Index INDEX

Note: page numbers in italics refer to fi gures, those in bold refer to tables and boxes. abducens nerve 55 activity cycles 499–522 inhibition 485 absorption effi ciency 72 annual patterns 515, 516, 517–22 interactions 485–6 abyssal zone 393 circadian rhythms 505 prey 445 Acanthaster planci (Crown-of-Thorns Starfi sh) diel patterns 499, 500, 501–2, 503–4, reduction 484 579 504–7 aggressive mimicry 428, 432–3 Acanthocybium (Wahoo) 15 light-induced 499, 500, 501–2, 503–4, aggressive resemblance 425–6 Acanthodii 178, 179 505 aglomerular 52 Acanthomorpha 284–8, 289 lunar patterns 507–9 agnathans Acanthopterygii 291–325 seasonal 509–15 gills 59, 60 Atherinomorpha 293–6 semilunar patterns 507–9 osmoregulation 101, 102 characteristics 291–2 supra-annual patterns 515, 516, 517–22 phylogeny 202 distribution 349, 350 tidal patterns 506–7 ventilation 59, 60 jaws 291 see also migration see also hagfi shes; lampreys Mugilomorpha 292–3, 294 adaptive response 106 agnathous fi shes see jawless fi shes pelagic 405 adaptive zones 534 agonistic interactions 83–4, 485–8 Percomorpha 296–325 adenohypophysis 91, 92 chemically mediated 484 pharyngeal jaws 291 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 57 sound production 461–2 phylogeny 292, 293, 294 adipose fi n 35 visual 479 spines 449, 450 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 92 agricultural chemicals 605 Acanthothoraciformes 177 adrianichthyids 295 air breathing 60, 61–2, 62–4 acanthurids 318–19 adult fi shes 153, 154, 155–7 ammonia production 64, 100–1 Acanthuroidei 12, 318–19 death 156–7 amphibious 60 Acanthurus bahianus (Ocean Surgeonfi sh) 366 differentiation 153, 154, 155–6 aquatic 60 acclimation 67 longevity 156 bichirs 249, 251 temperature fl uctuations 94–5 maturation 153, 154, 156 drought conditions 63 acclimatization 67 senescence 156–7 evolution 60, 62 temperature fl uctuations 95 sex determination 153, 154, 155–6 facultative 60, 63 achirids 322 Aeoliscus strigatus (shrimpfi sh) 297 freshwater fi sh 63 acid rain 411, 605 aerial locomotion 116 gas exchange 62–3 acidity 410–11 aerial vision 87 gill functions/modifi cations 63 Acipenseridae 252–3 Aeromonas cerebralis (furunculosis) 602 habitats 62 acoustic communication 483–4 African freshwater fi shes 351–2 intertidal species 63, 64, 507 see also hearing African Great Lakes 309 lungfi shes 63, 182, 246, 248 acoustic nerve 55 African region 340–4, 346 marine fi sh 63–4 acoustic sensitivity, sharks 221 COPYRIGHTEDage 157–9, 526 MATERIALnitrogenous waste excretion 64 acoustic signals, prey detection 445, 446 depth of habitat 539 obligate 60, 63 acoustic stimuli, sciaenids 305 at maturity for sharks 223 organs 60, 61–2, 62 acousticofacialis nerve 55 seasonal movements 511 respiratory pattern 60, 61–2, 62 acraniates 233 aggregations 488–9, 490–1, 492 rice eels 299 Actinistia see Coelacanthimorpha foraging 488, 496 swamp eels 299 Actinopterygii 178, 185, 187, 188–97 interspecifi c shoaling 495–6 alarm chemicals 88, 451–2 jaws 189–90 optimal size 489, 492 alarm reaction living fi sh 248–9, 250, 251–8 prey 448 minnows 149 phylogenetic relationships 192, 252, 382 seasonal 510 Ostariophysi 269 reproductive system 53 spawning 468 alarm signals 88, 451 tail fi ns 188, 195 stationary 489 alarm substance 269 activity winter 510 Albacore 320 gill size 161 zooplanktivorous fi shes 501 seasonal movement 519 high latitude effects 406–7 see also shoals/shoaling Albula (bonefi shes) 266, 383–4 locomotion 161 aggression Alburnus albidus (Italian Bleak) seasonal patterns 509–11 coloration 479 536

693 694 Index

alewives 267 anabantids 320 Antarctic fi shes 408–9 nutrient cycling 573 Anabantoidei 320–1 Arctic fi shes 409–10 vertical migration 504 anabantoids 62 evolution 99 algae anablepids 295, 296 antitropical distribution 338, 372 abundance 567, 568 Anableps (Four-eyed Fish) 295, 296 aorta, dorsal 46, 48 coral reefs 569, 570 anadromous fi shes 367, 375–6, 515–20 aphakic space 398 lawns 557 life history traits 529 Aphrododerus sayanus (Pirate Perch) 286 sea urchin–fi sh interactions 562 salmon 375–6, 573 aplocheilids 296 secondary compounds 556 anagenesis 14 apogonids 303 species diversity 557, 558 anal fi n 35 apomorphies 12, 380 turfs 567, 568 analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) 14 apparent size hypothesis 426 whiting events in lakes 567–8 analysis of variance (ANOVA) 14 aquaculture 603–4 algae eaters 537–8 anarhicadids 314 aquaria, public 615 aquatic insect fauna impact 555–6 Anaspida 170, 172–3, 175 aquarium trade 590–1, 614–16 Cobitoidea 269–70 anatomical characters 14 collecting impact 615 coral reef grazing 569, 570 Anatophysi 268–9 longevity of fi sh 614–15 gyrinocheilids 126 Anchoveta 609 Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act Helostmatidae 320 fi sheries 609 (1990, US) 596 algal blooms 552, 553 anchovies 267 aquatic surface respiration (ASR) 58 alien organisms 596 Andes lakes 310 Aral Sea, salinization 411 alimentary canal 48–50 andropodium 35 archerfi shes 305 desert adaptations 412 anemonefi shes 458 prey immobilization 432 energy intake 70–1 sonic ligament 484 Archoplites interruptus (Sacramento Perch) 601 microfl ora 437 symbiosis with sea anemones 494–5 Arctic Char 277, 279 prey handling 433, 436 tactile communication 479, 485 genetically distinct populations 534 alkalinity 410–11 anemones, symbiosis with fi sh 494–5 morphs 532, 533, 534 Allee effect 611 angelfi shes 306 Arctic fi shes 338, 405, 406–7, 407, 409–10 alleles 360, 361 anglerfi shes 288, 289 adaptations 409–10 frequency 365 lures 399, 400, 428 climate change impact 618 Alligator Gar 256 neoteny 163–4 water temperature variation 410 allochthonous inputs 541 Anguilla anguilla (European Eel) 361 area cladogram 336–7 allometry 14, 160–1 Anguilla rostrata (American Eel) 434–5, 521 argentiniforms 276 allopaternal/alloparental care 472 anguillid eels arid regions 410–15 allopatric species 542 semelparous strategy 457 arowanas 374–5 allostasis 106 senescence 157 arroyo habitats 413 allozymes 95, 360, 365 anguilliform fi sh 266 Artedi, Peter 7 genetic diversity 367 anguilliform swimming 114, 117–18, 419 Arthrodiriforms 177 Alosa pseudoharengus (Alewife) 504 terrestrial locomotion 116 Asia, Palearctic region 346 Amazon barrier 370 annual patterns of activity 515, 516, 517–22 Asian Ayu 279 Amazon River 334, 373 annual turnover 533 Asian Carp 269, 270 fl oodplains 595 Antarctic Convergence Zone 407 Aspidorhynchiforms 191 amberjacks 304 Antarctic fi shes 5–6, 338, 405, 406–7, assemblages 536–49 Ameca splendens (Butterfl y Splitfi n) 469 407–9 coral reef fi shes 546–9 American Eel adaptations 408–9 guilds 534–5 feeding 434–5 antifreeze glycoproteins 98–9, 408–9 habitat choice 535–42 food handling modes 437 constraints 408–9 habitat spatial structure 539–42 migration 521 mesopelagic zone 408 habitat use 535–9 panmictic spawning 534 Antarctic notothenioids 407–8 homogenization 597–8 American Marinelife Dealers’ Association 615 adaptations 408–9 niches 534–5 Amia calva (Bowfi n) 256–7 aglomerular kidneys 99 structure 536 Amiiformes 256–7 antifreeze glycoproteins 98, 408–9 see also competition; predation/predators Bowfi n 191 blood freezing point 48 assimilation effi ciency 141 swimming 115 convergence 405 astericus 79 ammocoete 238 distribution 338 Astroscopus (Electric Stargazer) 43 Ammodytes hexapterus (Pacifi c Sand Lance) feeding 408 Aswan High Dam (Egypt) 593–4 407 hemoglobins 65 Ateleopodomorpha 282 ammodytids 315 kidneys 409 atheriniform fi sh, locomotion 116–17 ammonia neutral buoyancy 409 Atherinomorpha 293–6 air breathing fi sh 64 reproduction 408 atherinopsids 295 excretion 52, 63, 100–1 yellow muscle 45 Atlantic Cod 286–7 amphicoelous vertebrae 256 Antarctic Toothfi sh 409 exploited stocks 527 amphidromous fi shes 516, 517, 518 Anthias squamipinnis (serranid) 458, 459 maturation pattern evolution 612 amphioxiforms 231–3 Antiarchiforms 177 overfi shing 569 Amphiprion (Pomacentridae) 458 antibiotic peptides 470 Atlantic Herring 377 amphistylic suspension 30, 227, 299 anticancer drugs, sharks 226 migration 522 ampullae of Lorenzini 221 anticyclonic life history patterns 404 shoaling 484 ampullary receptors 81–2 antifreeze glycoproteins 48, 98–9 stock differentiation 522 Index 695

Atlantic salmon 279 gas bladder reduction/absence 70 carbon dioxide transport 65–6 cleaning 493 morphological adaptations for water freezing point 48 farmed 603 velocity 67, 68 gas diffusion to gas bladder 69 invasion of Pacifi c 377 Notothenioidei 407–8 oxygen transport 64–5 precocious males 152 teleost taxa 395 pH 64, 65, 66, 69, 105 smoltifi cation 151 benthopelagic fi shes 393, 394 blood fl ow 45 Atlantic Silverside 155–6, 295 Berg, Leo S. 7 see also circulatory system sex determination 529 beryciforms 297 blood vessels 46 size-selective fi shing 612 bettas 320 blowing, triggerfi sh 122 Atlantic Tarpon 265–6, 377 bicarbonate ions 65, 66, 105 blubber, plug removal 492 Atractoscion nobilis (White Seabass) 143 bichirs 249, 251 Blue Marlin 377 Atractosteus (gar) 255 air breathing 249, 251 Blue Pike 588 Atractosteus spatula (Alligator Gar) 256 autapomorphic traits 251 Blue Shark 214 atrial natriuretic peptide 105 characteristics 251 Bluefi n Tuna 319 atriopore, lancelet 232 distribution 348 fi shing profi tability 612 attack billfi shes 319 life history patterns 404–5 electrical 84 heater organ 43, 319 migration 521–2 predatory fi sh 429–30, 430–1, 432–3 prey immobilization 432 stock decrease 612 velocity 121 spears 430 Bluefi sh 303, 522 Aucha Perch 472 binomial nomenclature 7 competition with common terns 551–2 Aulostomus (trumpetfi shes) 299, 377 biodiversity loss 564, 585–6, 587, Bluegill Sunfi sh 474 dispersal barriers 378–9 588–9 competition 532 Australian region 340–4, 347 bycatch 612–14 resource use shifts 542–3 deserts 413 causes 589–602, 603–4, 604–18 Bluehead Chub 463 autapomorphies 12 commercial exploitation 607–16 Bluehead Wrasse 458, 459, 461 autochthonous inputs 541 competition 600–1 cultural traditions 490–1 automictic parthenogenesis 364 diseases 602 boarfi shes 321 autonomic nervous system 54, 94 habitat modifi cation 589–96 body autosomal loci 361 homogenization 597–8 blood vessels 46 hybridization 601–2 burden 607 Baikal, Lake (Russia) 309 introduced species 592, 596–602, 603–4, density 70 balance 75, 78–9 604–5 length 5 Balistidae 324 parasites 602 ornamentation in sexual dimorphism 463 balistiform swimming 115 pollution 605–7 body fl uids, freezing point 98 ballast water 602, 604 solutions 618–21 body form/shape balloonfi sh, infl ation 449–50 bioelectricity 6 chasing predators 427 bandfi shes 306 see also electric discharges depth change 6 Banggai Cardinalfi sh 303, 363–4 bioenergetics models 71–2 diversity 5 barbel zone of river 540 bioerosion 576 eel-like 419 barcoding 15 biogeographic barriers, marine fi shes 376–7, energetics 67–8 barracudas 306, 307 378–9, 379 evolution with exploitation 611–12 Barramundi 300 biogeography, vicariance 13, 336–7, 370–1, feeding habit 119 base pairs 355, 356 372, 373 high-energy habitats 416 basicranial region 25, 27–8 Galaxias maculatus distribution 352 locomotion 111–19, 161 basins, desert 413 biological preserves 619 lurking predators 427 Basking Shark, feeding habits 216, 220 biological species concept 12 pelagic fi shes 402–3 basses 300–1 bioluminescence 6, 36 predatory fi sh 119 basslets 301 bathypelagic zone 87 streamlined 112 batfi shes 288 deepsea fi shes 398, 399, 400 body mass, dimensional change 160–1 bathydraconids 409 Flashlight Fish 483 body size 160–1, 526 bathypelagic zone 87, 329, 393, 394 lures 399, 400 metabolic rate 67 gas bladders of deepsea fi sh 396 mesopelagic zone 87 sex change 459 light 397, 398 biomarkers 606, 607 sharks 208, 209, 210–11 sexual dimorphisms in deepsea fi sh 397 biomass 533, 563 size-selective predation 560 teleost taxa 395 plankton 568 body temperature 3, 6 volume 396–7 bird predation 578 Bohr effect 51, 64, 65, 69 batoids 207 birth, size at 527 Bombay ducks 282 body form 206 birth rate 529 bonefi shes life span 216 Bitterling 494 albuliform 266, 383–4 batrachoidiforms 287 bivalves, symbiotic relationship 566 cryptic evolutionary diversity 383–4, 385 Baudelot’s ligament 44 Black Surfperch 534 bones Bayesian methods 380 Blacksmith 572 intermuscular 32–3 behavioral hierarchies 486 Blenniidae 316 ossifi cation reduction 70 beloniforms 295 blennies 315–16 Bonnethead Shark 364 benthic fi shes 393, 394 introduction in ballast water 602, 604 bonnetmouths 305 deep 329, 330 Blennioidei 315–16 bony box 38 energetics 68 blood 46, 47–8 bony cuirass 38 696 Index

