January 15, 2006 Scientists learn volumes from ancient tracks By Emily Stone Sun staff To Molly Miller, little lines etched in stone are the history books of ancient Antarctica. Miller and her fellow scientists are hunting for tracks left by the tiny animals that inhabited the continent’s lakes and streams between 240 million and 280 million years ago. Understanding what was living here will reveal much about the climate, landscape and ecology of the period. “We’re piecing together a picture of the past,” said Miller of Vanderbilt University, Steven Profaizer / The Antarctic Sun who is a co-principal investigator on the Randy “Crunch” Noring prepares to hook a hanging cargo net to a helicopter hovering project. at Marble Point Refueling Station. The facility functions as a gas station, food stop and Her two co-principal investigators are way station for many flights in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. doing similar searches. John Isbell of the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee is looking for features in the rocks that See TINY on page 11 Much more than fuel Marble Point Refueling Station gives pilots a taste of home By Steven Profaizer Sun staff There is no question what continent you are on when standing outside the main hut at Marble Point Refueling Station. A large glacier terminates a few hundred meters away. Icebergs stick up out of the sea ice, frozen in place. And the cold, dry wind whips across your face. Inside the hut, however, you might think you’ve been whisked away to a friend’s house, complete with a small kitchen wafting the smell of chicken noodle soup, fresh-baked bread and homemade cookies. The small facility sits about 80 kilometers northwest of McMurdo Station and serves as an operational outpost for helicopters traveling in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. It offers fuel, hot meals, a place to relay cargo, and shelter in bad weather. “We’re a truck stop for helicopters,” said Randy Noring, who is known as “Crunch.” See MARBLE on page 9 INSIDE Quote of the Week Cecelia Mortenson / Special to The Antarctic Sun A researcher walks along the rocks in the Do penguins stress out? Allan Hills searching for animal tracks, fos- Page 3 “What an emotional roller coaster.” sils and geological features that will help sci- — McMurdo resident after seeing his same last entists piece together a picture of the ecology, Legislators visit stations name but different first initial on the package list. climate and landscape of ancient Antarctica. Page 4 AntarcticSun.usap.gov 2 • The Antarctic Sun January 15, 2006 Going deep Drillers prepare to bore a 2.4-kilome- ter-deep hole for Cold, hard facts the IceCube proj- ect at South Pole The Southern Ocean Station last month. Year it was designated as a sepa- Below, a digital rate ocean by the International optical module is lowered into a Hydrographic Organization: 2000 hole in the ice. A Boundary: total of 80 holes Water between 60 will be drilled into degrees south latitude and the ice to make Antarctica the world’s largest neutrino detector, Area: 20.3 million square which will help kilometers scientists answer questions about Rank in size: Fourth; it’s bigger the beginning of than the Arctic Ocean but small- the universe. er than the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, in that order Coastline: 17,968 kilometers Water temperature variation: 10 degrees Celsius to negative 2 degrees Celsius Average depth: 4,000 to 5,000 meters Albrecht Karle / Special to The Antarctic Sun Deepest point: 7,235 meters at the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench Ethan Dicks / Special to The Antarctic Sun Source: CIA World Factbook Level 1 Comix Matt Davidson The Antarctic Sun is funded by the National Science Foundation as part of the United States Antarctic Program (OPP- 000373). Its primary audience is U.S. Antarctic Program participants, their families and their friends. NSF reviews and approves material before publication, but opinions and conclusions expressed in The Sun are not necessarily those of the Foundation. Use: Reproduction and distribution are encouraged with acknowledgment of source and author. Senior Editor: Emily Stone Editors: Steven Profaizer, Peter Rejcek Copy Editors: Amanda Barnett, Robert Ford, Ed Hyatt, Rob Jones,Traci Macnamara, Melanie Miller, Hilary Oliver, Erin Popelka, Brian Spigel Publisher: Valerie Carroll, Communications manager, RPSC Contributions are welcome. Contact The Sun at [email protected]. In McMurdo, visit our office in Building 155 or dial 2407. Web address: AntarcticSun.usap.gov January 15, 2006 The Antarctic Sun • 3 Researchers check penguin stress levels By Emily Stone Sun staff The