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Prayer Cards (709)
Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations A Che in China A'ou in China Population: 43,000 Population: 2,800 World Popl: 43,000 World Popl: 2,800 Total Countries: 1 Total Countries: 1 People Cluster: Tibeto-Burman, other People Cluster: Tai Main Language: Ache Main Language: Chinese, Mandarin Main Religion: Ethnic Religions Main Religion: Ethnic Religions Status: Unreached Status: Unreached Evangelicals: 0.00% Evangelicals: 0.00% Chr Adherents: 0.00% Chr Adherents: 0.00% Scripture: Translation Needed Scripture: Complete Bible www.joshuaproject.net Source: Operation China, Asia Harvest www.joshuaproject.net Source: Operation China, Asia Harvest "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations A-Hmao in China Achang in China Population: 458,000 Population: 35,000 World Popl: 458,000 World Popl: 74,000 Total Countries: 1 Total Countries: 2 People Cluster: Miao / Hmong People Cluster: Tibeto-Burman, other Main Language: Miao, Large Flowery Main Language: Achang Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Ethnic Religions Status: Significantly reached Status: Partially reached Evangelicals: 75.0% Evangelicals: 7.0% Chr Adherents: 80.0% Chr Adherents: 7.0% Scripture: Complete Bible Scripture: Complete Bible www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Anonymous Source: Wikipedia "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Achang, Husa in China Adi -
Text Segmentation by Language Using Minimum Description Length
Text Segmentation by Language Using Minimum Description Length Hiroshi Yamaguchi Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii Graduate School of Faculty and Graduate School of Information Information Science and Technology, Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Tokyo Kyushu University [email protected] [email protected] Abstract addressed in this paper is rare. The most similar The problem addressed in this paper is to seg- previous work that we know of comes from two ment a given multilingual document into seg- sources and can be summarized as follows. First, ments for each language and then identify the (Teahan, 2000) attempted to segment multilingual language of each segment. The problem was texts by using text segmentation methods used for motivated by an attempt to collect a large non-segmented languages. For this purpose, he used amount of linguistic data for non-major lan- a gold standard of multilingual texts annotated by guages from the web. The problem is formu- lated in terms of obtaining the minimum de- borders and languages. This segmentation approach scription length of a text, and the proposed so- is similar to that of word segmentation for non- lution finds the segments and their languages segmented texts, and he tested it on six different through dynamic programming. Empirical re- European languages. Although the problem set- sults demonstrating the potential of this ap- ting is similar to ours, the formulation and solution proach are presented for experiments using are different, particularly in that our method uses texts taken from the Universal Declaration of only a monolingual gold standard, not a multilin- Human Rights and Wikipedia, covering more than 200 languages. -
A Tribute to Michael Halliday
Theory and Practice in English Studies Volume 8, No. 1, 2019 E-ISSN: 1805-0859 A TRIBUTE TO MICHAEL HALLIDAY Jiří Lukl PROFESSOR Michael A. K. Halliday passed away on the 15th of April, 2018, at the respectable age of 93. The linguistic community thus lost one of its greatest and most influential minds of the past five decades. His many contributions in both the- oretical and applied linguistics cannot be overstated and have not only vastly ex- panded our understanding of how languages work (particularly in relation to their environment) but have also deeply influenced the disciplines of education – espe- cially in the field of English Language Teaching (ELT) – quantitative linguistics, and corpus linguistics. Halliday is most well-known for his comprehensive model of language that is broadly known as systemic functional linguistics (SFL). Halliday was born in 1925 in Leeds, UK. As his parents were both involved with languages (his mother, Winifred Kirkwood, taught French, and his father, Wilfred Halliday, was a teacher of English and a poet), it was only natural for him to become interested in linguistics (Cahill 2018). He received his first linguistic training as a student of Mandarin Chinese. He was awarded a BA degree in Modern Chinese lan- guage and literature at the University of London. Soon after, he began his postgrad- uate studies in Beijing before moving back to the UK to study linguistics, first under the supervision of Gustav Hallam and then John R. Firth (Lowe 2008). He received a PhD in linguistics at Cambridge University in 1955 (Interestingly, while there, Hal- liday had a brief encounter with the Communist party, from which he broke away after the shock of the Soviet Union’s invasion of Hungary in 1956 (Cahill 2018). -
FACTORS AFFECTING PROFICIENCY AMONG GUJARATI HERITAGE LANGUAGE LEARNERS on THREE CONTINENTS a Dissertation Submitted to the Facu
