1 Hamzah Fansuri Dan Pembaharuan Kebudayaan

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1 Hamzah Fansuri Dan Pembaharuan Kebudayaan PROSIDING INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR on ISLAMIC STUDIES AND EDUCATION (ISoISE) “Building Educational Paradigm that Support the Word Peace Through International Cooperation” Kolaborasi Pascasarjana UIN STS Jambi - Fakulti Pendidikan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia p-ISBN: 978-602-60957-5-6, e-ISBN: 978-602-60957-6-3 (PDF), November 2020, hal. 1 – 22 HAMZAH FANSURI DAN PEMBAHARUAN KEBUDAYAAN MELAYU Ahmad Syukri Guru Besar Pascasarjana UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi [email protected] Abstrak Fansuri merupakan salah seorang dari empat orang pengembang ajaran tasawuf yang terkenal di aceh (Hamzah Fansuri, Syams al-Din al-Sumatrani, Nuruddin al-Raniri, dan Abd al-Rauf al-Singkili). Fansuri memiliki 3 risalah tasawuf dan 33 ikat ikatan syair (setiap ikat-ikatan terdiri dari 13, 15 atau 19 bait syair). Adapun tiga risalah tasawuf Fansuri tersebut ialah Syarab al-‟Asyikqin, Asrar al-‟Arifin, dan al-Muntahi. Sedang syair-syairnya antara lain: Syair Burung Pingai, Syair Perahu, dan Syair Dagang, Syair Minuman Para Pencinta, Syair Sidang Ahli Suluk, dan Syair Laut Maha Tinggi. Dari karya-karya Fansuri yang ada, paling tidak ada empat pemikiran yaitu: masalah wujudiyah, masalah ruh, Quran dan nafs. Pokok-pokok pikiran Fansuri selalu dibayangi oleh paham wujudiah. Paham wujudiah Fansuri ini bahwa, dia tidak semata-mata menekankan ajarannya pada aspek tasybih (imanensi), tetapi juga menekankan pada aspek tanzih (transendensi). Oleh karena itu sukar untuk menilai bahwa paham wujudiah Fansuri adalah sesat, karena Fansuri yakin dan percaya dengan keesaan Zat Tuhan Yang Mutlak dan transenden. Fansuri bagi masyarakat dan lingkungannya bukan hanya dikenal sebagai seorang ulama tasawuf yang menganut paham wujudiah, yang mempunyai pengetahuan dan wawasan yang luas tentang agama serta sastrawan yang terkemuka, melainkan juga sebagai seorang perintis dan pelopor. Fansuri merupakan ulama yang memainkan peranan penting dalam membentuk kebudayaan, pemikiran dan praktek keagamaan kaum muslimin Melayu-Indonesia pada paruh pertama abad ketujuh belas. Sehingga dengan ini dia bisa digolongkan juga sebagai tokoh pembaru pada zamannya. Ketajaman fikiran dan kepiawaiannya telah dimanfaatkannya dalam upaya pembaharuan terhadap masyarakat pada waktu itu. Dia telah melakukan pembaruan terhadap perkembangan kebudayaan Islam, khususnya di bidang kerohanian, filsafat, keilmuan, sastra dan bahasa. Kata Kunci: Hamzah Fansuri, Tasawuf, Kebidayaan Melayu PENDAHULUAN Hamzah Fansuri merupakan ulama yang memainkan peranan penting dalam membentuk kebudayaan, pemikiran dan praktek keagamaan kaum muslimin Melayu-Indonesia pada paruh pertama abad ketujuh belas. Sebagai mana diungkapkan oleh Azyumardi, Semua sumber, lokal maupun asing, sepakat bahwa Hazah Fansuri dan muridnya Syamsuddin al-Sumatrani menguasai kehidupan religio- intelektual kaum muslimin Melayu-Indonesia sebelum kebangkitan al- Raniri.1 1Azyumardi Azra. 1994. Jaringan Ulama Timur Tengah dan Kepulauan Nusantara Abad XVII dan XVIII. Bandung: Mizan. hlm. 169. 