Patterns of Floral Bud Development in Canes of Erect and Trailing Blackberries
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Reproduction in Plants Which But, She Has Never Seen the Seeds We Shall Learn in This Chapter
Reproduction in 12 Plants o produce its kind is a reproduction, new plants are obtained characteristic of all living from seeds. Torganisms. You have already learnt this in Class VI. The production of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction. But, how do Paheli thought that new plants reproduce? There are different plants always grow from seeds. modes of reproduction in plants which But, she has never seen the seeds we shall learn in this chapter. of sugarcane, potato and rose. She wants to know how these plants 12.1 MODES OF REPRODUCTION reproduce. In Class VI you learnt about different parts of a flowering plant. Try to list the various parts of a plant and write the Asexual reproduction functions of each. Most plants have In asexual reproduction new plants are roots, stems and leaves. These are called obtained without production of seeds. the vegetative parts of a plant. After a certain period of growth, most plants Vegetative propagation bear flowers. You may have seen the It is a type of asexual reproduction in mango trees flowering in spring. It is which new plants are produced from these flowers that give rise to juicy roots, stems, leaves and buds. Since mango fruit we enjoy in summer. We eat reproduction is through the vegetative the fruits and usually discard the seeds. parts of the plant, it is known as Seeds germinate and form new plants. vegetative propagation. So, what is the function of flowers in plants? Flowers perform the function of Activity 12.1 reproduction in plants. Flowers are the Cut a branch of rose or champa with a reproductive parts. -
Protect Oak Tree Seedlings from Browsing Using Paper Bud Caps
Field Tip #13 May 2013 PROTECT OAK TREE SEEDLINGS FROM BROWSING USING PAPER BUD CAPS By Doug Hecker, Silviculture Program Forester - Sandstone Depredation by deer on planted and natural oak tree seedlings can be a severe problem. Repeated browsing will restrict growth dramatically, creating very deformed seedlings and saplings, repeated dieback and re-sprouting, and even mortality. After many years of effort to control browsing using balloons, tree shelters, repellants, fencing, and dry wall joint tape, a successful technique, using 4” x 4” bud cap paper, was developed to protect hardwood seedlings. Although effective 65 to 75% of the time, balloons can have negative effects on about one-third of the trees, causing dieback on the terminal bud. A lateral bud then takes over as the new terminal bud, sometimes deforming the shape of the tree. Balloons need to be applied only when conditions are Figure 1: 4 x 4 inch piece of bud cap paper dry. If they are applied after a rain or even a heavy morning due, the terminal bud can rot, and die back. Oak should be bud capped in October, after the leaves have started to senesce; at the point where the leaf starts to turn red, before dropping, or easily pulls off without damaging the leaf cuticle or stem of the tree. This period is usually during the first three weeks of October, before the leaves drop. The seedlings can be capped after leaf drop, however it is easier for crews to identify oak seedlings while the leaves are still on. Oaks tend to retain their leaves even after they change color and become dormant. -
AXR1 Acts After Lateral Bud Formation to Inhibit Lateral Bud Growth in Arabidopsis
This is a repository copy of AXR1 acts after lateral bud formation to inhibit lateral bud growth in Arabidopsis. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/262/ Article: Stirnberg, P., Leyser, O. and Chatfield, S.P. (1999) AXR1 acts after lateral bud formation to inhibit lateral bud growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology. pp. 839-847. ISSN 0032-0889 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Plant Physiology, November 1999, Vol. 121, pp. 839–847, www.plantphysiol.org © 1999 American Society of Plant Physiologists AXR1 Acts after Lateral Bud Formation to Inhibit Lateral Bud Growth in Arabidopsis1 Petra Stirnberg, Steven P. Chatfield, and H.M. Ottoline Leyser* Department of Biology, University of York, P.O. Box 373, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom Several mutants with altered auxin sensitivity have been The AXR1 gene of Arabidopsis is required for many auxin re- produced in Arabidopsis. -
Tree Pruning: the Basics! Pruning Objectives!
