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Home , Acreichthys tomentosus, Alligator pipefish, Amphiprioninae, Banded pipefish, Bluelashed butterflyfish, Elacatinus puncticulatus

SAIA List of Ecologically Unsustainable

Note

The fishery in Southeast Asia contributes to the destruction of reefs. Although illegal, the use of cyanide to stun is still widespread, especially for species that seek shelter between coral branches, in holes, and among rocks (like damsels or gobies), but also those occurring at greater depths (e.g., dwarf angels, some anthias) or the ones fetching high prices (like angelfish or surgeonfish). While ideally the dosage is only intended to stun the targeted fish, it is often sufficient to kill the non-targeted building the reef. As such, is a destructive fishing method, banned by regulation in and the . Fish caught with cyanide are a product of illegal fishing. According to EU Regulation, the import of products from illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is prohibited.* Similarly, the Lacey Act, a conservation law in the United States, prohibits trade in wildlife, fish, and plants that have been illegally taken, possessed, transported, or sold. However, enforcing these laws is difficult because there is insufficient control in both the countries of origin and in the markets. Therefore, the likelihood of purchasing a product from illegal fishing is real. Ask your dealer about the origin of the offered and insist on sustainable fishing methods!

Inadequate or deficient fishery management is another, often underestimated, problem of aquarium fisheries in South East Asia. Many fish come from unreported and unregulated fisheries. For most coral fish species, but also invertebrates, no data exist. The status of local populations and catch volumes are thus unknown. This makes sustainable fishery management impossible and potentially endangers the existence of many species. Since coral reefs and their populations are threatened by direct and indirect anthropogenic influences, any usage of the resource including collection should be regulated. Currently, however, that is only the case for the aquarium fisheries in West Hawai'i and in . It is up to hobby aquarists and the aquarium industry to demand adequate management of aquarium fishing in the main supply countries, like Indonesia and the Philippines.

Criteria of Sustainability/Unsustainability:

1) Rarity: If it is difficult to find a species in the wild, it may be an indicator of the species being rare. The assumption is applied when stock status is . The industry does not want to stand accused of collecting a species to extinction!

Stock Status: the family, , or species is 2) listed as threatened or 3) not assessed or evaluated as data deficient in the IUCN Red list** (in cases where a family or genus is listed, the worst case scenario applies) or 4) threatened in its population by other activities (e.g., bycatch or targeted for food, recreational or aquarium fishery, loss).

5) Breeding: These species are readily available from culture/breeding at retail level (Source: CORAL Magazine’s Captive Bred Marine Fish Species List for 2015), therefore should not be taken or offered from the wild.

* Council Regulation (EC) No 1005/2008 of 29 September 2008 establishing a Community system to prevent, deter, and eliminate illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, amending Regulations (EEC) No 2847/93, (EC) No 1936/2001, and (EC) No 601/2004 and repealing Regulations (EC) No 1093/94 and (EC) No 1447/1999

** IUCN Red List categories: DD data deficient; LC least concern; NT near threatened; VU vulnerable; EN endangered; CR critically endangered.

Page 1 3. Edition, 2017 Highly unsustainable LEGEND L Relatively unsustainable K Partly sustainable K Sustainable when from breeding/culture J SAIA List of Ecologically Unsustainable Species Applied Criteria 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Abudefduf hoefleri (African Sergeant) IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD) K Acanthostracion notacanthus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); rare; low (Island Boxfish) population density K K Acanthurus polyzona IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); rare; low (Multibar Surgeonfish) population density K K tomentosus IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Bristletail ) captive breeding J Amblycirrhitus earnshawi IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); rare; impacted by (White Hawkfish) habitat modification and degradation L L L Anampses lineatus (Lined ) IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); rare K K Anemonefish IUCN Red List Status: most species not assessed; potentially (Subfamily Amphiprioninae) locally over-collected because extremely easy to catch & high demand; wild specimens are prone to carry parasite Brooklynella hostilis; should only be purchased from captive K J breeding punctulatus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); impacted by (Speckled Shrimpfish) habitat modification and degradation K K IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); impacted by (Coral Shrimpfish) habitat modification and degradation K K Apogon semilineatus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); rare (Half-lined Cardinalfish) K K Apogonichthyoides melas IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; available from captive (Black Cardinalfish) breeding K J Bamboo Sharks IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD), near threatened (Hemiscylliidae) (NT) or vulnerable (VU); slow growth; mature late; some species available from captive breeding L L J