bony elements, reduction in teleosts 192–3 browsers 382–3 Carcharhinus leucas (Bull Shark) 212 bony fi shes/tetrapod radiation 381 browsing 554 Carcharodon carcharias (White Shark) 209 bony plates 38 Brushtooth Lizardfi sh 338 Carcharodon megalodon (Megatooth Shark) catfi sh 273 buccal chamber 58–9 209–10 bony shields 38 buccal pump mechanism 403–4 cardiac muscle 41, 44 bony warts 38 Bucktooth Parrotfi sh 459 cardiform dentition 124 bonytongues 263, 264 Bull Shark 212 cardinal veins 46 bootstrap support 380 bumps, sexual dimorphism 463 cardinalfi shes 303, 494 Actinopterygii phylogenetic relationships 382 buoyancy cardiovascular system 45–8 bothids 322 control in sharks 213–14 carotid artery, internal 46 Bottlenose Dolphins 484 elasmobranchs 70, 213–14 carouseling 479 bottom trawling 590 energetics 67, 68–70 carps bottom type modifi cation 589–91 neutral 409 body depth 451 bovichtids 314–15 Burbot 286 distribution 351 Bowfi n 191, 256–7 butterfi shes 320 parasitized 554 characteristics 250, 256 fl ying 447 predator response 451 distribution 348 Butterfl y Mackerel 43–4 cartilage 70 estivation 257 Butterfl y Splitfi n 469 catadromous fi shes 516, 517, 518 fossil record 257 butterfl yfi shes 305–6 migration 521 phylogeny 255 coloration 482 Catalogue of fi shes in the British Museum Bowman’s capsule 52, 101 bycatch 612–14 (Günther) 7 boxfi shes 324 bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) 614 catfi shes 272–4 carapace 451 Bythotrephes cederstroemia (cladoceran) 602 African region 346 swimming 115 body size 273 water expulsion from mouth 122 Cabezon 300 body types 272 brachionichthyids 288 caesionids 304 brood parasitism 472 brain 54–5 calcitonin 92 cave-dwelling 419 fl atfi sh 152, 153 calcium characteristics 272 olfactory lobes 50, 54, 55 balance 92 depth distribution 539 optic lobes 50, 54, 55 pumping in sarcoplasmic reticulum 97 distribution 272–3 sharks 222 callionymids 317 egg carrying 471 warming 97 Calloplesiops altivelis (plesiopid) 440–1 habitat 273–4 branchial arteries, afferent/efferent 46 camoufl age high-energy habitats 416–17 branchial complex 31 lure use 428 Neotropical region 345 branchiocranium 23, 25, 28–9, 30, 31 predatory fi sh 425–6, 428–9 oral fertilization 467 branchiostegal rays 29, 31 prey detection avoidance 439–41 Palearctic region 346 Branchiostoma (lancelet) 232, 233 canals, diversion 596 preadaptation 416–17 Bream, resource partitioning 542 cancer cure, shark products 226 walking 411–12 bream zone of river 540 candiru (Vandellia), as human parasite 273 Catlocarpio siamensis (Asian Carp) 269, 270 breathing caniniform dentition 124 Catostomidae (suckers), distribution 351 aquatic 58–9 cannibalism 531, 532 caudal artery 47 see also air breathing fi lial 473 caudal complex 33 breeding aggregations 488 habitat shifts 539 caudal fi ns 33–4 breeding cycles 514–15 intercohort 544–5 cave-dwelling fi sh 87, 286, 287, 417–19 breeding systems 456 species-specifi c host 548 adaptations 417–19 cooperative 473 Canthigaster valentini (Sharpnose Puffer) 509 convergence 419 genetic resolution 361 Capelins 279 eel-like body form 419 promiscuous 456, 457 Caproidei 321 evolution 419 see also reproduction captive breeding 620–1 gill chamber brooding 470 breeding tubercles 463 capture population density 418 Bremer decay 380 discouraging by prey 448–52 preadaptation 419 Actinopterygii phylogenetic relationships predatory fi sh 429–30, 430–1, 432–3 vulnerability 418–19 382 carangids 304 cavefi shes 286 Brevoortia patronus (Gulf Menhaden) 573–4 carangiform swimming 114 caverns 417 bristlemouths 282 carbaminohemoglobin 65 celestial cues, migration 519 convergence 397 carbohydrates, storage 71 cellulose digestion 436–7 brood parasitism 472 carbon dioxide 64, 105 Central America, freshwater fi shes 353 brood piracy 472 transport 65–6 central nervous system (CNS) 54–5 Brook Trout carbonic acid 64, 65 shark 222 competitive displacement 543 dissociation 65, 66 warming 97 intergeneric hybrids 602 carbonic anhydrase 66 Centrarchidae (sunfi shes) 301 juveniles 149–50 Carcharhinus (requiem sharks) 363 distribution 350 brotulas 287 Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Silvertip Shark) centrolophids 320 Brown Trout 166, 167 centropomids 300 intergeneric hybrids 602 Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Gray Reef Shark) Cephalaspidiformes 173–4 introduced 543, 599 480 cephalic lateral line canals 77 Index 697

cephalochordates 170, 171, 175 phylogenetic relationships 207 cladodont dentition 198 fossil record 233 reproductive system 53, 54 cladogenesis 14 living representatives 231–3 Chondrostei 188–90 cladograms 12–13, 15 ceratioid anglerfi sh, neoteny 163–4 characteristics 250 sperm use 134 Ceratioidei 288, 289 living fi sh 252–5 Cladoselachidae 198 Ceratodontiformes 182 chorion 134 cladoselachimorphs 198 Ceratodontimorpha 182 choroid 86 Clarias (Walking Catfi sh) 63 ceratotrichia 199 rete mirabile 47, 86 claspers 53, 137 elasmobranch fi n rays 205 choroid gland 86 elasmobranchs 205 cerebellum 54, 55 chromaffi n cells 92 Ptyctodontiforms 177 Chaco region (Paraguay) 412–13 chromatophores 36, 477–8 sharks 223 chaenopsids 316 Chromis punctipinnis (Blacksmith) 572 classifi cation 11–17 chaetodontids 305–6 chromosomes 357, 359 name changes 17 channelization 591 counts 355 units 16 channichthyid icefi shes, hemoglobin absence number 357, 358 vertebrates 15–16 409 chrondrocranium 25 Classifi cation of fi shes, both recent and fossil Channichthyidae 315, 338 chrysopsins 85 (Berg) 7 yellow muscle 45 chubs, nest building 576 Cleaner Wrasse 458, 461, 492, 493 Channidae 321 Chum Salmon, disease 602 parasitism 554 Channoidei 321 cichlids 307, 308–12 cleanerfi shes 492–3, 554 Chanos chanos (Milkfi sh) 269 brood parasitism 472 guild 537 Characiformes 271–2 coloration 384–5, 482 cleaning 492–3 distribution 351, 352 variation in males 464 cleaning stations 492 characins countershading 443 climate, extremes 578–9 African region 346 distribution 352, 353 climate change 579, 616–18 cave-dwelling 419 extermination 599, 600 benefi ts 618 distribution 351, 352, 353 feeding patterns 121 seasonal pattern of activity 617 egg laying 469–70 helpers at the nest 473 tropical communities 617 migration 572 hybridization 536 water temperature 579, 616–17, 618 spawning seasonality 513 lekking 457 clingfi shes 126, 417 chars 277, 279 lunar pattern of activity 509 clinids 316 Chasmistes cujus (Cui-ui) 531 lure use 428 Clinostomus funduloides (Rosyside Dace) 544 cheek muscles 41, 42 mouth-brooding 363, 385 cloaca, elasmobranch 205 Cheimarrichthyidae 315 Neotropical region 345 clock, circadian rhythm 505, 512 chemical communication 484–5 Nile Perch introduction impact 599, 600 clownfi shes 458, 495 chemical cues oral fertilization 467 Clupea harengus (Atlantic Herring) 377 courtship 466 parental care 143, 470, 471 Clupea pallasi (Pacifi c Herring) 377 home range location 487 pharyngeal jaws 123 Clupeidae 267 homing 518–19 radiation in Lake Malawi 384–5 sound detection 80 species recognition 464 salinity range tolerance 411 clupeiforms 267 chemicals scale-eating 492 Clupeomorpha 191, 267 prey detection 445, 446 sister species 385 clutch sizes 526–7 see also endocrine disrupting compounds sound production 461 sharks 223–4 (EDCs) spawning 509 coastal marshes 617 chemoreception 87–9 spawning nests 465 coastal waters 373 chemosensory ability 418 speciation 311–12, 384–5 Cobia 303 chiasmodontids 315 species fl ocks 308–9, 310 Cobitoidea 269–71 chimaeras 200, 201, 227–8 trophic groups 309 Cod 286–7 egg sacks 363 ciguatera toxins 556–7 hearing specialists 79 fossil 228 circadian rhythms 505 Cod Icefi sh 315, 408, 409 Chinese Paddlefi sh 253, 254–5 reproduction 512 Coelacanth Conservation Council 245, 246 Chinook Salmon 375, 376 tidal stimuli 506 Coelacanthimorpha 180–1, 242–5 disease 602 circatidal clock 507 coelacanths 5, 180–1 migration 519–20 circulatory system 45, 48 age 244 sex-reversed males 606 heterothermic fi shes 96 body size 244 Y chromosome 606 pelagic fi shes 404 characteristics 250 Chlamydogobius eremius (Desert Goby) 413 subcutaneous 47, 48 diphycercal tail 195 chloride cells 103 circuli 39, 157 distribution 244 chloride ions, teleost osmoregulation 103 Cirrhitoidea 306 divergence 381 chloride shift 66 ciscoes 276–7 eggs 134 cholesterol species fl ocks 310–11 electrosensitivity 243 mudskipper skin 95 cladoselachimorphs 198 habitat 244 see also lipids Cladistia 185, 188 living 242–5, 246 Chondrichthyes 197–200, 205–28 living fi sh 248–9, 251–2 osmoregulation 102 embryonic development 223 phylogenetic relationships 252 phylogenetic relationships 181 historical patterns 205–6 cladistics 12–13 vulnerability 244–5 698 Index

coeliaco-mesenteric artery 46, 51 community 551 coral reef fi shes 331 coeliaco-mesenteric ganglion 52 competition 551–2 assemblage structure 546–9 Coho Salmon interactions 551–4 cleaner fi shes 493 male types 474 predation 552, 553 coloration 478, 480–2 migration 509, 520 temperate 557–9 coprophagy 571–2 transgenic 359 see also parasitism crypsis 482 water temperature 595 compass direction 518 distribution 334 cohorts 530 compass orientation diurnal habit 499, 500, 501 cannibalistic 544–5 electroreception 82, 221–2 guilds 549 collections 18 sharks 221–2 herbivory 437, 556 colonial fi shes competition 532, 542–3, 544 juveniles 548, 549 aggregations 489 community interactions 551–2 larvae 141, 142, 514 garden eels 489, 490 diversity loss 600–1 pelagic 141, 367 colonization 530 evolutionary adjustments 543 settlement 547–8 color 14, 36 historical interactions between species 543 sound perception 146 diversity 478 interspecifi c 542 monogamous 457 color fi ghts 479 intraspecifi c 531, 542 plankton interactions 546–7 color pattern, split-head 428–9, 441, refuge sites 554 population structure 367 481 resource partitioning 542 poster colored fi sh 481–2 color vision, sharks 221 competitive displacement 543 recruitment 546–7 Colorado River (US) complement proteins 106 scrapers 382–3 dams 592, 593, 594 conchfi shes 494 self-recruiting 146 dewatering of estuary 610 condition factor (K) 160, 611–12 sounds of reef 146 coloration cones (vision) 85, 503–4 spawning 508–9, 514 aggression 479 confusion effect 448 storm effects 578, 579 aposematic 446 Congridae 489, 490 tidal movements 506 changing 479 congroid eels 266 upstream larval sources 146 cichlids 384–5, 482 Conodonta 170, 171–2, 175 UV light sensitivity 86 cleaner fi shes 493 conservation 585–621 water column spawning 466 coral reef fi shes 478, 480–2 aquarium trade 590–1, 614–16 coral reefs 331, 334 courtship 466 biodiversity loss 564, 585–6, 587, 588–9 algal grazing 569, 570 deepsea fi shes 400 causes 589–602, 603–4, 604–18 bioerosion 562 defended prey 446 solutions 618–21 climate change 617 dichromatisms 461 ecosystems 619 Crown-of-Thorns Starfi sh 579 disruptive 428–9, 441, 480–1 education 621 destruction 590 dynamic displays 478–9 landscape 619 halo 562 fi ns 478 population control 621 marine protected areas 569 gills 478 conservation genetics 385–8, 620–1 overfi shing 562, 563 information function 481–2 continental drift 333, 336 plant–fi sh interactions 556 mate choice 461, 462 continental drift–vicariance model 352 predation 562 predatory fi sh camoufl age 428–9 continental shelf fi shes 329, 331 predators 482, 569 sexual dimorphism 463, 478 control region 356 prey resources 501 species-specifi c 482 Convention on International Trade in production 576 static displays 478 Endangered Species of Wild Fauna refuge sites 482 visual communication 477–9, 480–2 and Flora (CITES) 586 storm impacts 578, 579 zooplankton 560–1 shark fi ns 388 twilight changeover 503–4 see also pigmentation convergence water clarity 482 Columbia River (Oregon/Washington, US) Antarctic notothenioids 405 coregonines 276–7 605–6 cave-dwelling fi sh 419 Coregonus clupeaformis (Lake Whitefi sh) 374 combat 479 deepsea fi shes 397, 400–1 Corkwing Wrasse 493 commensalism 492–5, 552 habitat use 538 cornea 85 commercial exploitation 526, 527, 607–16 high-energy habitats 415, 416 cornerstone species 574 population changes 611 mouth-brooders 529 cornetfi shes 299 sharks 225, 226 pelagic fi shes 405 corticosteroids, smoltifi cation 151 see also overfi shing Cookie Cutter Shark 217 cortisol 92, 105, 106 Common Carp 601–2 cooperative breeding 473 cellular receptor 107 communication 477–9, 480–2, 483–5 Copella (Spraying Characin) 469–70 smoltifi cation 151 acoustic 483–4 copepods, parasitic 553–4 coryphaenids 303 chemical 484–5 Coporo 515 cosmoid scales 37 cleaner fi shes 492–3 coprophagy 571–2 Cottoidei 300 electrical 83–4, 274, 485 copulation Cottus bairdi (Mottled Sculpin), habitat choice inter/intraspecifi c 80 elasmobranchs 224 544 sound production 483–4 see also fertilization countercurrent exchange 44, 51, 69, 86 tactile 485, 493 coral collecting 590–1 elevated swimming muscle temperature 95 UV light 86, 483 aquarium trade 615 open sea fi shes 402 visual 477–9, 480–2, 483 coral mining 590 temperature control 95, 96, 97 Index 699

countershading 442–3, 482 Cyprinodon diabolis (Devil’s Hole Pupfi sh) deepwater fi shes 329, 330 reverse 443 413, 414 defense Courtenay-Latimer, Marjorie 243, 244 Cyprinodon pecosensis (Pecos River Pupfi sh) electrical 84 courtship 456, 461, 461–2, 463–8 536 jaws 176–7 chemical stimulants 466 Cyprinodontidae 413, 414 territorial 486–7 elasmobranchs 224 cyprinodontiforms 295–6 deforestation electric organ discharge 485 Cyprinus carpio (Common Carp) 601–2 Nile Perch processing 599 patterns 465–6 cystovarian condition 54 riparian 590, 595 sharks 224 cytochrome c 94 sediment loads 595, 598 sound production 461, 466, 483 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) 106 water temperature 595–6 tactile communication 485 demersal fi shes, population structure 369–70 Cownose Ray 219 dactyloscopids 316 demes 533–4 crabs, feeding on 125 dams 515, 574, 591–4 density dependence 545 cranial nerves 55 alternatives 594 denticles 397 Craniata subphylum 170, 171–4, 175 debris 589 dentition 119, 122–3, 124–5 craniovertebral joint 177 hydroelectric 100 caniniform 124 crappies 301 nutrient retention 593 cardiform 124 crepuscular fi shes 499, 500, 501, 502 sediment retention 593–4 cladodont 198 predators 503 spawning migration interruption 593 cyprinids 269 Critical Period Hypothesis 140 damselfi shes 307, 312, 313 elasmobranchs 199–200 croakers 305, 461 gardening behavior 557 lampreys 240 croaks 483 larvae 514 patterns 124–5 crocodile icefi shes 315 territoriality 557, 558 pleuracanth 198 Crown-of-Thorns Starfi sh 579 Danio rerio (Zebrafi sh) 269 sharks 217, 218, 219 cruising 115–16 genome 355 teleosts 196 cryopelagic fi shes 408 darters 302–3 villiform 124 cryptic species 367 distribution 350 see also pharyngeal jaws; teeth coral reef 480–1, 482 Darwin, Charles 7 dermatocranium 25 freshwater 373 daylight cycles 92 Desert Goby 413 crypticity, prey detection avoidance 439–40 death deserts 410–15 Cryptotora thamicola (balitorid) 419 adult fi sh 156–7 adaptations 411–13 Ctenacanthids 198, 199 feigning 428 environmental degradation 414–15 Ctenacanthiformes 198, 199 death rate 529 North American 413–15 ctenoid scales 37, 38, 39 deceit 492 despotic hierarchies 486 Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass Carp) 558–9 dechannelization programs 591 deterministic processes 546, 548–9 Ctenosquamata 283 decomposition, top-down processes 564 detritivores 436 cuckoldry 474–5 deep scattering layer 399–400 development, direct/indirect 139 Cuckoo Catfi sh 472 deepsea fi shes 6, 393–420 devil rays, body form 206 Cui-ui 531 bioluminescence 398 Devil’s Hole Pupfi sh 413, 414, 589 cultural traditions, social transmission 490–1 characteristics 393–4 diadromy 339, 515, 516, 517–18 cupula 76–7 coloration 400 geographic distribution 517 currents convergence 397, 400–1 diapause 137, 410, 411 climate change impact 617 distribution 396 Diaphus mollis (lanternfi sh) 284 orientation 518–19 dorsal spines 399 dichromatisms 461 strong 415–17 energy conservation 400 diel patterns 499, 500, 501–2, 503–4, 504–7 cusk-eels 287 eyes 394, 398 circadian rhythms 505 cutaneous arteries 47, 48 food 398–400 light-induced activity 499, 500, 501–2, cutaneous respiration 59 foraging 398–400 503–4 cutlassfi shes 319 fossil 201–2 seasonal change 510 Cutthroat Trout 375, 376 gas bladder 395–6 tidal 506–7 Cuvier, Georges 7 light 397–8 see also diurnal vertical migration (DVM); cyanide toxicity 615 lipids 397 migration, vertical cycloid scales 37, 38, 39 lures 399 diencephalon 54, 55 cyclonic life history patterns 404 mouth 394, 398–9 digestion 50 Cyclopterus lumpus (Lumpfi sh) 299, 300 neuromasts 400 dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 362 Cyclosquamata 282–3 olfactory system 397 dinofl agellates cynoglossids 322–3 photophores 393–4, 398 blooms 552, 553 Cyprinella lutrensis (Red Shiners) 543 physical factors affecting 394–400 ciguatera toxins 556–7 Cyprinidae 269 space 396–7 dinostelids 303 chromosomes 269 swallowing 399 diploidization 357 distribution 349, 351 taxonomy 395 diploidy 356 cyprinids teeth 398, 399 diplospondylous 32 spawning seasonality 512 temperature 396 Dipnoi 181 species fl ock 309–10, 311 vision 87 living 245–8 Cypriniformes 269 visual pigments 401 dipnomorphs 181–3, 187 distribution 349, 351, 352 deepsea syndrome 419 Dipnotetrapodomorpha 181 700 Index