FACTORS AFFECTING PROFICIENCY AMONG GUJARATI HERITAGE LANGUAGE LEARNERS ON THREE CONTINENTS A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics By Sheena Shah, M.S. Washington, DC May 14, 2013 Copyright 2013 by Sheena Shah All Rights Reserved ii FACTORS AFFECTING PROFICIENCY AMONG GUJARATI HERITAGE LANGUAGE LEARNERS ON THREE CONTINENTS Sheena Shah, M.S. Thesis Advisors: Alison Mackey, Ph.D. Natalie Schilling, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the causes behind the differences in proficiency in the North Indian language Gujarati among heritage learners of Gujarati in three diaspora locations. In particular, I focus on whether there is a relationship between heritage language ability and ethnic and cultural identity. Previous studies have reported divergent findings. Some have found a positive relationship (e.g., Cho, 2000; Kang & Kim, 2011; Phinney, Romero, Nava, & Huang, 2001; Soto, 2002), whereas others found no correlation (e.g., C. L. Brown, 2009; Jo, 2001; Smolicz, 1992), or identified only a partial relationship (e.g., Mah, 2005). Only a few studies have addressed this question by studying one community in different transnational locations (see, for example, Canagarajah, 2008, 2012a, 2012b). The current study addresses this matter by examining data from members of the same ethnic group in similar educational settings in three multi-ethnic and multilingual cities. The results of this study are based on a survey consisting of questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and proficiency tests with 135 participants. Participants are Gujarati heritage language learners from the U.K., Singapore, and South Africa, who are either current students or recent graduates of a Gujarati School. -
Research on the Protection and Inheritance of Samei Language
Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2020, 8, 285-291 https://www.scirp.org/journal/jss ISSN Online: 2327-5960 ISSN Print: 2327-5952 Research on the Protection and Inheritance of Samei Language Renqin Yang College of Yi Studies, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China How to cite this paper: Yang, R. Q. (2020). Abstract Research on the Protection and Inheritance of Samei Language. Open Journal of Social With the advancement of urbanization and the rapid development of society, Sciences, 8, 285-291. the Samei language has been continuously criticized and weakened. This ar- https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.88024 ticle found that the current status of the protection and inheritance of the Sa- mei language is not optimistic through survey interviews. The author briefly Received: July 17, 2020 Accepted: August 21, 2020 outlines the current status of the Samei language, and raised the problems of Published: August 24, 2020 the protection and inheritance of the Samei language. Finally, in order to bet- ter protect and inherit the Samei language, the author believes that the local Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and government should pay attention to its protection and take effective and rele- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative vant measures to protect the inheritance of Samei language. Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). Keywords http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access Samei Language, Language Inheritance, Protection Measures 1. Introduction Language is a symbol of a nation and an important feature that distinguishes it from other nations (Chen & Su, 2015). -
Supported Languages in Unicode SAP Systems Index Language
Supported Languages in Unicode SAP Systems Non-SAP Language Language SAP Code Page SAP SAP Code Code Support in Code (ASCII) = Blended Additional Language Description Country Script Languag according according SAP Page Basis of SAP Code Information e Code to ISO 639- to ISO 639- systems Translated as (ASCII) Code Page Page 2 1 of SAP Index (ASCII) Release Download Info: AThis list is Unicode Read SAP constantly being Abkhazian Abkhazian Georgia Cyrillic AB abk ab 1500 ISO8859-5 revised. only Note 895560 Unicode Read SAP You can download Achinese Achinese AC ace the latest version of only Note 895560 Unicode Read SAP this file from SAP Acoli Acoli AH ach Note 73606 or from only Note 895560 Unicode Read SAP SDN -> /i18n Adangme Adangme AD ada only Note 895560 Unicode Read SAP Adygei Adygei A1 ady only Note 895560 Unicode Read SAP Afar Afar Djibouti Latin AA aar aa only Note 895560 Unicode Read SAP Afar Afar Eritrea Latin AA aar aa only Note 895560 Unicode Read SAP Afar Afar Ethiopia Latin AA aar aa only Note 895560 Unicode Read SAP Afrihili Afrihili AI afh only Note 895560 6100, Unicode Read SAP Afrikaans Afrikaans South Africa Latin AF afr af 1100 ISO8859-1 6500, only Note 895560 6100, Unicode Read SAP Afrikaans Afrikaans Botswana Latin AF afr af 1100 ISO8859-1 6500, only Note 895560 6100, Unicode Read SAP Afrikaans Afrikaans Malawi Latin AF afr af 1100 ISO8859-1 6500, only Note 895560 6100, Unicode Read SAP Afrikaans Afrikaans Namibia Latin AF afr af 1100 ISO8859-1 6500, only Note 895560 6100, Unicode Read SAP Afrikaans Afrikaans Zambia -
