the site (e.g. cultivation, micro- and macrofossil remains (Table 1, Fig. 4). For mowing and/or grazing) or the age of the monu- the Stavanger region all samples collected since 1968 ment/layers. In some cases, micro-morphological have been included (see i.e. Bakkevig et al. 2002). sampling has been included (Sageidet 2009; Fredh With a few exceptions, the samples included from and Westling 2014), adding further information to Bergen have all been collected since 1990. This covers the investigated deposit and insight into the activity the main period for excavations of agrarian contexts which has taken place. in the region (Diinhoff 2012). Samples collected by archaeologists and not included in the palaeobotanical Houses collections may, however, be missing, meaning that Though some examples have been typologically dated the data presented from Bergen reflect a minimum. (marked x in Table 1 from Rogaland), the chronol- The farm is traditionally seen as originating in ogy of the houses in our data set is primarily based the Iron Age, but indications of permanent agrar- on radiocarbon dating of charred plant macrofossil ian settlements are found from the Late Neolithic/ remains (mainly cereals), charcoal or sheep/goat faeces Early Bronze Age. The time interval studied in this from postholes, fireplaces, pits and floor layers (see paper is from 2200 BC to AD 1030/50. The data in also Bakkevig et al. 2002). In these features, plant Table 1 are separated into four periods and given macrofossil remains are often well preserved. At UiS/ as calibrated BC/AD: AM, material from all postholes in a house is gen- erally sampled. This may occasionally be the case at Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age (2200 – 1100 BC) UiB/UM, generally only a few postholes are sampled. Late Bronze Age (1100 – 500 BC) In the present paper, the numbers of samples taken Early Iron Age (500 BC – AD 550) from different features or from different parts of a Late Iron Age (AD 550 – 1030/1050) posthole are not given. The number of samples from one house varies from a few to more than one hundred. SAMPLING STRATEGIES Different strategies are used when sampling houses, Cultivation layers, lynchets and clearance cairns cultivated fields and clearance cairns and sampling From clearance cairns, lynchets and other cultiva- methods are not yet standardized. tion layers, sampling for either pollen analysis or

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Figure 4. The four municipalities a) Møre og Romsdal (Sunnmøre, southern part), Sogn og Fjordane. b) Hordaland and Rogaland with all sites included in the investigation. Numbers refer to Table 1. Each site might represent one or several samples, and cover a specific or unknown archaeological period.

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b)

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radiocarbon dating began prior to the introduction relationships. Small plant macrofossil remains have of top-soil stripping. The preferred method today is become increasingly important as the AMS-dating to combine sampling for pollen and plant macro­ method has developed. fossils (charcoal or seeds) (see Table 1). However, it still happens that only series of pollen samples RESULTS AND COMMENTS are taken with the addition of a few macro samples for radiocarbon dating, or even that only samples Late Neolithic/Bronze Age (2200 BC – 1100 BC) for radiocarbon dates are sampled from a profile of prehistoric cultivation layers. Rogaland Samples are most commonly taken from vertical With the exception of Forsandmoen, where a total sections through soil profiles representing a sequence of 254 houses have been archaeologically exca- of stratigraphical layers and occasionally horizon- vated, plant macrofossils were sampled from all the tally from a particular stratigraphical layer after the investigated LN/EBA two- and three-aisled houses removal of the overlying soil (Diinhof 2005; Hjelle in Rogaland (Table 1, Fig. 5a). At Forsandmoen, 2005a; Overland and Hjelle 2007; 2013; Soltvedt et only a selection of EBA houses were investigated al. 2007; Soltvedt and Jensen 2011). To obtain more for plant macrofossil remains (Bakkevig 1998; statistically robust data, and to identify potential Prøsch-Danielsen and Soltvedt 2011). The major- sources of error such as vertical pollen transport, it ity of two-aisled houses are dated to the LN and is preferable to take several samples from each layer. transition to the EBA. Three-aisled houses began The number of pollen/plant macrofossil samples to appear in the EBA. Plant macrofossil analyses taken from a profile may vary from less than ten to from some sites are published, but many unanalyzed more than one hundred, and in cases of large fields samples still exist. several vertical series are often taken in order to The agrarian structures like fields, lynchets and allow for the investigation of spatial patterning. For clearance cairns have been documented through clearance cairns, the most commonly used sampling plant macrofossils as well as pollen samples (Fig. strategy today is to sample material beneath the cairn/ 5b). In Rogaland, both houses and fields have been bottom layer (representing the period before the found in areas with a continuous cover of Quaternary cairn was made), the bottom part of the in-fill (the deposits (Fig. 1). Fields are often identified by traces first period of activity), and in some cases through of plough marks. They vary in thickness and their the cairn and above. Pollen and plant macrofossil horizontal limits are not always well defined. The samples from all these levels provide information on sampled clearance cairns (29 in all) from the LN/ the vegetation and activity before, during and after EBA show the same distribution pattern as the clearance, bringing in both the local and extra-local houses. Fields and clearance cairns are in many land-use perspective. Radiocarbon dates from the cases dated to the LN/EBA transition. Most of the same samples may represent the maximum (terminus sites are situated within the vegetation sections O3t, post quem) age, the time of activity and the minimum O3h and O2 in Rogaland. (terminus ante quem) age of the activity. Chronologies are constructed using either directly Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane and Sunnmøre dated plant macrofossil remains or charcoal from Samples for radiocarbon dating have been collected cultivation layers, or indirectly through stratigraphic from excavated two- and three-aisled houses in

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Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane and Sunnmøre (cf. Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane and Sunnmøre Diinhoff 2012; Olsen 2012); samples for plant In Sogn og Fjordane, LBA houses from nine sites macrofossil analysis have been collected from 20 have been excavated and sampled for plant macrofos- sites (Fig. 5a). In most cases only a selection of sils. Only a small number of LBA houses have been postholes has been sampled. In contrast to the rel- sampled from Hordaland and Sunnmøre (Fig. 6a). atively low number of sampled houses, prehistoric A large number of cultivated fields (57 sites in total) fields from 59 sites have been sampled for pollen have been sampled from the region, documenting and/or plant macrofossil analysis (Table 1, Fig. 5b). the agrarian economy in this time period (Fig. 6b). Cultivated fields are found in all climate zones (cf. Many sites show continuity from LN/EBA (Table Fig. 2), mostly on Quaternary deposits and terraces, 1). In a few cases pollen samples have been taken mainly along the fjords or, especially in Sunnmøre, without plant macrofossil samples, but samples for on islands along the coast. Plough marks may be radiocarbon dating exist in all cases. found, and have been sampled in some cases. At some sites both house remains and cultivation layers were Early Iron Age (500 BC – AD 550) found, whilst in the relatively small excavated areas at other sites only cultivation layers were identified. Rogaland As in Rogaland, several fields have been dated to The investigation of Early Iron Age house complexes the LN/EBA transition. has a long tradition in Rogaland (Petersen 1933; 1936; 1951). Prior to 1967, none of the postholes in Late Bronze Age (1100 BC – 500 BC) these houses were investigated for plant macrofossil remains. In 1967–68 the farm complex at Ullandhaug Rogaland was investigated by Myhre (1973; 1980). Natural All houses from the LBA are three-aisled. Of the scientists became involved in this research excava- c. 26 LBA houses identified at Forsandmoen, only tion and plant macrofossil samples were taken for one of these (no. 99) was sampled for plant mac- the first time from a house complex in Rogaland rofossils (Bakkevig 1992). At Sørbø-Hove, a total (Lundeberg 1972; Rindal 2011). of 90 houses have been investigated and plant Between 1980 and 2009, a total of 243 EIA macrofossil samples taken from four LBA houses houses were excavated in Rogaland. Of these, (Bjørdal, Westling and Jensen in prep.). Sampled plant macrofossil samples were taken from 92 botanical remains from LBA houses are given in houses. By 2014, the number of sampled houses Fig. 6a. had increased to 135 (Table 1, Fig. 7a). With the Plant macrofossils and pollen were only sampled exception of Ullandhaug and Gausel, macrofossil from eight sites with cultivation layers dated to the samples from stonewalled houses are underrep- LBA (Fig. 6b). As expected, some of these fields are resented. The majority of houses with sampled close to known settlement sites. In the Boknafjord plant macrofossils are from Forsandmoen and the basin, only fields, and not their corresponding houses, island Hundvåg. More recently excavated sites with have been found. From this period, botanical remains numerous botanical samples include Gausel and from clearance cairns are sampled from the eastern Tasta in Stavanger, and Sørbø-Hove in Sandnes. part of low-lying Jæren, with a concentration in Plant macrofossils are sampled from 20 % of the mid-Hå municipality. EIA houses excavated since 1967. Houses are

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Figure 5. a) Collected botanical samples from house remains dated to Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age (2200 BC-1100 BC). b) Collected botanical samples from fields (cultivation layers, open triangles) and clearance cairns (filled circle) dated to Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age (2200 BC-1100 BC).

