Identifying Plant Tissues

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+ Identifying Plant Tissues Chapter 4 + Combining Cells to Form Tissues ! Plants grow as cells divide to produce new cells in areas of the plant called meristems. ! After new cells are produced, they specialize for certain functions, enlarging and changing their structure to match their function. ! Cells…..tissues…..tissue systems…..organs + Four Main Types of Tissue Systems ! Meristematic tissue system- contains cells that are actively dividing to produce new plant tissue ! Ground tissue system- contains tissues that make up the bulk of the plant ! Do photosynthesis ! Support ! Store food ! Repair damage + Four Types of Tissue Systems ! Vascular tissue system- conducts water, minerals, and sugars throughout plant ! Dermal tissue system- protect plant and prevents water loss from tissues + Meristematic Tissues ! Meristematic tissues are tissues where cells are actively multiplying to provide new cells for plant growth. ! permanent regions of active cell division ! all purpose cells ! can become any type of plant cell ! small, box-shaped, small vacuoles + Meristematic Tissues ! As the cells enlarge, they begin to differentiate, becoming specialized for a certain function. ! Two plant organ systems- ! Shoot system- above ground, supports leaves, flower, and fruits ! Root system- underground, absorbs water and minerals + Meristematic Tissues ! Four types of meristems ! Apical meristems ! Axillary buds ! Lateral meristems ! Intercalary meristems + Meristematic Tissue - Apical ! Apical Meristems - Found at the tips of roots and shoots. Plants get taller, and roots get longer, from their tips. ! Increase in length as the apical meristems produce new cells (primary growth) ! Divide to produce new cells, which elongate, making roots get longer and shoots get taller. ! Primary Meristems ! Protoderm ! Ground Meristem ! Procambium + Meristematic Tissue – Apical ! Once cells elongate and differentiate into a particular cell type, they usually can’t divide any more due to their rigid cell walls. ! Meristematic cells, however, continue to divide, enabling growth throughout the life of the plant. ! Indeterminate growth- keeps growing throughout life ! Determinate growth- stops growing when reaches maturity + Meristematic Tissues - Lateral !Lateral meristems are thin cylinders of tissue that form in mature regions of shoots and roots of many plants, especially those that produce woody tissue. !They divide to produce secondary growth, growth that increases the diameter [girth] of a shoot [stem or trunk] or root. + Meristematic Tissues - Lateral !Plants have two types of lateral meristems. ! Vascular Cambium – Produces new vascular tissues that function primarily in support and conduction. ! Thin cylindrical cells. ! Cork Cambium - Lies outside vascular cambium just inside the outer bark of woody plants. Meristems and Growth Growth and Meristems + + Meristematic Tissues - Axillary ! Axillary Buds -- produced as stems elongate in the angle between the stem and the petiole of each leaf -- May remain dormant until apical meristem has grown and moved away from the axillary bud. -- When apical meristem is far enough away, the meristems of the axillary bud begins to grow forming a branch. + Meristematic Tissue - Axillary ! Branches can be forced to grow by removing the apical meristem which wakes up the axillary meristem of the main shoot. + Meristematic Tissues ! Grasses and related plants do not have vascular cambium or cork cambium, but do have apical meristems in the vicinity of the nodes. ! Intercalary meristems ! Develop at intervals along stems where they add to stem length- cells get added to the middle to increase length ! This is why you can mow grass and the grass will continue to get longer. + Intercalary Meristem .

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AXR1 Acts After Lateral Bud Formation to Inhibit Lateral Bud Growth in Arabidopsis

This is a repository copy of AXR1 acts after lateral bud formation to inhibit lateral bud growth in Arabidopsis. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/262/ Article: Stirnberg, P., Leyser, O. and Chatfield, S.P. (1999) AXR1 acts after lateral bud formation to inhibit lateral bud growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology. pp. 839-847. ISSN 0032-0889 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Plant Physiology, November 1999, Vol. 121, pp. 839–847, www.plantphysiol.org © 1999 American Society of Plant Physiologists AXR1 Acts after Lateral Bud Formation to Inhibit Lateral Bud Growth in Arabidopsis1 Petra Stirnberg, Steven P. Chatfield, and H.M. Ottoline Leyser* Department of Biology, University of York, P.O. Box 373, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom Several mutants with altered auxin sensitivity have been The AXR1 gene of Arabidopsis is required for many auxin re- produced in Arabidopsis.
The American Woods