Page 2 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Balistes capriscus IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); over exploited by (Gray Triggerfish) both commercial and recreational fisheries L K Balistes vetula IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); over exploited by (Queen Triggerfish) both commercial and recreational fisheries L K Bodianus paraleucosticticus (Five-striped Hogfish) IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); rare K K Carpet sharks/ Wobbegongs IUCN Red List Status: Data Deficient (DD); slow growth; (Orectolobidae) mature late K K andamanensis IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); relies on live coral (Yellow ) for food and/or recruitment, thus impacted by reef degradation and coral bleaching events K K Chaetodon bennetti IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); relies on live coral (Bluelashed Butterflyfish) for food and/or recruitment, thus impacted by reef degradation and coral bleaching events K K Chaetodon ocellicaudus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); relies on live coral (Spot-tail Butterflyfish) for food and/or recruitment, thus impacted by reef degradation and coral bleaching events K K Chaetodon rainfordi IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); relies on live (Rainford's Butterflyfish) coral for food and/or recruitment, thus impacted by reef degradation and coral bleaching events; declining K K population Chaetodon reticulatus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); relies on live coral (Reticulated Butterflyfish) for food and/or recruitment, thus impacted by reef degradation and coral bleaching events K K Chaetodon trifascialis IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); relies on live (Triangulate Butterflyfish) Acropora coral for food and/or recruitment, thus impacted by reef degradation and coral bleaching events; declining K K population Chaetodontoplus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); rare; restricted caeruleopunctatus range, endemic to the Philippines; low population density (Bluespotted Angelfish) K K Chaetodontoplus IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; restricted range; cephalareticulatus available from captive breeding (Maze Angelfish) K K J Chaetodontoplus duboulayi IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Scribbled Angelfish) captive breeding J Chaetodontoplus septentrionalis IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Bluestriped Angelfish) captive breeding J Chaetodontoplus vanderloosi IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); rare; restricted (Vanderloos Angelfish) range, endemic to Papua ; low population density L L Cheilinus undulatus IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); over exploited by (Humphead Wrasse) the live reef fish trade in SE Asia and threatened by IUU fisheries; low population density L L

Page 3 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Chlorurus bowersi IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); restricted range; (Bower's ) potentially overfished K K Choerodon azurio IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Scarbreast Tuskfin) potentially overfished K K Choerodon schoenleinii IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); restricted range; (Blackspot Tuskfish) potentially overfished K K Chromis flavicauda (Cobalt Chromis) IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range K Centropyge nahackyi (Nahacky's Angelfish) IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); restricted range K Cirrhilabrus balteatus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range, (Girdled Wrasse) endemic to the ; potentially overfished by the trade K K K Cirrhilabrus brunneus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range, (Dusky Fairy Wrasse) endemic to Indonesia; potentially overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K K Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); potentially (Yellow-flanked Wrasse) overfished by the marine aquarium trade and impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Cirrhilabrus exquisitus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); impacted by (Exquisite Wrasse) habitat modification and degradation K K Cirrhilabrus filamentosus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range, (Whip-fin Wrasse) endemic to Indonesia; potentially overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K K Cirrhilabrus joanallenae IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range, (Pulauweh Wrasse) probably endemic to Indonesia; potentially overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K K Cirrhilabrus rhomboidalis IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Diamond-tail Fairy Wrasse) potentially overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K Cirrhilabrus rubrisquamis IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Rosy-scales Fairy Wrasse) potentially overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K Cirrhilabrus solorensis IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range, (Red-eye Wrasse) endemic to Indonesia; potentially overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K K Cirrhilabrus temminckii IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); potentially (Threadfin Wrasse) overfished by the marine aquarium trade and impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Cirrhilabrus tonozukai IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Tono's Wrasse) potentially overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K Coryphopterus eidolon IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); impacted by habitat (Pallid Goby) modification and degradation, and by the invasive lionfish L K