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Figure 6. a) Collected botanical samples from house remains dated to Late Bronze Age (1100 BC-500 BC). b) Collected botanical samples from fields (cultivation layers, open triangles) and clearance cairns (filled circle) dated to Late Bronze Age (1100 BC-500 BC).

305 Agrarian life | Kari Loe Hjelle – Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen – Eli-Christine Soltvedt

mostly found in the northern part of Jæren, close Sørbø-Hove in Sandnes (Table 1). The number to urban areas. of buildings sampled per site varies. At some sites Fields are distributed in the same areas as the the number is around 4–6, while at Sørbø-Hove houses (Fig. 7b), but have been detected at only the number was increased to 14 buildings. They some of the sites. Generally both pollen and are mainly concentrated in the northern part of plant macrofossils are sampled from each field. Jæren. A couple of sites, Marvikstykket in Sand Investigated clearance cairns are concentrated and Førresbotn in Tysvær, are placed along mari- to the southern part of Jæren, in Time and Hå time lines of communication north and northeast municipality (Fig. 7b). in the Boknafjord basin. No plant macrofossil samples from stonewalled houses are available Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane and Sunnmøre for this period. In Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane and Sunnmøre, Botanical material (whether plant macrofossil the majority of palaeobotanical samples collected samples, pollen samples or both) from fields related from house sites (32) belong to the EIA (Fig. 7a). to the LIA has been sampled at seven sites (Fig. 8b). Similarly, the majority of sites with cultivation layers These sites are found throughout the region. Their (96) can be attributed to this phase (Fig. 7b). On find distribution seems to be more random and their many of the sites, multiple fields have been sampled, distribution shows no trends. In 2001–2002, the giving a more extensive sampling than the figures Kvåle farm complex was studied in detail in order would otherwise indicate. In a few cases only pollen to reconstruct settlement, agriculture and land-use samples have been taken, but then supported by practises. During this investigation, several fields samples for radiocarbon dating. and lynchets were investigated. In total, seven fields Both houses and cultivation layers are documented or lynchets belonging to this time interval were by samples from the coast to the fjord region of recorded at Kvåle. Sunnmøre, whereas samples from the inland and fjord region dominate in Sogn og Fjordane and Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane and Sunnmøre Hordaland. As in previous time periods, several The number of LIA sites with houses and cultivation samples come from the concentration of excavated layers sampled for plant macrofossil and/or pollen sites in Sogndal in Sogn og Fjordane, the Nordfjord analysis is low compared to that of the Early Iron area (Eid and Gloppen), and from Herøy on the Age (Table 1, Figs. 8a and 8b). In Sunnmøre, only coast of Sunnmøre (Table 1). five sites with cultivated fields have been sampled, whereas house remains from three sites and cul- Late Iron Age (AD 550 – AD 1030/50) tivated fields from 14 sites have been sampled in Hordaland. In Sogn og Fjordane the data set is larger, Rogaland and plant macrofossil samples exist from houses at In Rogaland, plant macrofossil samples from this 12 sites. Botanical samples from cultivated fields period have been taken from 50 houses distrib- have been collected at 26 sites. The sites are spread uted across 14 separate sites (Fig. 8a). Some of east – west and north – south. Along the Sognefjord, these sites show a continuity from the EIA to the sites are found from Gulen on the western coast to LIA, i.e. at Skeie in Hundvåg, at Forsandmoen, Lærdalen in the eastern fjord district, reflecting all at Gausel and Øvre Tasta in Stavanger and at climate regions.

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SPATIAL DIFFERENCES IN NATURAL excavations in centrally located areas with access to BOUNDARIES good topsoil. This is especially observed in expanding The type of agriculture possible in a given area, as well regions close to towns, due to house construction, as the visibility of cultural features in the landscape, road building and industrial development of areas are dictated by nature. The topography and climate formerly dedicated to agriculture. The sampling as well as Quaternary deposits presented different strategy and organization of the University Museums challenges for agriculture within the study area. also play a significant role. Climate has changed throughout the Holocene, with At UiS/AM, natural scientists have been members fluctuations both in precipitation and temperature, of the Ancient Heritage Committee in Rogaland but with generally higher temperatures than today since 1975, and have played a role in the planning of in the time period covered by this study, 2200 cal new development projects. Today natural scientists BC to AD 1030/50 (Nesje et al. 2005). Climate have an even more central role in the committee fluctuations influence where different crop species and comprise nearly half the staff. This has led to a could have been cultivated and consequently where focus on the sampling of natural scientific material. clusters of agrarian settlements are found. Today, the The situation in Rogaland stands in stark contrast to length of the growing season decreases northwards that which exists at UiB, where only archaeologists and eastwards (Moen 1999:Fig. 6), a pattern which are members of the Ancient Heritage Committee likely applied in prehistory as well. The soil resources and thus natural scientists have no formal input in in Rogaland differs from those further north, as the start of the planning process of new projects. exemplified by the higher amount of Quaternary An additional factor which may influence col- deposits (Fig. 1). lection strategies is distance. In Rogaland most Late Neolithic two-aisled houses, and three- archaeological sites are only a short distance from aisled houses of all periods, are connected to good the museum in Stavanger. This is not the case in soil/superficial deposits along the coast and on northern counties, where it can be both difficult terraces along the fjords (Figs. 5a, 6a, 7a and 8a). and expensive to carry out one day fieldwork or ad In Rogaland, houses are found in regions with the hoc trips as one gets further away from the museum strongest oceanic climate (O3 and O2), whereas in Bergen. further north they may also be found in areas of Houses: An obvious difference between the only slightly oceanic climate (O1, OC). University Museums is the higher number of houses sampled by Stavanger than by Bergen, as well as the DIFFERENCES IN COLLECTION higher number of samples from each house (not STRATEGIES BETWEEN THE TWO shown in Table 1). It must be highlighted that the UNIVERSITY MUSEUMS data from Bergen is underrepresented in this paper. For both University Museums, the increased amount Without a specific budget for botany in the projects of botanical data from agrarian contexts since the in question, collected samples have in some cases 1990s can primarily be attributed to the introduction not been communicated to the botanists, and as a of top-soil stripping (Løken et al. 1996; Diinhoff result are not included in the botanical data-bases. 2012) where archaeological monuments not visible This will, however, not change the main pattern given on the surface have been released for development. by our study. There has traditionally been a higher An additional factor is an increased number of focus on plant macrofossils in Stavanger, compared

307 Agrarian life | Kari Loe Hjelle – Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen – Eli-Christine Soltvedt

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Figure 7. a) Collected botanical samples from house remains dated to Early Iron Age (500 BC – AD 550). b) Collected botanical samples from fields (cultivation layers, open triangles) and clearance cairns (filled circles) dated to Early Iron Age (500 BC – AD 550).

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Figure 8. a) Collected botanical samples from house remains dated to Late Iron Age (AD 550 – AD 1030/50), b) Collected botanical samples from fields (cultivation layers, open triangles) and clearance cairns (filled circles) dated to Late Iron Age (AD 550 – AD 1030/50).

