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I A N W O O D S A M E R C ,
EXHIB ITED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS
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REPRES ENTI NG TWENTY - FIVE S PEC I ES
TWENTY - F I VE S ETS OF S E TI O NS C .
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DEDI ATED AS AN EXPRESSION OF HIGHE TE TEE IS C S S M.
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EF E T THE ERIE PR AC O S S.
The necessity of more generally diffu sed information concerning the variety and importance of ou r forest trees is j u stifi c ati on enou gh for the n w n n appeara ce of this work, especially at this day, he the dema ds of n Forestry in this cou ntry are constantly more and more kee ly felt . The w was un n u n w n n in ork dertake at the s ggestio of my father, hose i te se terest in F and n n v n n orestry, a ki dred taste , at o ce ga e me i spiratio to the n u n x n his v u work . It was e tered po with the e pectatio of al able com anionshi and u n a f n b ut I n p p co sel d i g its progress, , alas that was desti ed v onl u and I n ove u n to ha e y at the o tset , , while was the left r to mo r the l n n n a nd u find oss of a ki d father, compa io teacher, the reader m st fail to i n these pages that val u e and fi nish which his mind wo uld have gi ven th m e , Among the happiest pictu res of my memory are those in which I see ’ m a as I u w t su c y f ther s delight, wo ld sho to him , from ime to time, my c essi nl i n v n n n progress de isi g a way of maki g the sectio s for this work, - and if o nly for the happiness which its appearance would have cau sed u v v u n I v u - u n o on him, co ld he ha e li ed til this day, ha e felt d ty b o d to g w it v n u t n ith , e e tho gh lef to do it alo e . T t he u o ne a n he work is o tgrowth of , of somewhat similar pl , proposed
b n b ut no t a n f . y my father some years si ce, which he did c rry i to e fect I n and i i nc i all i n and ts desig is primarily p p y to show, as compact nn u n n o u r A n perfect a ma er as possible, a the tic specime s of merica woods , nd n n v and n u . For t e v both ati e i trod ced tha three sectio s , respecti ely n v a and n n n G tra s erse, r dial ta ge tial to the grai (see lossary), are made of u f n n in u n n each timber, s f icie tly thi to allow a meas re the tra smissio of d u w a a n u n i n a . light, sec rely mo ted ell m de fr mes T n v nt n w a n he three pla es abo e me io ed sho the gr i from all sides . so to ' s no n n b u t u one peak, pla e bei g possible that wo ld be either of them or
n n . T di ffi c u lt v u n a combi atio of them he y, howe er, of c tti g a great nu m n xa t o n n v u u nd ber of sectio s e c ly those pla es is ob io s , so let it be er ” ” t an v and n n i n stood tha the terms , tr s erse , radial ta ge tial , are, man n x i n xa n . y cases , o ly appro imately e ct their applicatio M n v w in o f n nd n y e dea or is to sho , either a part or all the sectio s sta i g to n and - bu t w s represe t a species, both the heart sap wood, with some ood PREFA E TO THE ERI vi C S ES.
Su n n u u a n u n or a. as the mach, for i sta ce, where s lly o ly the o termost ri g, i t u p n - is part of , co ld be said to re rese t the sap wood, the display of that
u . I n n r S u a n q ite impossible certai othe woods , as the pr ce , etc . , the tr sitiou from sap to heart-wood is almost indisting u ishable by any difference i n and u n in n one c an color, , altho gh both may be show the sectio s, n u n scarcely disti g ish betwee them . The sequ ence of the nu mbers given to the vario us species is of import a n n n n n - n v n Pa h ce o ly to show the bota ical arra geme t withi a gi e rt, eac n n n n cf Part bei g i depe de t the others . T x n a n he te t of this work has bee dded rather as a seco dary matter, u not v n i t i n u n n of to s pply to those ha i g other form, s ch i formatio as is i an in nn n n v d mport ce, co ectio with the wood specime s, to gi e a fairly goo n n n I n n a u . an n cq ai ta ce with the trees represe ted t co tai s little, if y thi g, th n b u t ma u new e v . to bota ist, to others it is hoped it y be of some al e ’ I n its preparation some u se has been made of my father s Elements of
F and n a re d u e u M s. o restry, tha ks the p blishers of that work essr ' - R C 85 Co . C n nn O u s e of u i n obert larke of i ci ati, hio for the c ts repro u o f u n O a u a n d u c i ng a n mber its ill stratio s . ther v l ble books of refere ce w Drs G W a nd B LeMaou t and v n . ha e bee the orks of ray, ood essey, ’ ’ s a n n t B n Dec aisnc s D v d A P . C S. S n e cripti e aly ical ota y, rof . arge t s the F T N A n tu n Vol I X o n . Report orest rees of orth merica (co sti ti g , ’ T n C n u Un S Mic heau x a nd Nu ttall s N e th e s s of the ited tates, orth ’ B E n T nd S u s o f Massac h Am an S v G . a u eric yl a , eorge merso s rees hr b ’ A J B n T . s D. etts, row e s rees of merica, etc T t h i w has n he au thentici y of t e timbers represented n this ork bee a. na n n a n on u r s u bject of perso l atte tio d special care the part of the a tho . T n v n identi fied i n fi eld e he trees selected for specime s ha e bee the , befor n w v flowers u one v n n felli g , hile the lea es, or fr it ( or more) ha e bee obtai and he c an n v u u n v m n able, , he ce, o ch for the a the ticity of e ery speci e n represe ted . Su n P u n i n t P t I and n n in cceedi g arts, iform s yle with ar , represe ti g e n - fi ve n nn a h ach case twe ty additio al species, are pla ed to appe r later, wit u end i n v o f n n as n the ltimate iew represe ti g, early as possible, all of the A n l n i n u vol merica woods , or at east the most importa t, s ch a series of u o ne mes as this . U n the n i n u v and u n the po receptio which this meets p blic fa or, po c o - n n i n u u n u n operatio of those i terested the ca se, m st at rally depe d the c n o u t I x n and l arryi g of that plan. t is hoped that greater e perie ce skil w n u s v i n u u u w u m ill e able to ob iate f t re parts the fa lts hich occ r, fro l u i n ack of those q alities , this . Notice of errors i n this w ork will be thankfully rec eived in hopes of rofi tin i n u u p g therefrom the f t re . LOW I LLE V N . Y M r h 3 1 , a c 0, 8 8 8 . REFA E TO PARTIX P C .
n AM N Wo n P I X v the u n ll n I ERICA o s , art , we ha e fo rth i sta me t of fi u n n the woods o f the P ac i c slope . Its p blicatio has bee reta rded somewhat by demands upon o u r time for the considerable amou nt of fi eld work n ecess ary for the commencement of the p u blication of our U to n n n proposed TREE ST DIES . This is be a compa io work to America W n n n A n W oods , i te ded to meet a dema d for which merica oods is
n e u v i z i l u n r lv and i ad q ate , l stratio s of the t ees themse es their char fl w r n u t ac teris tic v o e s a d . barks , lea es , fr i s The lack of that featur e in AMERICAN WOODS has from the first been bu t od n l u r n in n n n appreciated , the art of m er i l st atio was its i fa cy whe n v u AME RICAN Woons was co cei ed . The prod ction of su ch pict ures as
no w w as n not u of v i n the we are able to make the tho ght , sa e perhaps
nv n n u fancies of the pioneer i e tors . The wo derf l progress these be ne
v d and xt n v u ni factors ha e ma e , the e e si e opport ties the writer has had
field t ud o ur in n v u n for the s y of trees their ati e ha ts , from the A l n to P ac ific v n s b u n t a tic the , ha e re dered pos i le the prod ctio of the l t la n in STUDI ES and p a es which we are g d to prese t TREE , which we
us ll l o u r n v ur n tr t wi p ease frie ds who ha e ged their appeara ce . An annou ncement of TREE STU DIES follows at the close of this v ol t nt n i s nv u me . , to which the at e io of the reader i ited I n u n A WOODS P I X I l the prod ctio of MERICAN , art , wish especial y to acknowledge wi th gratitu de the assistance rendered by Mis s Alice n A S n P E E C . . S . M n astwood , of the alifor ia cademy of cie ces ; rof ea y , W n n W P . . R D u U n v . S an d of the i ersity of ashi gto ; rof dley , of t for H nn n v v . S Un t P C . . U C l n i ersi y ; rof has hi , of the i ersity of a ifor ia ;
H A r . Ex r J . . D P M . B R S a n . Mr arber , irector aso obles g p t tio ; s .