Page 4 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Coryphopterus hyalinus IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); impacted by habitat (Glass Goby) modification and degradation, and predation by the invasive lionfish L K Coryphopterus kuna IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Kuna Goby) impacted by habitat modification and degradation, and predation by the invasive lionfish K K Coryphopterus lipernes IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); impacted by habitat (Peppermint Goby) modification and degradation, and predation by the invasive lionfish L K Coryphopterus personatus IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); impacted by habitat (Masked Goby) modification and degradation, and predation by the invasive lionfish L K Coryphopterus thrix IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); impacted by habitat (Bartail Goby) modification and degradation, and predation by the invasive lionfish L K Coryphopterus tortugae IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); impacted by habitat (Patch-reef Goby) modification and degradation, and predation by the invasive lionfish L K Coryphopterus venezuelae IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); impacted by habitat (Sand-canyon Goby) modification and degradation, and predation by the invasive lionfish L K Cromileptes altivelis IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); low resilience; slow (Humpback Grouper) growth; favored target species of the live reef fish trade; available from captive breeding L K J Cryptocentrus cinctus IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; available from captive (Yellow Prawn-Goby) breeding K J Didogobius amicuscaridis IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range; (Prawn-Goby) impacted by habitat modification and degradation L K Doryrhamphus dactyliophorus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); declining (Banded ) population K Dottybacks IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); many species (Pseudochromidae) available from captive breeding K J Ecsenius kurti (Kurt's Coralblenny) IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range L Ecsenius randalli (Coralblenny) IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range L Ecsenius tigris (Tiger Blenny) IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range L Ecsenius tricolor (Tricolor Coralblenny) IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range L cayman IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); rare; impacted by (Cayman Cleaner Goby) habitat modification and degradation L L K

Page 5 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Elacatinus centralis IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); rare; impacted by (Cayman Sponge Goby) habitat modification and degradation L L K Elacatinus lobeli IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); restricted range; (Caribbean Neon Goby) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Elacatinus evelynae IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Sharknose Goby) captive breeding J Elacatinus figaro IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; available from captive (Barber Goby) breeding K J Elacatinus macrodon IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Tiger Goby) captive breeding J Elacatinus oceanops IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Northern Neon Goby) captive breeding J Elacatinus prochilos IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); impacted by habitat (Broadstripe Goby) modification and degradation L K Elacatinus puncticulatus IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Redhead Goby) captive breeding J Emblemaria walkeri IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); very rare; (Elusive Signal Blenny) restricted range, endemic to the Gulf of L K Fusigobius pallidus IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; available from captive (Pale Sandgoby) breeding K J Ghost IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); rare; low (Solenostomidae) population density K K Gobiesox punctulatus IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Stippled Clingfish) captive breeding J Gobiopsis quinquecincta IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; available from captive (Fiveband Barbelgoby) breeding K J Grouper (Epinephelinae) IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable (VU); low resilience and high vulnerability; targeted by life reef fish trade; often caught by using cyanide when origin in Indonesia or Philippines L L Guitarfish IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); low resilience; (Rhinobatidae) mature late; overfished by targeted fishery and as bycatch of commercial fisheries L K Gymnothorax bacalladoi (Canary moray) IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range K Halichoeres brasiliensis IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Brazilian Wrasse) potentially overfished K K Halichoeres discolor IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range; (Cocos Wrasse) impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) L K