309 Agrarian life | Kari Loe Hjelle – Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen – Eli-Christine Soltvedt

to the preference for pollen in Bergen. This can again practices (Prøsch-Danielsen 1999). Early sampling in be attributed to the different competences present Rogaland included only pollen samples, with limited at the institutions in the early 1990s. possibilities for radiocarbon dating. The value of these In Bergen, all plant macrofossil remain fractions samples for further studies is therefore limited. The have been stored, whereas Stavanger stored only the lack of cairn fields further north is partly due to the large fraction (> 2 mm) until around 1989. This limits limited distribution of unsorted morainic material the potential of interpreting and comparing land-use (Fig. 1). Scattered cairns are found at excavations practices, functions of houses etc. on samples sieved (Table 1) and clearance cairn fields do exist (Holm before 1990. At both institutions we have been facing 2007; Overland and Hjelle 2007), but the focus a long process of development of sampling strategies on these has naturally been rather limited at the and competence within palaeobotanical methodology museum in Bergen. and there is today no reason not to change towards a common strategy for the institutions. POTENTIAL OF OUR DATA AND Fields: There is a marked difference in topogra- RECOMMENDATIONS phy from the flat low-lying Jæren in Rogaland to The overview shows that there is a large research the spatially more limited areas of flat land and potential in the palaeobotanical data. Different terraces suitable for cultivation along the fjords contexts and proxies (plant macrofossil remains in Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane and Sunnmøre. or pollen) may be investigated on different spatial Continuous cultivation has, over time, resulted scales from a local site to gradients north-south and in the accumulation of ancient field layers. Due east-west along the coast of western Norway (see to steep terrain and heavy precipitation erosion i.e. Prøsch-Danielsen and Soltvedt 2011; Hjelle often occur in the fjord areas of the northernmost et al. 2013). The fact that many plant species have counties. At several sites, especially along the their northern limit in Norway, emphasize the Sognefjord, field layers have also been sealed by value of this material. The compilation of data from mass-movement deposits resulting in the isolation two of the University Museum districts opens the of cultivation phases. Thick layers are also found in possibility for future comparative studies between flat areas by the coast, e.g. at Sunnmøre, reflecting larger regions with longer geographic, climatic and different processes in building up these layers. topographic gradients. Sampling from prehistoric cultivation layers have Archaeological priorities fluctuate. Over the been more frequently carried out in the Bergen course of the second half of the 20th century and region than in Stavanger. However, intentional into the new millennium, periods emphasizing sampling from field layers has been practiced in the importance of natural sciences (e.g. the 1970s) Rogaland since 1980s (i.e. Line in Time from have alternated with periods focusing on theoretical 1983), thus it appears that the differences in the perspectives. The data show that there is a need for number of sampled sites may reflect differential systematic sampling to protect data which will be distribution of cultivated fields. otherwise lost, irrespective of the theoretical per- Clearance cairns: Visible fields of clearance cairns/ spective of the time. In archaeology, one continues and or cairns are characteristic elements in the to excavate so as not to lose data which may provide landscape of Rogaland. Cairns have therefore knowledge of the past. The same must be the case been a focus of investigation of past agricultural for botanical samples from archaeological contexts.

310 POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS: AGRARIAN BOTANICAL DATA FROM WESTERN NORWAY

New methods have developed, such as analysis is important. Samples for plant macrofossil analysis of phytoliths, isotopes, and ancient DNA, as well may well be sampled by archaeologists, whereas as micromorphology and geochemistry, which have owing to the risk of contamination, pollen samples the potential to contribute to research questions in should be sampled by those trained in palynology. the future and some of these can exploit archived Plant macrofossil remains such as cereals and botanical data. The availability of samples is therefore seeds of weeds or other herbs have increasingly important. However, some of these methods are been used for radiocarbon dating. Seeds and plant inherently destructive, and the material undergoing remains deposited in archaeological house structures analysis will not be available for future research, thus are supposed to reflect the time of occupation (i.e. the “old” methods — plant macrofossil and pollen Engelmark 1985; Viklund 1998; Ranheden 1996; analysis — should remain important parts of palaeo- Engelmark et al. 1997; Gustafson 2005; Prøsch- botanical studies. A long history of development (e.g. Danielsen and Soltvedt 2011), and the dating of improved microscopes which increase the taxonomic plant macrofossils has even made it possible to resolution of pollen and plant macrofossil remains, detect several activity phases within a house (Table increased knowledge of non-pollen palynomorphs 1). The advantage of these is that they represent one in pollen samples, taphonomic processes in soil as season, narrowing the actual time interval. However, well as new knowledge on pollen productivity and one must keep in mind that available calibration dispersal characteristics) has led to an increase in curves are based on decadal data. The potential of the potential of these methods. Developments in contamination (e.g. through bioturbation) must quantitative methods have further increased the also be considered. Experience from excavations potential of these proxy data, by enabling the analysis also report that postholes are reused (e.g. Børsheim of much larger data sets (e.g. Prøsch-Danielsen and and Soltvedt 2002; Gjerpe 2008). Independent of Simonsen 1998; Simonsen and Prøsch-Danielsen dating a house – finds of cereals and weeds can be 2005; Hjelle et al. 2013), and increasing our under- used to date agricultural activity at the site. standing of land use practices in the past (e.g. Hjelle There is little consistency in the number of post- 1999a; 2005a). holes sampled when excavating house structures. With improved methods and an increased amount To be able to interpret different functions within a of data, it is inevitable that research questions will house, a full scale analysis of all postholes is opti- continue to evolve, in turn demanding even larger mal. Alternatively sampling of all postholes along amounts of high quality data. It is thus essential that the long axis of a house may be sufficient (Viklund the botanical data is evaluated in line with archaeo- 1998) and is recommended when full scale sampling logical data and that the University Museums take is not possible. the responsibility to continue sampling – ­otherwise Plant macrofossil remains and pollen from cereals a priceless source will be lost. Botanical and archae- and weeds can provide information on cultivated ological data should thus be given the same weight species and land-use practices, e.g. cutting straw and attention. By having comparable data the pro- at the top or the bottom, fertilization of fields, soil jects may be seen as part of larger research programs, quality, cultivation in a rotation system or perma- instead of individual projects. nent cultivation. Pollen samples from fields provide In sampling from archaeological contexts, colla­ information about the vegetation at the site and in boration between archaeologists and palaeobotanists the area surrounding the fields and may contribute

311 Agrarian life | Kari Loe Hjelle – Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen – Eli-Christine Soltvedt to identification of, for example, grazed and mowed therefore important in the future to collect samples grasslands (Hjelle 1999a, 2005a). from all archaeological house contexts. On the other A combination of botanical sampling, strati- hand, cultivated fields are intensively sampled in graphic investigation, and identifying the extent Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane and Sunnmøre, and less of cultivation layers is needed in order to obtain a thoroughly sampled in Rogaland. House structures full understanding of the land-use practices that are often not found in the northern counties, prob- took place at a site. Through this, botanical data ably due to the size of the investigated area. When may contribute to archaeological questions such as large areas are excavated, there is a strong relation technological improvements, land-use practices and between fields and houses. With this in mind some house function, and may indirectly inform on animal of the differences in data from agrarian settlement husbandry through the presence of grazed or mowed contexts between the regions decrease. communities as well as stalling. This represents the In line with the development of strategic manage- primary means for building an understanding of the ment plans for different archaeological time periods development of cultivation. The focus of the present at the University Museums (incl. Oslo, Trondheim paper is samples taken from agrarian contexts within and Tromsø), a plan for botanical sampling should archaeological sites, but pollen analysis of lakes and also be developed. We have not included zoological/ bogs are also important for understanding these data osteological data in the present overview, but these in the context of the larger landscape. Moreover, too need to be included in future management plans. compilation of the different data-sets allows for In this, principles for the budgeting and recommen- quantitative reconstructions of landscapes on dif- dations for standardized sampling strategies should ferent spatial scales (e.g. Mehl and Hjelle 2016). be given, e.g. the size of the samples and sampling Based on our review, we observe significant dif- within clear, preferably sealed stratigraphical units. ferences between the geographical areas and time This work is in progress both in Bergen and Stavanger. periods represented in available samples. It may Another important aspect for the future will be to be that these are an accurate reflection of prehis- integrate the palaeobotanical databases into MUSIT toric agricultural practices, but it also indicates that (the IT-infrastructure of the University Museums), sampling from houses should have high priority providing a great tool for connecting archaeological in Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane and Sunnmøre, and palaeobotanical data. whereas the Late Bronze Age should have priority The University Museums experience an increased in Rogaland compared to other time periods. Both interest, both nationally and internationally in objects museum districts seem to have had a higher focus on in their collections for use in research projects. At the periods earlier than the Late Iron Age, limiting UiB/UM, the large osteological collections are the potential for new research into the Late Iron Age widely used and in recent times several inquiries have using the existing data. Plant macrofossil samples also been received at UiS/AM. There is no reason have been taken from nearly all two-aisled houses in to believe that the development will be different Rogaland and altogether around 50 houses from the within botany. Clear policies for destructive analysis LN/EBA have been sampled. With samples from only on the stored collections are therefore needed. The three house remains in Hordaland, eleven in Sogn palaeobotanical data from archaeological contexts og Fjordane and six from Sunnmøre, comparisons are unique data that inform on plants growing in between geographical regions may be difficult. It is Norway and on the lives of people in the past. They