Dipteromorpha 182 ear fi laments 134 diseases, biodiversity loss 602 elasmobranchs 80 laying 6, 469–70 dispersal 367–8, 370–1, 372, 373 otophysans 79–80 male care by kurtids 318 Galaxias maculatus distribution 352 sharks 80, 221 oil globules 132, 135 sardines 372 see also inner ear; otoliths pelagic 133–4 sex-biased 370 Earth’s magnetic fi eld 84 resorption 132, 133 Dissostichus eleginoides (Patagonian Toothfi sh) Eastern Atlantic region 335, 336 shark 134 315 Eastern Pacifi c region 335, 336 size 527, 548 Dissostichus mawsoni (Antarctic Toothfi sh) 409 Echeneis naucrates (Sharksucker) 166, 167 thievery 363 distant touch sensitivity, sharks 221 echolocation, cues for prey 445 toxic of gars 256 distribution of fi shes, seasonal patterns 509–11 ecocertifi cation 621 vulnerability 532 diurnal fi shes 499, 500, 501, 502 ecological adaptations 525 yolk 134–5 free-running rhythms 505 ecological selection, cichlids of Lake Malawi content 527 seasonal change 510 384 see also gametogenesis; spawning twilight changeover period 503 ecology 386, 387 Eigenmannia, electrical communication 83, 84 diurnal vertical migration (DVM) 394, 399– reproductive 525–9 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events 400, 502, 504–5 ecosystems 386, 563, 564–6, 566–76 617 mesopelagic zone 396 conservation 619 Elasmobranchii 198–200, 205–27 nutrient movement 571 disturbance 577–9 defi nition of group 205 sharks 214 engineering 565–6, 576 historical patterns 205–6 temperature 394, 396 linking by fi shes 573 modern diversity 206–8, 209–10, 210–17, zooplankton 560 physical factors 577–9 218, 219–27 divergence rate 371 services 564–6 elasmobranchs diving, recreational 619 ecotourism, sharks 227 ampullary receptors 81–2 DNA 355, 356 ectothermy 94 armed rostral region 219 damage 607 education, conservation 621 buoyancy 70 environmental stressor effects 107 eel niche 538–9 claspers 137 DNA fi ngerprints 360 eel-pouts 314 copulation 224 DNA primers 356 Eel-tailed Catfi sh 82 courtship 224 DNA sequences 355, 356, 365 eels 266 dentition 199–200 cichlid radiation in Lake Malawi 384–5 anguillid 157, 457 electric fi eld generation/detection 84, 89 diagnostic differences 367 congroid 266 electrical sensitivity 221 divergence 371 convergence 538–9 electroreception 81–2 molecular evolution studies 379, 381 feeding 434–5 gills 102 parrotfi shes 383 garden 489, 490 habitats 102, 211–12 teleosts 381–2 genetic groupings 534 hearing 80 DNA sequencing, automated 357 glass 521 home ranges 214 dogfi sh 207, 569 knotting 434–5 internal fertilization 205, 363 Dolphinfi sh 303, 304 lunar pattern of activity 509 intestine 70–1 dolphins 484 maturation 521 life span 215–16 tuna shoaling with 488 migration 509, 514 locomotion 212–14 dominance hierarchies 486 moray 123–4, 266, 434 low-density lipids in liver 70, 396 group size 489, 492 mucus secretion 451 movement 212–14 Dorado 303, 304, 538 rice 299 osmoregulation 101–2, 205, 212 dorsal fi ns 35 rotational feeding 434–5 oviparity 224 teleosts 193, 194 semelparous strategy 457 palatoquadrate 205, 216 dorsal gill-arch muscles 42 senescence 157 pelvic fi n modifi cation 137 dorsal light refl ex 78 silver 521 spiral valve 49, 50, 70–1 fl atfi sh 152 speciation 163 swimming 117–19 dorsal spines swamp 299 vulnerability 212, 224–7 deepsea fi shes 399 tidal fl ooding 507 see also sharks lures 399, 428 yellow 521 Elassomatoidei 306–7 Doryrhamphus excisus (pipefi sh) 371, 373 “eelskin” 237 electric currents, strong 84

downstream- (D-) links 541 effective population size (Ne) 365, 367 electric discharges downwelling light 441 egg dumping 472 prey immobilization 430, 432 draconettids 317 egg sacks 363 stargazers 315 dragonets 422, 423 eggs 130, 131, 132–7 torpedo rays 219–20 dragonfi shes 409 carrying 470–1 Electric Eel 84, 274, 275 Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) 602 characteristics 133–4 electric fi eld generation/detection 84, 89 driftfi shes 320 chorion 134, 135 swimming type 115 drought clutch sizes 526–7 electric organ 43, 84 adaptations 413–14 sharks 223–4 larval 143 air breathing 63 coelacanths 134 muscles 45 see also deserts demersal 134 electric organ discharge (EOD) 82–3, 84, 485 drumbeats 483 diapause 137, 410, 411 Electric Ray 84 drums 305 fecundity 132–3 Electric Stargazer 43, 45 dust storms 596 fertilization 136–7 electrical attack/defense 84 Index 701

electrical communication 83–4, 274, 485 reproduction 511 evolutionary diversity, cryptic 383–4, 385 electrical sensitivity seasonal reproduction 514 evolutionary signifi cant unit (ESU) 367–8 bonytongues 83, 263 environmental degradation evolutionary species 12 coelacanths 243 cave-dwelling fi sh vulnerability 418–19 evolutionary systematics 14 elasmobranchs 221 desert fi sh vulnerability 414–15 excavators 382–3 gymnotiforms 83–4, 274 ecosystem perspective 574 excretion 100–5 lungfi sh 248 migration blocking 515 control 105 electrocytes 84 population genetic makeup 535 elasmobranch 205 electrolocalization, prey 445, 446 environmental health, fi sh as indicators 606–7 top-down processes 564 electrolocation 82–3 environmental sex determination (ESD) 155– exons 356 Electrona (lanternfi sh) 408 6, 529 exotic species see introduced species Electrophorus (Electric Eel) 84, 274, 275 environmental stressors 107 exploitation see commercial exploitation; electroplaques 84 epaxial muscles 41 overfi shing electroreception 80–4 ephippids 318 extinction 202, 585–6, 587, 588–9 active 82–3 Epibulus insidiator (Sling-jaw Wrasse) 121 commercial 609–10 compass orientation 221–2 epidermis 36 factors 588 sharks 221 secretions for trophic provisioning 470 extirpations 585 electroreceptor organs 81–3 epilimnion 568 eye muscles 42–4, 45 eleotrids 317 epinephrine 92, 106 eye socket, fl atfi sh 152, 153 elephantfi sh, mormyriform epipelagic fi shes 329–30, 393, 394, 401 eyeball removal 492 electrical communication 83, 485 equilibrium 75, 78–9 eyes swimming 115 Erimonax monachus (Spotfi n Chub) 596 anatomy 85 eleutheroembryo 139 esca 399, 428 cave-dwelling fi sh 418 Elopomorpha 191, 263, 264–6 escape movements, fast start 447 cones 503–4 characteristics 265–6 Esocidae (pickerels), distribution 349 deepsea fi shes 394, 398 Elpistostegalia 183, 243 Esociformes 280, 281 false 481 elvers 521 Esocoidei 348–9 fl atfi shes 322 Embiotoca jacksoni (Black Surfperch) 534 esophagus 49, 70 larvae 143 embiotocids 307 Esox lucius (Northern Pike) 280, 349 predation 481 embryology 137–9 Esox masquinongy (Muskellunge) 280, 281 prey 481 cleavage 137 estivation 64, 411, 412, 413 warming 97 embryophagy, sharks 223 Bowfi n 257 eyespots, false 481 embryos lungfi shes 182, 246–7, 248, 412 free 139 Chaco region (Paraguay) 412 F statistics 365, 366 pigmentation 138 estradiol 151 facial nerve 55 temperature sensitivity of vertebrae 138–9 estrogenic compounds 93 fast repetitive ticks (FRTs) 484 Encheliophis dubius (Pacifi c Pearlfi sh) 287 estuaries fatty acids endangered species 211, 212, 585–6, 587, dewatering of Colorado River 610 saturated 64, 95 588–9 sharks 211 unsaturated 95 Endangered Species Act (1973, US) 592–3, spawning 146 feces, nutrient cycling 571–2 619 estuarine species, vulnerable 589 fecundity 132–3, 527 endemic species 598 ethmoid region 25–6, 27 feeding 119–26 decline with introductions 599 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 362 cave-dwelling fi sh 418 endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) 93, Eulachons 279 exogenous 528, 532 94, 107, 605–6 euphotic zone 393 hagfi sh 236 endocrine system 91–2, 93, 94 Eurasian Perch 302 jaw protrusion 119–22 autonomic nervous system 54, 94 Europe 346 larvae 139–41, 146 neuroendocrine control 505 European Eel 361 mouth position 126 sex hormones 93, 107, 151 resource partitioning 542 pharyngeal jaws 122–4 endoecism 494 euryhaline fi sh 100 rotational 434, 435 endostyle, lancelet 232, 233 elasmobranchs 102, 212 sharks 208, 210, 214, 219 endothermy eurypterygians 282–3 suction 120–1 billfi shes 43 euselachians 198 top-down processes 564 regional 94, 97 Eusthenopteron (osteolepidoform) 183, 184 White Shark 215 see also heater organs Euteleostei 263, 274–7, 277–8, 279, 280 see also dentition; food; swallowing energetics 68–72 Euteleostomi 178–9, 185 feeding apparatus, teleost modifi cations benthic fi sh 68 Euthynnus alletteratus (Little Tuna) 23, 24 195–6 buoyancy regulation 67, 68–70 eutrophication 464, 605 feeding habits effi ciency 544 spawning behavior reduction 464 alimentary tract 50 swimming 67, 68 evolution 6, 357, 359 exploitation by another species 494 energy cave-dwelling fi sh 419 sharks 216–17, 218, 219–20 conservation in deepsea fi shes 400 conservation genetics 386, 387 fenestra ovalis 80 intake 70–1 fi sh lineages 381 fertilization 136–7 reproductive requirement 135, 526 fi shing impact 611–12 external 472–3 Engraulis ringens (Anchoveta) 609 pelagic fi shes 405 internal 53, 136, 137, 138, 363 environmental contamination 607 regressive 419 elasmobranchs 205, 363 environmental cues evolutionary biology 386, 387 Ptyctodontiforms 177 702 Index

sharks 137, 223, 363 incidental 613 productivity 339 teleosts 472–3 mesh size 613 zoogeographic regions 339, 340–4, 344–7 oral 467 mortality 611, 612 freshwater fi shes 339, 340–4, 344–9, 350, place 456, 466–8 noncatch waste 613 351–3 self-fertilization 458–9 fi shing down of food webs 613 air breathing 63 fertilizers 605 fl agtails 306 aquarium trade 614 fi lefi shes 324 fl ash fl oods 414 archaic distributions 348, 349 fi lial cannibalism 473 Flashlight Fish 479, 483 cave-dwelling 417–19 fi lter barrier 353 fl atfi shes 322–4 coastal waters 373 fi lter-feeding body shape/form 152–3 cold temperatures 98 rays 220 fl esh, plug removal 492 Convergence in high-energy habitats 415–17 sharks 214, 219, 220 fl ight 116 cryptic species 373 fi n(s) 3 fl ood conditions 414, 577 daily activity cycles 502 adipose 35 fl oodplains, seasonal inundation 595 diversity 339 anal 35 Florida Gar 255 elasmobranchs 102, 211–12 archipterygial 182 fl ounders 322 endangered/threatened 586, 587, 588–9 caudal 33–4 fl yingfi shes 116, 294, 446–7 endemic 353 teleosts 195 food genetic diversity decline 374, 375 coloration 478 absorption effi ciency 72 habitats 330 dorsal 35 acquisition by juveniles 149–50 herbivory 436, 558–9 teleosts 193, 194 availability for larvae 140 hybridization 536 erection 478 breakdown in stomach 70 isolation 339 median 35 cave-dwelling fi sh 418 osmoregulation 102–3 neoselachian 199 deepsea fi shes 398–400 peripheral 411 pelvic 35, 53, 126 energy content 72 phylogeography 373–5 prey 449 gnathostomes 176 primary 339, 411 sexual dimorphism 463 grinding in pharynx 70 recent distributions 348–9, 350, 351 sharks 117, 118 recognition 88–9 reproduction 511–12 exploitation 225, 226 seasonal movements 511 seasonality 513 international trade 388 see also feeding secondary 339, 353, 411 soft rays 35 food consumption, sharks 215 sharks 211–12 spines 35 food pyramid, inverted 563 stream captures 373 tail of actinopterygians 188, 195 food webs 566, 574–6 teleosts 102–3 taking pieces out 492 complexity 574–5 winter conditions 510 teleost 193, 194 fi shing down 613 frictional drag 112 tetrapodomorph 185 foragers/foraging fringeheads 316 fi n muscles 42 aggregations 426, 488, 496 frogfi shes 288, 428 fi n rays body shape 119 fry 139 elasmobranch 205 cichlids 121 Fugu (puffers) 324, 357 principal caudal 33 deepsea fi shes 398–400 furunculosis 602 procurrent caudal 33 group formation 426 fusiliers 304 ray-fi n 188 guilds 537 soft 35 nocturnal 501 gadiforms 286–7 teleosts 193 optimal 437 Gadus morhua (Atlantic Cod) 286–7 fi ngerfi shes 305 pelagic fi shes 404 Galaxias maculatus 352 fi nlets, pelagic fi shes 403 foraging–predation risk trade-off 452 Galaxiidae 279, 413 fi nning 226, 388 forests Galeaspidiformes 174 fi sh gallery 595 Galeorhinus zyopterus (Soupfi n Shark) 225 defi nition 3 see also deforestation gallbladder 50 evolution 202 fossil fi shes 170–1 gallery forests 595 species numbers 3, 5 Bowfi n 257 Gambusia (poeciliid) 462 terminology 3, 5 cephalochordates 233 Gambusia affi nis (Mosquitofi sh) 363 Fish Barcode of Life (FISH-BOL) 15 chimaeras 228 gametogenesis 130, 132–6, 528–9 fi sh kills 552 deepsea 201–2 seasonality 512, 515 fi sheries diversity 201–2 ganoid scales 37, 188, 190, 451 exploitation effects on life history traits hagfi sh 236 ganoin 188 526, 527 lampreys 240 elopomorphs 265 sustainable use of resources 621 Paddlefi sh 255 gars 255 fi sheries management 365, 385–6 Scleropages (arowanas) 375 gape limitation 123, 433, 434–5 ecosystem perspective 574 Tetraodontiformes 324 garden eels 489, 490 seasonal migrations 519 Four-eyed Fish 295, 296 gardening behavior of damselfi shes 557 fi shes of North and Middle America, The free-running rhythms 505, 506 gars 255–6 (Jordan & Evermann) 7 fresh water characteristics 250, 255–6 fi shing conservation status 609 distribution 348 bycatch 612–14 drainage routes 373 lepisosteiform 191 evolutionary force 611–12 high-energy zones 415–17 phylogeny 255 Index 703