Page 6 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Halichoeres insularis IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range; (Socorro Wrasse) impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) L K Halichoeres malpelo IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range; (Malpelo Wrasse) impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) L K Halichoeres pelicieri IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Peliciers Wrasse) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Halichoeres rubricephalus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Red-head Wrasse) potentially overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K Halichoeres salmofasciatus IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range; (Red-striped Wrasse) impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) L K Helcogramma maldivensis IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); very restricted (Triplefin Blenny) range, endemic to South Male Atoll, Maldives; impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K K Holacanthus clarionensis IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); very restricted range; (Clarion Angelfish) potentially overfished; aquarium fishery is regulated now; available from captive breeding L K J Holacanthus limbaughi IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); very restricted (Clipperton Angelfish) range, endemic to reef habitat in the Clipperton Atoll; thus potenital for overfishing K K Hypsoblennius proteus IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range; (Socorro Blenny) impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) L K Labrisomus socorroensis IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range; (Misspelled Blenny) impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) L K Larabicus quadrilineatus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Fourline Wrasse) potentially overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K Lythrypnus insularis IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); very restricted range, (Distant Goby) endemic to the Revillagigedo Islands in the eastern central Pacific; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes L K (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) Lythrypnus gilberti IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); very restricted range, (Galapagos Blue-banded Goby) endemic to the Galápagos archipelago; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino L K Southern Oscillation) Lythrypnus rhizophora IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Spotcheek goby) impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) K K Malacoctenus africanus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Senegal Blenny) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K

Page 7 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Malacoctenus zonogaster IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); very restricted range, (Belted Blenny) endemic to the Galapagos Islands; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino L K Southern Oscillation) Meiacanthus abruptus IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range; (Komodo Fangblenny) impacted by habitat modification and degradation L K Meiacanthus bundoon IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); restricted range; (Bundoon Blenny) aquarium fishery is regulated; available from captive breeding J IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Striped Poison-Fangblenny) captive breeding J Meicanthus kamohari IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; available from captive (Kamohara Fangblenny) breeding K J Meicanthus mossambicus IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Mozambique Fangblenny) captive breeding J Meicanthus nigrolineatus IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Blackline Fangblenny) captive breeding J Meiacanthus oualanensis IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); restricted range; (Canary Fangblenny) aquarium fishery is regulated; available from captive breeding J Meiacanthus smithi IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Disco Blenny) captive breeding J Meiacanthus tongaensis IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); restricted range; (Tonga Fangblenny) available from captive breeding J Myripristis gildi IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); very restricted range, (Clipperton Cardinal Soldierfish) endemic to the Clipperton Atoll; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) L K Myripristis clarionensis IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); very restricted range, (Yellow Soldierfish) endemic to the Revillagigedo Islands and Clipperton Atoll; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El L K Nino Southern Oscillation) Naso tuberosus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Humpnose Unicornfish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Nurse Sharks IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD), near threatened (Ginglymostomatidae) (NT) or vulnerable (VU), often bycatch to demersal fisheries; slow growth, mature late L L Oxymonacanthus longirostris IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); relies on live coral for (Harlequin Filefish) food and/or recruitment, thus impacted by reef degradation and coral bleaching events; declining population L K Pandaka pygmaea IUCN Red List Status: critically endangered (CR); rare; very (Dwarf Pygmy Goby) restricted range; impacted by habitat modification and degradation L L K