1 Pengaruh Hamzah Fansuri (selanjutnya disebut Fansuri) di antaranya terlihat dalam penyebaran ajaran wujudiah. Meskipun doktrin dan praktek mistis merupakan ciri yang paling menonjol dari Islam Melayu-Indonesia sejak masa awal masuk Islam terutama dari aliran wujudiah, bukan hanya di Aceh tetapi juga di banyak bagian wilayah Nusantara, namun tulisan-tulisan Fansuri beserta pengikutnya, Syamsuddin al-Sumatrani memberi daya dorong lebih jauh pada kecenderungan ini. Dengan kedudukan mereka sebagai Syaikh al-Islam Kesultanan Aceh, mereka dapat menyebarkan pengaruh sangat besar. Di samping itu, Fansuri tidak hanya dikenal dengan faham wujudiahnya, bahkan dia dikenal sebagai tokoh pembaruan pada masanya. Dia telah melakukan pembaruan terhadap perkembangan kebudayaan Islam, khususnya di bidang kerohanian, filsafat, keilmuan, sastra dan bahasa. 2 Meskipun demikian, Fansuri--khususnya dalam paham wujudiahnya--menghadapi tantangan yang besar, bahkan pada masa sesudahnya. Karya-karyanya dibakar karena dianggap membawa paham yang menyesatkan pada masa Nuruddin Al-Raniri, sehingga kehidupan Fansuri telah menjadi polemik bagi ilmuan-ilmuan yang mengkaji tentang dirinya. Ini merupakan kajian yang menarik untuk melihat kembali Bagaimana pemikiran Fansuri dan pembaharuannya terhadap kebudayaan Melayu. PEMBAHASAN Biografi Hamzah Fansuri Berkaitan dengan biografi Fansuri masih banyak hal yang tetap kabur, dan karenanya problematis. Terdapat beberapa perbedaan tentang tahun dan tempat kelahiran Fansuri serta rentang masa hidupnya, sebab tahun kelahiran dan kematiannya sebenarnya tidak diketahui dengan pasti. Hal ini juga menjadikan sulitnya untuk melacak transmisi-transmisi ajaran tasawuf yang diterimanya terutama berkaitan dengan tarekat yang dianutnya seperti tarekat Qadiriah, begitu juga transmisi-transmisi dari ajaran Fansuri sendiri terhadap murid-murid yang datang sesudahnya karena pada masa Ar-raniri ajarannya dianggap sebagai ajaran yang sesat. 2Abdul Hadi W.M. 1995. Hamzah Fansuri: Risalah Tasawuf dan Puisi-puisinya. Bandung: Mizan, (cet. I), hlm. 14. 2 Tentang tempat lahir Fansuri telah terjadi pertikaian pendapat karena perbedaan pendapat dalam menafsirkan ungkapan Fansuri: Hamzah nur asalnya Fansuri Mendapat wujud di tanah Syahru Nawi Beroleh Khilafat ilmu yang „ali Daripada Abdul Qadir Sayid Jailani3 Dari puisi tersebut ada yang berpendapat bahwa “Syahru Nawi” ialah “Bandar Ayuthia” ibukota kerajaan Siam pada zaman silam. Pendapat lain mengatakan, itu nama lama dari Aceh sebagai peringatan bagi seorang pangeran Siam yang bernama Shahir Nawi yang datang ke Aceh zaman dahulu. Dia membangun Aceh sebelum datangnya agama Islam.4 Di samping itu, ada juga yang berpendapat bahwa Fansuri dilahirkan di Barus (Fansur) 5, yaitu pesisir Barat bagian Utara Sumatera, yang terletak antara Singkil dan Sibolga.6 Pendapat yang terakhir ini menurut Vakkili bukanlah hal yang tidak mungkin, karena pada puisi tersebut juga dapat dipahami dia berasal dari Fansur, sementara baris kedua yang menjelaskan “Mendapat wujud di Syahru Nawi” dapat dipahami di kota itu Dia mendapat pencerahan spiritual, yaitu dalam paham wahdat al-wujud.7 Tentang masa kehidupan Fansuri ada beberapa pendapat para ahli: pertama, yang mengatakan bahwa dia hidup dan berjaya pada masa sebelum dan selama pemerintahan Sultan „Ala al-Din Ri‟ayat Syah (berkuasa 997-1011 H/1589-1602 M), diperkirakan ia meninggal sebelum 1016 H/ 1607 M. Pendapat ini didukung oleh al-Attas (1970) Azyumardi 3Hawash Abdullah. t.th. Perkembangan Ilmu Tasawuf dan tokoh-tokohnya di Nusantara. Surabaya: Al-Ikhlas. h. 36. 