gas bladder 50–2, 62 gill chamber brooding 470 gonadosomatic index (GSI) 136 absence 70 gill fi laments 58 gonads 52–4 air breathing 62, 63 gill margins, coloration 478 Gondwana supercontinent 171, 333 buoyancy regulation 68–70 gill rakers 31, 50, 433 gonochores 156 deepsea fi shes 395–6 feeding function 125 gonochoristic fi shes 359, 456, 458, 459 gas addition 69 prey capture in fi lter feeding 220 gonopodium 35, 137 gas release 68–9 gill slits, elasmobranch 205 sexual selection 462 inner ear connection 267, 268 gills 3 Gonorhynchiformes 269 innervation 52 air breathing modifi cations 63 Gonostoma convergence 401 muscles 466 blood vessels 46 goodeids 296 physoclistous 195, 396 chloride ion uptake 103 placental connection 469 physostomous 195, 396 coloration 478 goosefi shes 288, 428 reduction 70 countercurrent fl ow 58 gouramis 320 sound production 396 elasmobranchs 102 climbing 320 teleost modifi cations 195 external in lungfi sh 244, 248 grade 13 vibrations 79 function 58–9 Grammatidae 301 see also otophysans air breathers 63 Grass Carp 558–9 gas bubble disease 100, 593 ion exchange 95 Gray Reef Shark 480 gas exchange, air breathing 62–3 lampreys 59, 60 grayling zone of river 539–40 gas gland 51 mitochondria-rich cells 103, 104, 105 graylings 277 countercurrent exchange 69 nitrogenous waste excretion 52, 63, 100 southern 279 gas transport 64–6 osmoregulation 100–1 grazing 554 Gasterochisma (Butterfl y Mackerel) 43–4 pelagic fi shes 404 gardening behavior of damselfi shes 557 gasterosteiforms 297, 298–9 pumping mechanism 58–9 seagrass 382–3 Gasterosteus aculeatus (Three-spined secondary lamellae 58 see also algae eaters Stickleback) 297 sodium ion uptake 103 Great Barracuda 306, 307 geminate species 335 surface area 59 Great Hammerhead 431 gempylids 319 activity of fi sh 161 Green Sunfi sh, resource use shifts 542–3 Genbank 357 ventilation 58–9 greeneyes 282 gender change 6 gizzards 436 Greenwood, P. Humphry 7 gender role 455, 456, 458–61 glaciation 373 grinding gene duplication 357, 359 eradication of species 373–4 food in pharynx 70 gene fl ow 533 gliding 116 mechanical of plant material 71 generalist species 575–6, 598 global warming 579, 616–18 gross growth effi ciency 141 genetic analysis, tissue collection 361, 362 trophic cascade disruption 569 groundfi shes genetic diversity 367, 386 glofi sh® 359 bycatch 613 decline in freshwater fi shes 374, 375 glomerular fi ltration 103–4 overfi shing 607 reduction with overfi shing 610 glomerulus 52 group formation 426 genetic groupings 533–4 glossopharyngeal nerve 55 antipredation benefi ts 445–6 genetic variation 535 glucagon 92 optimal size 489, 492 genetics 355–89 glucose sound production 484 conservation 385–8, 620–1 blood levels 106 see also aggregations; shoals/shoaling genomics 355, 357, 358, 359–60 metabolism 92 group hunting, predatory fi sh 429 molecular ecology 360–4 glycerol 98 group-separating tactics 432 phylogeography 370–1, 372, 373–7, 378, glycogen 44, 71 groupers 301 379 pineal body secretion 54 growth 6, 71 population genetics 365, 365–7, 367–70 glycolysis 57 allometry 14 terminology 356–7 Gnathostomata superclass 175–8, 381 cessation 158 genome 355 gnathostomes, phylogeny 202 determinate 159 duplication 357, 359 goatfi shes 305 diadromy 517 mitochondrial DNA 359 gobies 317–18 evolution 162–4 size 357, 358 Atlantic colonization 379 gross growth effi ciency 141 genomics 355, 357, 358, 359–60 ballast water introduction 602, 604 indeterminate 129–30, 159 genotype 360 desert adaptations 413 larvae 528 populations 534 inquilinism 494, 495 ontogeny 162 geographic patterns 529 neon 492 rate of sharks 215–16 geomagnetic orientation 221–2 parasitized 554 growth hormone 92 gephyrocercal tail 34 parsimony network 381 smoltifi cation 151 Gerreidae 304–5 salinity range tolerance 411 Grunion, semilunar periodicity 507–8 gestation tidal activity cycle 507 grunters 306 internal 469 toxin secretion 451 grunts 305, 483 period of sharks 224 gobiesocid clingfi shes 126 cultural traditions 491 Giant Freshwater Stingray 211, 212 Gobiesocidae 316 larvae 514 Giant Totoaba 610 gobiids 317–18 resting shoals 501 gibberfi shes 297 Gobioidei 317–18 shoaling with non-fi sh species 484 gill arches 31, 58 Gobius paganellus (Goby) 507 social learning 491 704 Index

territoriality 487 see also cave-dwelling fi sh; deserts; heater organs 43–4, 95, 97 GSI (gonadosomatic index) 136 environmental degradation; polar billfi shes 43, 319 guanine crystals 443 regions Butterfl y Mackerel 43–4 guarding 468, 469, 528 hadal zone 393 Helicoprion (holocephalan) 200 see also nest guarding Haddock 286 Helostmatidae 320 guilds 536–7 Haeckel, Ernst 233 Helostoma temmincki (Kissing Gourami) 320 coral reef fi shes 549 Haemulidae 305 helpers at the nest 473 reproductive 468 Haemulon (grunts) 491 Hemiramphus far (halfbeak) 338 zooplanktivorous fi shes 536–7 hagfi shes 234 hemoglobin 64–5 gular plate alimentary canal 49 absence in channichthyid icefi shes 409 Bowfi n 256, 257 blood 235 oxygen affi nity 64–5 elopomorph 265 distribution 236 oxygen release 66, 69–70 Gulf Menhaden 573–4 “eelskin” 237 temperature sensitivity 65 Gulf of Guinea 335, 336 evolutionary relationships with lampreys tunas 404 Gulf Stream 617 234 types 65 gulpers 266 exploitation 237 Hennig, Willi 12 gunnels 314 eye absence 87 Hennig86 program 13 Günther, Albert 7 feeding 236 Hepsetus odoe (Pike Characin) 271 Guppies fossil species 236 herbicides 605 introduced 600–1 gills 59, 60 herbivores/herbivory 71, 436–7, 554–9 sexual selection 462 hearts 235 animal matter consumption 558 gurnards, fl ying 300 immune system 236 coral reef fi shes 437, 556 gymnotiform knifefi shes 274, 275 kidneys 235 diversity 555 electrical communication 83–4, 274, knotting 235 freshwater fi shes 558–9 485 leather 237 latitude determination of diversity 555 swimming 115 lineage 381 marine 559 gymnotiform swimming 115 metabolism 235–6 plant biomass in lakes 558–9 Gymnotiformes 274 mucous glands 36, 235 switch to carnivory 555 distribution 351, 352 mucus production 234–6, 451 temperate communities 557–9 electrogenic tissue 83–4, 274, 485 muscles 41 territorial 559 gymnovarian condition 54 osmoregulation 101, 102 trophic cascades 566, 567 gynogenetic live-bearers 136, 364, 456, 460 ovaries 54 tropical communities 555–7 gyrinocheilids, algae eating 126 reproduction 236 hermaphroditism 359 skull 25 bristlemouths 397 H statistics 365 smell organs 87 sequential 156, 456, 458 habitat limitation hypothesis 547 taxonomy 236 simultaneous 156, 456, 458–60 habitats 5 testis 53 teleosts 282, 301 air-breathing fi shes 62 hair cells 78 herrings 267 choice 537–9, 539–42, 544 halfbeaks 294, 295 hearing specialists 79 climate change impact 617 distribution 330 larvae 146, 160–1 creation 565–6 invading species 338 nutrient cycling 573 deepsea fi shes 396–7 hammerhead sharks 219 shoaling 484 depth increase with age 539 cephalic lobes 431 heterocercal tail 33 destruction 574 handfi shes 288 Bowfi n 256, 257 elasmobranch 211–12 haploidy 356 shark 118, 212–13 fertilized egg characteristics 133–4 haplotype 360, 365 heterochrony 162, 163 high-energy 415–17 Harelip Sucker 270 heterogametic sex 359 lateral line system 78 harmful algal blooms (HABs) 552, 553 heterosis 535 loss 591–6 harvestfi shes 320 heterothermy 94, 95–7 maintenance 565–6 hatchery transplants 601 heterozygosity 356, 360 modifi cation 589–96 hatchetfi shes 447 high-fl ow conditions 414, 577 morph evolution 534 hatching 137–8 Himantura choaphraya (Giant Freshwater mountain streams 416 time until 528 Stingray) 211 photoreceptors 86 hatching gland cells 137 hindgut 50 preference 369–70 hawkfi shes 306 Hippocampus erectus (sea horse) 297 previous occupation 547–8 hearing 75, 79–80 Histoire naturelle de poissons (Cuvier) 7 priority effects 547 sharks 80, 221 history of fi shes rehabilitation 619–20 see also acoustic entries ancestral fi sh 202 seasonal effects on choice 539 hearing specialists 79 evolution 169, 202 sharks 211–12 heart extinctions 202 shifts 539 anatomy 45–6 fossil fi sh diversity 201–2 spatial structure 539–42 size 46 see also jawed fi shes; jawless fi shes thermal preference 99, 100 heart valves 45–6 history of fi shes, A (Norman & Greenwood) 7 use 537–9 heat exchanger system 44, 96 Holocephali 200, 201, 227–8 visual adaptations 87 see also countercurrent exchange Holostei 191 zonation 539–42 heat-shock proteins 94, 106–7 holostylic jaw suspension 30, 227 Index 705

home ranges 486, 487–8 illicium 399 deliberate introductions 596–7 elasmobranchs 214 immobility, prey detection avoidance 439 diseases 602 size 487 immune system impact assessment 604–5 home stream olfactory bouquet 519 hagfi shes 236 parasites 602 homeostasis 91–108 homeostasis role 105–6 predation 600 endocrine system 91–2, 93, 94 stress 107 predators 546, 598–9, 600 immune system 105–6, 107 index of biotic integrity 606–7 introgression 601 stress 106–7 Indian–Atlantic barrier 377, 379 farmed salmon 603–4 temperature relationships 94–100 individual distance 486 intromittent organ 137 see also excretion; osmoregulation individuals 525–9 elasmobranchs 205 homeothermy 3, 6 ecological adaptations 525 introns 356 homocercal tail 33 survivorship 529 invading species 338 homogenization of fi sh fauna 597–8 Indo-West Pacifi c region 331–2, 333 competitive displacement 543 homoplasies 12, 13 inertial drag 112 invertebrates homozygy 356 infantfi shes 318 benthic 561–2, 563 hooknose males 474 injury, chemical alarm cues 88 fi sh feeding 559 Hoplias malabaricus (characin) 513 innate response 106 fresh water 561–2 Hoplostethus atlanticus (Orange Roughy) inner ear 75 impact of fi sh 559–63 297, 610 elasmobranchs 80, 221 insect abundance 562 hormones 91–2, 93, 94 gas bladder connection 267, 268 marine 562 environmental stressor effects 107 hearing 79–80 predation 560–2 osmoregulation control 105 maculae 221 refuge use by fi sh 494 smoltifi cation 151 magnetite 221–2 spawning substrates 494 thyroid 92, 151 pars inferior 79 symbiosis with fi sh 494–5 see also endocrine disrupting compounds pars superior 78, 79 turnover rate 563 (EDCs) saccule 79 invisibility 478 Horn Shark 125 sharks 80, 221 prey 441–4 egg sacks 363 see also otoliths; otophysans ionoregulatory cells 103 teeth 219 inquiline habit 287, 494, 495 irrigation 596 hovering 116 insects Isistius brasiliensis (Cookie Cutter Shark) 217 HOX genes 359 abundance 562 isocercal tail 33–4 lancelet 233 midges 567, 568 isopods, parasitic 554 human pathogen control 566 inshore areas isozymes 94 humans tidal cycles 507 istiophorids 319 predation on fi sh 607–8 see also estuaries Italian Bleak 536 see also environmental degradation insulin 92 iteroparous fi sh 455, 456, 515, 528 humic acid 464 integument 36–9 IUCN see International Union for the hybrid vigor 535 interactive hypothesis 547 Conservation of Nature (IUCN) hybridization 359, 535–6 intercleithral space 123 biodiversity loss 601–2 intermuscular bones 32–3 jacks 304, 474–5 disturbance-induced 536 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature jamming avoidance response (JAR) 84 hybridogenesis 364 16–17 jawed fi shes 175–200 hybridogenetic live-bearers 456, 460 international trade 387–8, 586 advanced 178–83, 184, 185, 186, 187, hybrids, intergeneric 602 aquariums 590–1, 614–15 188–97, 197–200 Hydobonta 198–9 International Union for the Conservation of early 175–8 Hydobontiformes 198–9 Nature (IUCN) 585, 586 jawless fi shes 170 hydroelectric dams 100 coelacanth status 245 living representatives 231–40 1α-hydroxycorticosterone 106 Global Invasive Species Database 597 jaws 25, 28–9, 30, 31 hyoid arch 29, 31 Shark Specialist Group 227 Acanthopterygii 291 hyostylic jaw suspension 30, 200 interrenal tissues 92 actinopterygian 189–90 hypaxial muscles 41 interspecifi c relations 492–6 amphistylic suspension 30, 227 hyperadrenocorticism 157 commensalism 492–5 autostylic suspension 30, 200 hypersalinity 411 mutualism 492–5, 554 cyprinids 269 hypolimnion 568 shoaling 495–6 defense 176–7 hypoxanthine crystals 443 see also parasitism denticular 397 hypural plate 33 intertidal animals 506 elasmobranch 205 activity cycles 507 food types 176 ice crystals, intracellular formation 98 intertidal fi sh, air breathing 63, 64 holocephalan 200 icefi shes 314–15 intestine 49–50 holostylic suspension 30, 227 hemoglobin absence 409 absorption 70–1 hyostylic suspension 30, 200 Ich 602 digestion 70 innovation 175–6 ichthyology 3, 4, 5–9 length 50 morphology 119 history 6–7 intraspecifi c variation 531 Neoteleostei 281 information sources 7–9 introduced species 592, 596–602, 603–4, 604–5 palaeoniscoids 189–90 Ichthyophthirius multifi lis (Ich) 602 ballast water 602, 604 parrotfi shes 382–3 Icosteoidei 316 competitive displacement 543 pharyngeal 122–4 706 Index

prey crushing 123, 196 Labroidei 307, 308–12, 312–13 testis 53 placoderm 178 Labroides dimidiatus (Cleaner Wrasse) 458, Lampriomorpha 284, 285 protrusion 119–22, 195–6 461, 492, 493 Lanao, Lake (Philippines) 309–10 sharks 217 labyrinth fi shes 320–1 lancelets 171, 231–3 salmoniforms 269 lactariids 303 body structure 232–3 sharks 209–10, 216–17 lactate 57 cladistic analysis 233 suspension 29, 30 lactate dehydrogenase allozymes 95 lancetfi sh 282–383 teleosts 193 Lactoria cornuta (Longhorn Cowfi sh) 20, 21 landscape see also Gnathostomata superclass; lagena 89 conservation 619 pharyngeal jaws Lake Trout riverscape 542 jellynose fi sh 282 distribution 373–4 lanternfi shes 284, 396 John Dory 297 diversity 365 Antarctic species 408 Jordan, David Starr 7 restoration 620 lapillus 78 Jordan’s rule 138 Lake Whitefi sh Largemouth Bass junior synonym 17 distribution 374 competition 532 juveniles 149–53 gill net fi shery 611–12 introductions 599 coral reef fi shes 548, 549 lakes nutrient cycling 573 food acquisition 149–50 cannibalism 532 Largetooth Sawfi sh 212 habitat preferences 549 epilimnetic region 568 larvae 139–45 intermediate stages 144 fecal material in nutrient budget 572 abundance 547 transient 142 genetically distinct populations 534 behavior 141–3 transitions/transitional stages 149–50, 548 hypolimnetic region 568 conditions for growth/survival 511 metalimnetic region 568 coral reef fi shes 141, 142, 514 karyotype 355, 356 phosphorus impact on primary production settlement 547–8 keels 403 570 sound perception 146 Kelp Bass 362 phytoplanktivory 559 demersal 139 kelp beds 559 plankton biomass 568 development temperature 141 fi sh feces production 572 plant biomass 558–9 dispersal 141, 530 fi sh–urchin–algae interactions 562 plant production 566, 567 diversity 144–5 zonation 540 primary production 570 electric organ 143 kelpfi shes 316 proglacial 373 eyes 143 gene allele frequency 534–5 seasonal mixing depths 568 feeding 139–41, 146 kidney tubules 101, 409 temperate 558, 559 fl atfi sh 152, 153 kidneys 52 temperature 568 food availability 140 aglomerular 52, 99, 409 thermocline placement 568 growth rate 528 urine formation 103–4 trophic cascades 566–9 habitat preferences 549 Antarctic notothenioids 409 tropical 556 herring 160–1 elasmobranch 102 whiting events 567–8 interval length 528 glomeruli reduction 409–10 Lamna nasus (Porbeagle), exploitation 225 kinship 361–2 nephrons 101, 102 Lampetra minima (Miller Lake Lamprey) 588 leptocephalus 264, 266, 521 osmoregulation 101, 103 lampreys 234, 237–40, 241 mimicry 144 killifi shes 294, 295 alimentary canal 49 morphology 143–5 salinity range tolerance 411 anatomy 239 mortality 140–1, 548 species fl ock 310 blood circulation 239 movement to nursery areas 145–6 tidal fl ooding 507 brook 238 navigation 361 trematode parasites 554 control strategies 239 non-dispersers 141 kinship, larvae 361–2 dentition 240 organ system functions 143 Kissimmee River (US) channelization 591 distribution 239–40 passive transport 145 Kissing Gourami 320 dwarf 238 pearlfi shes 287 Kitefi n Shark 218 evolution 163 pelagic 139, 141, 361 knifefi shes, gymnotiform 274, 275 evolutionary relationships with hagfi sh 234 duration 368, 369 electrical communication 83–4, 274, 485 fossil species 240 physiology 141–3 swimming 115 gills 59, 60 pigmentation patterns 144 knotting heterochronic shifts 163 planktonic 405 eels 434–5 lineage 381 point-of-no-return 140 hagfi shes 235 muscles 41 predator avoidance 143, 144 kraemeriids 317 nonparasitic species 240, 241 prey detection ability 143 Kryptolebias (cyprinodontiform) 458–9 osmoregulation 101, 102 priority effects 547 kuhliids 306 ovaries 54 scutatus 144–5 Kuroshio current 617 paired species 240 selective tidal stream transport 146 kurtids, male care of eggs 318 parasitic species 238, 240, 241, 492 settling 150, 547–8 Kurtoidei 318 reproduction 237–8, 239 sibling groups 361–2 Kyoga, Lake (East Africa) 599 senescence 157 size 527 kyphosids 305 skull 25 spiny structures 144 smell organs 87 startle response 143 Labridae 312, 383 spawning 239 starvation risk 532 labriform swimming 115 taxonomy 240 survival 139–41 Index 707