P . oo er C El 1 r B . P M . . an S Ca . S S B ernar arah P , of wood , ; arish , of al nd n C . a n in fields v di o , , others whose compa y the of their respecti e regions ha v e co ntrib ute d greatly to the pleas u res of my collecting l n nv u n . trips , as we l as offeri g i al able assista ce I n u u n t A AN WOODS h regard to the s bseq e t par s of MERIC , it mig t be P X l in v n n and ns said that art is a ready ad a ce preparatio , co iderable
in n P I r n material is ha d for art X . The appea a ce of the former at l ur n the m n c an u and the east d i g co i g year be ass red , the rest of series will follow as rapidly as possible . 3 19 2 0 6 . L w e LE N Y . D ec . o . , , ,
AKEY BASEDUPONTHELEAVES
D esi gned as a n Ai d i n i d entify i ng the Sp ec i e s r e pr e s ente d i n P arts I to IX
i nc l us i v e w h en o t S eas o for c uri th e F l ow ers . , u of n pro ng
A E N B . As this key applies only to the species thus far represented in M RI CAN WOODS it is i mpo rtant always t o c o n fi 1m id entifi c ati o n by applyi ng the more detailed description given i n i ts proper place .
— a D e c s L e av s . i n . . iduou e falling autumn b Si m le ea ves . . p L — d 6 a n . . Laminate With well marked blade petiole
r i b y . d . Main single pinnatel veined e E 0 1 s o o a nd . ntire nearly , pointed at b th ends f . Opposite — 5 i n . l u v 9 NY A T 3 o . MU ong , thick , lustro s ab e SS L IFLORA. — i . n 9 C P S. 5 n . 8 6 . long , thi . dull above ATAL A BIGNONIOIDE " Al ter na te i a nd i n f . , th nnish length 6- 12 l n g . n 1 i L n 1. MAG NO I . Oblo g , petioles g IA ACUM NATA
o 2 m 76 . ASI NIMA o . Lance ob vate ; petioles , scarcely . l ng TRILOBA Q 2— 7 l n g . . , - h . o n s Thickish , and with light colored pubescence , at least the vein be neath . P t 1 i h o . . 1 R . etioles ab u long . 6 DIOSPY OS VIRGINIANA P o t 110 N Y SA . S . etioles ab u 5 inch long . OGECHE e - h . . Thinnish , oblong obovate (often remotely serrate) I NUTTALL I . 3 — 1 3 1n . i ” 2 14. D g . , distinctly blu sh green Q UERCUS OUGLASII . 3 A a f lternate , opposite and sc ttered upon the same plant . linear .
134. C HILOPSIS SALIGNA . 9 Se n se ru la te a . 6 . ate or dent te I ne mla teral r f . q and cordate or t uncate at base , - a 4—5 i n i n 0 . Ovate orbicul r , large , . or more length . 3 I M . T LIA A ERICANA . e t - - i y . Ova e , long taper po nted from a broad base .
12 . CE I D S LTIS OCC ENTALI . 3 ~ g . Ovate oblong and h l . u . 11. U M L Very rough , especial y above , r gose L US FU VA . e h . Smoothish and — i . 2 4 111 i n . long , fruit
33. U M I Fascicles L US AMER CANA . R 34 U U . LM acemes S RACEMOSA . 9 — . 1 2 i n i . i long and only slightly inequ lateral .
114. PLA ERA N AQ UATICA . nd u a . 33. U M Flowers fr it in fascicles . L US AMERICANA .
i n a c L US . . 34 U M Flowers and fruit r emes . RACEMOSA . 9 . E i s f qu lateral and obtuse , rounded or cordated at ba e . r s o g . Veins st aight or nearly , leaves thinnish . - h . . Ovate oblong C r rr e end oa sely se ate with remot teeth . one at the of each vein c l and l t i iate covered with si ky whi e hairs .
16 . FAGUS F U NE ERR GI A. K EY BA UP ON LE ES . , SED AV
ch
‘ ‘ u b and 1 l v i n Do ly sha p serrate , nutlet inclosed a papery sac . 4 1. I I OSTRYA VIRG N CA . s ha 1 l U u . neq ally and p y serrate , nutlet subtended by a leafy bract
42 . C I ARP NUS CAROLINIANA . g 0 h . Ovate and - i and , , u . Finely closely serrate smooth whitish and retic late veined 47 POP . . A beneath ULUS BALSAMIFER . Do u bly s er1ate a nd fl v a o r . J . Thinnish ; petioles downy and of aromatic u s 1a T 17. Bark of tr nk yellowi h g y BETULA LU EA .
. 44 E . B TULA T Bark reddish brown LEN A . ) . 43 . , p AP Y RACEA j . Thickish and bark White BETULA . 9 9 . Veins incurved ; leaves — - 4—8 h . . . Orbicular heart shaped , thickish , ih long A 63 MO cuminate . RUS RUBRA . o 1 97 P T Obtuse rounded at apex . OPULUS HE EROPHYLLA . 9 0 1bi c u lar h . ovate ; petioles laterally compressed ; leaves
C 18 . OP D ID oarsely dentate P ULUS GRAN ENTATA . ’ - S 72 . POP T I errate dentate ULUS REMULO DES . 3 h 2 18 . P OP T . Broad ovate , acuminate serrate ULUS RICHOCARPA . “ E - h . . lliptical to obovate , conspicuously netted veined , above 2 07. N T Glabrous PRU US SUBCORDA A . H 126 RHAM U airy along veins . N S PURSHIANA . 5 - 20 P 9 . h . . Ovate lanceolate pubescent beneath YRUS RIVULARIS 3 E a nd u b a s e ta e11n f . quilateral ac te at , p g both ways , N 1 - u t g . ar ow lanceolate , very long atten ate , omentose on midrib above 45 S I and petiole . AL X NIGRA . Q - to 2— 4 i n g Ovate lanceolate lanceolate , long acuminate . . long ; capsules 4 6 . S S I v r . VI essile or nearly so AL X ALBA a TELLINA . l d 1 s en e1 7 . S I With pedicels AL X AMYGDALOIDES . 3 - t . . Oblong lanceola e to lanceolate - i n 3 7 . h a . . Minutely serrul te , long ; petioles downy
140. S I VI AL X LAE GATA . h e S . errate With teeth sharply - w o 20 4 . A n . 0 C pointed and in ab ut pairs ASTANEA VESCA . 6 -12 1 6 C r 8 . MUHLENB ER I I Mucronate and m pa s QUER US G . l i - m F la nd u a 5 5 . PRU U inely g se ate N S PENNSYLVANICA . " - u b g . Oblanceolate to lanceolate oblong , puber lous eneath . 165 S I . AL X LASIOLEPIS . 5 - g . Obovate oblong , serrate , hairy beneath ; length — 1 3 i n . 208 . PRUNU M . , acute S OLLIS .