TH E I A N W O O D S A M E R C , EXHIB ITED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS AND WITH C PIO EXPLANAT RY TEXT O US O , ROM E Y N B H H B A OU G . , . RT IX PA . REPRES ENTI NG TWENTY - FIVE S PEC I ES TWENTY - F I VE S ETS OF S E TI O NS C . LOWVI L LE N Y . U A . s . , , . P U B LI SHED AN D SEC TI O NS PREPARED B Y THE AU THOR . Copy rig ht ninet B Y R O M E WE ED—P RSONS PRI NTING A CC . E L E C TR O TY P E R S A N D P R I N TE R S ALB ANY , N . Y . T O mcﬂ Q i nzhnt m . i ff 1 Qé ? , P M N F TU S . AR O G FORESTER U . DE T E T UL , A RIC RE , T I X A M E R I C A N W O O D P A R , S , DEDI ATED AS AN EXPRESSION OF HIGHE TE TEE IS C S S M. 743130 EF E T THE ERIE PR AC O S S. The necessity of more generally diffu sed information concerning the variety and importance of ou r forest trees is j u stiﬁ c ati on enou gh for the n w n n appeara ce of this work, especially at this day, he the dema ds of n Forestry in this cou ntry are constantly more and more kee ly felt .
Patterns of Floral Bud Development in Canes of Erect and Trailing Blackberries

J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 128(1):3–7. 2003. Patterns of Floral Bud Development in Canes of Erect and Trailing Blackberries Fumiomi Takeda1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 45 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430 Bernadine C. Strik and Derek Peacock2 Department of Horticulture, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 John R. Clark Department of Horticulture, 316 Plant Science Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. floral primordia, floricane, inflorescence, microscopy, Rubus ABSTRACT. Flower bud development was studied in ‘Cherokee’, ‘Boysen’, and ‘Marion’ blackberries (Rubus subgenus Rubus Watson). In ‘Cherokee’ (erect type), the transition to reproductive development in buds on the branch canes occurred during September in Arkansas and Oregon. Transitions of buds in the axils of the most basal nodes (proximal to the main cane) and the most distal nodes lagged behind buds in the midsection (about nodes 6 to 10). Along the midsection of branch canes, the buds developed uniformly. In buds of ‘Boysen’ and ‘Marion’ (trailing type), the transition to reproductive development occurred in October and sepal primordia were observed in most buds examined by November. Progression of floral bud development continued into January, but at a slower rate than in autumn. Buds on the main canes (>3 m long) of ‘Boysen’ and ‘Marion’ remained at a more advanced stage of flower bud differentiation than buds on the basal branch canes. In both cultivars, buds from the middle one-third section, and sometimes buds from the bottom one-third section, tended to be more advanced than those buds in the top one-third section during much of the sampling period.
Axillary Bud Banks of Two Semiarid Perennial Grasses: Occurrence, Longevity, and Contribution to Population Persistence

Oecologia (1997) 110:584±591 Ó Springer-Verlag 1997 J.R. Hendrickson á D.D. Briske Axillary bud banks of two semiarid perennial grasses: occurrence, longevity, and contribution to population persistence Received: 12 August 1996 / Accepted: 30 December 1996 Abstract The occurrence, longevity, and contribution of modifying population structure of these two species. Bud axillary bud banks to population maintenance were number per square meter for B. curtipendula was 25% investigated in a late-seral perennial grass, Bouteloua lower in the long-term grazed compared to the long-term curtipendula, and a mid-seral perennial grass, Hilaria ungrazed community based on a reduction in both tiller belangeri, in a semiarid oak-juniper savanna. Axillary number per plant and plant number per square meter. In buds of both species were evaluated over a 2-year period contrast, bud number per square meter for H. belangeri in communities with contrasting histories of grazing by was 190% greater in the long-term grazed than in the domestic herbivores. A double staining procedure uti- long-term ungrazed community based on a large increase lizing triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and Evan's blue in plant density per square meter. Minimal contributions indicated that both viable and dormant axillary buds of axillary bud banks to annual maintenance of tiller remained attached to the base of reproductive parental populations in this mid- and late-seral species under- tillers for 18±24 months which exceeded parental tiller scores the ecological importance of consistent tiller re- longevity by approximately 12 months. Bud longevity of cruitment from recently developed axillary buds.
Apical Dominance in Alstroemeria Cultured in Vitro

