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Gender Dimensions of Climate Change in Pakistan: Reducing The

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Gender Dimensions of Climate Change in Pakistan: Reducing The Gender Dimensions of Climate Change in Pakistan: Reducing the Vulnerabilities of Rural Women to Climate Change Effects in the Province of Sindh Mishalle Afzal Kayani Faculty Advisor: Dr. Natalia Mirovitskaya Sanford School of Public Policy Submitted: April, 2017 This project was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate Liberal Studies Program in the Graduate School of Duke University. Copyright by Mishalle Afzal Kayani 2017 Abstract The province of Sindh in Pakistan is predominantly an agriculture-based region which has a large proportion of the population living in rural areas. Here, women play a significant role in agricultural activities and are also held responsible for household activities. Given rigid social structures, the influence of power by elites who exercise control through landholdings and additional cultural and religious restrictions, women in rural Sindh are considered to be amongst the most disenfranchised. Through this paper, I attempt to identify the vulnerabilities of women in rural Sindh to climate change effects and evaluate the gender differences in access to resources, services and facilities. From the analysis conducted, the increase in the burden of responsibilities for women of rural Sindh in combination with the social, economic and cultural barriers, ineffective implementation mechanisms and subsequent structural causes result in exclusion of women from sustainable livelihood management practices. The situation is further exacerbated by the effects of climate change. The paper assesses various policy options and provides recommendations to the Provincial government of Sindh to invest in capacity building schemes and improve agricultural practices through investments in social protection programs, technical and vocational skills. Investing in such mechanisms will have considerable positive effects on the social, cultural and economic status of women and help to build resilience against disasters and additional climate change effects within the region. iii Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables and Figures: ........................................................................................................................ vi Key Definitions .......................................................................................................................................... vii Introduction: ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology: ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1: Background .............................................................................................................................. 6 Climate Change in Sindh: ......................................................................................................................... 6 Women and Climate Change in Sindh: ..................................................................................................... 7 Policy/Institutional Context: ..................................................................................................................... 9 Economic Context: .................................................................................................................................. 13 Social Context: ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Stakeholders Analysis: .......................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Definition of Problem ............................................................................................................ 20 Rationale for Government Intervention: ............................................................................................ 20 Control of Resources by the Elite ....................................................................................................... 20 Decentralization and Coordination Failure ....................................................................................... 21 Information Asymmetry ....................................................................................................................... 21 Negative Externalities ......................................................................................................................... 22 Problem Definition: .............................................................................................................................. 23 Chapter 3: Gender Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 25 Social Relations Approach: Gender Analysis for Rural Sindh ......................................................... 26 Chapter 4: Goals and Objectives:............................................................................................................ 33 Chapter 5: Policy Alternatives and Proposed Solutions ........................................................................ 35 Chapter 6: Cases from Neighboring Countries ...................................................................................... 47 Comparative Case of Bangladesh:....................................................................................................... 47 Comparative Case of Nepal: ................................................................................................................ 51 Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................................ 55 Annexure .................................................................................................................................................... 57 Bibliography: ............................................................................................................................................. 73 iv Acknowledgments I am deeply grateful to everyone who had a role to play in making this project possible and helping me through my time in Graduate School at Duke University. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Natalia Mirovitskaya, for agreeing to take me on as an advisee. Without her compassion, knowledge, patience and guidance, this project would not have been possible. I would also like to thank Professor Donna Zapf for her invaluable support and encouragement throughout my time at Duke. I am also grateful to Professors Kent Wicker, Fernando Fernholz, Rosemary Fernholz, Phyllis Pomerantz, Edward Tiryakian and Charlotte Clark, who helped me acquire the knowledge and experience to successfully complete my graduate school journey. Their tutelage and guidance has benefitted me through every step in my graduate career. A special thank you to the Graduate Liberal Studies Program for the continuous support throughout my two years at Duke University and my warm thank you to Dink Suddaby for always being there to help me out and for reassuring me through some difficult days. Lastly and most importantly, I would like to express my gratitude to and my appreciation for my parents for teaching me to be patient with myself and pushing me to achieve the impossible and for loving me unconditionally. Mahrukh and Shehryar, thank you for being supportive older siblings and setting high standards for me, not just academically but as individuals. Finally, I would like to thank everyone I met during my time at Duke for giving me the opportunity to learn something new every day. It has indeed been an incredible journey. v List of Tables and Figures: Tables: Table 1: Timeline of Natural Disasters in the Provinces of Pakistan Table 2: Participation of Rural Women in Livestock Activities Table 3: Primary Net Enrollment Rates in Rural and Urban Areas Table 4: Percentage of Out of School Youth, 2012 Table 5: Community Perceptions on Level of Exposure to Hazard Risks and Related Vulnerability in Surveyed Sites in Bangladesh Table 6: Stakeholder Analysis Table 7: Monitoring and Evaluation Framework Table 8: Alternative Criteria Matrix Table 9: Alternative Objectives Matrix Table 10: Implementation Strategy Figures: Figure 1: Map of Sindh Province Figure 2: Perceptions of Climate Change in Nepal Figure 3: Problem Tree Analysis Figure 4: Socio-Ecological Model Figure 5: Stakeholder Power – Interest Matrix vi Key Definitions Vulnerability: Refers to the susceptibility to external stresses. It includes exposure to risk, sensitivity to that risk and adaptive capacity, as described below (IPCC 2007). Exposure refers to external stress to people or communities caused by factors such as changes in rainfall and temperature patterns due to climate change. Sensitivity refers to the extent to which communities are susceptible to exposure to the stress. Adaptive capacity refers to the ability to overcome and recover from the external stress. Factors affecting adaptive capacity include capitals and rights. Climate Change:
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