3 6 l n u . 5 6 . PRU U . , long ac minate N S AVIUM . 6 9 Ovate ; petioles .
S a 1 i n . . ALNUs hort , generally not more th n } RHOMBIFOLIA . b a 5 7. . . Y Long ; leaves very smooth and shining ove P RUS COMMUNIS . " v g . Wedge obovate , eins very prominent 5 8 . nd . C a . Thin . smoothish dull above RATAEGUS PUNCTATA
- 8 5 . C l . . Thick . smooth and ustrous above RATAEGUS CRUS GALLI . 8 0 1 a nd t g . ate oblong , veins incurved pe ioles W 2 h 24 . 9 . P RUNUs T . ith glands , smooth SERO INA . 9 h W itl10 u la nd s . t g ,
u . Glabro s both sides , sharply serrate 59 AMELA CHIER . N CANADENSIS . - 30. P i l . S Downy under side a nd p et o YRU MALUS . s — L . . 1 3 i n . bo u g anceolate oblong . long , a ut eq ally acuminate at both ends 111 T . FORESTIERA ACUMINA A . ‘ E an d f . quilateral truncate at base . n 1 l n g . Serrate de tate With c a t 1 ag 1 ou s teeth D - OP U . .o L . eltoid ovate , rather long taper pointed P U S MONILIFERA t . 1 4 OP . . 9 Del oid reniform , more abruptly pointed . P ULUS FREMONTII
P D . Broadly deltoid 73. OPULUS ILATATA 9 . I o bs c u1 el I 0 . g rregularly serrate or y lobed 7 . BETULA POPULIFOL A 3 i n l r 6 . P n ate y lobed ; lobes at apex R u no t nd f . o nded ( bristle pointed ) a K EY A P E 3 B SED U ON L ES . , AV
S u g . bequal , sinuses - in 5 9 o . Wide , lobes narrow and nearly entire ; leaves . l ng
38 . C B QUER US AL A . N arrow , lobes wide and - - s l 2 3 . mo tly undu ate or crenate toothed leaves ih long .
1 . 60 . Q LOBATA . a nd e Entire or nearly so rou nd or obtuse a t ap x . 136 . Q . GARRYANA . “ g . Very unequal ,
a s . h . The. two lobes nearest the summit much the l rge t 92 CU ER I . . QU S OBTUS LOBA e y - i n na ti fid h . L rate p and sinuses extending
39 . E Nearly to the midrib and roundish QU RCUS MACROCARPA . - a nd Usually not over half way to the midrib more acute . 66 . Q . BICOLOR . ’ 216 MA N LDI I . C CDO A A . f . cutish and mucronulate QUER US 3 - f . Bristle pointed ; sinuses g . Moderately deep and narrow ; Lobes narrowing towards ape x and mostly terminating i n 1— 3 bristle
15 . pointed te eth Q . RUBRA . Lo bes generally Widening towards apex an d terminating in 3- 7 bristle
162 . poin ted teeth . Q CALIFORNICA . g 9 . I 3 . a nd . . g . Deeper broader ; lobes narrower Q TINCTOR A " . a nd ; g Deep , broad rounded lobes very narrow acorn - m i - r e n . Ovoid oblong , 5 i me s d a coarse scaled cup 9 6 . Q UERCUS COCCINEA . - - i n fi ne . Flattened globular , 1 immersed a scaled cup 94. QUERCUS P ALUSTRIS . 4 6 o as i o n . Broad , truncate at b th b e and apex , and With two spread ng lobes L d . IRIODE DRO T 2 . each si e . N N ULIPIFERA 5 y i n 2 I to oth 5 . . 6 s o u s ed . . . Wav and p , very thick LEX OPACA 6 ’ 6 U y - o -o ndulatel crenate toothed ob vate blong ,
S 67 E RC N . lightly if at all pube scent be neath . QU US PRI US
1 . M 16 ERC XII . Velvety pubescent beneath . QU US ICHAU " - — e S 96 . OP . inuate toothed , white tomentose beneath P ULUS ALBA , 8 6 C - s u blo ba te . ut serrate or . with slender petioles - P R 83. . Ovate , coarsely cut serrate YRUS CORONA IA R - fi nel - RATE G S U . 8 6 . C ound ovate , y cut serrate COCCINEA 9 - C t i i n . 6 1 n . . renate serra e petioles or slightly less length R S N . 8 2 . PRU US CE A US ” e - . Obscurely crenulate toothed : leaves A i n . 1 . f lternate , petioles long , mostly 5 . or more
8 7. CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA . 9 e n 1 f . Opposite , p tioles short (less tha involucral scales when fully l deve oped .
Obcordate 8 8 . COR NUS FLORIDA . ' P ALII . COR U N TT ointed at apex 18 5 N S U . “ e U - i n nd e . . a . ndulate serrate , H long b aring large scattered glands
1 4 I . 5 . DALEA SP NOSA ” e D r . oubly se rate . R - RU U 8 1 P N . hombic ovate . . S NIGRA - 210 CRATZEG US DO . Ovate oblong . UGLASII 13 6 . C L U 217. A renately lobed ; lobes glandular dentate . N S OREGONA . 9 - d . n Mai ribs several . palmately veined , etc . ; rib 6 fi rs t di ff . single at but soon sen ng o a strong vein on each side and leaves 3- 2- S 32 . . lobed , lobed and entire on same tree . ASSAFRAS OFFICINALE 9 6 R fi rs t b u t b n e n . ibs three at , soon five or more y bra ching . leaves alt r ate , a nd fi tt i n b d base of petiole concave g over the axillary u . obscurely 3— - 5 . T 13. P U I . lobed with broad shallow sinuses . LATAN S OCC DEN ALIS 5 - nd a 1 . L . . P lobed With narrow deeper sinuses . 35 ATANUS RACEMOSA 3 6 5 - 7 . from commencement ; leaves ‘ — - 7 9 d s u bo r c ic u la r A T M. 203. ribbed and lobe , CER CIRCINA U e b d f . Opposite , base of petiole subt nding (not covering) the axillary u . EY BA UP ON LE ES . , SED AV a ’ ‘ 2 1 . L 2; i n serrate , nutlet inclosed a papery sac .
