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The Alchemical Patronage of Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghley

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The Alchemical Patronage of Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghley View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchArchive at Victoria University of Wellington The Alchemical Patronage of Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghley James Stuart Campbell A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Victoria University of Wellington 2009 ii Image 1: Attr. Hans Eworth, ‗William Cecil, Lord Burghley‘, c.1565 Source: Pauline Croft (ed.), Patronage, Culture and Power, New Haven, 2002, p. xxvii. iii Abstract This thesis examines the alchemical patronage of Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520– 1598), Principal Secretary and later Lord Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth I. Through an examination of Cecil‘s surviving papers, along with other primary manuscript and printed works, it places Cecil‘s patronage of alchemy within the context of both his previous examined patronage and the intellectual context of sixteenth century England. This thesis analyses why Cecil, a key member of government for over fifty years and Elizabeth‘s most trusted councillor, believed in the legitimacy of alchemical solutions to both national and personal problems. To explain Cecil‘s trust in alchemy, the thesis focuses first on his understanding of nature. It argues that a belief in alchemical transmutation was an essential consequence of an education that emphasised an Aristotelian understanding of the universe. Cecil was therefore receptive of demonstrations of theoretical as well as practical alchemical knowledge. Through an assessment of Cecil‘s neglected medical patronage, the thesis also argues that he was amongst the first in England to utilise new alchemically based medical treatments. In his role as Elizabeth‘s chief minister, Cecil administered a number of alchemical projects intended to support both Crown finances and England‘s industrial competitiveness. In light of Cecil‘s integral role in these projects, the thesis contends that he saw alchemy as a legitimate method of addressing both his short and long term policy aims. This thesis therefore both provides a more complete understanding of Cecil‘s patronage and adds to the limited historiography of alchemy in Elizabethan England. iv Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgments v List of Images vi List of Abbreviations vii Note on Dates and Transcription viii Introduction 1 1. Cecil and Alchemical Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age 17 2. Alchemical Medicine 52 3. Alchemy and Crown Finances 76 —Cornelius de Lannoy 78 —Edward Kelley 87 —Roloff Peterson 107 4. Alchemy and Economic Projects 117 —The Frobisher Ores 118 —William Medley and the Society of the New Art 128 Conclusion 154 Bibliography 160 v Acknowledgements Thanks must first go to my supervisor Glyn Parry for his invaluable advice and guidance, without which this thesis would not have been completed. Thanks also to my fellow postgraduate students Nick Radburn, Malcolm Craig, Michael Devine, Michael Gill, Sam Ritchie and Susie Johnston, for providing their invaluable friendship and advice. I am extremely grateful to Brenda and Aporo Joyce for awarding me the Jack Pearce Scholarship and to the History Department for providing a comfortable and accommodating working environment. I am also appreciative of the feedback and correspondence of a number of academics, especially Steve Behrendt and Peter Grund. Special thanks go to my family and friends for their encouragement and support throughout my MA. vi List of Images 1. Attr. Hans Eworth, ‗William Cecil, Lord Burghley‘, c.1565, ii as reproduced in Pauline Croft (ed.), Patronage, Culture and Power, New Haven, 2002, p. xxvii. 2. Anon., ‗Burchart‘s furnice‘, Undated, TNA, SP 12/122/63 128 3. Anon., ‗A ploote of the woorkes and havens now fit for that 139 purpose‘, undated, TNA, SP 45/36 MPF11 vii List of Abbreviations APC Acts of the Privy Council of England BL The British Library CMS Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Most Honourable the Marquis of Salisbury, Preserved at Hatfield House, Hertfordshire CPR Calendar of the Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office CSPD Calendar of State Papers Domestic CSPF Calendar of State Papers Foreign TNA The National Archives of the United Kingdom PROB Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury SP State Papers viii Note on Dates and Transcription As most documents cited in this thesis are either of English origin, or predate the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in Catholic Europe in 1582, dating is given in the Julian style. Where documents have been dated in the Gregorian style this has been adjusted. For the sake of clarity 1 January is taken as the New Year throughout, and the date-year has been adjusted accordingly. All primary material has been presented using original spelling and grammar, with some minor exceptions. For the sake of clarity, common sixteenth century transpositions, such as ‗v‘ for ‗u‘ and ‗i‘ for ‗j‘ have been adjusted to modern spelling. Common contractions, such as ‗Mjtie‘ for ‗Majesty‘, ‗wth‘ for ‗with‘, and ‗wch‘ for ‗which‘, have been expanded. Primary documents reproduced in secondary collections have been quoted verbatim, retaining the modernising conventions of their editors. 