1/12/15! Tree Pruning: The Basics! Pruning Objectives! Improve Plant Health! Safety! Aesthetics! Bess Bronstein! [email protected] Direct Growth! Pruning Trees Increase Flowers & Fruit! Remember-! Leaf, Bud & Branch Arrangement! ! Plants have a genetically predetermined size. Pruning cant solve all problems. So, plant the right plant in the right way in the right place.! Pruning Trees Pruning Trees 1! 1/12/15! One year old MADCap Horse, Ole!! Stem & Buds! Two years old Three years old Internode Maple! Ash! Horsechestnut! Dogwood! Oleaceae! Node Caprifoliaceae! Most plants found in these genera and families have opposite leaf, bud and branch arrangement.! Pruning Trees Pruning Trees One year old Node & Internode! Stem & Buds! Two years old Three years old Internode Node! • Buds, leaves and branches arise here! Bud scale scars - indicates yearly growth Internode! and tree vigor! • Stem area between Node nodes! Pruning Trees Pruning Trees 2! 1/12/15! One year old Stem & Buds! Two years old Dormant Buds! Three years old Internode Bud scale scars - indicates yearly growth and tree vigor! Node Latent bud - inactive lateral buds at nodes! Latent! Adventitious" Adventitious bud! - found in unexpected areas (roots, stems)! Pruning Trees Pruning Trees One year old Epicormic Growth! Stem & Buds! Two years old Three years old Growth from dormant buds, either latent or adventitious. Internode These branches are weakly attached.! Axillary (lateral) bud - found along branches below tips! Bud scale scars - indicates yearly growth and tree vigor! Node -
Overview of Flower Bud Induction, Flowering and Fruit Set
OVERVIEW OF FLOWER BUD INDUCTION, FLOWERING AND FRUIT SET JOSEL. GUARDIOLA Departamentode Biologia Vegetal UniversidadPolitecnica de Valencia,Valencia, Spain Flowering is a critical step in fructification. No flowers meanno fruit, and when flower numberis low crop load may be limited by the numberof flowers formed. In most cases,however, citrus treesform a numberof flowers exceedinglyhigher than the final numberof fruits harvested, whichusually is a very low percentageof the initial flower number.As in other specieswhich form a large amount of flowers, fruit set rather than flower number is the parameterwhich usually determinesyield in citrus. Apart from their importancein the detennination of crop yield, some events occurring during flower formation and set affect fruitlet development and final fruit size and quality, having an additional effect on returns. The study of theseprocesses has not only an academical interest but also an applied aspect. The purpose of this discussion is to review basic knowledge available on the regulation of flowering and fruit set and the way as these processes can be manipulated to the advantage of the grower. The Floral Biology of Citrus Citrus trees usually have severalflushes of growth during the year. The number of flushes and their importance are determinedby cultivar characteristics, crop load and climate. The newly formed shoots arise from lateral resting buds and may form either leaves (vegetative shoots), flowers (generative shoots also called leafless inflorescences), or both flowers and leaves (mixed-type inflorescences). No recognizable flower primordia are found in the resting buds. The earliest signs of flower morphogenesis are detectable at the onset of bud sprouting, and are ensued by the uninterrupted development of the flower organs leading to anthesis. -
The American Woods
TH E I A N W O O D S A M E R C , EXHIB ITED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS AND WITH C PIO EXPLANAT RY TEXT O US O , ROM E Y N B H H B A OU G . , . RT IX PA . REPRES ENTI NG TWENTY - FIVE S PEC I ES TWENTY - F I VE S ETS OF S E TI O NS C . LOWVI L LE N Y . U A . s . , , . P U B LI SHED AN D SEC TI O NS PREPARED B Y THE AU THOR . Copy rig ht ninet B Y R O M E WE ED—P RSONS PRI NTING A CC . E L E C TR O TY P E R S A N D P R I N TE R S ALB ANY , N . Y . T O mcfl Q i nzhnt m . i ff 1 Qé ? , P M N F TU S . AR O G FORESTER U . DE T E T UL , A RIC RE , T I X A M E R I C A N W O O D P A R , S , DEDI ATED AS AN EXPRESSION OF HIGHE TE TEE IS C S S M. 743130 EF E T THE ERIE PR AC O S S. The necessity of more generally diffu sed information concerning the variety and importance of ou r forest trees is j u stifi c ati on enou gh for the n w n n appeara ce of this work, especially at this day, he the dema ds of n Forestry in this cou ntry are constantly more and more kee ly felt . -
Winter Tree Identification Pocket Guide