The Wili Benchmark Dataset for Written Natural Language Identification
1 The WiLI benchmark dataset for written II. WRITTEN LANGUAGE BASICS language identification A language is a system of communication. This could be spoken language, written language or sign language. A spoken language Martin Thoma can have several forms of written language. For example, the E-Mail: [email protected] spoken Chinese language has at least three writing systems: Traditional Chinese characters, Simplified Chinese characters and Pinyin — the official romanization system for Standard Chinese. Abstract—This paper describes the WiLI-2018 benchmark dataset for monolingual written natural language identification. Languages evolve. New words like googling, television and WiLI-2018 is a publicly available,1 free of charge dataset of Internet get added, but written languages are also refactored. short text extracts from Wikipedia. It contains 1000 paragraphs For example, the German orthography reform of 1996 aimed at of 235 languages, totaling in 235 000 paragraphs. WiLI is a classification dataset: Given an unknown paragraph written in making the written language simpler. This means any system one dominant language, it has to be decided which language it which recognizes language and any benchmark needs to be is. adapted over time. Hence WiLI is versioned by year. Languages do not necessarily have only one name. According to Wikipedia, the Sranan language is also known as Sranan Tongo, Sranantongo, Surinaams, Surinamese, Surinamese Creole and I. INTRODUCTION Taki Taki. This makes ISO 369-3 valuable, but not all languages are represented in ISO 369-3. As ISO 369-3 uses combinations The identification of written natural language is a task which of 3 Latin letters and has 547 reserved combinations, it can appears often in web applications. -
A Study from the Perspectives of Shared Innovation
SUBGROUPING OF NISOIC (YI) LANGUAGES: A STUDY FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF SHARED INNOVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC ESTIMATION by ZIWO QIU-FUYUAN LAMA Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON May 2012 Copyright © by Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan Lama 2012 All Rights Reserved To my parents: Qiumo Rico and Omu Woniemo Who have always wanted me to stay nearby, but they have also wished me to go my own way! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this dissertation could not have happened without the help of many people; I own much gratitude to these people and I would take this moment to express my heartfelt thanks to them. First, I wish to express my deep thanks to my supervisor, Professor Jerold A Edmondson, whose guidance, encouragement, and support from the beginning to the final page of this dissertation. His direction showed me the pathway of the writing of this dissertation, especially, while working on chapter of phylogenetic study of this dissertation, he pointed out the way to me. Secondly, I would like to thank my other committee members: Dr. Laurel Stvan, Dr. Michael Cahill, and Dr. David Silva. I wish to thank you very much for your contribution to finishing this dissertation. Your comments and encouragement were a great help. Third, I would like to thank my language informants and other people who helped me during my field trip to China in summer 2003, particularly ZHANF Jinzhi, SU Wenliang, PU Caihong, LI Weibing, KE Fu, ZHAO Hongying, ZHOU Decai, SHI Zhengdong, ZI Wenqing, and ZUO Jun. -
Myanmar Languages | Ethnologue
7/24/2016 Myanmar Languages | Ethnologue Myanmar LANGUAGES Akeu [aeu] Shan State, Kengtung and Mongla townships. 1,000 in Myanmar (2004 E. Johnson). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Akheu, Aki, Akui. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern. Comments: Non-indigenous. More Information Akha [ahk] Shan State, east Kengtung district. 200,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 563,960. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Ahka, Aini, Aka, Ak’a, Ekaw, Ikaw, Ikor, Kaw, Kha Ko, Khako, Khao Kha Ko, Ko, Yani. Dialects: Much dialectal variation; some do not understand each other. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern. More Information Anal [anm] Sagaing: Tamu town, 10 households. 50 in Myanmar (2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Namfau. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern. Comments: Non- indigenous. Christian. More Information Anong [nun] Northern Kachin State, mainly Kawnglangphu township. 400 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 450. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuchve, Fuch’ye, Khingpang, Kwingsang, Kwinp’ang, Naw, Nawpha, Nu. Dialects: Slightly di㨽erent dialects of Anong spoken in China and Myanmar, although no reported diഡculty communicating with each other. Low inherent intelligibility with the Matwang variety of Rawang [raw]. Lexical similarity: 87%–89% with Anong in Myanmar and Anong in China, 73%–76% with T’rung [duu], 77%–83% with Matwang variety of Rawang [raw]. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish. Comments: Di㨽erent from Nung (Tai family) of Viet Nam, Laos, and China, and from Chinese Nung (Cantonese) of Viet Nam. -