Apical Dominance in Alstroemeria Cultured In Vitro P. Pumisutapon, R.G.F. Visser and G.-J. De Klerk Wageningen UR Plant Breeding PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen The Netherlands Keywords: axillary buds, rhizomes, bud outgrowth, decapitation, auxin Abstract Apical dominance in Alstroemeria is studied to develop an improved propagation protocol for this crop. Four types of explants were prepared: an intact rhizome with two intact shoots (+R+2S), an intact rhizome with two decapitated shoots (+R-2S), a decapitated rhizome with two intact shoots (-R+2S), and a decapitated rhizome with two decapitated shoots (-R-2S). The explants were cultivated on solid MS medium with 9 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). -R-2S explants showed the highest and +R+2S the lowest axillary-bud outgrowth. Outgrowth in -R+2S and +R-2S explants was intermediate. So, axillary buds are released by removal of the rhizome tip and by removal of the shoot tips. In both decapitated shoots and decapitated rhizomes, application of lanolin with 3- indolebutyric acid (IBA) to the cut end restored apical dominance. This indicates that both tips exert an effect via basipetally transported auxin. INTRODUCTION Alstroemeria plants consist of aerial shoots and a rhizome. Growth occurs sympodially: at each node, the apex of the horizontally growing rhizome changes direction of growth from horizontal to vertical, forms a shoot, and then stops growing. At the same time, the first axillary bud at the node grows out horizontally and continues as rhizome. Thus, the rhizome is composed of segments of axillary shoots. The second (next higher) axillary bud in a shoot may stay dormant or may develop into a lateral rhizome (Van Schaik, 1998).
Leaf Blades on Magnolia Floral Buds

Leaf blades on magnolia floral buds by John D. Freeman and floral buds are entirely enclosed and protected by a pair of leaf parts, Occasional development of a leaf the stipules, which may be much larger blade near the apex of a Magnolia in the case of floral buds than in either flower bud has probably been observed typical Magnolia leaves or vegetative by many who collect, study, and grow buds. Paired stipules are sometimes these plants. Discovery of an example apparently fused into one unit (as in of this anomaly on a branch of t)f. Magnolia) or may be present as macrophylla collected by Harold separate valve-like structures (as in Hopkins and me at Oak Hill, AL, in Liriodendron). Since the outermost May 1985 (see photographs) led to flower parts are enclosed by stipules in development of this note at his Magnolia buds, the outer perianth suggestion. segments are not primarily protective. The botanical nature of the When little distinction exists among structure(s) enclosing Magnolia buds, perianth segments except the relative both vegetative and floral, is somewhat positions, they are typically called unusual. In most plants the scales tepals rather than sepals and petals. covering vegetative buds represent Abscission scars from stipules produce leaves that are reduced in size and the rings that encircle young twigs in specialized to protect bud contents, but members of Magnoliaceae. If one not in Magnolia. The outer portions of tends to think of bud scales of floral buds in most species consist of Magnolia in terms of function instead perianth segments (actual flower parts) of origin, this can lead to the erroneous known as sepals, but not in Magnolia.
Axillary Bud Development in Rose

Axillary buddevelopmen t inros e C.A.M.Marceli s -va nAcke r Promotoren: dr. J.Tromp , hoogleraari nd etuinbouwplantenteelt , inhe tbijzonde r de overblijvende gewassen dr.M.T.M .Willemse , hoogleraar ind eplantkund e Co-promotoren:dr .ir .C.J . Keijzer, universitairdocen tbi jd evakgroe pPlantencytologi e en -Morfologie dr.ir .P.A . van dePol , universitair hoofddocent bij devakgroe p Tuinbouwplantenteelt ^OFZÖ' [ISS' Axillary buddevelopmen t inros e Ontvange',;' i 16 NOV. 1994 UB-CARDEX C.A.M. Marcelis - van Acker Proefschrift terverkrijgin g vand egraa dva n doctori nd elandbouw -e n milieuwetenschappen, opgeza gva n derecto r magnificus, dr. C.M. Karssen, inhe topenbaa r te verdedigen opvrijda g 18novembe r 1994 desnamiddag s tetwe euu ri nd eAul a vand eLandbouwuniversitei t teWageningen . ^- SIV35 « CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DENHAA G Marcelis-vanAcker ,C.A.M . Axillary buddevelopmen t inros e/ C.A.M.Marcelis-va n Acker. - [S.l. :s.n.] .- 111 . ThesisWageningen . -Wit href .- Wit h summary inDutch . ISBN 90-5485-309-3 Subject headings:bu ddevelopmen t ; roses. Thisthesi scontain sresult s of aresearc hprojec t ofth eWageninge n Agricultural University, Department of Horticulture,Haagstee g 3,670 8P MWageninge n andDepartmen t of Plant Cytology andMorphology , Arboretumlaan 4,6703B DWageningen , TheNetherlands . Publication ofthi sthesi s wasfinanciall y supportedby : • Boomkwekerij Bert Rombouts BV teHaper t • LEB-fonds BIBLIOTHEEK BXNDBOUWL'MN'ïiRSrriüa WAGENINGEN Stellingen 1. Bloemknopaanleg bij deroo svind tpa splaat sn aopheffe n vand eapical edominantie . Dit proefschrift 2. Effecten vanteeltconditie s tijdens deaanle gva n okselknoppen bijd e roos op de uitgroei van die knoppen komen voornamelijk tot stand viabeïnvloedin g van het overige gedeelte van de plant.
Screening Trial of Plant Species for Responsiveness to Partial Crush

