Three Gray Classics on the Biomechanics of Animal Movement
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Fish Locomotion: Recent Advances and New Directions
MA07CH22-Lauder ARI 6 November 2014 13:40 Fish Locomotion: Recent Advances and New Directions George V. Lauder Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2015. 7:521–45 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on swimming, kinematics, hydrodynamics, robotics September 19, 2014 The Annual Review of Marine Science is online at Abstract marine.annualreviews.org Access provided by Harvard University on 01/07/15. For personal use only. Research on fish locomotion has expanded greatly in recent years as new This article’s doi: approaches have been brought to bear on a classical field of study. Detailed Annu. Rev. Marine. Sci. 2015.7:521-545. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015614 analyses of patterns of body and fin motion and the effects of these move- Copyright c 2015 by Annual Reviews. ments on water flow patterns have helped scientists understand the causes All rights reserved and effects of hydrodynamic patterns produced by swimming fish. Recent developments include the study of the center-of-mass motion of swimming fish and the use of volumetric imaging systems that allow three-dimensional instantaneous snapshots of wake flow patterns. The large numbers of swim- ming fish in the oceans and the vorticity present in fin and body wakes sup- port the hypothesis that fish contribute significantly to the mixing of ocean waters. New developments in fish robotics have enhanced understanding of the physical principles underlying aquatic propulsion and allowed intriguing biological features, such as the structure of shark skin, to be studied in detail. -
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Index INDEX Note: page numbers in italics refer to fi gures, those in bold refer to tables and boxes. abducens nerve 55 activity cycles 499–522 inhibition 485 absorption effi ciency 72 annual patterns 515, 516, 517–22 interactions 485–6 abyssal zone 393 circadian rhythms 505 prey 445 Acanthaster planci (Crown-of-Thorns Starfi sh) diel patterns 499, 500, 501–2, 503–4, reduction 484 579 504–7 aggressive mimicry 428, 432–3 Acanthocybium (Wahoo) 15 light-induced 499, 500, 501–2, 503–4, aggressive resemblance 425–6 Acanthodii 178, 179 505 aglomerular 52 Acanthomorpha 284–8, 289 lunar patterns 507–9 agnathans Acanthopterygii 291–325 seasonal 509–15 gills 59, 60 Atherinomorpha 293–6 semilunar patterns 507–9 osmoregulation 101, 102 characteristics 291–2 supra-annual patterns 515, 516, 517–22 phylogeny 202 distribution 349, 350 tidal patterns 506–7 ventilation 59, 60 jaws 291 see also migration see also hagfi shes; lampreys Mugilomorpha 292–3, 294 adaptive response 106 agnathous fi shes see jawless fi shes pelagic 405 adaptive zones 534 agonistic interactions 83–4, 485–8 Percomorpha 296–325 adenohypophysis 91, 92 chemically mediated 484 pharyngeal jaws 291 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 57 sound production 461–2 phylogeny 292, 293, 294 adipose fi n 35 visual 479 spines 449, 450 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 92 agricultural chemicals 605 Acanthothoraciformes 177 adrianichthyids 295 air breathing 60, 61–2, 62–4 acanthurids 318–19 adult fi shes 153, 154, 155–7 ammonia production 64, 100–1 Acanthuroidei 12, 318–19 death 156–7 amphibious 60 Acanthurus bahianus -
The Propulsion of Sea Ships – in the Past, Present and Future –
The Propulsion of Sea Ships – in the Past, Present and Future – (Speech by Bernd Röder on the occasion of the VHT General Meeting on 11.12.2008) To prepare for today’s topic, more specifically for the topic: ship propulsion of the future, I did what every reasonable person would have done in my situation if he should have a look into the future – I dug out our VHT crystal ball. As you know, our crystal ball is a reliable and cost-efficient resource which we have been using for a long time with great suc- cess. Among other things, we’ve been using it to provide you with the repair costs or their duration or the probable claims experience of a policy, etc. or to create short-term damage statistics, as well. So, I asked the crystal ball: What does ship propulsion of the future look like? Every future and all statistics lie in the crystal ball I must, however, admit that what I saw there was somewhat irritating, and it led me to only the one conclusion – namely, that we’re taking a look into the very distant future at a time in which humanity has not only used up all of the oil reserves but also the entire wind. This time, we’re not really going to get any further with the crystal ball. Ship propulsion of the future or 'back to the roots'? But, sometimes it helps to have a look into the past to be able to say something about the fu- ture. According to the principle, draw a line connecting the distant past to today and simply extend it into the future. -
Rocket Nozzles: 75 Years of Research and Development