312 POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS: AGRARIAN BOTANICAL DATA FROM WESTERN NORWAY generate potential research projects both within Thanks to Lene S. Halvorsen who has helped with botany and across disciplines, between institutions, information on data from Bergen. Special thanks between local and international scholars, and by go to Beate Helle, University Museum of Bergen, both experienced researchers and university students. who made the compiled figures of data from Bergen. Continued sampling is therefore extremely important. Special thanks go to Beate Helle, University Museum of Bergen, who made the compiled figures of data ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS from UiS/AM and UiB/UM, to one anonymous We would like to acknowledge Professor Asbjørn referee for comments on an earlier draft of the Moen, NTNU University Museum in Trondheim manuscipt, and to Sean Dexter Denham for lin- who kindly allowed us to use published figures. guistic advice.

Table 1. Sites with collected palaeobotanical samples stored in the University Museums at UiB and UiS according to county and municipality. Botanical macrofossil remains are labelled M, while pollen samples are labelled P. Some house structures are dated typologically (marked x in Rogaland) and some are undated. Some houses with different phases might be defined as separate houses at some localities, some as one house with several phases. The number of sampled contexts (houses, fields) is given from UiS/AM, whereas the presence of samples (marked with ‘x’) is given from UiB/UM. The data are separated into four periods: Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age (2200 – 1100 BC), Late Bronze Age (1100 – 500 BC), Early Iron Age (500 BC – AD 550), Late Iron Age (AD 550 – 1030/1050). Material given dates covering two time periods are placed in the most probable time period. Site no Site Municipality no Municipality Excavated year References Farm no Farm UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA Clea. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P

Sunnmøre

Halvorsen 2010b; Åstveit S1 1534 Haram Søvik 175 2009 x x x x x and Zinsli 2011 Lotsberg and Halvorsen S2 1532 Giske Gjøsundneset 7 2006 x x x x 2010; Slinning 2008 Hatling 2012; Halvorsen S3 1532 Giske Giske 127/2,23 2011 x x x x and Hjelle 2011

S4 1531 Sula Solevågseidet 61 1994 x x Torske 1995

Lånemarka, Hjelle (manus); Johannes- S5 1523 Ørskog 97 2000, 2001 x x x x x Sjøholt sen 2002 Diinhoff 2002; Hjelle S6 1520 Ørsta Mo 18 1999 x 2002 Berge 2005a; Halvorsen S7 1520 Ørsta Håvoll 5/23,2 2004 x x x x x x 2005b Halvorsen 2008b; Olsen S8 1520 Ørsta Ytre Steinnes 63/1 2007 x x x x x x x x 2008 Halvorsen 2012c; Østebø S9 1520 Ørsta Velle 15/14 2011 x x x x x 2012a Hjellbakke Danielsen and Halvorsen S10 1519 Volda 50/1,51/3 2008 x x x x x x og Nes 2009 Overland and Halvorsen S11 1519 Volda Aurstad 43/2,44/1 2013 x x x x x x 2014

313 Agrarian life | Kari Loe Hjelle – Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen – Eli-Christine Soltvedt Site no Site Municipality no Municipality Excavated year References Farm no Farm UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA Clea. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Halvorsen and Hjelle Krusham- S12 1516 Ulstein 97 2002 x x x x x x x x 2004; Johannessen 2004; maren Hjelle et al. 2010 Knutzen and Simpson S13 1516 Ulstein Saunnes 25/5 2004-2005 x x x x x x x x 2005, 2006; Overland 2014h

S14 1516 Ulstein Osnessanden 7/775 2006 x x x x Diinhoff et al. 2014

Mjølsteinne- Kvamme 1994; Narmo S15 1515 Herøy 22/1,24 1992 x set, Espeset 1994

S16 1515 Herøy Eggesbønes 38 2002 x Hjelle and Halvorsen 2014

Hjelmeset S17 1515 Herøy 45 2001 x x Overland 2014a lok 4

S18 1515 Herøy Nedre Berge 29 2009 x x x Melle and Simpson 2005

Mjølstadneset S19 1515 Herøy 175 2001 x x x Overland 2014a lok 1 Halvorsen 2010e; Zinsli S20 1515 Herøy Teige I 5/14,16 2009 x x x x x x x x and Olsen 2010 Halvorsen 2013c; Aander- S21 1515 Herøy Teige II 5/14,16 2012 x x x x x x x x aa 2013

S22 1515 Herøy Kvalsund 4/12; 192 2010 x x x Zinsli and Olsen 2011a

S23 1515 Herøy Myklebust 37/496 2013 x x x x Overland 2014d

S24 1515 Herøy Hjelmeset 31/189 2014 x x Overland 2015 (3)

Dahlberg and Linge 2015; S25 1515 Herøy Sævik 11/6 2014 x x x x x x Helvik and Overland 2015

S26 1514 Sande Ytre Hauge 12 2003 x x x x x x Halvorsen 2011b

Hjelle 2002b; Diinhoff S27 1501 Ålesund Åse 50/17,35,85,183 1999 x x x 2002b Halvorsen and Hjelle S28 1501 Ålesund Åse Vest 50/1 2002 x x x x 2006b; Olsen 2006

S29 1501 Ålesund Ratvika 23 2002 x x Overland 2014f

Sogn og Fjordane

Gundersen 1995; Soltvedt SF1 1448 Stryn Hjelle gbnr. 20/2 1994 x x x x x x 1994

SF2 1448 Stryn Hjelle gbnr. 20/2 2002 x x Hjelle 2005c; Olsen 2005a

Hjelle 2006c; Slinning SF3 1448 Stryn Kyrkjeeide 63/10 2005 x x x 2006 Aanderaa 2014a; Overland SF4 1448 Stryn Ytre Bø 59/1 2013 x x x x x x x x 2014e

SF5 1448 Stryn Loen 70 2009 x x x x x x Halvorsen 2010f

SF6 1445 Gloppen Eikenes 32/18 2000 x Simpson 2004

Hjelmeset Halvorsen and Lotsberg SF7 1445 Gloppen og Sandane 54/3 2007,2008 x x x x x x x x x x x x 2009; Lotsberg 2009; lufthavn Olsen 2010

SF8 1445 Gloppen Vereide 59 1991-1993 x x x Kvamme 1997

Haugen and Diinhoff SF9 1445 Gloppen Tystad 64/1 2009 x x x 2010b, Halvorsen 2010c Halvorsen and Hjelle SF10 1445 Gloppen Austrheim 69/5 2003 x x x x x x 2005; Olsen 2005b

314 POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS: AGRARIAN BOTANICAL DATA FROM WESTERN NORWAY Site no Site Municipality no Municipality Excavated year References Farm no Farm UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA Clea. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P