Page 8 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Paracheilinus carpenteri (Pink flasher) IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); rare K K Paracheilinus dispilus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Flasher Wrasse) K Paracirrhites bicolor IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); rare (Bicolor Hawkfish) K K Phycodurus eques IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); rare; endemic to (Leafy Seadragon) Southern Australia K K Phyllopteryx taeniolatus IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); rare; endemic to (Common Seadragon) Southern Australia K K Platax pinnatus IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; available from captive (Dusky Batfish) breeding K J Platygillellus altivelis IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); restricted range; (Sailfin Stargazer) impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) K K Platygillellus rubellulus IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); very restricted range, (Shortfin Sand Stargazer) endemic to the Galápagos Islands; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino L K Southern Oscillation) Pomacanthus annularis IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Bluering Angelfish) captive breeding J Priolepis ascensionis IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); restricted range, (Goby) endemic to Ascension and St. Helena Islands L Prionurus chrysurus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD) (Yellowtail Sawtail) K Prionurus scalprum IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD) (Japanese Sawtail) K Pseudocoris aequalis IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Wrasse) K Pseudocoris ocellata IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Wrasse) K Pseudogramma axelrodi (Podge) IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); restricted range K Pseudojuloides atavai IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Polynesian Slender Wrasse) potentially overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K Pseudojuloides cerasinus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); potentially (Long Blue-lined Wrasse) overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K Pseudojuloides xanthomos IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Yellow Slender Wrasse) K Pterapogon kauderni IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); very restricted () range, endemic to the Banggai Islands off , Indonesia; potentially overfished by the marine aquarium K L K J trade; available from captive breeding

Page 9 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Requiem Sharks IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); slow growth; low (Carcharhinidae) fecundity, mature late; thus potentially overfished by targeted fishery and as bycatch of commercial fisheries L L Roundheads or Marine Betta IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; many species available (Plesiopidae) from captive breeding K J Rudarius ercodes IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; available from captive (Whitespotted Pygmy Filefish) breeding K J Sanopus astrifer IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range; (Whitespotted Toadfish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation L K Sanopus splendidus IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); restricted range; (Splendid Toadfish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation L K cristata IUCN Red List Status: least concern (LC); available from (Molly Miller) captive breeding J Scartella nuchifilis IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Mottled Blenny) endemic to Ascension; impacted by habitat modification and degradation L K Scartella poiti IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Trinidade Blenny) endemic to Trinidade Island, ; impacted by habitat modification and degradation L K Scartella springeri IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Springer's Blenny) endemic to St. Helena Island; impacted by habitat modification and degradation L K Scarus coelestinus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Midnight Parrotfish) potentially overfished K K Scarus guacamaia IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); rare; potentially (Rainbow Parrotfish) overfished; impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K K Scarus hypselopterus IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); rare; potentially (Yellow-tail Parrotfish) overfished; impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K K Scarus maculipinna IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); relative restricted (Spot-fin Parrotfish) range; impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Scarus obishime IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Yellowtail Parrotfish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Scarus ovifrons IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Knobsnout Parrotfish) potentially overfished K K Scarus trispinosus IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); restricted range; (Greenback Parrotfish) potentially overfished; impacted by habitat modification and degradation L L Scarus zelindae IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Zelinda's Parrotfish) potentially overfished K K

Page 10 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Scarus zufar IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Dhofar Parrotfish) potentially overfished K K Scorpaena annobonae IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Annobon Scorpionfish) K Scorpaena ascensionis IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); restricted range (Ascension Scorpionfish) L Scorpaena azorica IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Azore Scorpionfish) K Scorpaena canariensis IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Rascacio) K Scorpaena guttata IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (California Scorpionfish) K Scorpaena mellissii IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); restricted range (Melliss's Scorpionfish) L Scorpaenodes africanus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (African Speckled Scorpionfish) K Scorpaenodes arenai IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Messina Rockfish) K Scorpaenodes elongatus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (African Large-spotted Scorpionfish) K IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable (VU) and Data Deficient (Genus Hippocampus) (DD); listed by CITES due to being impacted by collection for traditional medicine, food, curio trade; unsustainable if not L L J bred; many species available from breeding Sebastapistes taeniophrys IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Eyebrow Scorpionfish) K (Galápagos Sheephead Wrasse) IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range K Semicossyphus pulcher IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); potentially overfished () by recreational and commercial fishery L K Semicossyphus reticulatus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); potentially (Asian Sheephead Wrasse) overfished K K Siokunichthys bentuviai IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Barred Xenia-Pipefish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Siokunichthys breviceps IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Softcoral Pipefish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Siokunichthys herrei IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Spotted Xenia-Pipefish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Siokunichthys striatus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (New Caledonian Soft-coral Pipefish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Snapper IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); potentially overfished (Lutjanidae) by commercial fisheries L K

