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Index INDEX Note: page numbers in italics refer to fi gures, those in bold refer to tables and boxes. abducens nerve 55 activity cycles 499–522 inhibition 485 absorption effi ciency 72 annual patterns 515, 516, 517–22 interactions 485–6 abyssal zone 393 circadian rhythms 505 prey 445 Acanthaster planci (Crown-of-Thorns Starfi sh) diel patterns 499, 500, 501–2, 503–4, reduction 484 579 504–7 aggressive mimicry 428, 432–3 Acanthocybium (Wahoo) 15 light-induced 499, 500, 501–2, 503–4, aggressive resemblance 425–6 Acanthodii 178, 179 505 aglomerular 52 Acanthomorpha 284–8, 289 lunar patterns 507–9 agnathans Acanthopterygii 291–325 seasonal 509–15 gills 59, 60 Atherinomorpha 293–6 semilunar patterns 507–9 osmoregulation 101, 102 characteristics 291–2 supra-annual patterns 515, 516, 517–22 phylogeny 202 distribution 349, 350 tidal patterns 506–7 ventilation 59, 60 jaws 291 see also migration see also hagfi shes; lampreys Mugilomorpha 292–3, 294 adaptive response 106 agnathous fi shes see jawless fi shes pelagic 405 adaptive zones 534 agonistic interactions 83–4, 485–8 Percomorpha 296–325 adenohypophysis 91, 92 chemically mediated 484 pharyngeal jaws 291 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 57 sound production 461–2 phylogeny 292, 293, 294 adipose fi n 35 visual 479 spines 449, 450 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 92 agricultural chemicals 605 Acanthothoraciformes 177 adrianichthyids 295 air breathing 60, 61–2, 62–4 acanthurids 318–19 adult fi shes 153, 154, 155–7 ammonia production 64, 100–1 Acanthuroidei 12, 318–19 death 156–7 amphibious 60 Acanthurus bahianus (Ocean Surgeonfi sh) 366 differentiation 153, 154, 155–6 aquatic 60 acclimation 67 longevity 156 bichirs 249, 251 temperature fl uctuations 94–5 maturation 153, 154, 156 drought conditions 63 acclimatization 67 senescence 156–7 evolution 60, 62 temperature fl uctuations 95 sex determination 153, 154, 155–6 facultative 60, 63 achirids 322 Aeoliscus strigatus (shrimpfi sh) 297 freshwater fi sh 63 acid rain 411, 605 aerial locomotion 116 gas exchange 62–3 acidity 410–11 aerial vision 87 gill functions/modifi cations 63 Acipenseridae 252–3 Aeromonas cerebralis (furunculosis) 602 habitats 62 acoustic communication 483–4 African freshwater fi shes 351–2 intertidal species 63, 64, 507 see also hearing African Great Lakes 309 lungfi shes 63, 182, 246, 248 acoustic nerve 55 African region 340–4, 346 marine fi sh 63–4 acoustic sensitivity, sharks 221 COPYRIGHTEDage 157–9, 526 MATERIALnitrogenous waste excretion 64 acoustic signals, prey detection 445, 446 depth of habitat 539 obligate 60, 63 acoustic stimuli, sciaenids 305 at maturity for sharks 223 organs 60, 61–2, 62 acousticofacialis nerve 55 seasonal movements 511 respiratory pattern 60, 61–2, 62 acraniates 233 aggregations 488–9, 490–1, 492 rice eels 299 Actinistia see Coelacanthimorpha foraging 488, 496 swamp eels 299 Actinopterygii 178, 185, 187, 188–97 interspecifi c shoaling 495–6 alarm chemicals 88, 451–2 jaws 189–90 optimal size 489, 492 alarm reaction living fi sh 248–9, 250, 251–8 prey 448 minnows 149 phylogenetic relationships 192, 252, 382 seasonal 510 Ostariophysi 269 reproductive system 53 spawning 468 alarm