41. OSTRYA VIRGINICA .
U . nequally and sharply serrate , nutlet subtended by a leafy bract 2 4 . CARPI U N S CAROLINIANA . g h . Ovate and i a nd o - . Finely closely serrate . sm oth , whitish and reticulate veined 4 POPULUS 7. beneath . BALSAMIFERA . Doubly serrate and fl v r e a o . j . ‘ Thinnish p tioles downy and of aromatic u - ET T s 17. B A Bark of tr nk yellowi h gray UL LU EA . - . . . 4 T 4. Bark reddish brown BETULA LEN A . Q j . Thickish and bark white . BETULA PAPYRACEA . " g . Veins incurved leaves - - — i n h . 4 8 . n Orbicular heart shaped , thickish , lo g . A 6 3 . cuminate . MORUS RUBRA x 9 7 OP . T Obtuse or rounded at ape . P ULUS HE EROPHYLLA . ’ - h . Orbicular ovate ; petioles laterally compressed ; leaves
C 18 . POP D ID oarsely dentate ULUS GRAN ENTATA . - P 72 . U S S . OP LU T errate dentate REMULOIDES . 3 2 1 P h 8 . OP T . Broad ovate , acuminate serrate ULUS RICHOCARPA . “ E - h . . lliptical to obovate , conspicuously netted veined , above
207. PRU U B T Glabrous N S SU CORDA A . H 126 RHAM U airy along veins . N S PURSHIANA . 5 - 20 P h 9 . . . Ovate lanceolate . pubescent beneath YRUS RIVULARIS 3 E a nd w f . quilateral acute at base , tapering both ays , N - - d a 9 . arrow lanceolate , very long attenuate , tomentose on mi rib bove 45 S I and petiole . AL X NIGRA . g - to - 2— 4 i n g . Ovate lanceolate lanceolate , long acuminate . . long ; capsules 4 6 . S . S I v a r . T essile or nearly so AL X ALBA VI ELLINA . l 1 7 . S I With slender pedice s AL X AMYGDALOIDES . 3 - I . 9 . Oblong lanceolate to anceolate - i n 3 7 . h . . Minutely serrulate , long ; petioles downy 4 1 0. S I T AL X LAEVIGA A . h e S . errate With teeth sharply - a n d o 20 40. C V Aw n . pointed in ab ut pairs ASTANEA ESCA . - 6 12 1r . . 68 . MUHLENB ERG I I Mucronate and in pa s Q UERCUS . - F 5 5 . PRU U inely glandular serrate N S PENNSYLVANICA . “ - u b . g . Oblanceolate to lanceolate oblong , puber lous eneath 165 S I . AL X LASIOLEPIS . 5 - g . Obovate oblong , serrate , hairy beneath ; length — 1 3 i n . 208 . PRUNU M . acute S OLLIS . - 6 u . 5 6 . PRU U 3 in long ac minate N S AVIUM . s g . Ovate ; petioles .
7 163. A S m a . L US hort , generally not ore th n } N RHOMBIFOLIA .
5 7. m . . Y Long ; leaves very s ooth and above P RUS COMMUNIS . . ‘ shining 7 - ro mment 9 . Wedge obovate veins very p
5 . nd . 8 C T T s moothl sh a . Thin . dull above RATAEGUS PUNC A A
- 8 5 . C a nd . Thick . smooth lustrous above RATAEGUS CRUS GALLI . s - a nd g . Ovate oblong , veins incurved petioles — W 2 4 . 29 . P RUNUs T h . . ith glands , smooth SERO INA h 9 . Without glands , Glabrous both sides , sharply serrate . 59 AMELA CHIER . N CANADENSIS . - P 30. S Downy u nder side and p etiol . YRU MALUS . s — L 1 3 i n . . g . anceolate oblong . long , about equally acuminate at both ends 111 T . FORESTIERA ACUMINA A . “ E f . quilateral and truncate at base . S - n g . errate de tate With cartilaginous teeth - - 48 OP U M Deltoid ovate , rather long taper pointed . . . P UL S ONILIFERA . - 194 OP . . T Deltoid reniform , more abruptly pointed P ULUS FREMON II
OP D . Broadly deltoid 73. P ULUS ILATATA 9 I . 70. I 9 . rregularly serrate or obscurely lobed BETULA POPULIFOL A 3 P l 6 . innate y lobed ; lobes at apex R - a nd f . ounded (not bristle pointed ) E 3 K Y B UP ON LE ES . , ASED AV
S u g . bequal , sinuses 5- i h on 9 . Wide , lobes narrow and nearly entire ; leaves . l g
38 . C B QUER US AL A . N w arro , lobes wide and - — ul 2 3 i n . n mostly und ate or crenate toothed leaves lo g .
1 . 60 . Q LOBATA . x Entire or nearly so and round or obtuse at ape . 136 . Q . GARRYANA . 9 9 . Very unequal , h . The two lobes nearest the summit much the largest . 92 . Q UERCUS OBTUSILOBA . 9 h L - i nna ti fi d . yrate p and sinuses extending 9 3 . U Nearly to the midrib and roundish QUERC S MACROCARPA . - Usually not over half way to the midrib and more acute . 66 . Q . BICOLOR . g 216 MA D NALDI I A . ERC C O . f . cutish and mucronulate QU US 3 - f . Bristle pointed sinuses
g . Moderately deep and narrow ; Lobes narrow ing towards apex and mostly terminating in 1— 3 bristle
1 . 5 . pointed teeth Q RUBRA . — Lobes generally widening towards apex a nd terminating in 3 7 bristle
162 . poin ted teet h . Q CALIFORNICA . 9 9 . T T I 3 . a nd . . 9 . Deeper broader ; lobes narrower Q INC OR A 3 . a nd ; 9 Deep , broad rounded lobes very narrow acorn - 1 i n - Ovoid oblong , } immersed a coarse scaled cup . 9 6 . C I QUER US COCC NEA . - - 7 i n fi ne . Flattened globular , } immersed a scaled cup
E . 94. Q U RoUs PALUSTRIS 4 6 o a nd o n . Broad , truncate at b th base apex , and with two spreading lobes
each TULIPIFERA . 5 y - 52 I e ...... Wav and spinous toothed , very thick LEX OPACA 5 ' 6 U y - - ndulatel crenate toothed obovate oblong , 67 E S RC I . lightly if at all pubescent beneath . QU US PR NUS
11 . C I X 6 U . Velvety pubescent beneath . QUER S M CHAU II " - - e S o to 96 . OP . inuate to thed , white tomen se beneath P ULUS ALBA , 8 6 C - s u blo bate h . ut serrate or . wit slender petioles - P 83. . Ovate . coarsely cut serrate . YRUS CORONARIA
- - fi RATE G S . R nel e 8 6 . C U ound ovate , y cut serrat COCCINEA - i i n . Crenate serrate petioles 1 h . or slightly less length 8 2 . PRUNUS CERASUS . Obscu rely crenulate -toothed : leaves A 1 in mor . . f lternate , petioles long , mostly 1 . or e
87. CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA . 9 1 f . Opposite , petioles short (less than involucral scales when fully l deve oped .
Obcordate 8 8 . COR NUS FLORIDA . ' P TTALII . COR U ointed at apex 18 5 N S NU . “ e U - a nd . ndulate serrate , H ih . long bearing large scattered glands .