SF11 1445 Gloppen Evebø 77/14,23 2000 x x Diinhoff 2006a

SF12 1445 Gloppen Eide 76,77 2000 x x x Diinhoff 2006b

SF13 1445 Gloppen Reed 100/3 2014 x x x x Overland 2016a

SF14 1444 Hornindal Lødemel 181/4,9 2009 x x x x x x x x x x Halvorsen 2012a

Indre Halvorsen 2011a; Hatling SF15 1443 Eid 42/1 2010, 2011 x x x x x x Skårhaug and Olsen 2011 Skaffarmarka, SF16 1443 Eid 44/4,330,530 2010 x x Zinsli and Diinhoff 2011 Lunden

SF17 1443 Eid Myklebust 44/31 1993 x Olsen 1993; Soltvedt 1993

SF18 1443 Eid Golvsengene 66 2007 x x x x x x x x x x x x Halvorsen 2009c

Hjelle (Klokkar- SF19 1443 Eid 52/7,4 2012 x x x x x x x x Halvorsen 2013a garden - Hjelle) Halvorsen 2005c; Slinning SF20 1443 Eid Hjelle 52/6,8 2004 x x 2005b Hjelle and Halvorsen SF21 1443 Eid Indre Henne 147/1 2003 x x x x x 2007; Olsen 2012 Amon- Flogenfeldt and Diinhoff SF22 1439 Vågsøy 117 2011 x x x damarka 2012; Halvorsen 2012e Diinhoff 2014; Halvorsen SF23 1439 Vågsøy Våge 136/6 2013 x x 2014 Halvorsen and Overland SF24 1438 Bremanger Kolset 86/1 2009 x x x x x x 2010

SF25 1433 Naustdal Engebø 31/1,2,3 1991 x x x x x x Hjelle 1992: Johnson 1992

Halvorsen 2008d; Olsen SF26 1433 Naustdal Sæla 96/2,4 2007 x x x x x x and Tellefsen 2008 Halvorsen 2010g; Zinsli SF27 1433 Naustdal Mallasvika 96/6 2009 x x x x x x 2010 Halvorsen 2007c: Johan- SF28 1433 Naustdal Gardsbøen 99/1 2006 x nessen 2010 Halvorsen 2008c; Olsen SF29 1433 Naustdal Løken 99/36 2007 x x x and Tellefsen 2009

SF30 1432 Førde Hornesvika gbnr. 20/2 2005 x x x x Berge 2006a; Hjelle 2006b

Diinhoff 1997; Kaland SF31 1432 Førde Hornnes gbnr. 20/7 1996 x x x x x x x x x 1996 Aanderaa 2014c; Overland SF32 1432 Førde Vie 43/7,8,18,.. 2013 x x x x x x x x x x x x x 2014b Halvorsen 2009a; Tellefsen SF33 1432 Førde Sunde 58/2 2008 x x x x x x x 2009 Hegrenes, Haugen and Diinhoff SF34 1431 Jølster 73/2 2009 x x x x x Ålhus 2010a; Halvorsen 2010d

SF35 1431 Jølster Bjørset 74/3 2014 x x x x x x x x x x Overland 2016b

SF36 1431 Jølster Ytre Årdal 3/2,5 2014 x x x x Overland 2016b

SF37 1431 Jølster Indre Årdal 4/1,3,6 2014 x x x x x x Overland 2016b

SF38 1431 Jølster Helgheim gbnr. 6/4 2014 x x x x Overland 2016b

SF39 1431 Jølster Hus 7/1,2,3,4 2014 x x x x x x x x x x x Overland 2016b

315 Agrarian life | Kari Loe Hjelle – Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen – Eli-Christine Soltvedt Site no Site Municipality no Municipality Excavated year References Farm no Farm UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA Clea. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P

SF40 1431 Jølster Fyglastrand gbnr. 8/1 2014 x x x x x x Overland 2016b

SF41 1431 Jølster Haugen 9/1,15 2014 x x x x x x x x Overland 2016b

SF42 1430 Gaular Osen gard 94/1 2001,2002 x x Diinhoff 2008

Halvorsen and Overland Birkeland, SF43 1430 Gaular 58/1 2012 x x x x 2013; Aanderaa and Olsen Sande 2013

SF44 1426 Luster Beheim 149/1,97 2012 x x x x x x x x Overland 2013a

SF45 1426 Luster Solvorn 172 2009 x x Halvorsen 2010h

SF46 1424 Årdal Ytre Moa 9 2002 x Hansen et al. 2003

Holm 2007; Overland and SF47 1422 Lærdal Rikheim 8 2002 x Hjelle 2007

SF48 1422 Lærdal Bjørkum gbnr. 3/2 2009 x x x x x x x x x x Halvorsen 2012b

Fremre Diinhoff 2007b; Hjelle SF49 1422 Lærdal 49/2 2000 x x x x x x Øygarden and Overland 2008

SF50 1422 Lærdal Kyrkjevoll 56/1 2005 x x x x x x x x Berge 2006b; Hjelle 2006a

Halvorsen 2007a; Knagen- SF51 1422 Lærdal Berge 64/1 2005 x x x x x x x hjelm 2008 Halvorsen 2007a; Knagen- SF52 1422 Lærdal Russland 62/2 2004-2005 x x x x hjelm 2008 Halvorsen 2007a; Knagen- SF53 1422 Lærdal Nygård 61/3 2005 x x x x x hjelm 2008 Halvorsen 2007a; Knagen- SF54 1422 Lærdal Eråker 77/4 2004 x x x x hjelm 2008

SF55 1420 Sogndal Gurvin gbnr. 25/2 2007 x x x x x x Halvorsen 2009b

SF56 1420 Sogndal Bondevik 23/14 2007 x x x x x Halvorsen 2009b

SF57 1420 Sogndal Kvålslid 23 1999 x x x Hjelle 1999b; Hjelle 2005a

Hjelle 2005b; Slinning SF58 1420 Sogndal Kvålslid Aust 23/4, 5 2004 x x x 2005a Diinhoff 2005; Diinhoff SF59 1420 Sogndal Kvåle 23 2003 x x x x x x x x x x and Hjelle in prep. Halvorsen and Overland SF60 1420 Sogndal Fosshagen gbnr. 19/1 2013 x x x x x 2014 Diinhoff 2003; Hjelle SF61 1420 Sogndal Rutlin gbnr. 22/4 1997,1998 x x x x x x x x x x x x 2003, 2005a Halvorsen 2008a; Olsen SF62 1420 Sogndal Nedrehagen gbnr. 64/4 2006 x x 2007b Hjelle 2001, 2005a; SF63 1419 Leikanger Njøs 24/20 1999 x x x x x x Johannesen 2001

SF64 1419 Leikanger Henjum 17 2001 x x x x x Overland 2016c

SF65 1418 Balestrand Fjørestad gbnr. 8/1 2000 x x Diinhoff 2001

Hjelle 2011; Zinsli and SF66 1418 Balestrand Bala gbnr. 10/36 2010 x x x x x x x x x x Olsen 2011c

SF67 1416 Høyanger Ekrene 62/3,4 2011 x Bjørkli et al. 2013

Halvorsen 2006; Tellefsen SF68 1416 Høyanger Norevik gbnr. 26/3 2006 x x x x x x 2007

316 POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS: AGRARIAN BOTANICAL DATA FROM WESTERN NORWAY Site no Site Municipality no Municipality Excavated year References Farm no Farm UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA Clea. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P

Halvorsen 2006; Tellefsen SF69 1416 Høyanger Torvund 101/1,4 2006 x x x x x x x x 2007 Hjelle 2007a; Slinning SF70 1411 Gulen Mjåneset gbnr. 15/9 2005 x x 2007a Diinhoff 2000; Hjelle SF71 1401 Flora Eikefjord 55/1,2 1998 x 2000

Hordaland

H1 1263 Lindås Lurekalven 57 1975-1979 x x Kvamme 1982

Hjelle 1999a; Øye et H2 1253 Osterøy Havrå 68 1991, 1996 x x x al. 2002 Berge et al. 1978; Berge H3 1246 Fjell Høybøen 26 1977 x unpubl. Dahl and Ramstad 2013; H4 1243 Os Lurane 63/1 2012 x x x x Halvorsen 2013d Halvorsen and Hjelle H5 1241 Fusa Oppsal 34 2003 x x x x x x x x 2006a; Kristoffersen 2006 Overland and Halvorsen H6 1238 Kvam Mikkjelsflaten 44/620 2002 x x 2013

H7 1238 Kvam Øvre Øystese 44/746 2013 x x x x x x x Overland 2014c

Halvorsen 2010i; Zinsli H8 1235 Voss Bavallsveien 54/1 2010 x x x x x x x x and Olsen 2011b

H9 1235 Voss Gjerde 54 2012 x x x x x x x x Overland 2013b

Halvorsen 2007b; Olsen H10 1234 Granvin Seim 94/3, 95/1 2006 x x x x x x x x x x x x 2007a

H11 1234 Granvin Hollve 96/2 2012 x x x x Halvorsen 2013f

H12 1231 Ullensvang Segelgjerd 85/8 2000 x x Hjelle and Overland 2001

H13 1231 Ullensvang Aga 64/3 2005 x x Berge 2008

H14 1227 Jondal Samland 5 2008 x x x x x x Mehl and Hjelle 2016

H15 1227 Jondal Vik 31 2000 x x Randers and Hjelle in prep.