swimming 142, 145–7, 361 deepsea fi shes 397–8 lumpfi shes 300 taxonomy 143–5 distribution in water 441–2 lumping (taxonomic) 17 timing of metamorphosis 163 mesopelagic zone 398 lunar patterns of activity 507–9 transport mechanisms 145–7 polarized 86, 518 lungfi shes 5 vexillifer 287 light–dark cycles 92 air breathing 63, 182, 246, 248 vision 143 light emission, ponyfi shes 478–9 ancestry 183 vulnerability 532 light organs see photophores characteristics 182, 250 yolk sac 139 light production 6, 36 development 248 larval biology hypotheses of spawning 509 lightfi shes 282 diphycercal tail 195 larval stage 129–30, 139 limestone caves 417 distribution 348 variability of period 150 lineages of fi sh 381 diversifi cation 182 lateral line 38, 75, 77 linear hierarchies 486 electrosensitivity 248 habitat use 78 Lingcod 300 estivation 182, 246–7, 248, 412 hair cells 75, 76–7 Linnaeus 7 evolution 181, 182 neuromasts 400 Lionfi sh 300, 582, 583 external gills 244, 248 lateral line scales 38 lipids 70, 396 living 245–8, 249 Lates cf. niloticus (Nile Perch) 599, 600 body density 70 osmoregulation 102 latids 300 deepsea fi sh 397 pelvic appendages 184 Latimeria chalumnae (Coelacanth) 242 low-density in elasmobranchs 70, 396 teeth 246 Laurasia supercontinent 171, 333 storage 71 toothplates 246 Laurentian Great Lakes 310–11 Lipophrys pholis (Shanny) 506 lungs 62 leaffi shes 306 lips lungfi sh 63 Leafy Sea Dragon 2, 3 egg carrying 471 lures 428 leatherjackets 324 vascularized 412 bioluminescent 399, 400 Leedsichthys problematicus (Pachycormiformes) littoral fi shes 329, 331 deepsea fi shes 399 191 live-bearers 133, 294 lutjanids 304 lekking 457 gynogenetic 136, 364, 456, 460 Lutjanus campechanus (Red Snapper) 388 lens 85 hybridogenetic 456, 460 Luvaridae 318 Lepidogalaxias salamandroides (Salamanderfi sh) parthenogenetic 156, 460 Luvarus imperialis (Louvar) 12 279, 280, 413 see also viviparity lymphatic system 47 Lepidosiren paradoxa (lungfi sh) 245–6, 247 live birth 138 lepisosteiforms 191 liver 50 mackerels 319 Lepisosteus (gar) 255 deepsea fi sh 396, 397 distribution 330, 332, 333 Lepisosteus platyrhincus (Florida Gar) 255 low-density lipids in elasmobranchs 70, 396 geminate species 335 Lepomis (sunfi sh) 542–3 sharks 396 invading species 338 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill Sunfi sh) 474 lizardfi sh 282, 283 Maco Shark, food consumption 215 leptocephalus larva 264, 266, 521 loaches 269, 271 macrophages 106 leptocercal tail 33 Palearctic region 346 aggregates 107 leptolepidiforms 191 lobotids 304 magnetic fi eld detection 89 Lessepsian migrants 338 locomotion migration 518, 519 Leuresthes tenuis (grunion) 507–8 activity 161 magnetic fi eld of Earth 84 Leydig’s gland 53 aerial 116 magnetic reception 89 life cycle, complex 129–30 body shape 111–19, 161 magnetite 89 life history 525–9 carangids 304 shark inner ear 221–2 characteristics 525–6, 610–11 coelacanths 243 mahimahi 303, 304 dangerous stages 532 elasmobranchs 212–14 Makaira nigricans (Blue Marlin) 377 early 129–47 palaeoniscoids 190 malacanthids 303 scale morphology 39 palindromic 538–9 Malawi, Lake (East Africa) 384–5 terminology 130, 131 shark swimming 117–19 male fi sh traits 525–9 specialized 116–17 attachment to females 397 cave-dwelling fi sh 418 terrestrial 116 care-giving 471–3, 474 evolution impact 611 types 113–16 egg carrying 462 exploitation effects 526, 527 locus 360 nest guarding 363, 470, 472, 473 life history theory 610–11 logging see deforestation parental 471–3, 474 life span 6 longevity 526 pouch-brooding 364, 462, 469 elasmobranchs 215–16 adult fi sh 156 satellite 474 life stage Longhorn Cowfi sh 2, 3 sex-reversed 606 prejuveniles 144 Longnose Dace, habitat choice 544 sexual dimorphism 396–7, 462 thermal preference 99 lophiiforms 287–8 sneaker 363, 474, 475 see also adult fi shes; juveniles; larvae Lota lota (Burbot) 286 management units 365 life tables 529–30 Louvar 12, 318 Mandarinfi sh 422, 423 ligaments 44 low-density lipids 70, 396 mandibular arch 28, 29 light 84–5 low-fl ow conditions 577–8 mangroves 506 activity cycles 499, 500, 501–2, 503–4 Luciocephalus pulcher (Pikehead) 121, 196 manta rays attenuation with depth 442 luminous organ body form 206 bathypelagic zone 397, 398 Flashlight Fish 479, 483 feeding habits 216, 220 decline at twilight 503 see also photophores Marine Aquarium Council 615 708 Index

marine fi shes 329–38 Menidia menidia (Atlantic Silverside) 155–6, olfaction use 88 air breathing 63–4 295 olfactory cues 519–20 aquarium trade 614–15 meristic characters 14, 15 orientation 518 biogeographic barriers 376–7, 378–9, 379 variation 138–9 osmoregulatory environments 104–5 cold temperatures 98 mermaid purses 224 pineal body 54 ecological divisions 329–31 Mesa Central lakes (Mexico) 310 populations 530 genetic analysis 534 mesencephalon 54 reproductive 515 habitats 329–31 mesonephric ducts 53 salmon 519–20 herbivores 559 mesonephric tubules 53 salmonids 509 high-energy zones 415 mesonephros 52 seasonal 572 osmoregulation 102, 103–4 mesopelagic zone 87, 329, 393, 394 sharks 214, 215, 221–2 phylogeography 376–7, 378–9, 379 Antarctic fi shes 408 straying pattern 520 seasonal activity 510–11 diurnal vertical migration 396 thyroxin 92 storm effects 578–9 gas bladders of deepsea fi sh 396 tidal 506 vulnerable species 589 light 398 top-down processes 564 marine protected areas (MPAs) 569, 619, 620 teleost taxa 395 vertical 394, 502, 504–5 marine zoogeographic regions 331–2, 333, mesorchia 52 nutrient movement 571 334–5, 336–7, 338 mesovaria 53 sharks 214 market force-free species 612 Mesozoic era 169, 170 zooplankton 560 markings, ultraviolet light-refl ective 86 Messinian Salinity Crisis 335, 338 see also diurnal vertical migration (DVM)

marlins 319 metabolic intensity 67 migration rate (Nem) 365–6 spears 430 metabolic rate 66–8 migratory overlap 370 marshes hagfi sh 235–6 Milkfi sh 269 coastal 617 maximum 67 Miller Lake Lamprey 588 intermittent 413 routine 67 mimicry saltmarshes 506, 574 sharks 214–15 aggressive 428, 432–3 mass extinctions 202, 585 standard 66 inedible objects 440–1 Match–Mismatch Hypothesis 140, 515 water temperature 616 larvae 144 mate choice 461, 461–2, 463–5 metabolic scope 67 miniaturization 163, 164 mate location 88 metalimnion 568 minnows maternity, multiple 361 metamorphosis African region 346 mating thyroxin 92 alarm reaction 149 frequency 455, 456 timing 163 distribution 351 systems 456, 457, 473–5 metanephros 52 nest building 576 tactile communication 485 metapopulations 535 Palearctic region 346 matrotrophy 469 metencephalon 54, 55 mirror-sided fi shes 442, 443–4 maturation Mexican Transition Province 339, 345 Mississippi River (US) channelization 591 adult fi sh 153, 154, 156 microbial fermentation, herbivorous fi sh 71 mitochondria 44 age at 527 microcarnivores 566 elasmobranch gills 102 salmon 162 microdesmids 318 swimming muscles 95 size at 526 Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass) 473 mitochondria-rich cells 103, 104, 105 Mauthner cells 143 Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth Bass) 532 mitochondrial DNA 14, 15, 356, 359, 365 maxilla 121 micropyle 136 molecular clocks 371 maximum likelihood (ML) 380, 383 microsatellites 360, 365 nucleotide diversity decline 374 maximum sustainable yield (MSY), sharks 225 genetic diversity 367 phylogeography 374 mechanoreception 75–80 genotypes 386–7 Mnemiopsis leidyi (ctenophore) 602 compensation for poor visual environment Middle America, freshwater fi shes 353 mobbing 445 78 midges 567, 568 mock turtle syndrome 388 sharks 221 midshipmen 287 mojarras 304–5 Meckel’s cartilage 28 distribution 335 Mola mola (Ocean Sunfi sh) 324 Meda fulgida (Spikedace) 543 migration molariform teeth 125 Medaka 295 anadromy 519–20, 573 molas 324 transgenic 360 annual patterns 515, 516, 517–22 molecular characters 14–15 median fi ns 35 blocking 574 molecular clocks 371, 372 Mediterranean Sea 335, 338 catadromous fi shes 521 molecular ecology 360–4 medusafi shes 320 compass direction 518 terminology 360 Megalops atlanticus (Atlantic Tarpon) 265–6, complex population structure 370 molecular evolution 379, 380, 381–5 377 daily by grunts 491 Molidae 324 Megamouth Shark, feeding habits 216, 220 eels 509, 514 mollusks, feeding on 125 Megatooth Shark 209–10 energy use 71 Monacanthidae 324 melanophore-stimulating hormone 94 lamprey spawning 239 monkfi sh 288 melanophores 94 life histories 519–22 monodactylids 305 melanotaeniids 295 lunar pattern of activity 509 monogamy 361, 456, 457 melatonin 54, 92, 505 mechanisms 518–19 pouch-brooding 364 memory cells 106 nutrient cycling 571, 572–4 subversion 363 menhadens 267 oceanodromy 521–2 monophyly 13, 367, 368 Index 709

monospondylous 32 muscle 41–5 characteristics 281 moon cardiac 41 neoteny 162–3, 163–4 orbit 507 cheek 41, 42 Neotropical region 340–4, 345–6 see also lunar patterns of activity; semilunar dorsal gill-arch 42 nephridia, lancelet 233 patterns of activity electric organ 45 nephrons 101 moonfi sh 284, 285 eye 42–4 elasmobranch 102 Moorish Idol 318 fi n 42 nervous system 54–5 moray eels 266 gas bladder 466 autonomic 94 feeding 434 myoglobin absence 409 peripheral 55 pharyngeal jaws 123–4 pink 44 see also central nervous system (CNS) mormyrids 263, 264 red 44, 95, 96, 402 nest builders electrical sensitivity 83, 263 sharks 117, 118 cichlids 385 elephantfi sh 83, 264 skeletal 41 ecosystem engineering 565–6, 576 Morone saxatilis (Striped Bass) 530 smooth 44 nest construction 465 morphometric characters 14, 15 sonic 44 nest guarding 363, 470, 528 morphospecies 11 swimming 95–7 by another species 472 mortality white 44 costs 473 aquarium trade 614 yellow 45 nesting fi shes 363 exponentially declining 545 museum collections 18 mate choice 461–2 fi shing 611, 612 Muskellunge 280, 281 neurocranium 23, 25–8 larvae 140–1, 548 mutualism 492–5 fl atfi sh 152, 153 Mosquitofi sh 363, 414 cleaning 554 neuroendocrine control 505 high-fl ow conditions 577 myctophiforms 283–4 neurohypophysis 91, 92 Mottled Sculpin, habitat choice 544 myelencephalon 55 neuromasts 76, 77–8 mountain streams 416 Myers, George S. 7 canal 77–8 mouth 70 myoglobin 44 deepsea fi sh 400 deepsea fi shes 394, 398–9 myomeres 41, 112 superfi cial 77–8 elasmobranch 205 Myripristis berndti (soldierfi sh) 366 nibbling 434 extension speed 196 Myxiniformes 234–6, 237, 381 niche expansion hypothesis 97 function 126 Myxinomorphi 234 niches 536–7 inferior 126 myxopterygia ontogenetic 531–2 pipette 119, 195 elasmobranchs 205, 223 nidamental gland 54 position 126 see also claspers night predatory fi sh 430 Myxosoma cerebralis (whirling disease) 602 coral reef prey resources/predation pressure sharks 216 501 size 123 Na-K ATPase 95 see also diel patterns; nocturnal fi shes suction feeding 121 Nabugabo, Lake (East Africa) 311–12 Nile Perch 300 suctorial 126 nandids 306 introduction 599, 600 superior 126 nasal openings, elasmobranch 205 Nile River (Egypt) 593–4 terminal 126 nasal organ, fl atfi sh 152 Nimbochromis livingstonii (cichlid) 428 water expulsion 122 Naso unicornis (Unicornfi sh) 361 nitrogenous waste excretion 52 mouth-brooders 133, 363–4, 470–1, 528 National Marine Fisheries Service (US) 608 air breathing 64 cardinalfi shes 303 natural selection 6 energy loss 72 cichlids 363, 385 navigation gills 52, 63, 100 convergence 529 electroreception 82 urea 102 movement larvae 361 no-take areas 619 desert fi shes 411, 412 neap tides 506 Nocomis leptocephalus (Bluehead Chub) 463 elasmobranchs 212–14 Nearctic region 339, 340–4, 344–5 nocturnal fi shes 499, 500, 501, 502 selective tidal stream transport 507 neck, fl exibility in Salamanderfi sh 279, 280 free-running rhythms 505 sharks 212–14 needlefi shes 294, 295 seasonal change 510 vertical 214 distribution 330, 331 twilight changeover 503 see also locomotion; migration; swimming neighbor joining tree 366, 378, 380 nomeids 320 mucin 36 Nemastistiidae 303 NONA program 13 mucus secretion 106 Nematistius pectoralis (Roosterfi sh) 303 noncatch waste 613 captured prey 451 Neoceratodus (lungfi sh) 247–8 nonindigenous organisms 596 hagfi sh 36, 234–5, 451 neofunctionalization 357, 359 norepinephrine 92 nest construction 465 Neognathi 280, 281 North America 339, 344–5 nest guarding males 470 neon gobies 492 deserts 413–15 shoals 489 Neopterygii 190–7 freshwater fi shes 353 sleeping cocoon 502 body size 208, 209, 210–11 endangered/threatened 587, 588–9 mudminnows, distribution 348–9 living fi sh 255–6 North American Paddlefi sh 253–4 mudskippers, air breathing 64 phylogenetic relationships 192 North Atlantic Mugilomorpha 292–3, 294 Neoselachii 199 food web disruption 569 Müllerian duct 54 modern diversity 206–8, 209–10, 210–17, overfi shing 569 mullets 292–3, 294 218, 219–27 transarctic interchange with North Pacifi c mullids 305 Neoteleostei 281–4 376–7, 378–9, 379 710 Index

