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El Código Secreto Del Esopete Ystoriado En El Contexto De La Exégesis Literaria Y Su Evolución Hacia Un Método Científico Tardomedieval

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El Código Secreto Del Esopete Ystoriado En El Contexto De La Exégesis Literaria Y Su Evolución Hacia Un Método Científico Tardomedieval El Código Secreto del Esopete Ystoriado en el Contexto de la Exégesis Literaria y su Evolución Hacia un Método Científico Tardomedieval Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Anchondo, Luis Adrian Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 08/10/2021 19:39:10 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/314672 EL CÓDIGO SECRETO DEL ESOPETE YSTORIADO EN EL CONTEXTO DE LA EXÉGESIS LITERARIA Y SU EVOLUCIÓN HACIA UN MÉTODO CIENTÍFICO TARDOMEDIEVAL by Luis Anchondo __________________________ Copyright © Luis Anchondo 2014 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN SPANISH In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2014 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Luis Anchondo, titled “El código secreto del Esopete ystoriado en el contexto de la exégesis literaria y su evolución hacia un método científico tardomedieval” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: Richard P. Kinkade _______________________________________________________________________ Date: Malcolm Compitello _______________________________________________________________________ Date: Eliud Chuffe Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: Dissertation Director: Richard P. Kinkade 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Luis Anchondo 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Gracias al Dr. Richard P. Kinkade, el director de esta disertación, por su invaluable ayuda a través de estos años, por abrirme las puertas a un mundo de conocimientos y sobre todo por preparar el camino que he de recorrer a lo largo de mi vida académica. Sin sus consejos, su tiempo y dedicación este proyecto no se habría podido llevar a cabo. Gracias por creer en mí y por dejarme saber de la enigmática existencia de Basilio, misterio que sin duda alguna había que resolver. Agradezco también al Dr. Malcolm Compitello por su apoyo a lo largo de mis estudios graduados en la Universidad de Arizona. Gracias por ayudarme a navegar en los rebuscados mares de la profesión para que mi barco llegue a buen puerto y por sus sugerencias sobre cómo hacer de este proyecto una obra universal que satisfaga las exigencias literarias de los lectores modernos. Doy las gracias de igual manera al Dr. Eliud Chuffe por el tiempo empleado en mejorar el manuscrito de la disertación, por apoyarme durante todos mis estudios de maestría y doctorado y por enseñarme cómo ejercer correctamente la docencia. Gracias por haber sido en estos años no sólo mi jefe y profesor sino también un gran amigo cuya amistad la conservaré siempre como un preciado tesoro. Gracias especiales a Laura Velázquez V. Gracias por alentarme a perseverar y a seguir adelante. Sin su apoyo hubiera sido difícil recorrer la senda que me condujo a los resultados aquí publicados. Mi más preciado respeto y admiración por ser una gran académica y sobre todo una gran Mujer. 5 DEDICATORIA Dedicada a la persona que sacrificó muchas horas de su vida en jornadas largas y pesadas de trabajo para que yo pudiera estudiar y algún día llevar a cabo una tesis doctoral. Armida Anchondo, mi madre, a quien le debo todo. 6 CONTENIDO página Abstract……………………………………………………………………….....7 Capítulo I. INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………....8 II. EL ENIGMA LITERARIO DE BASILIO Y SU DOCTRINA…………………………………..11 III. DETRÁS DEL MITO DE BASILIO VALENTÍN………………………………………....57 IV. LA OMISIÓN DE LA SANTIDAD DE BASILIO EN EL PRÓLOGO DEL ESOPETE YSTORIADO………………………………………… ….102 V. CONCLUSIÓN………………………………………………...140 Índice Analítico……………………………………………….154 Índice de figuras………………………………………………162 Bibliografía……………………………………………............163 7 ABSTRACT The purpose of this investigation is to decipher the secret code of Basil that I discovered in the prologue of the Spanish edition of Aesop’s Fables called Esopete ystoriado (1482), and to bring to light the importance of its resolution for the history of literature as well as for the history of science. This code states that the fables are more profitable if understood in accordance with the doctrine of Basil. After years of investigation, I came to the conclusion that Basil’s doctrine can refer either to Saint Basil the Great’s fourth-century treatise Oratio ad