Halvorsen and Hjelle H16 1224 Kvinnherad Flatebø 54/2 2005 x x x x x 2007; Slinning 2007b

H17 1224 Kvinnherad Jensajordet 82/5,183,202 2008 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Halvorsen 2009d, unpubl.

Hjelle 2007c; Zehetner H18 1224 Kvinnherad Indre Matre 250 2003-2006 x x x 2007 Engedal, Handeland, H19 1224 Kvinnherad Kvitevoll 198/1,2 2004 x x x x x x x x x x x Kristoffersen 2006; Halvorsen 2007d Nedre Danielsen 2008; Slinning H20 1223 Tysnes 95/57 2007 x x Gjerstad and Simpson 2010 Overland 1999; Overland H21 1222 Fitjar Fitjar innmark 65 1997 x x x x and Hjelle 2009 Hjelmtveit 1996; Hoftun H22 1211 Etne Sævareid 117/5 1996 x x x 1996 Hjelmtveit 1996; Hoftun H23 1211 Etne Håland 52/4,53/4 1996 x x x 1996 Stordalstun- Halvorsen and Helvik H24 1211 Etne 50/1 2012 x x x x x x nelen 2012a; Østebø 2012b Flognfeldt and Diinhoff H25 1211 Etne Etne sentrum 6/3 2013 x 2014; Overland 2014g

317 Agrarian life | Kari Loe Hjelle – Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen – Eli-Christine Soltvedt Site no Site Municipality no Municipality Excavated year References Farm no Farm UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA Clea. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P

H26 1211 Etne Etnesjøen 9, 6 2013 x x Overland 2014i

Etne, H27 1211 Etne Sørheims- 36/10 2001 x Overland and Hjelle 2001 moen Vollane-Hau- Aanderaa 2014b; Overland H28 1201 Bergen 211, 216 2013 x x gane 2013c

H29 1201 Bergen Årstadgeilen 163/103 2005 x x Hjelle 2007b

H30 1201 Bergen Indre Sædalen 7/2 2009 x x Olsen and Olsen 2009

H31 1201 Bergen Nattland 11/728 2009 x x x x x x x x Halvorsen 2010a

Halvorsen 2012d; Melvær H32 1201 Bergen Straume 21/4 2011-2012 x x and Åstveit 2013 Berge 2005b; Halvorsen H33 1201 Bergen Dolvik 34/2 mfl. 2004 x x x x x x 2005a Flognfeldt and Åstveit H34 1201 Bergen Søreide 35,36,156,442 2012 x x x x x x x x 2013; Halvorsen 2013b Halvorsen and Helvik H35 1201 Bergen Hatlestad 82/21,225 2011 x x x x x x x x 2012b

Rogaland

R1 1154 Vindafjord Nedre Vik 331 2010 1 Meling 2010

R2 1149 Karmøy Avaldsnes 86 2011 Not finished yet

Gunnarshaug R3 1149 Karmøy 143 2011 3 3 Westling 2012a, 2012g (Torvastad) Journal nat.science UiS/ R4 1146 Tysvær Odland 1 1998 1 1 1 1 AM Westling 2012c; Bjørlo R5 1146 Tysvær Førde 79 1978+2011 2 1 2012 Gunnarstad R6 1145 Bokn (Ulvågshau- 24 1998 3 3 UiS/AM Top. Arch. gane) Sæbø R7 1145 Bokn 9 2012 1 1 Rogaland County Council (Føresvik) Askje (Der Journal nat.science UiS/ R8 1142 Rennesøy 46 1981 1 2 Vest) AM

R9 1142 Rennesøy Vaula 47 1985 2 Høgestøl 1995

Askje (Der R10 1142 Rennesøy 46 1989 4 Høgestøl 1995 Vest) Prøsch-Danielsen 1993; R11 1142 Rennesøy Voll 4 1990 1 Soltvedt 2000

R12 1142 Rennesøy Ertenstein 13 1990 1 1 1 x Høgestøl 1995

R13 1142 Rennesøy Sørbø 12 1990 1 1 2 1 1 Høgestøl 1995

R14 1142 Rennesøy Austbø 22 1991 1 Høgestøl 1995

Opsal (Storås- Journal nat.science UiS/ R15 1141 Finnøy 30 1977 1 dalen/Fogn) AM Østabø Hemdorff 1993; Soltvedt R16 1141 Finnøy 43 1993 1 (Talgje) 2000 Meling UiS/AM Top. Arch. R17 1141 Finnøy 42 1997 2 2 (Talgje) (Olsen 1997)

318 POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS: AGRARIAN BOTANICAL DATA FROM WESTERN NORWAY Site no Site Municipality no Municipality Excavated year References Farm no Farm UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA Clea. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Hauskje, Haga Westling 2012b; Njøs R18 1141 Finnøy 25,26 2011 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( Judaberg/ Storvik 2012 Finnøy) Jensen, Ahlqvist and Fredh R19 1141 Finnøy Eik 67 2014 1 1 1 1 1 1 2015 Vetrhus R20 1134 Suldal 57 1971 1 Simonsen 1971 (Håvestølen) Stråpa Journal nat.science UiS/ R21 1134 Suldal 31 1972 1 (Sandsa I) AM Austarå R22 1134 Suldal (Øystøl, Ham- 52/2 1983 1 Selsing et al. 1991 rabø) Sand (Mar- UiS/AM Top. Arch. (Lia R23 1134 Suldal 103 1999 4 2 vikstykket) 2000) UiS/AM Top. Arch. R24 1134 Suldal Kolbeinstveit 36 2002 x (Meling 2002a) Journal nat.science UiS/ R25 1133 Hjelmeland Måland 133 1985 4 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R26 1133 Hjelmeland Nedre Hauga 30 1991 3 AM Øvre Hauge Journal nat.science UiS/ R27 1133 Hjelmeland 32 1998 2 2 (Litlamo) AM Westling 2012d; Gil Bell R28 1133 Hjelmeland Soppaland 138 2011 1 2012; Bjørdal 2007 Westling 2012d; Gil R29 1133 Hjelmeland Tjentland 137 2011 1 Bell 2012 Prestegarden R30 1130 Strand 31 1986+87 2 1 1 3 3 Løken 2009 (Løbrekk) Forsand (For- Journal nat.science UiS/ R31 1129 Forsand 41 1979 1 sandmoen) AM Forsand (For- R32 1129 Forsand 41 1983 1 Hjelle 1984 sandmoen) Berge Journal nat.science UiS/ R33 1129 Forsand 37 1990 1 (Laudal) AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R34 1129 Forsand Berge 37 1994 1 AM Forsand (For- R35 1129 Forsand 41 1995 1 Prøsch-Danielsen 1996 sandmoen) Journal nat.science UiS/ R36 1129 Forsand Levik 9 1997 1 1 AM