North Pacifi c, transarctic interchange with oogenesis 130, 132, 135 otoliths 78, 79, 158 North Atlantic 376–7, 378–9, 379 oogones 130 age of fi sh 158–9 Northern Pike 280 oophagy, sharks 223 iron content 89 distribution 349 Opah 284, 285 lamellae 158–9 nostrils 87 open sea fi shes 401–5 otophysans 79–80, 267, 268 nothobranchiids 296 adaptations 401–4 distribution 349, 351, 352 notochord 31–2 body shape/composition 402–3 hearing specialists 79–80 Nototheniidae 315, 338 countercurrent exchange 402 intense sound damage 80 see also Antarctic notothenioids red muscle 402 Otophysi 269 Notothenioidei 314–15, 338, 407–8 see also pelagic fi shes outgroups 13, 380 see also Antarctic notothenioids operational taxonomic units (OTUs) 13–14 oval 51 nuclear DNA 14, 15, 356, 357 opercular apparatus 29, 31 ovarian space 527 nucleotides 356 opercular chamber 58–9 ovaries 53–4 diversity 365 operculum, pseudobranch 46, 47, 86 sperm storage 136 nuptial tubercles 463 operculum pupillare 221 overfi shing 527, 574, 608–11 Nurse Shark ophidiiforms 287 genotypic alterations 610 food consumption 215 Ophioblennius atlanticus (Redlip Blenny) North Atlantic 569 teeth 218 366, 367 phenotypic alterations 610 nurseries, intertidal zones 506 Ophiodon elongatus (Lingcod) 300 population genetic makeup 535 nurseryfi shes, egg carrying by males 469, 471 opisthocoelous vertebrae 256 trophic cascade disruption 569 nutrients Opsanus tau (Oyster Toadfi sh) 466 oviducts 54, 132 cycling 570–4 optic lobes 50, 54, 55 oviparity 54, 138, 363–4 marine-derived 573 optic nerve 54–5 elasmobranchs 224 mobilization 559 oral care see mouth-brooders nest guarding 363 movement across thermocline 571 Orange Roughy 297, 610 retained 224 reservoirs 571, 572 orbital region 25, 26, 27 sharks 224 retention by dams 593 fl atfi sh 152, 153 ovoviviparity 138 transport 565, 570–4 Orestias 296 oxygen 57, 58 Oriental region 340–4, 346–7 activity cycle constraint 507 oarfi sh 284, 285 Oryzias latipes (Medaka), transgenic 360 debt 57 ocean, sharks 211, 214 oscillation 113–14 demand 97–8 ocean currents 617 Osmeridae 279 ecosystem effects 577–8 Ocean Sunfi sh 324 Osmeroidei 276 hemoglobin affi nity 64–5 Ocean Surgeonfi sh 366 Osmerus eperlanus (Smelt) 542 transport 64–5 oceanodromy, migration 521–2 osmoconformers 101 water temperature 58 ocelli 481 osmolytes 98 oxygen consumption oculomotor nerve 55 osmoregulation 92, 100–5 sharks 214–15 odacids 312 agnathans 101, 102 swimming velocity 67 ogcocephalids 288 coelacanths 102 oxygen dissociation curves 64, 65 oilfi shes 300, 309, 319 control 105 oxygen partial pressure 51, 69–70 olfaction 87–8 elasmobranchs 101–2, 205, 212 Oyster Toadfi sh 466 sharks 220–1 energetic costs 72 olfactory cues freshwater fi shes 102–3 Pachycormiformes 191 migration 519–20 gills 100–1 Pacifi c Herring 377 water currents 518–19 kidneys 101, 103 shoaling 484 olfactory epithelium 87, 88 lungfi shes 102 Pacifi c Pearlfi sh 287 olfactory lobes 50, 54, 55 marine fi shes 102, 103–4 Pacifi c Plate 332 olfactory nerve 55 sarcopterygians 102 Pacifi c salmon olfactory sac 87–8 teleosts 102–5 commercial exploitation 611 olfactory system, deepsea fi sh 397 vasopressin 92 invasion by Atlantic salmon 377 Oligocottus maculosus (Tidepool Sculpin) 487 osmotic stress 411 senescence 156–7 Ommatokoita elongata (copepod) 553–4 Osphronemidae 320–1 Pacifi c Sardine 608–9 Ompax spatuloides (lungfi sh hoax) 249 ostarioclupeomorphs 191 paddlefi shes 253–5 On the origin of species (Darwin) 7 Ostariophysi 269 ampullary receptors 82 Oncorhynchus (trout/salmon) 279 Osteichthyes 178–83, 184, 185, 186, 187, characteristics 250 anadromous species 375–6 188–97 distribution 348 Atlantic salmon invasion of Pacifi c 377 osteoblasts 157 fossil record 255 Oncorhynchus keta (Chum Salmon) 602 Osteoglossomorpha 191, 263, 264 vulnerability 255 Oncorhynchus kisutch (Coho Salmon) 359, 474 distribution 348 Paedocypris progenetica (cyprinid) 163, 164 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout) 17, osteolepidiforms 183, 184 paedomorphosis 162, 163 277–8 osteolepidimorphs, diphycercal tail 195 pain detection 76 Oncorhynchus nerka (Sockeye Salmon) 520 Osteostracomorphi 170, 173–4, 175 palaeoniscoids 188, 189–90 Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Chinook Salmon) ostraciids 324 jaws 189–90 519–20 ostraciiform swimming 114–15 locomotion 190 ontogenetic niche 531–2 ostracoderms 170, 172, 175 scales 190 oocytes 132, 135 otic region 25, 26, 27 Palaeozoic era 169, 170 maturation 135 Otocephala 191, 263, 267, 268–74 palatine arch 29 Index 711

palatoquadrate Patagonian Toothfi sh 315 phallostethids 295 elasmobranch 205, 216 exploited stocks 527 pharyngeal jaws 122–4 synbranchiforms 299 paternity Acanthopterygii 291 Palearctic region 340–4, 346 assurance 471 cyprinids 269 palindromic locomotion 538–9 multiple 361, 363 moray eels 123–4 Panama barrier 377, 378–9 patrotrophy 469 prey crushing 123, 196 Panama Canal 335, 377 PAUP program 13 wrasses 123 Panamanian Isthmus, elevation 335 pearlfi shes 287, 494 pharyngeal mills 436 pancreas 50, 92 peck order 486 parrotfi shes 576 pancreatic juice 70 Pecos River Pupfi sh 536 pharyngeal pads 123 Pangaea 333 pectoral appendages, internally supported teleosts 196 panmixis 534 176–7 pharyngeal tooth patches 31 Paracanthopterygii 285–8, 289 pectoral girdle 34 pharyngognathous condition 196 characteristics 285–6 peduncle, keels 403 pharynx, food grinding 70 paradisefi shes 320 pelagic fi shes 401–5 phenetics 13–14, 380 Paralabrax clathratus (Kelp Bass) 362 anticyclonic patterns 404 phenograms 14 Paralichthyidae 322 body shape/composition 402–3 phenological relationship decoupling 617 paraphyletic groups 13 characteristics 401 pheromones 88, 484, 485 parasite–host relationships 554 circulatory system 404 pholidophoriforms 191 parasites convergence 405 pholids 314 biodiversity loss 602 cyclonic patterns 404 phosphorus 570 farmed salmon 603 deep 329, 330 Photoblepharon (Flashlight Fish) 479, 483 removal 493 evolution 405 photoinducible phase 512 parasitism 492, 553–4 fl otsam-associated 405 photoperiod anglerfi sh males 288 foraging 404 antifreeze production 98 brood 472 gills 404 reproductive cycle 511–12 cutthroat eel 266 keels 403 photophores 14, 36, 282 fi sh behavior alteration 554 life history patterns 404–5 deepsea fi shes 393–4, 398 intermediate hosts 554 planktonic larvae 405 photoreceptors lampreys 238, 240, 241, 492 population structure 369 circadian rhythms 505 parental assignments 361 ram ventilation 403 distribution on retina 86 parental care 6, 143, 456, 468–73 respiration 403–4 ontogenetic shifts 86 activities 469 swimming 403 photosensitivity, photoinducible phase 512 bearers 468 pelagic larval duration (PLD) 368, 369 photosynthesis 507 cichlids 471 pelvic appendages 183, 184, 185 whiting events in lakes 567–8 costs 473 internally supported 176–7 Phycodurus eques (Leafy Sea Dragon) 2, 3 diversity 468–71 pelvic axillary process, Salmoniformes 276 PhyloCode 17 extent 468–71 pelvic fi ns 35 phylogenetic constraints 529 gender of care-givers 471–3, 474 jugular 35 phylogenetic techniques, comparison 380 guarding 468, 469 modifi ed 53 phylogenetics 386, 387 males 471–3, 474 suction disk 126 phylogeny 202, 380 nonguarding 468 pelvic girdle 34–5 phylogeography 370–1, 372, 373–7, 378, postzygotic 528 Perca fl avescens (Yellow Perch) 301 379 pouch-brooding 364, 462, 469 Perca fl uviatilis (Eurasian Perch) 302 anadromous fi shes 375–6 predation risks 473 perches 301–2 freshwater fi shes 373–5 prezygotic 528 body depth 451 marine fi shes 376–7, 378–9, 379 touching 485 climbing 320 plate tectonics 370–1, 374–5 trophic provisioning 470 predator response 451 terminology 371 see also mouth-brooders; nest guarding Percidae 301–3 see also dispersal; vicariance biogeography parr 152 Perciformes 300–7, 308–12, 312–21 phylograms 14 parrotfi shes 312 Percina tanasi (Snail Darter) 592–3 sperm use 134 algal grazing 569, 570 Percomorpha 322–4 physoclistous fi sh 50, 68, 69 body size 459 basal orders 296–300 deepsea fi sh 396 evolutionary innovation 382–3 Perciformes 300–7, 308–12, 312–21 secondary 396 jaws 382–3 phylogeny 382 teleosts 195 pharyngeal mill 576 percopsiforms 286 physostomous fi sh 50, 68, 69 phylogeny 383 peripheral nervous system 55 teleosts 195, 396 parsimony 13, 380 periphyton consumption 555–6 phytoplanktivorous fi shes 556, 559 Actinopterygii phylogenetic relationships perivitelline space 135 phytoplankton 404 382 perleidiforms 188–9 pH regulation 568 parsimony network 366, 372, 378, 380, personal space 486 temperature effects on production 569 381 pesticides 605 pickerels, distribution 348, 349 parsimony trees 380 Petromyzon marinus (Sea Lamprey) 88, 238– pigmentation 477–8 parthenogenesis 359, 456, 460 9, 598 embryos 138 automictic 364 Petromyzontiformes 237–40, 241, 381 larvae 144 partial consumers 492 Pfi esteria piscicida (dinofl agellate) 552, 553 melanophores 94 partners, number 455, 456 pH levels 410–11 see also coloration 712 Index

pigments pneumatic duct 50–1, 68, 69 declines 585 rod 503, 504 Poecilia reticulata (Guppy) 600–1 demographically independent 385 visual in deepsea fi shes 401 poeciliids 296 genetic structure 533–5 Pike Characin 271 Poeciliopsis occidentalis (Sonoran Topminnow) genotype 534 Pikehead 121, 320–1 577 hybridization 535–6 jaw protrusion 196, 321 poikilothermy 3 migration 530 pikeperches 302, 542 point-of-no-return larvae 140 production 532–3 pikes 280 polar regions 405, 406–7, 407–10 recruitment 530 predation 432 see also Antarctic fi shes; Antarctic regulation 529–32 pilchards 267 notothenioids; Arctic fi shes size structured 530–1 pineal body 54, 92 polarity 13 size variation 530 melatonin secretion 505 polarized light detection 86 Porbeagle, exploitation 225 Pink Salmon 375, 376 migration 518 porgies 305 disease 602 Pollock 286, 287 porkfi sh 305 pipefi shes 298 pollutants, thermal preference hazards 100 Porolepimorpha 181–2 egg laying 469 pollution 596, 605–7 porphyropsins 85, 86 genetic divergence 371, 373 environmental contamination assessment postcardinal vein 47 nutrient transfer to young 469 607 poster colored fi sh 481–2 pouch-brooding males 364, 462, 469 reversal/restoration 620 pouch-brooding 364, 462, 469 piranhas 271–2 salmon farming 603 power plants, cooling systems 100 Amazon Basin dam construction 591 polyandry 364, 456, 457 preadaptation group hunting 429 polycentrids 306 cave-dwelling fi sh 419 Pirate Perch 286 polygamy 456, 457 high-energy habitats 416–17 piscidins 470 polygyny 364, 456, 457 predation/predators 425–38, 544–6 piscivores 433, 553 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 356–7, 361 aggressive mimicry 428, 432–3 crepuscular 501, 502 forensic use 387–8 attack 429–30, 430–1, 432–3 trophic cascades 566, 567 Polymixiomorpha 285 avoidance pituitary polynemids 305 juveniles 149–50 anterior 91, 92, 94 Polyodon spathula (North American Paddlefi sh) larvae 143, 144 posterior 91, 92 253–4 olfaction 88 placenta 469 Polyodontidae 253–5 body shape 119 shark 223, 224 fossil record 255 camoufl age 425–6, 428–9 placental structures 6 polyphenism, cannibalistic 532 capture 429–30, 430–1, 432–3 placoderms 177–8 polyphyletic groups 13 community interactions 552, 553 placoid scales 36–7, 38 polyploidization 357, 359 compensation 544 sharks 213 polyploidy 95, 357 concealment in shoals 488 plankton Cyprinidae 269 confusion by prey shoals 448 biomass 568 polypterids coral reefs 562, 569 coral reef fi sh interactions 546–7 characteristics 250 crepuscular 503 see also phytoplankton; zooplankton distribution 348 density 545 plankton feeders 430 polypteriforms 382 density-dependent changes 544 plant production in lakes 566, 567 Polypterus (bichir) 249, 251 detection 82 plants Pomacanthidae 306 early by prey 444–5 biomass in lakes 558–9 pomacentrids 307, 312 olfaction 88 defensive responses 556 pomatomids 303 detritivores 436 fi sh effects 554–9 Pomatomus saltatrix (Bluefi sh) 303 direct effects 544 gallery forests 595 pompanos 304 eavesdropping 484 germination 566 ponyfi shes 450 egg mortality 532 mechanical grinding 71 light emission 478–9 exponentially declining mortality 545 riparian trees 573, 595 pools, desert 413 eyes 481 seagrass grazing 382–3 population control, conservation 621 fast start 114 seasonal availability 555 population density, cave-dwelling fi sh 418 foraging risk balance 452 trophic cascade with fi sh and sea urchins population dynamics 529–32 gape limitation 433, 434–5 562 cannibalism 532 gene frequency impact 545 see also algae population genetics 365, 365–7, 367–70 group formation 426 plate tectonics 332, 333, 336 population structure 356, 360 group hunting 429 freshwater fi sh impact 373 complex 370 head-on facial characteristics 429 phylogeography 370–1, 374–5 deep 365, 367 human 607–8 plates, placoderms 177 dispersal 367–8 indirect effects 544 Platichthyis stellatus (Starry Flounder) 152–3 genetic 533–5 intraspecifi c 532 plesiomorphies 12 habitat preference 369–70 introduced species 546, 598–9, 600 pleuracanth dentition 198 pelagic larval duration 368, 369 jaw protrusion 121 Pleurogramma antarcticum (Cod Icefi sh) 405, shallow 365, 366 larval mortality 532 408, 409 size structured 530–1 lie-in-wait 427–8 pleuronectids 322 populations 385–6, 529–36 low water levels 578 plunderfi shes 408 annual turnover 533 lures 428 Index 713

lurking 427–8 dermal thickening 451 protein transporters 105 mouth 430 detection protocercal tail 33 night time 501 ability 143, 425–6 protogyny 156, 456, 458, 528 non-fi sh 552, 553 ampullary receptors 81–2 Protopterus (lungfi sh) 246, 247 parental care risks 473 avoidance 439–46 Psephurus gladius (Chinese Paddlefi sh) 253, piscivorous 433, 501, 502, 553 distasteful substances 433 254–5 pressure 488 diurnally active 482 psettotids 322 prey early detection of predator 444–5 pseudobranch 46, 47, 86 backlit 504 eyes 481 Psychedelic Frogfi sh 326, 327 choice 433 fi n size 449 Pterapogon kauderni (Banggai Cardinalfi sh) detection 143, 425–6 frightening 429 303, 363–4 handling 433, 434–5, 436 handling by predators 433, 434–5, 436 Pteraspidomorphi 170, 171, 172, 175 immobilization 430, 432 immobilization 430, 432 ptereleotrids 318 manipulation in mouth 196, 433 invisibility 441–4 Pterois volitans (Lionfi sh) 582, 583 mimicry 440–1 leaping to escape predators 447 pterygiophores 282 nibbling 434 maneuverability 446 Ptyctodontiforms 177–8 parasitized 554 manipulation in predator mouth 196, 433 puffers (pufferfi shes) 323, 324 searching for 425–6 mimicry of inedible objects 440–1 genome 357 pursuit 426–9 mucus exudation 451 infl ation 449–50 reaction distance 426 nocturnal 482 predation protection 509 reef systems 482 oddity in appearance/behavior 433 Pumpkinseed Sunfi sh, resource use shifts refuge sites 482, 494 parasitized 554 542–3 removal 569 predator detection/avoidance with olfaction pupfi shes 296 resource partitioning 542 88 desert 413, 414 on salmon 572–3 predator inspection visits 445 salinity range tolerance 411, 413 scavenging 436 protean behavior 448 pupils 85 search speed 426 pursuit evasion 446–7 Four-eyed Fish 87 sharks 208, 210 refuge sites 482, 494 pursuit, predatory fi sh 426–9 size-selective 560 scales 451 pycnodontiforms 190–1 size-specifi c 546 searching for 425–6 pygmy sunfi shes 306–7 spawning seasonality 513 size 123 pyloric caeca 49–50 tactics 6, 78 sound production 451 pyruvate 57 territoriality 437 spines 449, 450 top-down processes 564 stunning 84 quiet period 503 trophic cascades 566–9 terrestrial of archerfi sh 305 warding off 84 threat sensitivity 452 rabbitfi shes 318 yields to 533 toxic chemical emission 446 see also chimaeras young age class exploitation 533 young age class exploitation by predators Rachycentridae 303 zooplankton 560–1 533 Ragfi sh 316 see also prey priapium 137, 138 Rainbow Smelt 98, 279 predator inspection visits 445 pricklebacks 314 Rainbow Trout 277–8 predator–prey interactions pricklefi shes 297 habitat choice 544 high latitude effects 406–7 primitive fi sh hybridization risk 601 reaction times 444 bony 241–58 name change 17 predictive cues, seasonal reproduction 514 living representatives 231–59 transgenic 359 prejuveniles 144 see also hagfi shes; lampreys; lancelets rainbowfi shes 295 premaxilla, ascending process 195 principle components analysis (PCA) 14 rajiform swimming 115 pressure, deepsea fi shes 394–6 Principle of Convergence 419 ram feeding 220 pressure drag 112 Principle of Priority 16, 17 ram ventilation 59 prey 439–53 priority effects 547 pelagic fi shes 403 acceleration speed 446 Pristis perotteti (Largetooth Sawfi sh) 212 ratfi sh see chimaeras aggregated 448 Prochilodus mariae (Coporo) 515 ray-fi n 188 aggressive behavior 445 production ray-fi nned fi shes 381–2 alarm chemicals 451 plant in lakes 566, 567 see also Teleostei; teleosts alarm signals 451 populations 532–3 rays armored 449 production : biomass ratio 533, 563 ampullary receptors 82 attack prevention/defl ection 447–8 productivity, freshwater 339 body form 206 backlit 504 proglacial lakes 373 characteristics 205 body size increase 449 Project Piaba 615–16 electroreception 82 capture prolactin 92, 105 fi lter-feeding 220 in bathypelagic zone 400 smoltifi cation 151 manta 206, 216, 220 discouraging 448–52 promiscuous breeders 456, 457 modern diversity 207 choice by predator 433 pronephros 52 taxonomic distribution 208 coral reefs 501 protandry 156, 456, 458, 528 torpediniform 207 crushing 123 protective resemblance 425, 439–40 torpedo 84, 207, 219–20 defended 433, 446 protein, storage 71 see also stingrays 714 Index