Sådhanå Ó (2021) 46:76 Indian Academy of Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-021-01584-6Sadhana(0123456789().,-volV)FT3](0123456789().,-volV) Rocket nozzles: 75 years of research and development SHIVANG KHARE1 and UJJWAL K SAHA2,* 1 Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] MS received 28 August 2020; revised 20 December 2020; accepted 28 January 2021 Abstract. The nozzle forms a large segment of the rocket engine structure, and as a whole, the performance of a rocket largely depends upon its aerodynamic design. The principal parameters in this context are the shape of the nozzle contour and the nozzle area expansion ratio. A careful shaping of the nozzle contour can lead to a high gain in its performance. As a consequence of intensive research, the design and the shape of rocket nozzles have undergone a series of development over the last several decades. The notable among them are conical, bell, plug, expansion-deflection and dual bell nozzles, besides the recently developed multi nozzle grid. However, to the best of authors’ knowledge, no article has reviewed the entire group of nozzles in a systematic and comprehensive manner. This paper aims to review and bring all such development in one single frame. The article mainly focuses on the aerodynamic aspects of all the rocket nozzles developed till date and summarizes the major findings covering their design, development, utilization, benefits and limitations. -
Amphibious Fishes: Terrestrial Locomotion, Performance, Orientation, and Behaviors from an Applied Perspective by Noah R
AMPHIBIOUS FISHES: TERRESTRIAL LOCOMOTION, PERFORMANCE, ORIENTATION, AND BEHAVIORS FROM AN APPLIED PERSPECTIVE BY NOAH R. BRESSMAN A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVESITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Biology May 2020 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved By: Miriam A. Ashley-Ross, Ph.D., Advisor Alice C. Gibb, Ph.D., Chair T. Michael Anderson, Ph.D. Bill Conner, Ph.D. Glen Mars, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my adviser Dr. Miriam Ashley-Ross for mentoring me and providing all of her support throughout my doctoral program. I would also like to thank the rest of my committee – Drs. T. Michael Anderson, Glen Marrs, Alice Gibb, and Bill Conner – for teaching me new skills and supporting me along the way. My dissertation research would not have been possible without the help of my collaborators, Drs. Jeff Hill, Joe Love, and Ben Perlman. Additionally, I am very appreciative of the many undergraduate and high school students who helped me collect and analyze data – Mark Simms, Tyler King, Caroline Horne, John Crumpler, John S. Gallen, Emily Lovern, Samir Lalani, Rob Sheppard, Cal Morrison, Imoh Udoh, Harrison McCamy, Laura Miron, and Amaya Pitts. I would like to thank my fellow graduate student labmates – Francesca Giammona, Dan O’Donnell, MC Regan, and Christine Vega – for their support and helping me flesh out ideas. I am appreciative of Dr. Ryan Earley, Dr. Bruce Turner, Allison Durland Donahou, Mary Groves, Tim Groves, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, UF Tropical Aquaculture Lab for providing fish, animal care, and lab space throughout my doctoral research. -
Propulsion and Flight Controls Integration for the Blended Wing Body Aircraft
Cranfield University Naveed ur Rahman Propulsion and Flight Controls Integration for the Blended Wing Body Aircraft School of Engineering PhD Thesis Cranfield University Department of Aerospace Sciences School of Engineering PhD Thesis Academic Year 2008-09 Naveed ur Rahman Propulsion and Flight Controls Integration for the Blended Wing Body Aircraft Supervisor: Dr James F. Whidborne May 2009 c Cranfield University 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright owner. Abstract The Blended Wing Body (BWB) aircraft offers a number of aerodynamic perfor- mance advantages when compared with conventional configurations. However, while operating at low airspeeds with nominal static margins, the controls on the BWB aircraft begin to saturate and the dynamic performance gets sluggish. Augmenta- tion of aerodynamic controls with the propulsion system is therefore considered in this research. Two aspects were of interest, namely thrust vectoring (TVC) and flap blowing. An aerodynamic model for the BWB aircraft with blown flap effects was formulated using empirical and vortex lattice methods and then integrated with a three spool Trent 500 turbofan engine model. The objectives were to estimate the effect of vectored thrust and engine bleed on its performance and to ascertain the corresponding gains in aerodynamic control effectiveness. To enhance control effectiveness, both internally and external blown flaps were sim- ulated. For a full span internally blown flap (IBF) arrangement using IPC flow, the amount of bleed mass flow and consequently the achievable blowing coefficients are limited. For IBF, the pitch control effectiveness was shown to increase by 18% at low airspeeds. -