Page 11 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Solegnathus dunckeri IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Red-and-Gold Pipehorse) impacted by collection for traditional medicine and as bycatch to demersal fisheries K K Solegnathus hardwickii IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Hardwicke's Pipehorse) impacted by collection for traditional medicine and as bycatch to demersal fisheries K K Solegnathus lettiensis IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Günther's Pipehorse) impacted by bycatch to demersal fisheries K K Solegnathus robustus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Robust Spiny Pipehorse) impacted by collection for traditional medicine and as bycatch to demersal fisheries K K Solegnathus spinosissimus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Australian Spiny Pipehorse) impacted by collection for traditional medicine and as bycatch to demersal fisheries K K Sparisoma axillare IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); potentially (Gray Parrotfish) overfished K K Sparisoma frondosum IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Agassiz's Parrotfish) potentially overfished K K Sparisoma griseorubrum IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Grey Parrotfish) K Sphaeramia nematoptera IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; available from captive (Pajama cardinalfish) breeding K J Sphoeroides georgemilleri IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Plaincheek Puffer) K Starksia galapagensis IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); restricted range, (Galapagos Blenny) endemic to the Galápagos Islands; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino K K Southern Oscillation) Starksia hoesei IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Hose Blenny) K Starksia lepidogaster IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Scalybelly Blenny) K Starksia leucovitta IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Whitesaddle Blenny) K Starksia posthon IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Brownspotted Blenny) K Starksia sella IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Darksaddle Blenny) K Starksia springeri IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Springer's Blenny) K Starksia y-lineata IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Forked Bar Blenny) K

Page 12 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Stegastes baldwini IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT);very restricted (Clipperton Gregory) range, endemic to Clipperton Island reefs, thus at potential risk of overfishing K K Stegastes beebei IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Galapagos Ringtail Damselfish) endemic to the Galapagos Islands; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino L K Southern Oscillation) Stegastes leucorus IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Whitetail Damselfish) endemic to the Revillagigedo Islands; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino L K J Southern Oscillation); available from captive breeding Stegastes redemptus IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Clarion Damselfish) endemic to the Revillagigedo Islands; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino L K Southern Oscillation) Synchiropus stellatus IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; available from captive (Starry Dragonet) breeding K J Synchiropus ocellatus IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; available from captive (Ocellated Dragonet) breeding K J Syngnathus carinatus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Cortez Pipefish) impacted by bycatch to demersal fisheries K K Syngnathus euchrous IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Chocolate Pipefish) impacted by bycatch to demersal fisheries K K Syngnathus louisianae IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); impacted by () bycatch to demersal fisheries and habitat modification and degradation K K Syngnathus macrobrachium IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); impacted by (Large-fin Pipefish) habitat modification and degradation K K Syngnathus makaxi IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Makax's Pipefish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Syngnathus schmidti IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Black Sea Pelagic Pipefish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Syngnathus taenionotus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); impacted by (Darkflank Pipefish) habitat modification and degradation K K Syngnathus phlegon IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); rare (Pelagic Spiny Pipefish) K K Syngnathoides biaculeatus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); impacted by () collection for traditional medicine K K Syngnathus tenuirostris IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Narrow-snouted Pipefish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K