1 4 I . 5 . DALEA SP NOSA ” e D . oubly serrate . R - P 8 1 N . hombic ovate . . RU US NIGRA - 210 CRATzEG Us D . Ovate oblong . OUGLASII ‘3 e . C 1 AL U 2 7. renately lobed ; lobes glandular dentate . N S OREGONA . ‘ d fi n - Mai ribs several . palmately veined , etc . ; rib 6 fi rs t n ff n d . single at but soo sending o a strong vein o n each side a leaves 3- 2- S 32 . . lobed , lobed and entire on same tree . ASSAFRAS OFFICINALE 9 3 R fi rs t fi v e b n . ibs three at , but soon or more y branching , leaves alter ate , a nd fi tt i n b d base of petiole concave g over the axillary u . obscurely 3—5 - T 1 . S lobed With broad shallow sinuses 3 PL ATANU OCCIDEN ALIS . 5 - nd a 1 . P S . lobed with narrow deeper sinuses . 35 LATANU RACEMOSA 6 3 5- 7 s . from commencement ; leave ‘ 4 — - 7 9 s u bo r c ic u l r A I T . 6 . a 203. M ribbed and lobed , CER CIRC NA U a i b d f . Opposite , b se of petiole subtending (not covering) the ax llary u . Y A D UP V K E B E ON LE ES . , S A
‘ E a nd er s i sten t f . levated p 4- g . sided ; branchlets 20 P P u bescent . ICEA NIGRA . 100 P B . I Glabrous CEA AL A . n r 149 PI T . Flat ; branchlets smooth ; co es cylind ical . CEA SI CHENSIS . ‘ N a nd o t . f . elevated nor persistent ; leaves short thick crowded
174. AB I E S MAGNIFICA . 9 R 4- id e d 6 . . idged below , grooved above , nearly equally s
225 . ABIES NOBILIS . 9 3 196 . PI U . . Terete N S MONOPHYLLA 0 fla t a nd . Linear , d C 2 i n . onspicuously ranked diverging two directions , 6 P a nd . etioled margin a nd h e1s i s tent f . Obscurely denticulate , obtuse at apex wit p bases of petioles (TSUGA )
S edic ila te 21. T lightly grooved above , cones p . CANADENSIS . 2 T 2 3 . T C . . onspicuously grooved , cones sessile HE EROPHYLLA ” E 144. A . j . ntire , revolute , acute at apex T XUS BREVIFOLIA 9 6 S a nd - 1 i a nd . ubsessile rigid sharply bristle pointed , about nch long gen 120 r ll . T X . e a y tapering from wide base . TORREYA A IFOLIA — m W 1d h 1 3 t . inches long . of more nearly unifor
145 . TORREYA CALIFORNICA . e S . essile , entire keeled below those of the sterile branches N f . arrow linear
. i n 22 . AB I M A 3 . long , obtusely pointed ES BALSA E . n 224 B IES i . . A . long , conspicuously emarginate GRANDIS n a g ih . lo g , obtuse or cute at apex , rounded above
1 3. A I 7 B ES CONCOLOR . " W - i n f . ide linear , pungent at apex , . long or less 14 3. SEQ UOIA SEMPERVIRENS . z ' S 2—l k d - d . omewhat an e , short petiolate e A o n - b a nd . rticulated a permanent ase keeled above
171 TU P ATTONI ANA . . S GA 9 6 - . Breaking away entire and leaving permanent leaf scars 1 — i n i n . } to 1 . long winter buds i 1 P D G X 50. T SEU OTSU A A IFOLIA . — i n l on 7 i n . Q to 1} . g winter buds 4 } P UDOT U SE S GA MACROCARPA . (39 S - d . cale like or awl shape , imbricated and closely appressed I n 4 a nd m i d . ranks aking a consp cuously 6 F - a nd . lat two edged branchlet ; cones with leathery scales
l . 24 J T 4 . scales usua ly fertile THU A OCCIDEN ALIS . T 6 220. HUJ T A scales usually fertile A GIGAN E . 9 L B D t 141. I OCE RUS 6 . . . . Flattish but narrower branchle DECURRENS 3 - 6 . 4 fla t angled rather than branchlet ; cones subglobose, with peltate valv a te scales fi rs t i n i n f . Maturing the season , . diameter ; leaves entire HAMJE Y P A I C C R S . 74. THYOIDES 9 Matu 11n f . g the second season ; leaves denticulate and Obs c u 1 el u g . y gland lar ; cones - n 6 . C 1 i . 1 6 G OVENI ANA Q long UPRESSUS . 1 95 1 1 i n . . 1 C } long . UPRESSUS MACROCARPA . Q C - g . onspicuously glandular pitted , glaucous 219 C S MACNAB I ANA . UPRES US . Teren a te d . leaves R 1 JU IPERU ‘ oundish at 66 . N S CALIFORNICA .
16 . JUNI PER S T More acute at apex 8 U OCCIDEN ALIS . 3 14 d S c a rn i ate . . 2 S OI T . cattered , or spirally arranged , mostly . EQ U A GIGAN EA . 4 a nd 6 . Laminate d E i 1 C OTH . 1 n . c o 1 a c eou s . lliptical to ovate , about long , EAN US SPINOSUS “ d n . Ovate to oblo g e S le- . ing ribbed — 1 5 . f . ih long , at base - . R d h a 9 oun ed , truncate or slig tly he rt shaped , 7 K EY BA ED UP ON LE ES . , S AV
P or r o . h . ale glaucous beneath , da ker ab ve — - A ih 156 . PRUNUS I . 1 1 . 6. 4 long , spinose dentate ILIC FOLI
9 — 153 RHUS T . i n i . 5 2 3 . . long , ent re OVA A 3 — i n 3 5 . i . long , entire Z W b fi a t 132 A . hitish eneath , RBUTUS MEN IESII
RH RI . 18 0. US Greener beneath , curving lengthwise LAU NA - 4 2 . —4 i n t S t 5 . I 13. 2 . long , undula ely pinose oothed LEX OPACA e h o d ; a . Toment se an concave beneath m rgin
. RR T i E d 131 G . . ntire an undulate A YA ELLIP ICA ’ - v d oo o n the . i . Both entire an spinose t thed leaves same tree d c ontmu o u s o e i , j . Lat ral ve ns strongly impressed above parallel an t ll n l ar e t r oc c as 1o na e t re . the , y margins , which serra e o
138 . ERC QU US DENSIFLORA . ” t No t and , fi rs t j . strongly impressed , less parallel pubescen at beneath and fi nally u - o Glabrous , margin und late , spinose t othed
1 ERC AGRI F o u A . 37. QU US - o 161. UERCUS . Glaucous , sinuate spin se dentate Q CHRYSOLEPIS Q l - to e i ff . g . Obtuse acut , st , coriaceous , yel ow green beneath
176 RH M U . . A N S INSULARIS 3 Cl mea te a t or fi a t . 9 . base , glabrous nearly so beneath . slightly revolute ,
159 MB ELLULAM A . . U CALIFORNICA ’ 6—12 i n at o f . . long , thick , entire , acute b th ends
M OLI I . 101. AGN A GRAND FLORA a 3— 6 i n f . . long , blade A d t he i g . rticulate to petiole , which s l Conspicuously winged ; stamens usual y 20. 103. CITRUS AURANTI UM . 5 S if a t a ll 3 . lightly , , winged ; stamens usually
1 4. I N 0 C TRUS LIMO UM . 9 No t ul i h i 9 . artic ated to pet ole whic s
1 RH U . S 1 i h . 58 ODODE DRO carcely long . N N CALIFORNIC M — TI ANA 1 . NI O 3 i n 8 C . 1 . 8 5 long . . GLAUCA ’ - e . Cea n thu s i t Three ribbed ( o ), n leng h DI AT 2 . . SORE US . 20 C . ovate , branchlets terete . — 1 2 i t a n nl 15 1. C . T . n oblong , branchle s g HYRSIFLORUS — i C . 2 4 h . 177 . t . , broad ova e ARBOREUS ’ d O o e . . b vat to oblong 1 to 11 i h bo w d . e e . } } long , serrat a an entire at base
130 C R O R I . . E C CA PUS PARVIFOL US 1- - 1 E M 2 5 . S . 3 in . RC I long , blue green QU U ENGEL ANN 2 o 5 i n t . long . with 1 E E 1 7. RC ntire revolute margin QU US VIRENS . a - H T Glandul r serrate margin 18 1 ETEROMELES ARBU IFOLIA . 3 - RH I d t d b 1 9 . US T a t 7 . . Ova e orbicular , thick an o tuse apex . IN EGR FOLIA ‘ d . L l anceolate , latera veins P l FL ORI B D S 1 2 LY ONOTHAMNUS UN U . ara lel 8 . — ot 2 4 i h . 1 6 OL 8 . . N p arallel . long EA EUROPEA d 5 . Lanceolate oblong . — in 6 . 3 5 . n long , margi - . C s t 0 ORDO I L A I ANTHUs . f renate erra e 1 2 . G N A S 9 - . Cr f enate dentate (and entire) tomentose beneath . L 191. QUERCUS TOMENTEL A . 3 - - . t i l S . f inuate denta e (and ent re) g abrous beneath , dark green above 1 2 U RCUS W I L IZ ENI E S . 9 . Q 4 E f . ntire and leaves
. 1 12 . NTH . 9 Opposite . glabrous beneath OSMA US AMERICANUS Alternate and be neath R - e s P T 113. R . usty pub cent . E SEA PALUS RIS - C T O I 139 . Golden scurfy beneath AS AN PS S CHRYSOPHYLLA . ’ 2 i h l e . CLI O I T . 1 T 0 . 8 F . long , entire , glandu ar beneath N A LIGUS RINA “ d e r RI to . 1 . 64. M Oblanceolat , serrate . with sho t s ut petioles Y CA CALIFORNICA . " - d . e d Linear lanceolat , with broad clasping base an sharp horny tip . 175 . Y UCCA ARBORESCENS . 8 K EY B ED UP ON LE ES , AS AV .