BREAK-OUT SESSIONS at a GLANCE THURSDAY, 24 JULY, Afternoon Sessions
2008 Joint Meeting (JMIH), Montreal, Canada BREAK-OUT SESSIONS AT A GLANCE THURSDAY, 24 JULY, Afternoon Sessions ROOM Salon Drummond West & Center Salons A&B Salons 6&7 SESSION/ Fish Ecology I Herp Behavior Fish Morphology & Histology I SYMPOSIUM MODERATOR J Knouft M Whiting M Dean 1:30 PM M Whiting M Dean Can She-male Flat Lizards (Platysaurus broadleyi) use Micro-mechanics and material properties of the Multiple Signals to Deceive Male Rivals? tessellated skeleton of cartilaginous fishes 1:45 PM J Webb M Paulissen K Conway - GDM The interopercular-preopercular articulation: a novel Is prey detection mediated by the widened lateral line Variation In Spatial Learning Within And Between Two feature suggesting a close relationship between canal system in the Lake Malawi cichlid, Aulonocara Species Of North American Skinks Psilorhynchus and labeonin cyprinids (Ostariophysi: hansbaenchi? Cypriniformes) 2:00 PM I Dolinsek M Venesky D Adriaens Homing And Straying Following Experimental Effects of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infections on Biting for Blood: A Novel Jaw Mechanism in Translocation Of PIT Tagged Fishes larval foraging performance Haematophagous Candirú Catfish (Vandellia sp.) 2:15 PM Z Benzaken K Summers J Bagley - GDM Taxonomy, population genetics, and body shape The tale of the two shoals: How individual experience A Key Ecological Trait Drives the Evolution of Monogamy variation of Alabama spotted bass Micropterus influences shoal behaviour in a Peruvian Poison Frog punctulatus henshalli 2:30 PM M Pyron K Parris L Chapman -
Spacecraft Propulsion
SPACECRAFT PROPULSION WITH THRUST AND PRECISION INTO SPACE SPACECRAFT PROPULSION THRUST AND PRECISION INTO SPACE ArianeGroup is a market leader in spacecraft propulsion systems and equipment. Since over 50 years, customers worldwide benefit from a competitive portfolio of high quality products and services. We cover the complete range of products and services related to orbital propulsion, from chemical monopropellant systems for smaller satellites to chemical bipropellant systems for larger platforms and completed with the electric propulsion portfolio based on the RIT technology. At ArianeGroup, customers have a single point of contact for the complete propulsion system at all phases of the value chain. From system design up to after-launch services. All key equipment of ArianeGroup propulsion systems (thrusters, propellant tanks and fluidic equipment) are produced in-house. 2 ALL ABOUT PRECISION With our orbital propulsion thrusters and engines our customers can be ensured that their mission requirements related to propulsion will be fulfilled with accurate precision. Our biggest orbital propulsion thruster, the 400N apogee engine, has placed hundreds of satellites in its final orbit With micro precision the RIT µX thruster brings space missions to the exact orbit 2 3 SPACECRAFT PROPULSION ELECTRIC PROPULSION Radio frequency ion propulsion for orbit raising, station keeping and deep space missions ArianeGroup’s electric space propulsion expertise is based on the space proven Radio Frequency Ion Technology (RIT). Within this field, we produce complete propulsion systems, modules, thrusters and related components. This technology features numerous advantages like high specific impulse therefore maximum propellant saving. Low system complexity is another strength of the RIT Technology. -
The Diversity of Tail Shapes Is One of the Most Salient Characters In
Aberystwyth University Accelerating fishes increase propulsive efficiency by modulating vortex ring geometry Akanyeti, Otar; Putney, Joy; Yanagitsuru, Yuzo R.; Lauder, George V.; Stewart, William J.; Liao, James C. Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705968115 Publication date: 2017 Citation for published version (APA): Akanyeti, O., Putney, J., Yanagitsuru, Y. R., Lauder, G. V., Stewart, W. J., & Liao, J. C. (2017). Accelerating fishes increase propulsive efficiency by modulating vortex ring geometry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(52), 13828-13833. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705968115 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Aberystwyth Research Portal (the Institutional Repository) are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Aberystwyth Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Aberystwyth Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. tel: +44 1970 62 2400 email: [email protected] Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 1 ACCELERATING FISHES INCREASE PROPULSIVE EFFICIENCY BY 2 MODULATING VORTEX RING GEOMETRY. -
Swimming Speed Performance in Coral Reef Fishes