The Top 31 Unengaged Unreached People Groups of East Asia Vol.2
The Top 31 Unengaged Unreached People Groups of East Asia Vol.2 eastasianpeoples.imb.org Contents 01 A Che 02 Aoka 03 Bai Yi 04 Baima 05 Baonuo 06 Bei 07 Bunu 08 Central Mashan Miao 09 Central Yongbei Zhuang 10 Digao 11 E 12 Eastern Ghao-xong Miao 13 Eastern Luoluopo 14 Ewenki 15 Jone Tibetan 16 Laba 17 Lama 18 Limin 19 Luowu 20 Mo 21 Northern Huishui Miao 22 Northern Mashan Miao 23 Palyu 24 Samei 25 Sanie 26 Sichuan Mongol 27 Southern Dali Lolo 28 Southern Qiandong Miao 29 Southwestern Huishui Miao 30 Xiangtang 31 Younuo 1 A CHE people of China Map courtesy of The World Factbook 2013 ucked away in the remote mountains Tof central Yunnan Province are the A Che (Ah-chuh), one of the least evangelized people groups in the world. This group of 46,000 is considered part of the larger Yi minority by the Chinese government, but they are a distinct people group with their own language, customs and traditions. The women wear headdresses and embroidered aprons of bright colors over shirts and pants that mark them as belonging to the A Che ethnic group. Celebrations with singing and dancing provide these farmers with a respite from the hard work of their daily lives. One of the A Che’s most important festivals is the Open Street Festival, held on the eighth day of the first month according to the lunar Prayer Starters calendar. They also celebrate a Dragon Worship Festival, honoring the dragon • Pray that the hearts of believers god they believe is responsible for rainfall will be so stirred by the spiritual and drought. -
PART I: NAME SEQUENCE Name Sequence
Name Sequence PART I: NAME SEQUENCE A-ch‘ang Abor USE Achang Assigned collective code [sit] Aba (Sino-Tibetan (Other)) USE Chiriguano UF Adi Abaknon Miri Assigned collective code [phi] Miśing (Philippine (Other)) Aborlan Tagbanwa UF Capul USE Tagbanua Inabaknon Abua Kapul Assigned collective code [nic] Sama Abaknon (Niger-Kordofanian (Other)) Abau Abujhmaria Assigned collective code [paa] Assigned collective code [dra] (Papuan (Other)) (Dravidian (Other)) UF Green River Abulas Abaw Assigned collective code [paa] USE Abo (Cameroon) (Papuan (Other)) Abazin UF Ambulas Assigned collective code [cau] Maprik (Caucasian (Other)) Acadian (Louisiana) Abenaki USE Cajun French Assigned collective code [alg] Acateco (Algonquian (Other)) USE Akatek UF Abnaki Achangua Abia Assigned collective code [sai] USE Aneme Wake (South American (Other)) Abidji Achang Assigned collective code [nic] Assigned collective code [sit] (Niger-Kordofanian (Other)) (Sino-Tibetan (Other)) UF Adidji UF A-ch‘ang Ari (Côte d'Ivoire) Atsang Abigar Ache USE Nuer USE Guayaki Abkhaz [abk] Achi Abnaki Assigned collective code [myn] USE Abenaki (Mayan languages) Abo (Cameroon) UF Cubulco Achi Assigned collective code [bnt] Rabinal Achi (Bantu (Other)) Achinese [ace] UF Abaw UF Atjeh Bo Cameroon Acholi Bon (Cameroon) USE Acoli Abo (Sudan) Achuale USE Toposa USE Achuar MARC Code List for Languages October 2007 page 11 Name Sequence Achuar Afar [aar] Assigned collective code [sai] UF Adaiel (South American Indian Danakil (Other)) Afenmai UF Achuale USE Etsako Achuara Jivaro Afghan -
Towards a Paradigmatic Description of Context: Systems, Metafunctions, and Semantics Ruqaiya Hasan
Hasan Functional Linguistics 2014, 1:9 http://www.functionallinguistics.com/content/1/1/9 RESEARCH Open Access Towards a paradigmatic description of context: systems, metafunctions, and semantics Ruqaiya Hasan Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, New South This article hopes to make a contribution to the growing body of work on the Wales 2109, Australia paradigmatic description of context of situation. Having considered the limited achievements of earlier work on context, I offer a fairly detailed account of what is entailed in producing a consistent and precise description of a linguistic category by using the principles and methods of the paradigmatic mode of description devised by the systemic functional linguistics. The system network is a powerful device for an accurate and orderly representation of such a description. The paper will close with remarks on the importance of a scientific analysis of language use (parole) in developing a comprehensive post-Saussurean linguistic theory. Keywords: Context-metafunction resonance; System networks (sys-net); Individual system; Siultaneous sets; Options; Choice; Entry point; Realisation; Selection expression (SE); Accuracy; Consistency Background The main aim of this paper is to contribute to the description of the contextual parameters of field, tenor and mode by focussing on what part each parameter plays in the production of a text, which, in fact, is nothing more than the meaning-wording produced by the interactants as they speak with reference to some social practice. Given that these parameters were first introduced nearly half a century ago (Halliday et al., 1964), and that they have been in use over this long period, one might wonder why the issue has arisen now.