Progress Report Development of a new method for breaking buds on ornamental flowering plants Jennifer Orsi and Heiner Lieth Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis CA 95616 Report Date: August 2009 (2008-09 Final Report) Funded by the Joseph H. Hill Memorial Foundation, Inc. ICFG-HILL, P.O. Box 99, Haslett, MI 48840 [email protected] Introduction Over the past five years we have carried out a considerable amount of research on induction of bud breaking in roses, gerbera and a variety of other plants. Much of this research has focused on using Plant Growth Regulators and cultural methods (e.g. photoperiodic control in gerbera) and was funded by the Hill Foundation as well as the national IR4 program. Unfortunately of these methods, the ones that were effective did not allow targeted initiation of one particular dormant bud. Separate from that research we also carried out research to find such a targeted method. The currently-funded work is aimed at exploiting a discovery by us of such a targeted bud-breaking method. This method is based on our observation that localized axillary bud break on the flower stem of Rosa hybrida ‘Kardinal’ can be induced to break through mechanical manipulation of the stem by partially compressing the internode above a specific axillary bud. We call this treatment a “Partial Crush” (PC) treatment. It induces a bud break at the proximal node, which will grow to produce a flower stem for subsequent harvest without harming the current stem or successive growth. The effect on cut-flower rose was to generate a specific and timed bud break from 7 to 14 days earlier than stem pruning or flower harvesting.
Origin of Buds, Branches, and Sprouts

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Regulation of Shoot Apical Meristem and Axillary Meristem Development in Plants

International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Regulation of Shoot Apical Meristem and Axillary Meristem Development in Plants Zhihui Xue 1, Liya Liu 1 and Cui Zhang 1,2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; [email protected] (Z.X.); [email protected] (L.L.) 2 College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 March 2020; Accepted: 19 April 2020; Published: 21 April 2020 Abstract: Plants retain the ability to produce new organs throughout their life cycles. Continuous aboveground organogenesis is achieved by meristems, which are mainly organized, established, and maintained in the shoot apex and leaf axils. This paper will focus on reviewing the recent progress in understanding the regulation of shoot apical meristem and axillary meristem development. We discuss the genetics of plant meristems, the role of plant hormones and environmental factors in meristem development, and the impact of epigenetic factors on meristem organization and function. Keywords: shoot apical meristem; axillary meristem; transcription; plant hormones; epigenetics 1. Introduction Plants are unique in their ability to continuously produce new organs throughout their life cycles. The process of continuous organogenesis depends on the activity of pluripotent cells. Some of these stem cells are located at the tips of shoot and root known as apical meristems. During embryogenesis, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) are established in the shoot apex and root apex, respectively. In monocots, such as rice and maize, the SAM is formed laterally, at the base of a single cotyledon [1].
Bontany and Basic Plant Science

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Csbrc1 Inhibits Axillary Bud Outgrowth by Directly Repressing the Auxin Efflux Carrier Cspin3 in Cucumber

CsBRC1 inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by directly repressing the auxin efflux carrier CsPIN3 in cucumber Junjun Shena,1, Yaqi Zhanga,1, Danfeng Geb,c, Zhongyi Wanga, Weiyuan Songa, Ran Gua, Gen Chea, Zhihua Chenga, Renyi Liud,e, and Xiaolan Zhanga,2 aBeijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China; bShanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201602 Shanghai, China; cShanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China; dCenter for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China; and eFujian Agriculture and Forestry University-University of California, Riverside (FAFU-UCR) Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China Edited by Elliot M. Meyerowitz, HHMI and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, and approved July 15, 2019 (received for review May 10, 2019) Shoot branching is an important agronomic trait that directly de- factors (5). Auxin is synthesized in the shoot apex and acts as a termines plant architecture and affects crop productivity. To pro- repressor for branching and serves as the primary signal impos- mote crop yield and quality, axillary branches need to be manually ing for apical dominance (6). The main shoot tip produces a removed during cucumber production for fresh market and thus massive amount of auxin, which moves downward within the are undesirable. Auxin is well known as the primary signal impos- stem and represses axillary bud outgrowth.