Pocket Reference for Winter Tree Identification If found please send to P.O. Box 1040, Mahomet, IL 61853 or drop off at any of the Champaign County Forest Preserves. Characteristics To Look For In Winter ID • Bud arrangement - opposite (M.A.D. Horse Bucks) Maples Ashes Dogwoods Horse Chestnuts Buckeyes - alternate (Others) - whorled (Catalpa sp.) • Shape and color of buds • Shape and color of leaf scars • Color and structure of tree bark General Notes • Species with opposite arrangements are near the front of the reference, while species with alternate and whorled arrangements are near the back. • Each species has the common name, genus and species, as well as the family name listed. Genus and species names are in italics and the family names all end in “AE.” • A species marked with a denotes a species that we would like to have a location reported, so we can collect seed when the time is right. Lastly, this is by no means a complete guide to native trees in Illinois. It is simply a compilation of common trees that could be encountered during a hike in the woods. More trees will be added to this reference in the future so that a more complete guide can be generated Thank You and Enjoy! Maple Aceraceae Acer sp. Box Elder Acer negundo Distinguishing features • Buds are opposite. • Twig color is red. • White hairs are present on buds, creating a white “frost” on twig. Maple Aceraceae Acer sp. Sugar Maple Acer saccharum Distinguishing features • Buds are opposite and pointed. • Bud color is dark brown or shades of red. -
Fruit Tree Budding
Fruit Tree Budding A Brief Guide to Creating Your Own Fruit Tree Introduction This report is based on a workshop held August 22, 2012 covering the basics of tree propagation, with a focus on the process of budding fruit trees. This is the third in a series of four learning modules covering the basics of fruit tree growing in the Pacific Northwest. The workshops are hosted by Evergreen in Vancouver, BC; the hands on portions of the workshops are carried out in Evergreen’s mobile urban orchard which consists of 60 dwarf apple trees. These workshops were facilitated by Dr. Kent Mullinix, a pomologist who has worked with fruit trees for the past 35 years. He attended the University of Missouri where he earned a B.Sc. in Agriculture, an M.Sc. in Horticulture (specializing in Pomology) and a Ph.D. in Agriculture Education (curriculum and program development, crop sciences and soil conservation). He also earned a Ph.D. from the University of British Columbia in Plant Science, specializing in Integrated Pest Management. He is a Professional Agrologist with the British Columbia Institute of Agrologists and is currently the Director of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security at the Institute for Sustainable Horticulture, Kwantlen Polytechnic University. These workshops and learning modules are generously supported by the Organic Sector Development Program, Vancity, the Sitka Foundation, and the Gencon Foundation. 2 What is Budding? That apple you’re biting into probably didn’t grow from a seed like the Johnny Appleseed story would have us believe. Nearly every fruit we eat comes from a tree that was budded or grafted. -
Axillary Bud Banks of Two Semiarid Perennial Grasses: Occurrence, Longevity, and Contribution to Population Persistence
Oecologia (1997) 110:584±591 Ó Springer-Verlag 1997 J.R. Hendrickson á D.D. Briske Axillary bud banks of two semiarid perennial grasses: occurrence, longevity, and contribution to population persistence Received: 12 August 1996 / Accepted: 30 December 1996 Abstract The occurrence, longevity, and contribution of modifying population structure of these two species. Bud axillary bud banks to population maintenance were number per square meter for B. curtipendula was 25% investigated in a late-seral perennial grass, Bouteloua lower in the long-term grazed compared to the long-term curtipendula, and a mid-seral perennial grass, Hilaria ungrazed community based on a reduction in both tiller belangeri, in a semiarid oak-juniper savanna. Axillary number per plant and plant number per square meter. In buds of both species were evaluated over a 2-year period contrast, bud number per square meter for H. belangeri in communities with contrasting histories of grazing by was 190% greater in the long-term grazed than in the domestic herbivores. A double staining procedure uti- long-term ungrazed community based on a large increase lizing triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and Evan's blue in plant density per square meter. Minimal contributions indicated that both viable and dormant axillary buds of axillary bud banks to annual maintenance of tiller remained attached to the base of reproductive parental populations in this mid- and late-seral species under- tillers for 18±24 months which exceeded parental tiller scores the ecological importance of consistent tiller re- longevity by approximately 12 months. Bud longevity of cruitment from recently developed axillary buds. -
Dictionary of Cultivated Plants and Their Regions of Diversity Second Edition Revised Of: A.C
Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity Second edition revised of: A.C. Zeven and P.M. Zhukovsky, 1975, Dictionary of cultivated plants and their centres of diversity 'N -'\:K 1~ Li Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity Excluding most ornamentals, forest trees and lower plants A.C. Zeven andJ.M.J, de Wet K pudoc Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation Wageningen - 1982 ~T—^/-/- /+<>?- •/ CIP-GEGEVENS Zeven, A.C. Dictionary ofcultivate d plants andthei rregion so f diversity: excluding mostornamentals ,fores t treesan d lowerplant s/ A.C .Zeve n andJ.M.J ,d eWet .- Wageninge n : Pudoc. -11 1 Herz,uitg . van:Dictionar y of cultivatedplant s andthei r centreso fdiversit y /A.C .Zeve n andP.M . Zhukovsky, 1975.- Me t index,lit .opg . ISBN 90-220-0785-5 SISO63 2UD C63 3 Trefw.:plantenteelt . ISBN 90-220-0785-5 ©Centre forAgricultura l Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen,1982 . Nopar t of thisboo k mayb e reproduced andpublishe d in any form,b y print, photoprint,microfil m or any othermean swithou t written permission from thepublisher . Contents Preface 7 History of thewor k 8 Origins of agriculture anddomesticatio n ofplant s Cradles of agriculture and regions of diversity 21 1 Chinese-Japanese Region 32 2 Indochinese-IndonesianRegio n 48 3 Australian Region 65 4 Hindustani Region 70 5 Central AsianRegio n 81 6 NearEaster n Region 87 7 Mediterranean Region 103 8 African Region 121 9 European-Siberian Region 148 10 South American Region 164 11 CentralAmerica n andMexica n Region 185 12 NorthAmerica n Region 199 Specieswithou t an identified region 207 References 209 Indexo fbotanica l names 228 Preface The aimo f thiswor k ist ogiv e thereade r quick reference toth e regionso f diversity ofcultivate d plants.Fo r important crops,region so fdiversit y of related wild species areals opresented .Wil d species areofte nusefu l sources of genes to improve thevalu eo fcrops . -
Morphological and Physiological Aspects of the Early Phases of Flower Bud Formation of Apple
Morphological and physiological aspects of the early phases of flower bud formation of apple CENTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOGUS 0000 0751 3100 Promotor: dr. J. Tromp hoogleraar in de tuinbouwplantenteelt, in het bijzonder de overblijvende gewassen tJtJölZo1 , dO^f- Morphological and physiological aspects of the early phases of flower bud formation of apple F.A. Verheij Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouw- en milieuwetenschappen, op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C.M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 15 januari 1996 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen ï$o-^'^2': E;CLic/ n!:•:•:< : LM MD;» Ü V/UN1 v L-.RSiTEr r WAGKNÏNGEN CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Verheij, F.A. Morphological and physiological aspects of the early phases of flower bud formation of apple / F.A. Verheij. - [S.l. : s.n.]. Fig., Tab. Thesis Wageningen. - With ref. - With summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-5485-484-7 Subject headings: flower bud formation; apple. Stellingen 1. Een korte plastochron en de aanwezigheid van een zeker minimum aantal bladvormingen in de knop zijn geen inducerende factoren in de bloemknopvorming van appel. Dit proefschrift 2. Het antagonisme tussen de groei en bloemknopvorming bemoeilijkt de bestudering van de bloemknopvorming bij appel in hoge mate. Dit proefschrift 3. Tussen het tijdstip van afsluiten van de groei, het begin van de bloemdifferentiatie en de bloemkwalitiet in het volgende voorjaar bestaat geen rechtstreeks verband. Dit proefschrift 4. Het feit dat polyaminen in alle tot nu toe onderzochte organismen zijn aangetroffen, en dat hun betrokkenheid in een groot aantal fysiologische processen is aangetoond, wijst er op dat polyaminen de ontwikkeling van planten beïnvloeden door middel van eenzelfde fundamenteel mechanisme in alle organismen. -
Apical Dominance in Alstroemeria Cultured in Vitro
Apical Dominance in Alstroemeria Cultured In Vitro P. Pumisutapon, R.G.F. Visser and G.-J. De Klerk Wageningen UR Plant Breeding PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen The Netherlands Keywords: axillary buds, rhizomes, bud outgrowth, decapitation, auxin Abstract Apical dominance in Alstroemeria is studied to develop an improved propagation protocol for this crop. Four types of explants were prepared: an intact rhizome with two intact shoots (+R+2S), an intact rhizome with two decapitated shoots (+R-2S), a decapitated rhizome with two intact shoots (-R+2S), and a decapitated rhizome with two decapitated shoots (-R-2S). The explants were cultivated on solid MS medium with 9 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). -R-2S explants showed the highest and +R+2S the lowest axillary-bud outgrowth. Outgrowth in -R+2S and +R-2S explants was intermediate. So, axillary buds are released by removal of the rhizome tip and by removal of the shoot tips. In both decapitated shoots and decapitated rhizomes, application of lanolin with 3- indolebutyric acid (IBA) to the cut end restored apical dominance. This indicates that both tips exert an effect via basipetally transported auxin. INTRODUCTION Alstroemeria plants consist of aerial shoots and a rhizome. Growth occurs sympodially: at each node, the apex of the horizontally growing rhizome changes direction of growth from horizontal to vertical, forms a shoot, and then stops growing. At the same time, the first axillary bud at the node grows out horizontally and continues as rhizome. Thus, the rhizome is composed of segments of axillary shoots. The second (next higher) axillary bud in a shoot may stay dormant or may develop into a lateral rhizome (Van Schaik, 1998).