adolescentes de legendis antiquorum seu gentilium libris in which he instructs young catechumens how best to profit from an inquiry into the content and meaning of pagan literature, or to Basil Valentine’s chemistry text The Triumphant Chariot of Antimony which established in Germany the precepts for the scientific method of the Age of the Enlightenment and therefore of modern Europe. In the meantime I found a strong relationship between both texts; in fact, Basil Valentine’s book is based on Saint Basil’s treatise, information that has been hidden for more than six centuries by a lineage of secret societies. My research focuses on how a treatise about literary interpretation written by one of the ancient fathers of the Catholic Church became the model for one of the most important scientific books in pre-modern Europe, discovering with my inquiry the important role that the Benedictine Order as well as the secret society of the Rose Cross played in that achievement. This investigation also led me to the realization that the chemist Basil Valentine was in fact the German Abbot Johann Trithemius (1462-1516), and that the Esopete ystoriado was translated from Latin to Castilian by Gonzalo García de Santa María (1447-1521), concluding that it is impossible to separate the history of literature from the history of science. 8 INTRODUCCIÓN “Darumb so lern alchimiam die sonst spagyria heisst, die lernet zu scheiden das falsch von dem gerechten” (Por eso, aprende la alquimia, que de otro modo es llamada espagiria; ella enseña a separar lo falso de lo justo), Paracelso, Opus Paramirum (9:55) .1 El 12 de agosto de 1898 el padre del pragmatismo y de la semiótica anglosajona Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) publicó un artículo en Science titulado “Note on the Age of Basil Valentine” en donde desacredita la existencia del monje benedictino Basilio Valentín a quien se le consideraba no sólo el padre de la farmacéutica moderna sino “the earliest of the scientific chemists and a great light of human culture.” 2 Hasta la publicación de este escrito, sin presentar prueba científica alguna, se había tomado como verdadera la existencia del cenobita el cual supuestamente debió haber vivido durante el siglo XV. Es durante este tiempo cuando presuntamente el fraile escribió El carro triunfal del antimonio, considerado uno de los libros más importantes en la historia de la ciencia. Peirce termina su ensayo afirmando que: “When we once come to regard the Triumph Wagen no longer as antedating Copernicus, it does not appear as a marvelous performance” (176). Cien años después de la publicación de Peirce, hemos reunido las pruebas necesarias para afirmar que en efecto Basilio Valentín no es un personaje de ficción sino que floreció a finales del siglo XV y que El carro triunfal del antimonio tuvo que haberse escrito entre 1495 y 1516, tiempo en el que florece Copernicus (1473-1543). Por lo tanto, al igual que el astrónomo alemán, Basilio Valentín es, sin duda alguna, una de las piezas fundamentales de la revolución científica 1 Ed. Karl Sudhoff, Sämtliche Werke (Munchen; Berlin: R. Oldenbourg, 1930) 9:55. 2 C.S. Peirce, “Note on the Age of Basil Valentine”, Science 8.189 (Aug. 12, 1898): 169. 9 del siglo XVI cuya metodología analítica influyó en el empirismo que permeó la ilustración europea del siglo XVIII. Dicho descubrimiento ha surgido de una tarea que era en un principio muy simple: el tratar de descubrir quién fue el Basilio que se menciona en el prólogo del Esopete ystoriado, la traducción castellana de las Fábulas de Esopo publicada en España en 1482. Es ahí donde se declara que las fábulas son más provechosas si por el lector son entendidas cerca de la doctrina de Basilio . A más de quinientos años desde su publicación, ningún investigador había podido aclarar la identificación de Basilio ni mucho menos descifrar el concepto de la mencionada doctrina tan importante para poder decodificar el verdadero significado de las Fábulas . Esto no es de extrañarse ya que indagar en la identidad y en la doctrina de tan misterioso personaje es adentrarse en un terreno lleno de enigmas, leyendas y códigos secretos. La investigación que hemos llevado a cabo ha sido fructífera en diversos aspectos. No sólo hemos descubierto quién es el enigmático Basilio y su doctrina sino que nos hemos podido adentrar en los arcanos misterios de una de las sociedades secretas más conocidas del mundo, los Rosacruces, con el fin de vislumbrar la realidad detrás del mito en cuanto a por qué, dónde, cómo y cuándo la formaron.
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