razorfi shes 312 reproductive output measurement 607 Rosyside Dace 544 recolonization pathways 374 reproductive system 52–4 rotational feeding 434, 435 recruitment reservoirs, sediment retention 593–4 routine metabolic rate 67 coral reef fi shes 546–7 resident species, intertidal 506–7 Rudd 602 populations 530 resource partitioning 542 recruitment limitation hypothesis 547 temporal/trophic 543 saccopharyngiform fi sh 266 rectal gland 102 resource use shifts 542–3 Sacramento Perch 601 rectum 50 resources sagitta 79 rectus eye muscle, heat production 97 availability 565–6 Sailfi n Molly, respiration 58 red blood cells 48 sustainable use 621 sailfi shes 319 carbonic anhydrase 66 respiration 57–64 group hunting 429 Red List 586 aerial 62–3 Salamanderfi sh 279, 280, 413 Red Sea, marine fi sh movement into air breathing 60, 61–2, 62–4 salinity 411 Mediterranean 338 cutaneous 59 Messinian Salinity Crisis 335, 338 Red Shiners 543, 559 pelagic fi shes 403–4 physiological barriers 411 Red Snapper 388 respiratory structures, accessory 410–11, pupfi sh tolerance 411, 413 red tides 552 412 salinization 596 Redlip Blenny 366, 367 restoration projects 620 Aral Sea 411 Reedfi sh 249 rete mirabile 47, 51, 69 Salminus maxillosus (Dorado) 538 refuge sites 482 function 70 Salmo salar (Atlantic Salmon) 279 availability 545 heterothermic fi sh 96, 97 Salmo trutta (European Brown Trout) 279 competition 554 retina 86 salmon 279 invertebrate 494 photoreceptor distribution 86 anadromous 375–6, 573 refugia, glacial 374 retropinnids 279 commercial exploitation 611 Regan, C. Tate 7, 11 Reynolds number 142, 161 conservation genetics 376 regression analysis 14 Rhenaniforms 177 dam hazards 593, 594 regressive evolution 419 rheotaxis reversal 151 escapes from farms 603–4 rehabilitation 619–20 Rhinichthys cataractae (Longnose Dace) 544 farmed 603–4 release calls 483 rhizodonts 183 genetic diversity 534 remoras 166, 167, 303–4 rhodopsins 85, 86 maturation 162 cleaning 494 rhyacichthyids 317 migration 519–20 renal corpuscles 52 ribosomal RNA 356 nomenclature 277–8 reproduction 6, 455–75 ribs 32–3 nutrient budget impact 572–3 age-specifi c 529 rice eels 299 predation on 572–3 cave-dwelling fi sh 418 ricefi shes 295 smoltifi cation 150–2, 162 circadian rhythms 512 ritualized combat 479 salmonids climate change effects 616, 617 river continuum concept (RCC) 542 migration 509 diadromy 517 rivers phylogeny 278 elasmobranchs 205 channelization 591 Salmoniformes 276 embryology 137–9 debris dams 589 jaws 269 energy required 135, 526 deforestation 590 Salmoninae 277, 279 environmental cues 511 downstream- (D-) links 541 Salmonoidei 276 gametogenesis 130–6, 132–6, 528–9 multiple habitats 542 salt excretion, marine teleosts 103 seasonality 512, 515 reduced fl ow 596 salt storms 596 hagfi sh 236 species diversity 541 salting out effect 58, 69 home range desertion 487 stream order 540–1 saltmarshes lampreys 237–8, 239 vulnerable species 589 creeks 506 larvae 139–45 woody debris 595 primary productivity 574 lifetime opportunities 455, 456, 457 removal 589–90 Salvelinus alpinus (Arctic Char) 277, 279 lunar patterns of activity 507–8, 509 zones 539–42 Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook Trout) 149–50 migrations 515 riverscape 542 Salvelinus namaycush (Lake Trout) patterns 455, 456, 457–61 rivulines 296 distribution 374 photoperiod 511–12 rockbasses 301 diversity 365 seasonal pattern of activity 511–15 rockfi shes 299, 300 sand 576 sharks 208, 210–11, 222–4 rocks 576 Sand Lances 315, 407 temperature 511–12 rods (vision) 85, 503 sand stargazers 316 timing 616, 617 pigments 503, 504 Sandbar Shark, teeth 218 water temperature 616 role reversed species 462 sanddivers 315 see also courtship; fertilization; mating; Roosterfi sh 303 Sander (pikeperch) 302 parental care; spawning Root effect 51, 64, 65, 69 Sander vitreus (Walleye) 301 reproductive allotment 223–4 Root-off shift 70 Sander vitreus glaucus (Blue Pike) 588 reproductive ecology 525–9 Root-on shift 70 sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium pumping 97 reproductive effort 135 Ropefi sh see Reedfi sh Sarcopterygii 178, 179–83, 187 indices 135–6 Rosen, Donn Eric 7 homocercal tail 195 reproductive guilds 468 rostral organ, coelacanths 243 living 242–8 reproductive interval 528 rostral region, armed 219 osmoregulation 102 Index 715

sardines 267 sclera 86–7 semicircular canals 78–9 Californian fi shery 608–9 Scleropages (arowanas) 374–5 fl atfi sh 152 dispersal 372 sclerotic bones 86–7 see also otoliths hearing specialists 79 Scomberomorus (Spanish mackerel) 15 semilunar patterns of activity 507–9 vicariance biogeography 372 distribution 332 seminal vesicle 53 Sardinops (sardines) 372 taxonomy 17 semionotids, species fl ock 311 Sardinops sagax caeruleus (Pacifi c Sardine) vicariance biogeography 336–7 semionotiforms 190 608–9 Scomberomorus regalis (Spanish mackerel) Semionotus (neopterygian) 311 Sargasso Sea 521 species group 336–7 senescence, adult fi sh 156–7 satellite lake hypothesis 312 scombrids 319 senior synonym 17 satellite males 474 Scombroidei 12, 319, 320 sensory hair cells 75, 76–7 saturated salt (SED) buffer 362 Scombrolabracidae 319 sensory organs 75 saurichthyiforms 188 Scopelomorpha 283–4 sensory systems 75–90 Saurida undosquamis (Brushtooth Lizardfi sh) Scorpaemichthys marmoratus (Cabezon) chemoreception 87–9 338 300 electroreception 80–4 sauries 294 scorpaeniforms 299–300 magnetic reception 89 sawfi sh scorpionfi shes 300 mechanoreception 75–80 armed rostral region 219 scrapers 382–3 sharks 220–2 habitat 212 scrounging 494 vision 84–7 life span 216 sculling 116 sequence divergence 371 pristiform 207 sculpins 309 Serranidae 301, 458 vulnerability 212 Antarctic species 408 hermaphroditism 458, 460 sawsharks, armed rostral region 219 antifreeze compounds 99 settlement limitation hypothesis 547 scales 36–9 freshwater 300 settling, larvae 150 annuli 39, 157–8 habitat choice 544 sex change 458, 459, 528–9 barrier function 106 habitat diversity 539 bristlemouths 397 caducous 38 morphological adaptations for water postmaturational 156 circuli 39 velocity 67, 68 prematurational 155 cosmid 37 scutes 38 sex chromosomes 359 ctenoid 271 clupeomorphs 267 sex determination 153, 154, 155–6, 359 cycloid 37 sea chubs 305 temperature effects 155 deciduous 38, 451 digestive tract microfl ora 437 sex hormones development 157 sea dragons 298 disruption 93 developmental pattern 38, 139, 140 Sea Lamprey 88, 238–9 estradiol 151 false annuli 158 introduction 598 stress response 107 ganoid 37, 188, 190, 451 sea level rise 579, 617 sex ratio variation 528–9 geographic variation 38 sea urchins sex role reversal 364 growth ring validation 158 coral reef overfi shing 563 sexual dimorphism 14, 456, 461, 462, 463–5 lateral line 38 feeding on 122, 125, 433 coloration 463, 478 mirror-sided fi sh 443–4 fi sh–algae interactions 562 deepsea fi shes 396–7 modifi cations 38 toadfi sh feeding 575–6 electric organ discharge 485 morphology 39 trophic cascade with fi sh and plants 562 scales 38, 463 palaeoniscoids 190 sea water, freezing point 98 sexual selection 6, 364, 456, 461, 461–2, phylogenetic signifi cance 37–8 seabass 301 463–5 placoid 36–7, 38, 213 seagrass grazing 382–3 trade-off 462 removing 492 seahorses 297, 298–9 shade sexual dimorphism 38, 463 egg laying 469 hovering in 445 size 38 nutrient transfer to young 469 predator early detection by prey 444 spawning checks 157–8 pouch-brooding males 364, 462, 469 predator hiding 444 spined 37 vulnerability 298–9 veiling brightness 444–5 taxonomic use 37–8, 39 seamoths 298 shads 267 teleosts 193 seasonal pattern of activity 509–15 seasonal movement 519 tunas 403 climate change 617 Shanny types 36–7 reproduction 511–15 circadian rhythm 506 scaling 160–1 seaweed see algae tidal activity cycle 506, 507 Scaridae 312, 382–3 secretory region, anteroventral 51 sharks 199–200 scatophagids 318, 571–2 SED buffer 362 age at maturity 223 scats 318 sediment ampullary receptors 81–2 scavengers 436 changes with dam construction 593–4 anticancer drugs 226 schindleriids 318 deforestation impact 595, 598 attacks on humans 569–70 schooling 468 stream siltation 595 bamboo 125 spacing 489 turnover 576 birth adaptations 224 tactics 445 seed dispersal 556, 566 body size 208, 209, 210–11 see also shoals/shoaling selective tidal stream transport 507 brain 222 Schreckstoff 269 self-fertilization 458–9 buoyancy control 213–14 sciaenids 305 semelparous fi sh 455, 456, 457, 515, 528 cancer cure 226 716 Index

cartilage 226 skin 117–18 skeleton 23, 24, 25–39 central nervous system 222 squaliform 207 appendicular 34–5 characteristics 205 swimming 117–19, 379 cartilage 70 claspers 223 taxonomic distribution 208 elasmobranch 205 clutch sizes 223–4 teeth 217, 218, 219 external dermal 38 compass orientation 221–2 tooth replacement 199–200 gar 255–6 conservation 224–7 vertical movements 214 integumentary 36–9 convergence of deepsea species 401 vision 221 pectoral girdle 34 copulation 224 viviparity 223, 224 pelvic girdle 34–5 courtship 224 Sharksucker 166, 167, 303–4 postcranial 31–4 dentition 125, 217, 218, 219 Sharpnose Puffer 509 teleost tail bones 192–3 distant touch sensitivity 221 shell gland 54 see also skull; vertebrae ear 221 shoals/shoaling 426, 432, 468 skin 36 ecotourism 227 alarm chemicals 451–2 barrier function 106 egg laying 224 antipredation benefi ts 445–6 elastic recoil 118 egg sacks 363 attack abatement effects 448 gas exchange 59 eggs 134 attack response 448 shark 117–18 electroreception 81–2, 221 coordinated fl ight behavior 451 skull 23, 24, 25–9, 30, 31 embryonic development 223–4 dilution effect 448 amphistylic suspension 30, 227, 299 embryonic nutrition 223–4 fi delity 489 branchiocranium 23, 25, 28–9, 30, 31 energy conservation 215 formation 484 Neoteleostei 281 exploitation 225 group-separating tactics 432 neurocranium 23, 25–8 feeding 208, 210, 214, 219 home range size 487 fl atfi sh 152, 153 habits 216–17, 218, 219–20 hydrodynamic advantage 489 pectoral girdle attachment 34 fi lter-feeding 214, 219, 220 interspecifi c 495–6 teleosts 192 fi ns 117, 118 lattice structure 489 sleep 502 exploitation 225, 226 maintenance 484 sleepers 317 international trade 388 mucus secretion 489 slime fi shing 225–6 non-fi sh species 488 prey production 451 food consumption 215 predator confusion 448 toxic 319 foraging times 220 resting 501 see also mucus secretion fresh water 211–12 sound production 484 slime eels see hagfi shes gestation period 224 spacing 489 Sling-jaw Wrasse 121–2 gill netting of large species 569–70 stability 489 small intestine, absorption 70–1 ground 207 tactics 445 Smallmouth Bass 473 group hunting 429 visual advantage 444–5 smell organs 87–8 growth rate 215–16 water displacement 484 smelts 279 habitats 211–12 zooplanktivorous fi shes 501 resource partitioning 542 hearing 80, 221 short-chained fatty acids (SCFAs) 71 southern 279 heterocercal tail 118, 212–13 Shortfi n Mako, teeth 218 Smith, J. L. B. 243, 244 home ranges 214 shrimp fi shing, bycatch 613 smoltifi cation 150–2 Indian–Atlantic barrier 379 shrimpfi sh 297 age 151 internal fertilization 137, 223, 363 Siamese Fighting Fish 320 lunar patterns 509 jaws 209–10, 216–17 Siganidae 318 salmon 162 lamniform 207 Siluriformes 272 timing 152 livers 396 distribution 351, 352 smooth muscle 41, 44 maximum sustainable yield 225 silversides 294, 295 snags 589–90 mechanoreception 221 sex determination 529 Snail Darter 592–3 metabolism 214–15 species fl ock 310 snailfi shes 300 migration 214, 215, 221–2 Silvertip Shark 166, 167 snake mackerels 319 orientation 518 silvery sides 442, 443–4 snakeheads 321 modern groups 206 Siniperca (Aucha Perch) 472 snappers 304 diversity 207 sister groups 13 sneaker males 363, 474, 475 mouth 216 sister species 371 snooks 300 movement 212–14 size advantage model 459 soapfi shes 301 muscle 117, 118 skates social behavior transmission 490–1 oceanic 211, 214 ampullary receptors 82 social interactions, ampullary receptors 82 olfaction 220–1 characteristics 205 social signaling 483 oxygen consumption 214–15 diversity 207 Sockeye Salmon 375, 376 parthenogenesis 364 egg sacks 363 life history 520 placoid scales 213 electroreception 82 nest building 565–6 predation 208, 210 life span 216 sodium–potassium ATPase 95 reproduction 208, 210–11, 222–4 North Atlantic populations 569 sodium–potassium exchange 104–5 requiem 207 rajiform 207 soldierfi shes 366 river 211–12 taxonomic distribution 208 Soleidae 322 sensory physiology 220–2 skeletal muscle 41 soles 322 Index 717

soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) 570 patterns 141 sprats 267 somatolactin 92 season duration 528 Spraying Characin 469–70 somatostatin 92 seasonality 511–12, 513–14 spring tides 506, 508 sonic ligament 484 semelparous fi sh 455, 456, 457 squalamine 226 sonic muscles 44 semilunar patterns 507–8 squalene 396, 401 Sonoran Topminnow 577 sound production 466, 483 Squalus acanthias (Spiny Dogfi sh) 156 sound, underwater 80 spent females 132 squaretails 320 ambient 80 sturgeon 253 squirrelfi shes 285, 297 communication 80 substrates 467, 494 standard metabolic rate 66 hair cell damage 80 tidal patterns 507–8 stanniocalcin 92 localization 446 turbidity impact 464 stargazers 315 sharks 221 water column 466 Starry Flounder 152–3 sound production spawning site 461 startle calls 483 aggression reduction 484 mate choice 462 startle response, larval 143 agonistic displays 461–2 selection 465 static displays 478 communication 483–4 spawning stupor 468 Steelhead Trout 375 courtship 461, 466, 483 spears 430–1 stenohaline fi sh 100 eavesdropping by predators 484 specialist species 575–6 Stenopterygii 281–2 gas bladder 396 speciation 163 stephanoberyciforms 297 group formation 484 allopatric 312 stereocilia 75, 77 mechanisms 80 cichlids 311–12, 384–5 stichaeids 314 Otocephala 268–9 explosive 308–12 sticklebacks 297, 298 prey 451 sympatric 312 egg thievery 363 sciaenids 305 species 11–12 morphs 534 shoaling behavior 484 allopatric 542 photosensitivity 512 spawning 466, 483 biological species concept 12 spines 450 territorial behavior 461–2 chemical recognition 464 UV refl ectance 483 Soupfi n Shark, exploitation 225 cryptic 383–4, 385 stingrays South America diversity in fl owing water 541 freshwater 211, 212 freshwater fi shes 351–2, 353 endemic 598, 599 hammerhead shark prey 431 ichthyological provinces 345–6 evolutionary 12 life span 216 southern Africa, biogeographic pathway 379 generalist 575–6, 598 myliobatiform 207 space light 441 isolation mechanisms 464, 535 stochastic processes 546, 548–9 spadefi shes 318 mislabelling in wildlife trade 388 stock : recruitment relationship 530 Spanish mackerels 15 sister 371 stocks of fi sh 365, 385–6, 530 distribution 330, 332, 333 specialist 575–6 exploitation 526, 527, 607–16 geminate species 335 sympatric 542 world status 608 taxonomy 17 see also introduced species stomach 49, 70 vicariance biogeography 336–7 species fl ocks 308–12 food breakdown 70 Sparidae 305 cichlids of Lake Malawi 384–5 stomiiforms 281–2, 396 Sparisoma (parrotfi sh) 383 species isolating mechanisms 455 stonefi shes 300, 428 Sparisoma radians (Bucktooth Parrotfi sh) 459 Species Survival Commission (IUCN) 586 storms 578–9 spawning 456, 461, 461–2, 463–8 sperm drinking 467 Straits of Gibraltar 335 act 466–8 sperm duct 53 stream order 539 aggregations 468 spermatogenesis 130 streams bottom 468 spermatogonia 53 channelization 591 bouts per year 528 spermatozoa 130, 134 debris dams 589 broadcast 528 fertilization 136, 137 deforestation 590 checks 157–8 Sphyraena barracuda (Great Barracuda) 306, food webs 574, 575 cichlid lunar pattern of activity 509 307 Invertebrate response to fi sh predation coral reef fi shes 508–9, 514 Sphyraenidae 306, 307 561–2 estuaries 146 Sphyrna mokarran (Great Hammerhead) low-fl ow conditions 578 group 466, 467 431 sediments 595 home range desertion 487 Sphyrna tiburo (Bonnethead Shark) 364 siltation 595 intertidal 508 spiderfi shes 282, 283 woody debris 595 iteroparous fi sh 455, 456 Spikedace 543 removal 589–90 lamprey 239 spillover effect 619, 620 stress 106–7 lancelets 232 spinal cord 55 immune system 107 larval biology hypotheses 509 spines 38, 449, 450 indicators 107 locale 514 Spiny Dogfi sh 156 primary responses 106 lunar patterns of activity 507–8, 509 spiral valve 49, 50, 70–1 secondary responses 106–7 migration interruption with dams 593 spleen, environmental stressor effects 107 tertiary response 107 number per lifetime 528 splitting (taxonomic) 17 stress proteins 106 nutrient cycle 573 sponges 334 stressors, environmental 107 pair formation 466 Spookfi sh 228 Striped Bass 530, 577 panmictic 534 Spotfi n Chub 596 restoration 620 718 Index

stromateids 320 sharks 117–19, 379 replacement patterns in elasmobranchs Stromateoidei 320 subcarangiform 114 199–200 sturgeons 252–3 switching of modes 116 sharks 217, 218, 219 characteristics 250 thunniform 96 see also dentition exploitation 253, 387–8 swimming muscle, elevated temperature 95–7 telencephalon 54, 55 life history 253 swordfi shes 319 Teleostei 191–7 mtDNA sequences 388 bill use 430–1 Acanthomorpha 284–8, 289 spawning 253 swordtails 462 bony element reduction 192–3 vulnerability 253, 388 species recognition 464 classifi cation 7 subcarangiform swimming 114 symbiosis 492–6, 566 diversifi cation 191 subclavian artery 46 non-fi sh species 494 Elopomorpha 191, 263, 264–6 suckers 269, 270–1 sympatric species 542 Mesozoic radiation 190 distribution 351 Symphodus melops (Corkwing Wrasse) 493 Neoteleostei 281–4 sucking organ of remoras 303–4 symplesiomorphies 380 Osteoglossomorpha 263, 264 suction synapomorphies 12 Otocephala 191, 263, 267, 268–74 inertial 121, 434 synbranchiforms 299 Percomorpha 322–4 pressure 121 Synchiropus splendidus (Mandarinfi sh) 422, phylogenetic relationships 191, 192 suction feeding 120–1, 434 423 phylogeny 261, 262, 263 evolution 122 synchronizing cues 514 radiations 191–2 phases 121 Syngnathoidei 298–9 spiny-rayed 291–325 Suez Canal 338 pouch-brooding males 364 synapomorphies 262 sulfur detoxifi cation 64 Synodontis multipunctatus (Cuckoo Catfi sh) trends 192–7 sun compass 518 472 true 274–7, 277–8, 279, 280 sunfi shes 301 systematics 11–18 see also Acanthopterygii distribution 350 evolutionary 14 Teleostomi 178–83, 184, 185, 186, 187, pygmy 306–7 molecular 14–15 188–97 resource use shifts 542–3 living representatives 241–58 supercooling 98 tactile communication 485 teleosts superfetation 136 cleaners 493 caudal fi ns 195 surface-dwelling fi sh 87 tail bones, teleost 192–3 deepsea habitats 395 see also pelagic fi shes tail forms 33–4 diadromous 103, 104 surfperches 307 diphycercal 195 distribution 261 surgeonfi shes 12, 318–19 heterocercal 33 DNA sequences 381–2 digestive tract microfl ora 437 Bowfi n 256, 257 dorsal fi ns 193, 194 survival shark 118, 212–13 feeding apparatus modifi cations 195–6 larvae 139–41 high aspect ratio 114 freshwater 102–3 see also mortality homocercal 195 gas bladder 68–70 survivorship 529 leptocercal 33 modifi cations 195 curves 545 low aspect ratio 114 hermaphroditism 282, 301 suspensorium 121 protocercal 33 intestines 71 swallower eels 266 shark 118 lipids in body density reduction 70 swallowers 315 tails marine 103–4 swallowing keels 403 osmoregulation 102–5 deepsea fi shes 399 prey capture in sharks 219 paired fi ns 194 prey manipulation 196, 433 Tana, Lake (Ethiopia) 311 physoclistous 195 teleosts 196 tangs 318–19 physostomous 195, 396 swamp eels 299 tapetum lucidum 86, 221 pipette mouth 119 swamps, tidal 506 tarpon 265–6 reproductive guilds 468 swim bladder see gas bladder taste 88–9 spawning seasonality 513–14 swim-up stage 139 taste buds 78 spiny 284–8, 289 swimming taste receptors 88–9 Tellico Dam (Little Tennessee River, US) anatomy 112 taxonomic characters 14–15 592–3 anguilliform 114, 116, 117–18, 419 taxonomic units 16 temperate communities, herbivory 557–9 carangiform 114, 304 taxonomy 4, 11–17 temperature, body 3, 6, 94–7 cave-dwelling fi sh 418 name changes 17 temperature, water 58 cost 161 numerical 13–14 Arctic region 410 elasmobranchs 117–19 tectonic plates 332, 333, 336 climate change 579, 616–17, 618 energetics 67, 68 freshwater fi sh impact 373 deepsea fi sh 396 labriform 115 phylogeography 370–1, 374–5 deforestation impact 595–6 larvae 142, 145–7, 361 teeth 28–9 distribution of fi sh 616–17 metabolic cost 67, 68 deepsea fi shes 398, 399 diurnal vertical migration 394, 396 modes 113–16 elasmobranch 205 ecosystem effects 577–8 muscle fi bers at low temperatures 95 lungfi sh 246 embryonic vertebrae sensitivity 138–9 pelagic fi shes 403 placoderm 178 extreme weather events 579 rajiform 115 prey preparation for swallowing 196, extremes 97–9 sculling 116 433 fl uctuations 94–5 Index 719

lakes 568 thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 92 application 569–70 larval development 141 thyroxin 92 direction 568 lunar rhythm of preference 509 smoltifi cation 151 fi sh, sea urchins, and plants 562 meristic variation 138 tidal patterns 506–7 human disruption 569 metabolic rate 67, 72 spawning 507–8 trophic provisioning 470 physiological stress 98 tidal regions 506 tropical communities phytoplankton production 569 tidal stream transport, selective 146 climate change 617 preference Tidepool Sculpin 487 herbivores 556–7 lunar rhythm 509 Tiger Shark 218 tropical submergence 338, 396 ontogenetic shift 99 Tiktaalik roseae (tetrapodomorph) 185, 186, trout 279 thermal 99–100 187 anadromous 375, 376 reproduction 511–12 tilapia dam construction impact 591–2 sensitivity 616 mouth-brooding 364 nomenclature 277–8 seasonal movements 511, 519 salinity range tolerance 411 smoltifi cation 150–2 seasonal patterns of activity 509–11 tilefi shes 303, 576 trout zone of river 539 sex determination 155, 529 tiptoeing 116 troutperches 285, 286 shallow water species 331 tissue collection for genetic analysis 361, 362 trumpetfi shes 299, 377 sudden shifts 579 Tjeukemeer, Lake (Netherlands) 542 dispersal barriers 378–9 weather patterns with climate change 618 toadfi shes 287 tselfatiiforms 191 temperature relationships 94–100 distribution 335 tuberous receptors 82–3 tenaculae 227 feeding regime 575–6 tunas 319, 320 tenuis larvae 287 tongue parasites 554 circulatory system 404 terapontids 306 tonguefi shes 322–3 cutaneous arteries 47, 48 terminating cues 514–15 toothplates, lungfi sh 246 distribution 330 terpenoids, halogenated 556 top-down processes 563, 564 gills 59 territorial behavior 486–7 Topminnow 294, 414 group hunting 429 electric organ discharge 485 high-fl ow conditions 577 life history patterns 404–5 sound production 461–2 topology 380 migration 54, 521–2 territorial defense 486–7 Torpedo (Electric Ray) 84 ram ventilation 59 territoriality 437, 486–7 torpedo rays 84, 207 red muscle location 96 damselfi shes 557, 558 electric discharges 219–20 scales 403 testes 52–3 Torrentfi sh 315 seasonal movement 519 tetragonurids 320 cave-dwelling 419 shoaling with dolphins 488 tetraodontiform swimming 115 torrents 415–17 turbidity 444 Tetraodontiformes 323–4 Totoaba macdonaldi (Giant Totoaba) 610 spawning behavior reduction 464 Tetrapoda 181 toxotids 305 turbots, spiny 322 ancestors 183, 184, 185, 186 trachinids 315 turbulent water 415–17 cladogram 187 Trachinoidei 315 turkeyfi shes 300 pelvic appendages 183, 184 trade-offs 161 Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphins) 484 tetrapodomorphs 183, 184, 185, 186 Trafalgar effect 448 turtle exclusion devices (TEDs) 614 ancestral group to coelacanths 243 traits 525–9 twilight Thalassoma bifasciatum (Bluehead Wrasse) transarctic interchange 376–7, 378–9, 379 changeover patterns 502, 503–4 458, 461 transfer RNA 356 see also crepuscular fi shes cultural traditions 490–1 transgenic fi shes 359–60 type specimens 16–17 thanatosis 428 transitional juveniles 547 typhlosole 49 Theldonti 170, 173, 175 transparency 442, 444 Tyrannochromis macrostoma (cichlid) 443 thermal preference 99–100 transplant organisms 596 thermocline trees ultrasound detection 80 nutrient movement across 571 riparian 573, 595 ultraviolet light 85–6 placement in lakes 568 see also deforestation detection 483 thermogenic tissues 97 triangular dentition 124 harmful exposure 595 Thoracopterus (Chondrostei) 188–9, 190 trichiurids 319 reduction by shade 595 fl ying fi sh morphology 447 trichonotids 315 refl ectance 483 thread cells 36 trigeminal nerve 55 ultraviolet light-refl ective markings 86 threadfi ns 305 triggerfi shes 323, 324 communication 483 threat sensitivity 452 blowing 122 ultraviolet radiation 595 threatened species 585–6, 587, 588–9 lekking 457 umbilical cord, appendicula in sharks 223, see also International Union for the spines 450 224 Conservation of Nature (IUCN) water expulsion from mouth 122 undulation 113–14 Three-spined Stickleback 297 trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) 102 Unicornfi sh 318–19, 361 thresher sharks, prey capture 219 elasmobranch excretion 205 upwelling light 441 thunniform swimming 96, 114, 115 tripletails 304 uranoscopids 315 Thunnus (tuna) 17 tripodfi sh 282 urea Thunnus alalunga (Albacore) 320, 519 Tripterygiidae 316 elasmobranch excretion 205 Thunnus thynnus (Bluefi n Tuna) 319 trochlear nerve 55 retention 102 thymallines 277 trophic cascades 545, 566, 566–9 urinary bladder 52, 101, 104 720 Index

urine 52, 101 Volga River (eastern Europe) 593–4 woody debris 595 teleost excretion 103, 104 von Bertalanffy growth equation 159–60 removal from rivers 589–90 urophysis 92 World Conservation Union 586 urotensins 92, 105 Wahoo, systematics 15 wormfi shes 318 uterine milk 223 walking 116 wrasses 312 uterus 54 Walking Catfi sh 63 cleaner 492, 493, 554 utricle 78, 79 Wallace’s Line 332, 333, 347 cultural traditions 490–1 Walleye 301 pharyngeal jaws 123 vagus nerve 55 warts, bony 38 prey handling 433 intestinal 52 water protogyny 458 Valenciennes, Achille 7 clarity 482 scrounging 494 validation, scale growth rings 158 competition for 596 sex change 461 Vandellia cirrhosa 273 depth increase with age 539 wreckfi sh 300–1 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) displacement for group maintenance sounds 360 484 xenacanthimorphs 198 vasa efferentia 53 fl owing 541 Xiphias gladius (Swordfi sh) 430–1 vasopressin 92, 105 hardening 137 xiphiids 319 veiling brightness 444–5 sea water freezing point 98 Xiphioidei 319 velum 59 see also currents; temperature, water Xiphophorus (swordtails) 462 ventilation 57, 58–64 water fl ow chemical recognition 464 agnathans 59, 60 ecosystem effects 577–8 gill 58–9 species diversity 541 year classes 530, 531 ram 59, 403 water levels yellow muscle 45 see also air breathing fl ood conditions 414, 577 Yellow Perch 301 vertebrae 32 high-fl ow conditions 414, 577 amphicoelous 256 low-fl ow conditions 577–8 Zanclidae 318 opisthocoelous 256 sea level rise 579, 617 Zanclus canescens (Moorish Idol) 318 teleosts 192 seasonal cycles 578 zebra mussel 602, 604 temperature sensitivity in embryos 138–9 water table lowering 596 Zebrafi sh 269 vertebral column 32 watersheds, perturbation 594–6 genome 355, 359 vertebrates wax esters 70, 400 transgenic 359 classifi cation 15–16 weather zeiforms 297 jawed 381 climate change impact 617–18 Zeitgeber 505, 507 radiations 381 extreme 578–9, 617–18 Zeus faber (John Dory) 297 vexillifer larvae 287 Weberian ossicles 79–80, 268 Zoarcoidei 313–14 vibrations Weber’s Line 347 zonation 539–42 detection 76, 77 weeverfi shes 315 longitudinal 539, 541 gas bladder 79 Wegener, Alfred 333 zoogeography 329–54 prey fi sh attraction 78 Weitzman, Stanley H. 7 freshwater regions 339, 340–4, 344–7 vicariance biogeography 13, 336–7, 370–1, western Atlantic region 332, 334–5, 336 marine fi shes 329–38 372, 373 Whale Shark marine regions 331–2, 333, 334–5, 336– Galaxias maculatus distribution 352 clutch size 223–4 7, 338 sardines 372 feeding habits 216 see also vicariance biogeography Victoria, Lake (East Africa) 464 ram feeding 220 zooplanktivorous fi shes 566 Nile Perch introduction 599, 600 size 209 aggregations 501 villiform dentition 124 whalefi shes 297, 397 detection capabilities 426 viscous drag 112 whirling disease 602 diurnal 501, 502 visibility 478 white muscle 44 feeding 430 vision 84–7 White Seabass 143 guild 536–7 adaptations for special habitats 87 White Shark predator avoidance 446, 447 aerial 87 energy consumption 215 search tactics 426 larvae 143 feeding 215, 216 shelter when pursued 446 sharks 221 migration 214, 215 trophic cascades 566, 567 visiting species, tidal areas 506 ritualized combat 479 zooplankton 404 visual agonistic displays 479 size 209 coloration 560–1 visual communication 477–9, 480–2, 483 whitefi sh 276–7 detection 483 visual cues, home range location 487 whiting events 567–8 impact of fi sh 559–61 visual pigments, deepsea fi shes 401 whitings 286 nocturnal predators 561 vitellogenesis 132 wildlife trade 387–8, 586, 614–16 population size structure 561 viviparity 54, 138, 363 aquariums 590–1, 614–15 predation 560–1 placental 223, 224 winter, activity of fi sh 510 seasonal blooms 515 sharks 223, 224 wolf-eels 125, 314 size 560 uterine 223 Wolffi an duct 53 species composition 561 yolk sac 223 wolffi shes 314 trophic cascades 566, 567 see also live-bearers wonder net see rete mirabile ZW heterogamety 155