s d . n Falcate and vertically disposed upo the branchlet .
i n . 211 E L T T T broad . UCA YP US ROS RA A .
1 i n . 18 3 E A B broad . UC LYPTUS GLO ULUS . ’ - d . 7 - 189 RI I U C . ate and palmately many lobed . N S COMMUNIS d ‘o . b fi li fero u s 2 W HI TON I T . Fla ellate , large and 00. AS NG A FILAMEN OSA 9 b . C lea flets ompound , drooping and with . — 11 21 - R VILLE T 213 G . , irregularly cut lobed . E A ROBUS A 25 —30 . CHI S 178 S NU . , entire or remotely serrate MOLLE “ a . L eav e s Sub er s i s t e nt ou p evergreen s thward , but more or less deciduous d northwar , or individual trees shedding their leaves while most of the trees do not . — 1 LL M FL N 07. C RI R I OR arrow obovate 1 3 i n . long Y A ACE A — M . i . . 51. OLI 3 6 n . Lanceolate to oval , long , glaucous beneath AGN A GLAUCA 5 L e av w an e 1 4. e s n ten d O TI T . (1 . r fla t . . 8 ti g ; branches g een , jointed and PUN A UNA
1 K E Y BA ED UP ON F UIT 0 . , S R
) P k f . anicled spi es and clothed with viscid gray hairs . — i n 2 3 153. R T lines length . OVA A . 5 i n R lines length . INTEGRIFOLIA . e ’ L a nd Ju la ns i n . arger with edible embryo ( g ), length —41 i n 190. J . f . 53 7f . , globose , with pubescent epicarp CALIFORNICA ” 2 i n f . . ,
- d 14. J . Ovoid oblong , covere with brownish viscid . CINEREA 35 J Globose , roughly dotted . NIGRA .
Fleshy pericarp , e a nd . Ovoid C 0 11 f . lustered axillary peduncles .
Ou the 2 2 1 n . 3 i g growth of the season . or together , } . long , blue , the d h S . . essile upon peduncle stone longitu inally striated N . T 9 YSSA MUL IFLORA . h 9' P d . e icellate , stone not striated ; fruit subtended by - P 1 i n . ersistent calyx tube and lobes , } or less in length
. P 113 ERSEA PALUSTRIS . - i n . E 1 i n . nlarged calyx tube only , or less length M L 159 U B LLU RI . . E A A CALIFORNICA ’ Ou u 111. UMI T . g . growth of the previo s season FORESTIERA AC NA A 9 h Ra c ern ed fles . f . , bluish and with short , y , red pedicels
32 S F R . . ASSA AS OFFICINALE - - h l n 1 1 . : Ovoid oblong . 1 i o g petioles 8 1 G PRUNUS . Biglandular ; pit compressed . . NI RA
207. Eglandular ; pi t more turgid PRUNUS SUBCORDATA . 3 8 t a nd 1 i n . . Oblong , tipped with the remnants of the s yle about in
length . Red dish and stone longitudinally striated with membranous - edged ridges NYSSA OGECHE . - fles h Dark blue , stone not membranous ridged ; 11 N 2 . Thin and . OSMA THUS AMERICANUS 1 O . 8 6 . L Thicker and very oily . EA EUROPEA Black a nd borne in abundance on paniculate spadices . 200 W HI TO I T . AS NG N A FILAMEN OSA . e‘ S . ubglobose and surface S f . mooth P 9 . urple or purplish black and S fla v o r 12 CELTIS D T I h . . . olitary , of sweet OCCI EN AL S g I n a s trm ent fla v o r h . racemes and of a vinons or g ; racemes — i n 4 i n . 6 . . long drupes numerous and i thick 29 . PRUNUS SEROTINA . — i 1 PRUNUS I I . 1 3 n 56 . . long drupes few and larger IL C FOLIA h ’ I n . umbels larger . of A -v mo u s fl v o r 1 i n i n P RU U a . 8 2. . cid , } diameter . N S CERASUS S - u fla v r i n i o n 56 PRUNUS A I M . weet vino s , Q . diameter . . V U ” - d i n R US L re 5 5 . P UN g . ight , very sour , u mbels PENNSYLVANICA . 3 - i n 208 PRUNUS 9 . Dark red , very bitter , corymbs . MOLLIS . “ g . Whitish N - ot tipped with remnants of the style , rosy cheeked 1 HI N 78 . Sc Us MOLLE . H S R . Tipped with the stout styles 18 0. U LAURINA ’ P M . 164. RI f . apillose and with waxy exudation Y CA CALIFORNICA 3 6 - s . Drupe like but containing more than one seed , and seed d I i n . nclosed a bony e 2—3— d . celle stone , i fl - . n at . f Blue , subglobose , cymes with red stems
8 7. C T ORNUS AL ERNIFOLIA . 9 - f . . u Bright red elongated , sessile , sually m a single head 3 4 R US Only or developing 8 8 . CO N FLORIDA . 0 4 3 0 1 . COR U or developing 85 N S NUTTALLII . ’ 3—5— - e d i n r . . celle stone yellowish white . loose axilla y panicles
105 . Z D R A H MELIA A E A C . ” d i n . Distinct. (not inclosed a common stone) fruit 6 C . rowned with persistent K E Y B ED UP ON F UIT . 11 , AS R
C - f . alyx teeth , - — AR I P 5 e i n 8 . LI . g . urple black , s eded , umbels A A SP NOSA ’ R i g . ed or purpl sh , — I 4—8 52 . . seeded , axillary LEX OPACA
- L E . 2 e 18 1. H seed d , in terminal panicles ETEROME S ARBUTIFOLIA ’ S t f . tyle or remnants of it frui about
RACEmF LORA. i n n i n 107. C R 4 . lo g , dryish , racemes Y ILLA
i n 15 7. S MB . i n . 3; long , juicy , cymes A UCUS GLAUCA N h - h ot crowned wit either calyx teet or style , S - ; 9 . essile , scaly bracted beneath leaves evergreen fruit — 2 JU I PERU VI . 5 . 1 4 . Dark blue , seeds N S RGINIANA - 3 168 JUNI PERUS ID . e 2 . Blue black , s eds OCC ENTALIS - ' — 7 I N R 1 2 16 . JUNI PERUS . eddish brown , seeds . CAL FOR ICA ’ P - 2 - 3- b d 2 -3- d d g . edicellate , not scaly bracted beneath , slightly lo e , see e ,
t . 126 RHAMMUS . Black ; nutlets indehiscen . . PURSHIANA