R37 1129 Forsand Løland 47 2007 6 Gil Bell 2008

Berge (Ber- R38 1129 Forsand 37 2013 1 6 Soltvedt in prep. gevik) Løken 1984, 1992; Løken et al 1996; Dahl 2008, Forsand (For- 2009;Prøsch-Danielsen R39 1129 Forsand 41 1980-2007 3 1 32 4 1 sandmoen) and Soltvedt 2011; Bakkevig 1991, 1992, 1995, 1998 Prøsch-Danielsen 1988; Forsand (For- R40 1129 Forsand 41 1985+86 20 Prøsch-Danielsen and sandmoen) Simonsen 1988 Litle Risa Journal nat.science UiS/ R41 1124 Sola 8 1980 2 (Snøde) AM Byberg (By- Journal nat.science UiS/ R42 1124 Sola 25 1983 1 bergsletten) AM

R43 1124 Sola Sømme 15 1985 1 1 Prøsch-Danielsen 1993

Røyneberg UiS/AM Top. Arch. R44 1124 Sola (Kidlings- 35 1997 3 1 (IVAR); Hulth 1997a, berget) 1997b

319 Agrarian life | Kari Loe Hjelle – Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen – Eli-Christine Soltvedt Site no Site Municipality no Municipality Excavated year References Farm no Farm UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA Clea. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P

Skadberg Journal nat.science UiS/ R45 1124 Sola 32 1998 2 (east) AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R46 1124 Sola Utsola 16 2001 x x AM; Tansøy 2001

R47 1124 Sola Utsola 16 2007 1 1 Rogaland County Council

Fyllingen and Armstrong Tjora (Baker- R48 1124 Sola 10 2008 9 6 6 1 2 2 2 5 5 3 7 7 2012a, 2012b; Soltvedt tomta) and Jensen 2011 Røyneberg R49 1124 Sola 35 2009 x 4 Berge 2009 (Forus) Soltvedt 2011; Bjørlo R50 1124 Sola Skadberg (II) 32 2010 7 2 2 2011a Overland 2012; Sandvik in R51 1124 Sola Myklebust 3 2010 6 1 1 2 2 5 1 4 prep; Dahl 2014 Overland and Westling R52 1124 Sola Skadberg (II) 32 2011 2 2 2012a; Soltvedt 2011 Meling and Bel Gill R53 1124 Sola Sømme (IV) 15 2013 1 2 4 2 3 1 1 in prep.

R54 1124 Sola Sømme (I) 15 2013 2 2 Ahlqvist and Fredh in prep.

Fredh and Westling R55 1124 Sola Sømme (II) 15 2014 1 1 in prep. Sande (Ein- Ahlqvist and Fredh 2015; R56 1124 Sola 33 2014 1 1 1 argården) Aanderaa 2015 Soltvedt and Jensen 2012; R57 1124 Sola Jåsund 1 2010-2011 1 x 1 1 Fyllingen 2012, 2015b.

R58 1122 Gjesdal Ytre Lima 9 1968 1 Prøsch-Danielsen 1999

R59 1122 Gjesdal Dirdal 78 1986 1 1 UiS/AM Top. Arch.

Eidland UiS/AM Top. Arch. R60 1122 Gjesdal 2 1996 3 (Langevatn) (IVAR) Sæland Journal nat. science UiS/ R61 1121 Time 43 1974 1 (Lyngaland) AM Journal nat. science UiS/ R62 1121 Time Litle Oma 12 1979 1 3 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R63 1121 Time Line 5 1983 1 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R64 1121 Time Tegle 25 1986 1 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R65 1121 Time Søra-Kalberg 29 1996 2 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R66 1121 Time Mauland 63 2001 1 AM Norheim R67 1121 Time 19 2001 4 7 7 1 1 x 1 1 2 2 7 6 15 11 4 4 Soltvedt et al. 2007 (Kvåle) Frøyland R68 1121 Time 28 2007 2 Bjørdal 2009 (Stemmen)

R69 1121 Time Serikstad 20 2007 2 2 Berge 2008

Håland R70 1121 Time (Hålands- 4 2008 1 1 1 1 4 Dahl in prep. marka) Håland Kvæstad 2012b; Westling R71 1121 Time (Re-Sverting- 4 2012 x 2012h stad) Juhl 1999, 2002; Bade R72 1121 Time Norheim 19 1996-1998 x 4 3 x 2 1 x 2 2 1997 Stangaland R73 1120 Klepp (Håbakken 6 1969 1 Prøsch-Danielsen 1999 west)

320 POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS: AGRARIAN BOTANICAL DATA FROM WESTERN NORWAY Site no Site Municipality no Municipality Excavated year References Farm no Farm UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA Clea. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P

Journal nat.science UiS/ R74 1120 Klepp Erga 30 1970 1 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R75 1120 Klepp Orstad 9 1978 3 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R76 1120 Klepp Gruda 3 1978 3 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R77 1120 Klepp Øvre Åse 36 1979 1 AM Orstad UiS/AM Top. Arch. R78 1120 Klepp 9 1983 1 2 (Håbakken) (Bysveen 1984) Orstad Journal nat.science UiS/ R79 1120 Klepp (Håbakken 9 1986 1 AM 13) Øvra Øks- Journal nat.science UiS/ R80 1120 Klepp 8 1996 1 1 nevad AM; Fyllingen 2008 Sageidet 2005a, 2005b, R81 1120 Klepp Orstad 9 1996 3 3 x 2009 Journal nat.science UiS/ R82 1120 Klepp Engelsvoll 10 2002 x AM Kleppe Dahl 2007; Bakkevig R83 1120 Klepp (Kleppe- 1,6 2006 2 2 1 1 1 2007a varden) Kleppe Berge 2007; Bakkevig R84 1120 Klepp (Kleppe­ 1 2007 2 2008 stemmen) Nedre Journal nat.science UiS/ R85 1120 Klepp 7,1 2008 2 Øksnavad AM Kleppe R86 1120 Klepp (kleppevarden 1 2013 Ahlqvist and Fredh in prep west)

R87 1120 Klepp Erga 30 2014 1 1 Ahlqvist and Fredh in prep

Journal nat.science UiS/ R88 1119 Hå Stavnheim 70 1970 3 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R89 1119 Hå Torland 24 1970 1 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R90 1119 Hå Høyland 5 1970 1 AM Vigrestad Journal nat.science UiS/ R91 1119 Hå 77 1972 1 1 (Øygard) AM Nord-­ UiS/AM Top. Arch. R92 1119 Hå Hadland 80 1972 2 (Danielsen 1984) (Ødegård) Nord-­ Hadland UiS/AM Top. Arch. R93 1119 Hå 80 1972 1 (Ødegård (Danielsen 1984) west) Journal nat.science UiS/ R94 1119 Hå Stavnheim 70 1970-1978 6 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R95 1119 Hå Bø 26 1979 1 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R96 1119 Hå Odland 57 1980 1 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R97 1119 Hå Voll 76 1981 1 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R98 1119 Hå Høyland 5 1981 2 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R99 1119 Hå Stavnheim 70 1981 1 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R100 1119 Hå Høyland 5 1981-1982 3 AM

321 Agrarian life | Kari Loe Hjelle – Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen – Eli-Christine Soltvedt Site no Site Municipality no Municipality Excavated year References Farm no Farm UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA Clea. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Nord-­ Hadland/­ Journal nat.science UiS/ R101 1119 Hå 81,82 1983 4 Rugland AM (Krånå) Journal nat.science UiS/ R102 1119 Hå Skretting 59 1983 1 AM Bø Journal nat.science UiS/ R103 1119 Hå 26 1985 1 (Dalabekken9 AM UiS/AM Top. Arch. R104 1119 Hå Bø 26 1995 x x x x (Soltvedt in prep.) Auda-­ UiS/AM Top. Arch. (Lille- R105 1119 Hå 18 1996 1 Motland hammer 1996, 2004)