signals 88, 451 tail fi ns 188, 195 stationary 489 alarm substance 269 activity winter 510 Albacore 320 gill size 161 zooplanktivorous fi shes 501 seasonal movement 519 high latitude effects 406–7 see also shoals/shoaling Albula (bonefi shes) 266, 383–4 locomotion 161 aggression Alburnus albidus (Italian Bleak) seasonal patterns 509–11 coloration 479 536 693 694 Index alewives 267 anabantids 320 Antarctic fi shes 408–9 nutrient cycling 573 Anabantoidei 320–1 Arctic fi shes 409–10 vertical migration 504 anabantoids 62 evolution 99 algae anablepids 295, 296 antitropical distribution 338, 372 abundance 567, 568 Anableps (Four-eyed Fish) 295, 296 aorta, dorsal 46, 48 coral reefs 569, 570 anadromous fi shes 367, 375–6, 515–20 aphakic space 398 lawns 557 life history traits 529 Aphrododerus sayanus (Pirate Perch) 286 sea urchin–fi sh interactions 562 salmon 375–6, 573 aplocheilids 296 secondary compounds 556 anagenesis 14 apogonids 303 species diversity 557, 558 anal fi n 35 apomorphies 12, 380 turfs 567, 568 analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) 14 apparent size hypothesis 426 whiting events in lakes 567–8 analysis of variance (ANOVA) 14 aquaculture 603–4 algae eaters 537–8 anarhicadids 314 aquaria, public 615 aquatic insect fauna impact 555–6 Anaspida 170, 172–3, 175 aquarium trade 590–1, 614–16 Cobitoidea 269–70 anatomical characters 14 collecting impact 615 coral reef grazing 569, 570 Anatophysi 268–9 longevity of fi sh 614–15 gyrinocheilids 126 Anchoveta 609 Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act Helostmatidae 320 fi sheries 609 (1990, US) 596 algal blooms 552, 553 anchovies 267 aquatic surface respiration (ASR) 58 alien organisms 596 Andes lakes 310 Aral Sea, salinization 411 alimentary canal 48–50 andropodium 35 archerfi shes 305 desert adaptations 412 anemonefi shes 458 prey immobilization 432 energy intake 70–1 sonic ligament 484 Archoplites interruptus (Sacramento Perch) 601 microfl ora 437 symbiosis with sea anemones 494–5 Arctic Char 277, 279 prey handling 433, 436 tactile communication 479, 485 genetically distinct populations 534 alkalinity 410–11 anemones, symbiosis with fi sh 494–5 morphs 532, 533, 534 Allee effect 611 angelfi shes 306 Arctic fi shes 338, 405, 406–7, 407, 409–10 alleles 360, 361 anglerfi shes 288, 289 adaptations 409–10 frequency 365 lures 399, 400, 428 climate change impact 618 Alligator Gar 256 neoteny 163–4 water temperature variation 410 allochthonous inputs 541 Anguilla anguilla (European Eel) 361 area cladogram 336–7 allometry 14, 160–1 Anguilla rostrata (American Eel) 434–5, 521 argentiniforms 276 allopaternal/alloparental care 472 anguillid eels arid regions 410–15 allopatric species 542 semelparous strategy 457 arowanas 374–5 allostasis 106 senescence 157 arroyo habitats 413 allozymes 95, 360, 365 anguilliform fi sh 266 Artedi, Peter 7 genetic diversity 367 anguilliform swimming 114, 117–18, 419 Arthrodiriforms 177 Alosa pseudoharengus (Alewife) 504 terrestrial locomotion 116 Asia, Palearctic region 346 Amazon barrier 370 annual patterns of activity 515, 516, 517–22 Asian Ayu 279 Amazon River 334, 373 annual turnover 533 Asian Carp 269, 270 fl oodplains 595 Antarctic Convergence Zone 407 Aspidorhynchiforms 191 amberjacks 304 Antarctic fi