R 1 RHAMMUS . ed ; nutlets dehiscent 76 . INSULARIS ‘ — c Nut r a nd c u . . ha d , single coat furnished with an involucral p or covering d s a n i l . Ovoid oblong or ellipsoidal , surrounded at its ba e with nvolucra c u uer c us b p (Q ), acorn orne
i . 6 Ou n e w a e. . the wood of the se son ( maturation annual) cup Le is f . ss than enveloping the oval acorn , which w - 136 . RR . Obtusely pointed ; foliage yello green Q . GA YANA - 4 II . Acutely pointed ; foliage bluish green 2 1 . Q . DOUGLAS 9 A f . bout 1 enveloping the small
i n . : MUHL ENB ERGII . 68 . Ovoid nut g long scales thin . Q . w 2 i n . 0 B T . L 16 . ong . narro nut , often long Q . LO A A Ab out 4 enveloping the nut
g . Thick , scales very roughly tubercled , edge of cup rather inturned after shedding the nut ; foliage h Y l - n ut - . e low green , deciduous ; long ovoid ; leaves — 9 i n . 38 . . 5 long ; lobes rounded . . Q ALBA . — 1 3 i n d 216 MACDONAL DI . 41 1 . long , lobes pointe . Q . e - h n u t 2 15 . . E . . Blue green , persistent ; ovid Q NGELMANNI 9 9 . Thinner , scales thinnish leaves RC S N t . 7 U U 6 . E . Deciduous : peduncles shorter than pe ioles . Q PRI US l S u b e rs i s te nt s o 1 7 UER CUS I . 3 . p acorns sessi e or nearly . . Q AGR FOLIA 4 - i n . S i n . f . carcely 1 enveloping the oblong ovoid nut about length 116 UERCUS I X . Q M CHAU II . 5 A o f . b ut 4 or more enveloping the nut ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; nut n i n i 66 UERCU S i . long , l ght brown . Q BICOLOR . n U RCUS i . 117. E I 4 or less long , dark brown Q V RENS . 5 A 1 f . bout } or more enveloping the nut peduncles
66 . B g . Longer than the petioles . Q . ICOLOR . g S g . horter than the petioles scales - y e . Very loosel appr ssed , forming a moss like fringed margin of cup 39 R . Q . MACROCA PA . a nd no - More closely appressed t forming a moss like fringe .
92 . . Q OBTUSILOBA . 9 5 6 Ou d 1. e. u . woo of the preceding season ( mat ration biennial) cup a w fla t a nd I - f . Very sh llo , almost with ong linear recurved scales . 138 C . QUER US DENSIFLORA . 9 S - f . aucer shaped . One - n g . fourth e veloping the nut which is i 1 i n . n n 15 or less length ; saucer thi . Q . RUBRA .
1 i n . 191 . . T T 5 long ; saucer thin at rim Q . OMEN ELLA .
2 i n . i n t l 16 or less leng h ; saucer usua ly thick 1 CHRYSOLEPIS . ’ Q One - a n n t . u 162 . . A I g half enveloping ovoid Q C L FORNICA . s - g . Flattened globose : leaves S u - i nna tifi d ERC T 94 . in ate p with wide sinuses . . QU U S PALUS RIS - a 11 U R CUS U TI 8 . E Obovate spatul te . entire Q AQ A CA . " - the f . Top shaped . 5 enveloping acorn scales thin and coarse I b 9 . nner ark of tree reddish 6 . Q COCCINEA . I n n er bark yellowish 93. Q . TINCTORIA . EY B ED UP O F UIT 12 K N . , AS R
4 1 W LI 192 . I S Z ENI f . Turbinate , } enveloping the nut . Q . 9 (1 C s u 1 ro u nd ed w 1th ha i i s t t . lub shaped , short , stiff , tipped with the persis en a 1 i n lob u la 1 recurved style and ranged g heads , which are 1 P LATAN s D S . U . olitary 3. OCCI ENTALIS 2—7 i n 135 PL T S together a moniliform spike . A ANU RACEMOSA . ’ d A m- a nd i n . cheniu like , small borne short catkins , I i n i nflated k -l nclosed a membranous sac , cat in hop ik e . 41 . S VI O TRYA RGINICA . 42 S . . C I IN ubtended by a large leafy bract ARP NUS CAROL IANA . s - c . N ut a n like , dry , not invested with involucre , S b b 3 i n i n - moothish , glo ose , a out ; diameter , cymes with leaf like bract
. 3. I attached T LIA AMERICANA . R ough with scale like points , ovate , coriaceous . 4 11 . PL R T ANE A AQ UA ICA . 06 P o d . (legume) which is
fi 2 i n . b1 d . . 27. G M O L DU d b a t t C . . O long , , abou oa and curved Y N C A S ANADENSIS d ‘ 1 1 . Linea or nea ly so G L EDI TSCHI A 10 18 i n . lo n c o nt0 1 ted a nd d . g , twiste TRIACANTHOS . 4— 6 i n s u bte 1 ete . long , , compressed between the seeds and thick 129 P ROSOP S I S J LI FL A valved . U OR . — — - d d d 128 . C IDI T 2 a n . 3 4 1 . 8 n long . see e thin valved ERC UM ORREYANUM 3 d l - d Obli u e1 1 111 . 10 n a n . . q y ovate ( g), long stalked mostly seeded 1 LEDI TS HI A 09 . G C MONOSPERMA . ‘ 154 D v o es c ent . L m a nd . d . . O ate co pressed with ac r calyx A EA SPINOSA 5 205 . P T 11 C S . . . losely twisted piral ROSOPIS ODORA A c P m end o c a1 0 . o e ; p and testa 1 i fr u i d . Ca t la g in o u s ; t
e . S unken at insertion of pedicel , f . Globular - 30. Y n m 5 . RUS M 1 i . or P Large , or e . distinctly celled ALUS .
S 10 59 . A C mall , more or less celled MELANCHIER ANADENSIS . ’ a nd 1 8 3. PY RUS f . Fattened globose , waxy , fragrant very ta t CORONARIA . “ 4 209 Y 1 i . P RUS V I n . f . Oblong . 1 2 long RI ULAR S 2 rifo1m N ms 1 5 7. PY R US 6 . . ot sunken at ert on of pedicel , py COMMUNIS 9 d N0 1: u 1-5 : . cartilagino s , bony seeds color 1 i n i n d 210 C Black , subglobose , 3 . iameter . RATAEGUS DOUGLASII .