R106 1119 Hå Kvia 19 1996 1 1 1 Prøsch-Danielsen 2001

R107 1119 Hå Ånestad 45 2007 1 Bjørdal 2006

Journal nat.science UiS/ R108 1119 Hå Bjorhaug 25 2007 1 1 AM Prøsch-Danielsen and R109 1119 Hå Aniksdal 83 2008 1 1 ¥1? ¥1 Fyllingsnes 2013 Jensen and Soltvedt 2011; R110 1119 Hå Mæland 68 2010 1 1 1 1 Kjeldsen 2011 Westling and Overland R111 1119 Hå Kvia, Motland 19,2 2011 1 1 1 2012; Bjørlo 2011b Overland and Westtling R112 1119 Hå Sæland 63 2012 1 1¦ 2012b Ahlqvist and Fredh 2014; R113 1119 Hå Søyland 3 2012 Dahl 2015 Bjorhaug/ Fredh and Westling 2014; R114 1119 Hå 25, 26 2013 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 Bøhagen Fyllingen 2015a Tjemsland Nordre Fredh and Soltvedt 2014; R115 1119 Hå 53 2013 2 2 1 1 1 (Tjemslands- Bortheim and Dahl 2014 marka) Kverme (om- R116 1119 Hå kjøringsvei 108 2013 1 1 Rogaland County Council Brusand) Hobberstad (Graødaland-­ R117 1119 Hå 40 2013 1 1 Westling and Fredh 2014 Brattland R44) Journal nat.science UiS/ R118 1114 Bjerkreim Lakssvela 61 1978 3 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R119 1114 Bjerkreim Sagland 3 1983 6 AM Store Journal nat.science UiS/ R120 1114 Bjerkreim 1 1997 1 Byrkjeland­ AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R121 1114 Bjerkreim Slettabø 60 1996 4 2 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R122 1114 Bjerkreim Gjedreim 30 1999 1 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R123 1112 Lund Steinberg 38 1980 1 1 AM Bjørdal 2011b; Jensen R124 1106 Haugesund Fedjedalen 3 2010 1 2011 Simonsen 1968; Lunde- R125 1103 Stavanger Ullandhaug 24 1968 3 1 berg 1972; Myhre 1980; Rindal 2011 UiS/AM Top. Arch. R126 1103 Stavanger Jåttå 16 1997 1 1 (IVAR), Hulth 1997a, 1997b; Soltvedt 2005 Børsheim and Soltvedt R127 1103 Stavanger Gausel (south) 14 1997 5 2 2002

322 POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS: AGRARIAN BOTANICAL DATA FROM WESTERN NORWAY Site no Site Municipality no Municipality Excavated year References Farm no Farm UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA Clea. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P

Gausel Børsheim and Soltvedt R128 1103 Stavanger 14 1999 8 4 1 3 3 3 3 (north) 2002; Solem 2001 Austbø Tsigaridas 2000; Tsigaridas (Krosshaug-­ R129 1103 Stavanger 7/26, 1049 1999 2 1¦ 5 1 and Skjelstad 2001; Sand- Loen, vik 2001; Griffin 1999 Hundvåg) Husabø R130 1103 Stavanger 6/4 2000 3 Aakvik 2000, 2001 (Hundvåg) Austbø R131 1103 Stavanger 7/1 2002 2 Hemdorff 2006 (Hundvåg) Bakkevig 2007b; Bertheus- R132 1103 Stavanger Revheim 39 2004 1 x x sen 2008

R133 1103 Stavanger Tasta Nedre 29 2005 1 Rogaland County Council

Armstrong and Kjeldsen R134 1103 Stavanger Tasta Øvre 28 2006 4 1 1 6 x 1 1 2008; Soltvedt and Enevoll 2009 UiS/AM Top. Arch. R135 1103 Stavanger Jåttå 16 2007 3 3 (IVAR) Sandvik et al 2011, 2012; R136 1103 Stavanger Tasta nedre 29 2010 4 1 5 Bjørdal 2012 Lunde R137 1103 Stavanger nordre (Austre 2 2010 1 x Bjørdal 2011a Åmøy) Lunde Pedersen 2013; Soltvedt R138 1103 Stavanger 4 2013 2 1 1 (Hundvåg) 2014 Gjerland 1989; UiS/AM Austbø R139 1103 Stavanger 7 1987-1990 2 1 1 1 Top. Arch (Sandvik 1999); (Hundvåg) Juhl 2001 Skare 1998; Tsigaridas Skeie R140 1103 Stavanger 5 1997-1998 1 2 4 4 1997a, 1997b,1998; Griffin (Hundvåg) and Sandvik 2000 Austbø R141 1103 Stavanger 7/ 2 2000-2001 2 1 Meling 2006 (Hundvåg) Krågedal Journal nat.science UiS/ R142 1102 Sandnes 18 1974 1 (Heiavodl) AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R143 1102 Sandnes Tjessem 27 1976 2 AM Stokka Journal nat.science UiS/ R144 1102 Sandnes 67 1978 1 (Stokkaheia) AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R145 1102 Sandnes Stokka 67 1978 5 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R146 1102 Sandnes Hove 44 1978 1 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R147 1102 Sandnes Bjelland 103 1980 3 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R148 1102 Sandnes Hogstad 105 1980 1 AM Lura (Rips- Journal nat.science UiS/ R149 1102 Sandnes 69 1981 7 bærstraen) AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R150 1102 Sandnes Stokka 67 1983 4 AM Lura Journal nat.science UiS/ R151 1102 Sandnes 69 1985 2 1 (Rossaland) AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R152 1102 Sandnes Lura (Fridtun) 69 1986 2 2 AM Journal nat.science UiS/ R153 1102 Sandnes Sporaland 15 1988 3 AM UiS/AM Top. Arch. R154 1102 Sandnes Soma 65 1996 5 4 (IVAR) Gunnarsdottir 1997; UiS/ R155 1102 Sandnes Skjæveland 52 1996 2 2 1 1 10 5 AM Top. Arch. (IVAR)

323 Agrarian life | Kari Loe Hjelle – Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen – Eli-Christine Soltvedt Site no Site Municipality no Municipality Excavated year References Farm no Farm UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT UNDAT LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LN/EBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA Clea. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. cairns M Clea. cairns P Clear. Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Houses M Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P Fields M Fields P

UiS/AM Top. Arch. R156 1102 Sandnes Årsvoll 64 1996 3 (IVAR); Sageidet 1997 Sørbø R157 1102 Sandnes 45 1998 1 1 1 3 1? 1? 1 1 Sandvik 1999a (Sørbøtunet) Pilskog 1998a, 1998b; Skeiane R158 1102 Sandnes 40 1998 1 1 2 1 1 Berntsen and Pilskog (Sandve) 1998; Sandvik 1999b Figgve R159 1102 Sandnes 29 2002 1 x 1 1 Meling 2002b Rossåsen) Meling, Sandvik and R160 1102 Sandnes Figgve 29 2003 1 1 Nærøy 2004

R161 1102 Sandnes Lura 69 2003 2 3 3 3 Berge 2004

Espeland R162 1102 Sandnes 26 2004 1 1 3 3 UiS/AM Top. Arch. (Vindheia)

R163 1102 Sandnes Lunde 47 2004 4 Hafsaas 2005

R164 1102 Sandnes Vatne 37 2008 1 1 2 2 Jensen et al. 2009

Dugstad 2011; Soltvedt R165 1102 Sandnes Sørbø 45 2009 x 1 1 1 1 1 1 and Jensen 2010

R166 1102 Sandnes Dale 95 2010 x Rogaland County Council

Bjørdal 2014; Bjørdal, R167 1102 Sandnes Hove, Sørbø 44/45 2011 4 26 14 1 1 8 1 1 Jensen and Westling in prep. Kvæstad 2012a; Westling R168 1102 Sandnes Aase (I and II) 46 2012 x 2012e, 2012f; Overland and Westling 2012c Rogaland County Council, R169 1102 Sandnes Vagle 51 2012 2 2 Journal nat. Science UiS/AM Hafsøy UiS/AM Top. Arch. R170 1101 Eigersund 46 1995 6 (Høgevollen) (Soltvedt) Zinsli 2009; Sandvik and R171 1101 Eigersund Hellvik 60 2008 1 Jensen 2009

324 POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS: AGRARIAN BOTANICAL DATA FROM WESTERN NORWAY

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