4Lihat Ibid. 5Fansur menurut Drakkard adalah pusat Islam penting dan merupakan titik penghubung antara orang melayu dengan kaum muslimin dari Asia Barat dan Asia Selatan. Lihat Azyumardi Azra. 1994. op.cit. hlm. 190. Kota Fansur juga dikenal sebagai pusat pengetahuan Islam lama di Aceh Barat Daya, Lihat ibid. hlm. 167. dan juga sebagai kota pelabuhan dan perdagangan internasional yang terkenal penghasil emas, lada hitam, dan kapur barus. Lihat G.W.J. Drewes dan L.F. Brakel. 1986. The Poems of Hamzah Fansuri. Dordrecht-Holand: Foris Publications. hlm.1. 6Lihat G.W.J. Drewes dan L.F. Brakel. op.cit. 1986. hlm. 1. 7Abdollah Vakily. 1997. “Sufism, Power Politics, and Reform: Al-Raniri‟s Opposition to Hamzah al-Fansuri‟s Teachings Reconsidered” Studia Islamika. Jakarta. Volume 4, Number 1. hlm.119. 3 Azra (1994), Abdollah Vakily (1997). Mereka ini tampaknya mengikuti pendapat Van Nieuwenhuijze (1945) dan Voerhoeve (1952).8 Kedua, yang mengatakan bahwa Fansuri hidup di Aceh di bawah pemerintahan Iskandar Muda atau Iskandar II (1607-1613-1636) yaitu: J.J. de Hollander (1984), B. Setiawan dkk. (1989), Kraemer (1921), Doorenbos (1933), Windstedt (1961), Harun Hadiwijono (1967), Ali Hasymi (1975), dan Braginsky (1992).9 Ketiga, yang mengatakan bahwa Fansuri hidup hanya sampai akhir abad ke-16, sekitar tahun 1590, dengan melihat kenyataan bahwa permulaan abad ke-17 ajaran tasawuf yang berpengaruh di Aceh ialah ajaran „Martabat Tujuh‟ yang dianjurkan oleh Syamsuddin Pasai (w. 1630). Pendapat ini didukung oleh Drewes dan Brakel (1986).10 Pendapat yang senada juga dikemukakan oleh Bruinessen (1995)11 Keempat, yang mengatakan bahwa Fansuri wafat sekitar tahun 1600 M. Pendapat ini diajukan oleh Lapidus (1993)12 dan Stenbrink13. Dari uraian berlalu, tampaknya para ahli hanya bisa memperkirakan rentang waktu hidupnya Fansuri, dan itu pun mempunyai beberapa versi. Meski pun demikian masih bisa disimpulkan bahwa Fansuri hidup dalam akhir abad ke-16 sampai awal abad ke-17. Fansuri masih keturunan persia, nenek moyangnya berasal dari sana. Pada zaman kerajaan Islam Samudra Pasai diperintah oleh Sulta Alauddin Malikussaleh (1261-1289 M.), banyak ulama-ulama dari Persia datang ke sana baik untuk mengajar pada pusat-pusat pendidikan Islam yang bernama “Zawiyah” atau “Dayah” maupun untuk menyumbangkan tenaganya pada lembaga-lembaga pemerintah. Di antara ulama-ulama 8Lihat G.W.J. Drewes dan L.F. Brakel. op.cit. 1986. hlm. 2-3.; Azyumardi Azra. 1994. op.cit. hlm. 166.; Abdollah Vakily. 1997. Loc.cit. 9Lihat J.J. de Holander. 1984. Pedonan Bahasa dan Sastra Melayu. Cetakan pertama. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. hlm. 263.; B. Setiawan 1989. Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Cipta Adi Pustaka. hlm. 253.; G.W.J. Drewes dan L.F. Brakel. 1986. loc.cit.; dan Abdul Hadi W.M. 1995. op.cit. hlm. 44. Menurut Braginsky Fansuri masih hidup di dalam zaman Iskandar Muda, sekurang-kurangnya pada tahun 1620 ketika Beulew, laksamana Prancis melawat ke Aceh.
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