1 Introduction William Cecil, through the careful acquisition of royal favour, became Queen Elizabeth I‘s most trusted counsellor. As the Queen‘s Principal Secretary, Cecil was the gatekeeper to royal patronage, and exercised enormous influence over England‘s domestic and foreign policy. Even before he became Lord Burghley in 1571 and Lord Treasurer the following year, Cecil‘s affluence and influence allowed him to become an important patron in his own right.1 Historians, therefore, have considered Cecil to be one of the most important figures of the Elizabethan regime. As such he has been the subject of an immense amount of historical research analysing his impact on England‘s economic, religious, and foreign policy. This thesis examines a hitherto overlooked aspect of Cecil‘s career: his patronage of alchemy. The research for this thesis has uncovered neglected evidence of Cecil‘s relationship with a number of alchemists and alchemical projects, revealing their involvement in his intricate network of patronage. As a result of his Aristotelian education, Cecil shared with the alchemists a unified view of nature. This natural philosophy encouraged the Elizabethan elite to believe in humanity‘s ability to perfect the world both spiritually and physically. The alchemist‘s quest to achieve perfection—gold in the case of base metals and spiritual redemption in the case of humanity—correspondingly appealed to many renaissance intellectuals. While, like many Elizabethans, Cecil could be sceptical about some alchemical promises, the concept of transmutation was consistent with his understanding of the world. Where Cecil differed from his contemporaries was in his determination to utilize alchemical knowledge for the benefit of both himself and the Elizabethan state. Throughout his career he patronised, invested in, and supported a remarkable range of alchemical activities. A detailed 1 From his ennoblement as Lord Burghley on 25 February 1571, Cecil became known by his title. As this thesis is not entirely chronological, for the purposes of clarity he will be referred to as Cecil throughout. 2 examination of primary evidence reveals a man deeply enthusiastic about alchemy in many forms, from philosophy and medicine, through to industrial metallurgy. This thesis examines the support, both financial and political, which Cecil lent to a number of alchemical projects throughout the Elizabethan period. The underlying objective of the thesis is to consider the implications of Cecil‘s continued support for alchemical projects on our understanding of the mentality of the Elizabethan Court. Together with contextualising the position of alchemical thought and practice within Elizabethan society, the thesis examines alchemy as one of Cecil‘s legitimate domestic and foreign policy tools, and analyses the degree to which the philosophical ideals and concepts of alchemy appealed to Cecil‘s religious, political and philosophical beliefs. The thesis also argues that potential clients knew about and took advantage of Cecil‘s interest in alchemy. Numerous patronage suits directed at Cecil included demonstrations of both practical and theoretical forms of alchemical knowledge. This thesis therefore argues that contemporaries widely recognised Cecil‘s predilection towards alchemical patronage. * Since the Enlightenment, historians studying Cecil have chosen to ignore the great statesman‘s belief in the reality of alchemical transmutation. To them such a belief did not correspond with their conception of a pragmatic and capable manager of government business. The few historical discussions of Cecil‘s interest in alchemical schemes therefore tend to be dismissive or superficial. The work of John Strype (1643–1737) has channelled the interests of subsequent historians of Cecil. Whilst Strype never completed his biography of Cecil, he based much of his writing, especially his four volume Annals of the Reformation (1709-31), on that part of Cecil‘s papers now in the Lansdowne Collection.2 Despite his claims of objectivity, Stype‘s work reflected both the interests and prejudices of the Enlightenment period. The derisive 2 G. H. Martin and Anita McConnell, ‗Strype, John (1643–1737)‘, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26690].
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