tourists who flock to Torgersen Island off the Antarctic Peninsula every summer come in part because the Adélie penguins there are so unfazed by people that they’ll wander right by them. “The Adélies basically ignore the tourists,” said Bill Fraser, who has studied the island’s Adélies for nearly 20 years. “They’ll literally walk through a group of tourists that are chatting and they could care less.” Fraser and his science group want to know if the penguins are naturally comfortable with humans or if years of heavy tourism have conditioned them to people. They’re testing out a new tool this year — a pretend penguin egg that measures the penguin’s heart rate — to help them determine how much stress the tourists induce in the birds. The group’s findings could influence how tourism is managed in Antarctica. Tourism has exploded in Antarctica over the last few decades, with 20,000 people visiting the continent and surrounding islands every year, according to the International Association of Antarctic Courtesy of Bill Fraser / Special to The Antarctic Sun Tour Operators. About 800 people visited Torgersen Island last summer, according to an association database. Fraser, with the Montana-based Polar Oceans Research Group, has been studying the Torgersen Adélies since the late 1980s to see what effect the tourists have on the birds. Half the island is open to tourists, and half is closed. So there’s a de facto experiment taking place there. Fraser and his group have watched tourists and birds interact for years, and have recorded data on the birds’ breeding and sur- vival rates for both halves of the island. The group has found that tourists have little impact on the population’s health, Fraser said. Photos by Brett Pickering / Special to The Antarctic Sun “That doesn’t mean there is no impact,” he said. “It’s just that Top, some of the roughly 800 tourists who visit Torgersen Island each the effects of natural variability are probably much more severe year to get a close-up look at Adélie penguins. Above left, a penguin accepts a computerized egg as its own. The egg, above right, mea- to penguin populations. They swamp any human effect if there is sures the penguin’s heart rate to see if it is stressed by tourists. one.” Fraser suspects that tourism has been so concentrated in certain areas that the penguins in those spots are no longer concerned by “Otherwise it looks like a real penguin egg, maybe a little people. But what of the penguins that rarely see people? Fraser cleaner,” Pickering said. wants to know if they are agitated by humans. If so, then Fraser The egg’s software didn’t perform as well as hoped, however. said he thinks tourism should stay concentrated in a few areas. It logged temperature data during its 24-hour stint under its That way, the penguins that are used to people can entertain the adopted parent, but the group couldn’t access the heart rate infor- tourists, and the penguins who get alarmed by tourists can be mation. They’ve sent the data to the egg’s manufacturer in Idaho spared the experience. to see if the results can be extracted. The group has added a new component to their study to under- The temperature sensors tell the researchers when one penguin stand how people effect the birds. This summer, they’ve started gets off the egg and its mate takes over. This is important because testing a computerized penguin egg that records the birds’ heart the scientists want to study the heart rate of the mate, because the rates. Researchers place the egg in a penguin nest so that a pen- original penguin has already been exposed to humans when the guin is sitting on it when people come by. The egg has sensors researchers came and put the egg in the nest. The team is inter- that measure the penguin’s heart rate, which is a good indicator ested in how the second penguin, which hasn’t seen a person for a of stress. while, reacts when a tourist approaches. Scientists working out of Palmer Station were able to make one Fraser said there’s anecdotal evidence that penguins on the trip to Torgersen to test the egg so far this season. Their goal is to non-touristed side of the island and other remote sites are upset by test two prototype eggs several times this summer so that the full approaching people. When scientists get near a bird, the feathers experiment can begin next year. on the back of its neck and head stand up, and its eyes get bigger. Brett Pickering, a researcher with Fraser’s group, said the first “They do show alarm,” he said. test went well logistically. The pretend egg was placed in a pen- This could be a problem if tour operators decide to visit more guin nest where there was one other egg. The penguin sat back and more of Antarctica.