shes 5–6, 338, 405, 406–7, assemblages 536–49 Ameca splendens (Butterfl y Splitfi n) 469 407–9 coral reef fi shes 546–9 American Eel adaptations 408–9 guilds 534–5 feeding 434–5 antifreeze glycoproteins 98–9, 408–9 habitat choice 535–42 food handling modes 437 constraints 408–9 habitat spatial structure 539–42 migration 521 mesopelagic zone 408 habitat use 535–9 panmictic spawning 534 Antarctic notothenioids 407–8 homogenization 597–8 American Marinelife Dealers’ Association 615 adaptations 408–9 niches 534–5 Amia calva (Bowfi n) 256–7 aglomerular kidneys 99 structure 536 Amiiformes 256–7 antifreeze glycoproteins 98, 408–9 see also competition; predation/predators Bowfi n 191 blood freezing point 48 assimilation effi ciency 141 swimming 115 convergence 405 astericus 79 ammocoete 238 distribution 338 Astroscopus (Electric Stargazer) 43 Ammodytes hexapterus (Pacifi c Sand Lance) feeding 408 Aswan High Dam (Egypt) 593–4 407 hemoglobins 65 Ateleopodomorpha 282 ammodytids 315 kidneys 409 atheriniform fi sh, locomotion 116–17 ammonia neutral buoyancy 409 Atherinomorpha 293–6 air breathing fi sh 64 reproduction 408 atherinopsids 295 excretion 52, 63, 100–1 yellow muscle 45 Atlantic Cod 286–7 amphicoelous vertebrae 256 Antarctic Toothfi sh 409 exploited stocks 527 amphidromous fi shes 516, 517, 518 Anthias squamipinnis (serranid) 458, 459 maturation pattern evolution 612 amphioxiforms 231–3 Antiarchiforms 177 overfi shing 569 Amphiprion (Pomacentridae) 458 antibiotic peptides 470 Atlantic Herring 377 amphistylic suspension 30, 227, 299 anticancer drugs, sharks 226 migration 522 ampullae of Lorenzini 221 anticyclonic life history patterns 404 shoaling 484 ampullary receptors 81–2 antifreeze glycoproteins 48, 98–9 stock differentiation 522 Index 695 Atlantic salmon 279 gas bladder reduction/absence 70 carbon dioxide transport 65–6 cleaning 493 morphological adaptations for water freezing point 48 farmed 603 velocity 67, 68 gas diffusion to gas bladder 69 invasion of Pacifi c 377 Notothenioidei 407–8 oxygen transport 64–5 precocious males 152 teleost taxa 395 pH 64, 65, 66, 69, 105 smoltifi cation 151 benthopelagic fi shes 393, 394 blood fl ow 45 Atlantic Silverside 155–6, 295 Berg, Leo S. 7 see also circulatory system sex determination 529 beryciforms 297 blood vessels 46 size-selective fi shing 612 bettas 320 blowing, triggerfi sh 122 Atlantic Tarpon 265–6, 377 bicarbonate ions 65, 66, 105 blubber, plug removal 492 Atractoscion nobilis (White Seabass) 143 bichirs 249, 251 Blue Marlin 377 Atractosteus (gar) 255 air breathing 249, 251 Blue Pike 588 Atractosteus spatula (Alligator Gar) 256 autapomorphic traits 251 Blue Shark 214 atrial natriuretic peptide 105 characteristics 251 Bluefi n Tuna 319 atriopore, lancelet 232 distribution 348 fi shing profi tability 612 attack billfi shes 319 life history patterns 404–5 electrical 84 heater organ 43, 319 migration 521–2 predatory fi sh 429–30, 430–1, 432–3 prey immobilization 432 stock decrease 612 velocity 121 spears 430 Bluefi sh 303, 522 Aucha Perch 472 binomial nomenclature 7 competition with common terns 551–2 Aulostomus (trumpetfi shes) 299, 377 biodiversity loss 564, 585–6, 587, Bluegill Sunfi sh 474 dispersal barriers 378–9 588–9 competition 532 Australian region 340–4,