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Coral Reefs (2007) 26:217–228 DOI 10.1007/s00338-007-0195-0 REPORT Swimming speed performance in coral reef fishes: field validations reveal distinct functional groups C. J. Fulton Received: 11 October 2006 / Accepted: 6 January 2007 / Published online: 7 February 2007 Ó Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract Central to our understanding of locomotion of efficiency, maneuverability and speed in one mode in fishes are the performance implications of using of propulsion, pectoral swimming appears to be a different modes of swimming. Employing a unique particularly versatile form of locomotion, well suited to combination of laboratory performance trials and field a demersal lifestyle on coral reefs. observations of swimming speed, this study investi- gated the comparative performance of pectoral and Keywords Gait Á Pectoral Á Body-caudal Á body-caudal fin swimming within an entire assemblage Habitat-use Á Energetic of coral reef fishes (117 species 10 families). Field observations of swimming behaviour identified three primary modes: labriform (pectoral 70 spp.), subca- Introduction rangiform (body-caudal 29 spp.) and chaetodontiform (augmented body-caudal 18 spp.). While representa- Swimming performance can be crucial for the survival tive taxa from all three modes were capable of speeds of fishes by affecting their ability to access habitats, exceeding 50 cm s–1 during laboratory trials, only avoid predators and acquire food. Such essential daily pectoral-swimmers maintained such high speeds under tasks often require precise movements, bursts of speed, field conditions. Direct comparisons revealed that or prolonged periods of swimming depending on the pectoral-swimming species maintained field speeds at a habitat or predator–prey system involved (Videler remarkable 70% of their maximum (lab-tested) re- 1993; Plaut 2001; Castro-Santos 2005). -
GE Marine Gas Turbine Propulsion for Frigates
GE Marine Gas Turbines for Frigates March 2018 GE’s Marine Solutions One Neumann Way MD S156 Cincinnati, Ohio USA 45215 www.ge.com/marine GE Marine Gas Turbines for Frigates Introduction The important role of a frigate is to escort and protect other high value fleet and merchant ships the world over. Frigates operate independently and possess sufficient capabilities (i.e. anti-submarine, anti-ship and anti-air) to provide missions in maritime and wartime environments. With GE being the market leader in the supply of marine propulsion gas turbines and seeing the proliferation in the demand for frigates, we wanted to know how our gas turbines and product roadmap compared to the needs of frigates. Before we could answer that question, we needed to answer the following two questions: 1. What are propulsion trends for frigates? 2. What are key attributes or requirements, and how do they translate to gas turbine propulsion characteristics? The key attributes of a frigate were taken from the July 2017 United States Navy Future Guided Missile Frigate (FFG(X)) Request for Information (RFI). It is anticipated the attributes would be common to many of the world’s frigates. Frigate Propulsion Trends and GE LM2500 Family Gas Turbine Suitability GE performed an analysis of all the frigates built since 1960 excluding certain countries such as Russia and China. Classification of a ship as a frigate is a gray area as there is blending of smaller corvettes and larger destroyers. For this analysis, we used the Wikipedia listing of frigates. All of the following ship data was obtained from public information such as Wikipedia and IHS Jane’s Fighting Ships. -
Alexander 2013 Principles-Of-Animal-Locomotion.Pdf
.................................................... Principles of Animal Locomotion Principles of Animal Locomotion ..................................................... R. McNeill Alexander PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright © 2003 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1SY All Rights Reserved Second printing, and first paperback printing, 2006 Paperback ISBN-13: 978-0-691-12634-0 Paperback ISBN-10: 0-691-12634-8 The Library of Congress has cataloged the cloth edition of this book as follows Alexander, R. McNeill. Principles of animal locomotion / R. McNeill Alexander. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-691-08678-8 (alk. paper) 1. Animal locomotion. I. Title. QP301.A2963 2002 591.47′9—dc21 2002016904 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Galliard and Bulmer Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ pup.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 1098765432 Contents ............................................................... PREFACE ix Chapter 1. The Best Way to Travel 1 1.1. Fitness 1 1.2. Speed 2 1.3. Acceleration and Maneuverability 2 1.4. Endurance 4 1.5. Economy of Energy 7 1.6. Stability 8 1.7. Compromises 9 1.8. Constraints 9 1.9. Optimization Theory 10 1.10. Gaits 12 Chapter 2. Muscle, the Motor 15 2.1. How Muscles Exert Force 15 2.2. Shortening and Lengthening Muscle 22 2.3. Power Output of Muscles 26 2.4. Pennation Patterns and Moment Arms 28 2.5. Power Consumption 31 2.6. Some Other Types of Muscle 34 Chapter 3.