Page 13 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Syngnathus variegatus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Thickly Snouted Pipefish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Takifugu basilevskianus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; ( Pufferfish) potentially overfished by Fugu fishery or multi-species trawl and driftnet fisheries K K Takifugu chinensis IUCN Red List Status: critically endangered (CR); restricted (Chinese Puffer) range; potentially overfished by Fugu fishery or multi-species trawl and driftnet fisheries L L Takifugu plagiocellatus IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); restricted range; (Hainan Puffer) potentially overfished by Fugu fishery or multi-species trawl and driftnet fisheries L L Takifugu flavidus IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); restricted range; (Tawny Puffer) potentially overfished by Fugu fishery or multi-species trawl and driftnet fisheries K K Takifugu ocellatus IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); restricted range; (Ocellated Puffer) potentially overfished by Fugu fishery or multi-species trawl and driftnet fisheries K K Takifugu pseudommus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Fugu Pufferfish) potentially overfished by Fugu fishery or multi-species trawl and driftnet fisheries K K IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); restricted range; (Japanese Pufferfish) potentially overfished by Fugu fishery or multi-species trawl and driftnet fisheries K K IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); restricted range; (Purple Puffer) potentially overfished by Fugu fishery or multi-species trawl and driftnet fisheries K K Thalassoma ascensionis IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range, (Greenfish) endemic to the Ascension Island K K Thalassoma loxum IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Slant-band Wrasse) K Thalassoma robertsoni (Clipperton Wrasse) IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, endemic to the Clipperton Island; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) K L K Thalassoma sanctaehelenae IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (St. Helena Wrasse) K Thalassoma septemfasciatum IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Seven-banded Wrasse) K Thalassoma virens IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Emerald Wrasse) endemic to the Revillagigedo and Clipperton Islands; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El L K Nino Southern Oscillation) Tigrigobius redimiculus IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range; (Cinta Goby) impacted by habitat modification and degradation, and predation by the invasive lionfish L K

Page 14 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Tigrigobius harveyi IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); restricted range; (Cayman Greenbanded Goby) impacted by habitat modification and degradation, and predation by the invasive lionfish L K Tomicodon absitus IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Distant clingfish) endemic to the Revillagigedo Islands; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino L K Southern Oscillation) Tomicodon abuelorum IUCN Red List Status: endangered (EN); restricted range; (Grandparents Clingfish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation L K Tomicodon bidens IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Bifid clingfish) endemic to the Gulf of Panama; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) L K Tomicodon clarkei IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Coral Clingfish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Tomicodon lavettsmithi IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Reticulate Clingfish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Tomicodon prodomus IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range; (Ecuadorian Clingfish) impacted by habitat modification and degradation K K Tomicodon vermiculatus IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Vermiculate Clingfish) endemic to the Cocos Island, Costa Rica; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino L K Southern Oscillation) Torpedos & Electric Rays IUCN Red List Status: Data Deficient (not all species (Torpedinidae) classified); low resilience; bycatch to demersal fisheries K K hicksi IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Hick's Toadfish) K Torquigener marleyi IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Slender blaasop) K Torquigener randalli IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Randall's Puffer) K Wetmorella tanakai IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); restricted range (Pygmy Possum Wrasse) K Whiptail Stingrays IUCN Red List Status: near threatened (NT); low resilience; (Dasyatidae) potentially overfished as bycatch to demersal trawl fisheries K K Xenocys jessiae IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Black-striped Salema) endemic to the Galápagos Islands; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino L K Southern Oscillation) Xyrichtys victori IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Galapagos Razorfish) endemic to the Galápagos Islands; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino L K Southern Oscillation)

Page 15 3. Edition, 2017 3) Stock Status IUCN: 5) Available 2) Stock Status 4) Stock Status: Family/Genus/Species Relevant species characteristics 1) Rarity Not assessed or data from IUCN: Threatened Alternative threats deficient breeding Xyrichtys wellingtoni (Clipperton Razorfish) IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, endemic to the Clipperton Island; impacted by oceanographic environmental changes (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) L K Zebrasoma gemmatum IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); rare; restricted (Jewelled Tang) range; potentially overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K K Zebrasoma rostratum IUCN Red List Status: data deficient (DD); rare; potentially (Longnose Tang) overfished by the marine aquarium trade K K K Zebrias lucapensis IUCN Red List Status: vulnerable (VU); restricted range, (Zebra Sole) endemic to the Hundred Islands, Lingayen Gulf L Zoramia leptacantha IUCN Red List Status: not assessed; available from captive (Threadfin Cardinalfish) breeding K J

Further Information: http://www.iucnredlist.org/

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