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T.C Istanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü Tarih Ana Bilim Dali Almanya'dan Nasyonal So T.C İSTANBUL MEDENİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ LİSANSÜSTÜ EĞİTİM ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI ALMANYA’DAN NASYONAL SOSYALİZM DÖNEMİNDE (1933-1945) TÜRKİYE’YE GELEN YAHUDİLER Yüksek Lisans Tezi AYŞE ALTUNBAŞ 2020 T.C İSTANBUL MEDENİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ LİSANSÜSTÜ EĞİTİM ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI ALMANYA’DAN NASYONAL SOSYALİZM DÖNEMİNDE (1933-1945) TÜRKİYE’YE GELEN YAHUDİLER Yüksek Lisans Tezi AYŞE ALTUNBAŞ DANIŞMAN DOÇ. DR. HİLAL GÖRGÜN 2020 BİLDİRİM Hazırladığım tezin tamamen kendi çalışmam olduğunu, akademik ve etik kuralları gözeterek çalıştığımı ve her alıntıya kaynak gösterdiğimi taahhüt ederim. İmza Ayşe Altunbaş Danışmanlığını yaptığım işbu tezin tamamen öğrencinin çalışması olduğunu, akademik ve etik kuralları gözeterek çalıştığını taahhüt ederim. Doç. Dr. Hilal Görgün İMZA SAYFASI Ayşe Altunbaş tarafından hazırlanan ‘Almanya’dan Nasyonel Sosyalizm Döneminde (1933- 1945) Türkiye’ye Gelen Yahudiler’ başlıklı bu yüksek lisans/doktora tezi, Tarih. Anabilim/bilim Dalında hazırlanmış ve jürimiz tarafından kabul edilmiştir. JÜRİ ÜYELERİ İMZA Tez Danışmanı: [Ünvanı, Adı SOYADI]Doc.Dr.Hilal Görgün ............................. Kurumu: İ.Medeniyet Üniversitesi Üyeler: [Ünvanı, Adı ve Soyadı] Prof. Dr.Ali Satan ............................. Kurumu: Marmara Üniversitesi [Ünvanı, Adı ve Soyadı] Prof.Dr. Recep Karacakaya ............................. Kurumu: İ.Medeniyet Üniversitesi [Ünvanı, Adı ve Soyadı] ............................. Kurumu: [Ünvanı, Adı ve Soyadı] ............................. Kurumu: Tez Savunma Tarihi: 23/ 09/ 2020 ÖNSÖZ Hitler’in iktidara gelmesi sadece Avrupa’nın değil, bütün dünyanın gidişatını değiştirdi. Bu değişikliklerden en çok etkilenenler de Yahudiler olmuştur. Nasyonal Sosyalizm döneminin başlarında Almanya’da yaşam şartları zorlaşan Yahudiler dünyada çeşitli ülkelere göç etmek zorunda kaldılar. Gittikleri ülkelerden birisi olan Türkiye bu konuda müstesna bir yere sahiptir. Çalışmamızda 1933-1945 yılları arasında Türkiye’ye gelen Yahudilerin geliş şartları, Türkiye’deki yaşamları ve o dönemde Türkiye’deki Yahudilerin hayatını etkileyen önemli hadiseler ele alınacaktır. Altı bölüm olarak hazırlanmış olan tezin ilk bölümünde İkinci Dünya Savaşı öncesi Avrupa ve Almanya’daki Yahudiler ile giriş yapılarak Hitler’in iktidara gelmesiyle birlikte Yahudi asıllı ve veya Nasyonal Sosyalist düşünceyi kabul etmeyen sanatçılar, siyasetçiler, bilim adamları ve memurların görevlerinden el çektirilerek ülkeyi terk etmeye zorlayan süreç ele alınacaktır. Yine bu bölümde deniz yolu ile Yahudi göçü dendiğinde olumsuz olarak akla ilk gelen ve Şile açıklarında batırılan Struma gemisinin trajik hikâyesi de yer almaktadır. Bölümün sonunda Türk diplomatlar tarafından Fransa’daki Yahudilerin kurtarılma çabalarına değinilmiştir. İkinci bölümde kökü Osmanlı’ya dayanan Türkiye’deki Yahudiler konu edilmiştir. Ayrıca Avrupa’daki ırkçılığın Türkiye yansıması ve zorlu savaş şartlarının maruz bıraktığı varlık vergisi de ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde 1933 - 1945 yılları arasında Türkiye Almanya ilişkilerine değinilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde Cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan sonra gerçekleştirilen eğitim reformu ve buna bağlı olarak yabancı bilim adamlarının Türkiye’ye geliş süreci incelenmiştir. Beşinci bölümde Almanca konuşan mültecilerin sosyal ve siyasal yaşamları ele alınmıştır. Altıncı bölümde Türkiye’ye sığınan Yahudi asıllı Alman bilim adamlarından, bazılarının hayatları anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Tezin hazırlanması aşamasında; desteği ve birikimiyle yol gösterici olan danışman hocam sayın Doç. Dr. Hilal Görgün’e, tezimi okuyarak bana değerli tavsiyelerde bulunan hocam Prof. Dr. Recep Karacakaya’ya ve bölümümdeki tüm hocalarıma sonsuz teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Yine aynı zamanda beni Tarih bölümünde yüksek lisans yapmam için cesaretlendiren değerli Hocam Prof. Dr. Ali Satan’a da ayrıca teşekkürlerimi sunarım. I ÖZET ALMANYA’DAN NASYONAL SOSYALİZM DÖNEMİNDE (1933-1945) TÜRKİYE’YE GELEN YAHUDİLER Altunbaş, Ayşe Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. Hilal Görgün Eylül, 2020. 176 sayfa 1933 yılında Almanya’da Nasyonal Sosyalist Alman İşçi Partisi’nin iktidara gelmesi ile birlikte Almanya’daki Yahudiler’in hayatlarını olumsuz yönde etkileyecek önemli gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. Hitler’in çıkardığı bir yasa ile kendilerine sığınılacak bir ülke arayan Yahudilerden; aralarında akademiysen, bilim adamı, sanatçı ve siyasetçilerin de bulunduğu yüzlerce kişi yaşadıkları ülkeleri terke zorlanarak, farklı ülkelere göç etmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Bunlardan birçoğunun bilim adamı olması sebebiyle Almanya'dan adeta büyük bir beyin göçü vuku bulmuştur. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti hükümeti ise bu bilim insanlarından birçoğuna sosyal ve ekonomik ayrıcalıklar sunarak Türkiye’ye davet etmiştir. Bu çalışmada 1933-1945 yılları arasında Almanya’dan ülkemize göç eden Yahudi asıllı Alman bilim adamlarının, Türkiye’ye göç etmesine zemin hazırlayan nedenler, ülkemize yapılan göçün süreçleri, Türkiye-Almanya İlişkileri, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Yahudiler, Türkiye’de Eğitim reformu başlıkları ele alınmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Sürgün, Yahudi, Almanya, Eğitim, Nasyonal Sosyalizm II ABSTRACT JEWISH IMMIGRANTS FROM NATIONALSOZIALIST GERMANY (1933-1945) TO TURKEY Ayşe Altunbaş Master Thesis, Department of Ancient History Supervisor: Doç. Dr. Hilal Görgün September, 2020. 176 Pages When the National Socialist German Workers' Party came to power in Germany in 1933, there were important developments that had a negative impact on the lives of Jews living in Europe and especially in Germany. Among the Jews who were looking for a country where they could take refuge under a law passed by Hitler; hundreds of people, including academics, scientists, artists and politicians, have had to leave their home countries and emigrate to different countries. Since many of them were scientists, there was an enormous brain drain in Germany. The government of the Republic of Turkey has invited many of these scholars to Turkey by providing social and economic privileges. This study examined the situation of German scholars of Jewish origin who immigrated to Turkey from Germany between 1933 and 1945. The reasons for emigrating to Turkey, the migration process, the relations between Turkey and Germany, the Jews in the Republic of Turkey and the leaders of the educational reform in Turkey were discussed. Keywords: Exile, Jew, Germany, Education, National Socialism III İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ .................................................................................................................... I ÖZET...................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................III İÇİNDEKİLER .................................................................................................... IV KISALTMALAR ................................................................................................ VII GİRİŞ ..................................................................................................................... 1 I. BÖLÜM:AVRUPA’DA YAHUDİLER: SÜRGÜN-GÖÇ-MÜLTECİ.............. 7 1.1. İkinci Dünya Savaşı Öncesi Avrupa ve Almanya’da Yahudiler ......................... 8 1.2. Sürgüne Giden Yol – Mülteci Olma Yolunda ...................................................11 1.3. Kamu Hizmetleri Yasasının Yeniden Tesisi 7 Nisan 1933 ...............................13 1.4. Haavara (Transfer)Antlaşması - 25 Ağustos 1933.............................................14 1.5. Nürnberg Yasaları 17 Eylül 1935 ....................................................................18 1.6. Evien Konferansı 6-15 Temmuz 1938 ..............................................................19 1.7. Kristallnacht (Kristal Gece) 9-10 Kasım 1938 ..................................................20 1.7.1. Ortaya Çıkış Sebebi ...................................................................................21 1.7.2. Saldırılar ....................................................................................................22 1.8. Yurtdışındaki Alman Bilim Adamları Yardım Cemiyeti (Die Notgemeinschaft deutscher Wissenschaftler im Ausland) ...................................................................23 1.9. 1933 ve Sonrası Türkiye’ye Yahudi Göçü ........................................................26 1.10. Transit Ülke Olarak Türkiye: Struma Olayı ....................................................33 1.10.1. Struma’nın Tarihi ....................................................................................36 1.10.2. Struma’nın Yolculuğu ..............................................................................37 1.11. Fransa’da Yaşayan Yahudilerin Kurtarılması ve Türk Diplomatların Rolü .....42 II. BÖLÜM: TÜRKİYE’DE YAHUDİLER .........................................................47 2.1. Osmanlı Döneminde Yahudiler ........................................................................47 2.2. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Yahudiler .................................................................50 2.2.1. Avrupa’daki Irkçılığın Türkiye’ye Yansıması: 1934 Trakya Olayları .........51 III. BÖLÜM: TÜRKİYE-ALMANYA İLİŞKİLERİ (1933-1945) ......................55 3.2. II. Dünya Savaşı Öncesi İlişkilere Genel Bir Bakış ...........................................55 3.5. İkinci Dünya Savaşının Başlaması ve Türk-Alman İlişkileri .............................58 IV 3.6. İsmet İnönü ile Winston Churchill arasında 30-31 Ocak 1943 tarihinde Yenice
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