Dull red , thickness 5 U 8 . dot . . CR T i n . ( . 4 sometimes yellow) with white s A AEG S PUNCTATA . y CRUS 1 i n 85 . CR T } . ; leaves thick , gloss above A AEGUS GALLI . ‘
1 8 6 . ( RATAE . GUS . Bright scarlet and somewhat oblong , } ih long COCCINEA 8 0 B rr . . e y
d 1 i n . . With persistent thickish calyx lobes , large (about or more),
6 1. I VI D OSPYROS RGINIANA . Q - d . Without persistent calyx lobes and smaller I n I JE V 6 . STI AL I thyrses VIT S S . e“ I n a nd . compact racemes H 131 G RR I oary tomentose . A YA ELL PTICA . nd fl tte ned 3 A S a a 1 3. mooth globose RCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNGENS .
O 132 . A . Z I pen panicles RBUTUS MEN ESII . 4 n fl n S o a tte ed t 1 . U TI T 6 . 8 4 O ingly the jointed s em P N A UNA . 9 y 76 A I I T c . . Flesh with custard like edible pulp S M NA RILOBA . - 3 i n i . Berry l ke pome , 3ih diameter and borne in dense clusters .
8 4. PY RUS SAMBUCIFOLIA . “ c He s eri d u m i n . p seeds juicy pulp and rind leathery S fla tten ed ITRUS T . 103 C ubglobose at the ends AURAN IUM . - I RUS 104. C T Globose oblong , mammillate at the extremity LIMONUM . ” A c . . chenium 3—4- a nd - angled with membranous Wing like margins .
108 . C I I LIFTON A L GUSTRINA . L - inear oblong , tipped with the prolonged tail like style .
130. C R O R E C CA PUS PARVIFOLIUS . m t y B c a 175 . Y . B cca e but with dry spong pericarp UCCA AR ORESCENS . ’ e ehzs c ent eri c a r b . D p p , c S . ubglobose , and 13 K EY B ED UP ON F UIT . , AS R
d . C d i oriaceous or woo y , deh scent by e 2 3 s m o i . valves and containing one or ery few large eeds with s o th shin ng a nd E s c u lu S r coat a large scar ( ), f uit l fle 7 6 ZESCULUS T P rickly and ea ts HIPPOCAS ANUM . 12 E US ‘ l 7. SCUL Smooth a nd ea flet s 5 CALIFORNICA . 9 6 4 Ca r a . . more or less distinct valves ( y ) E t t f . picarp hick and separating quite freely to the base ; nut ridged , wi h
thick shell , globular ovoid and
g . Flattened ,
i . B 36 . 1 n in h . C R . or less lengt A YA AL A .
64 . 1 i n . C R T i n . 7} . or more length A YA SULCA A ” - N fl ened u 4 a 90 C R T M T . a t t . g . ot so much , sually ngled A YA O EN OSA f E e s 1ze y f . picarp only mod ram thick and nut of medium , moderatel m nd t d 65 . C R ridged a wi h shell of e ium thickness A YA PORCINA . 3 - . E l f picarp thin , nuts small and thin she led kernel A g . stringent and bitter sutures of epicarp very prominent ; nut li l t a nd s h . Q uite smooth , whi ish only g y compressed 3 C R 7. R A YA AMA A . R e ough , reddish , strongly compressed and angl d . 115 C R I . A YA AQ UAT CA . ’ i m a t y S . g . lightly if at all bitter , nut whit sh and sutures oder el prominent 1 C R 9 . R A YA MIC OCARPA . 3 6 5—20 t a i s l fi ne . valves recurving from cen r l ax and iberating numerous RH 158 . ODODE DRO seeds N N CALIFORNICUM . 9 d C S . overed with pines ; dehiscent 6 B u . y four valves ; n ts S y 3- a 11 le d 2 - harpl g , together , involucre soft prickly . 1 6 F R . . AGUS FE RUGINEA S fla tte ned 1- 3 a nd ubovoid together , involucral spines very sharp
40. C T hard AS ANEA VESCA . 9 - I t . 6 . rregularly ; spines many branched ; nut ma uring the second y ear
3 . L 1 9 CASTANOPS IS CHRYSOPHYL A . 3 h i 1 9 RICI US M N 6 I b . N 8 . . nto t ree cocci , each li erat ng a single seed . CO MU IS 9 0 S - e r a d O b . mall , ovoid lanceolat capsules ar nge in catkins . pening y two valves and containing numerous seeds furnished with silky down capsul e d - - . Oblong conical , small and thin walled ; leaves 6 - . Orbicular ovate and
. S D D f Coarsely dentate 18 POPULU GRAN I ENTATA . ‘2 - . S 2 POPULUS T O 7 . f errate . short pointed . REMUL IDES U US S 96 . POP L . inuate , wooly tomentose beneath ALBA
o n t . Linear lanceolate , tomentose midrib above and pe iole 45 S I ms nA . AL X . ’ e . bl a n d t Ovoid o ong . larger hicker walled : leaves
. bs e o 1 x . f Broad ovate , o curely crenate s rrate obtuse rounded at ape POPULUS T H A 9 7. HE EROP YLL . ’ - f . Ia nc e ola te a nd Ovate or ovate , acuminate , whitish reticulate veined b P 4 . . eneath 7 BALSAMIFERA . s f . Deltoid ovate coars ely c xena te se1 rate us u ally A N' I . bruptly acuminate 48 . POPULUS MO LIFERA Sh0 1 ter POPULUS T . pointed or acute 194. FREMON II ‘ . B 1 o a dl OP DIL T T f y deltoid ” 63 P ULU S A A A ’ d . L b s POPULU T . 218 S . arger subglo o e and pubescent . RICHOCARPA
- a la n1. eo late Lanceol te or elliptic , 6 . Smooth and caps u les
. S LI L T 6 . v f 4 S X B ar . essile or nearly so A A A VI ELLINA . 9 f Wit h slender pe dicels ; leavespale glaucous beneath a nd 2—4 111 l 71. S Amx Am G DALOIDES ong . 3— m . 7 “ 140 AL1X VI long . S LAE GATA . ’ e P u b sc e n . e t ; c a ps u les about 1 - ‘ . LI , 193. S X NUTI AL LII gr in long ovate lanceolate A . - i n . . S . X LA I OLE . 4 long , oblong ovoid 165 . ALI S PS I S L s s w . inear compre ed po ds opening by t o valves ; pods — 4 5 1 . i h b o d i e . 1 a u t R P D n long . q straight ” OBINIA SEU ACACIA . 3—5 1n . lo n . v a ri o u s 1v 206 A I g twisted . CAC A DECURRENS . Y B ED UPON F IT K E . , AS RU
2 i n i n . . . long , 1 broad , often curved into a circle A 155 . I X CAC A MELANO YLON . 4 — 2— i n 1 3- d d 6 3 . . Torulose , straight or curved , . long , see e 204 P RK . I A NSONIA MICROPHYLLA . 5 0 S O . . ubcylindrical pods , long . pening by two valves — 1 . 134 I SI 1 i n . . C 6 0 . . . long , 4 ih or less thick H LOP S SALIGNA — i n 9 B . C T L 10 1 i n . . 8 . . 2 . or more long , 4 or more thick A A PA IGNONIOIDES 6 1 w d . . 2 3 t o s . G R VILL T 0 a nd . . Very oblique containing winged see E EA ROBUS A ’ - 102 G 5 . ORDO I LA IANTH . c . S US . Ovoid valved capsule N A C8 S . ubovoid follicles arranged I n pairs , seed not suspended by a funiculus . 182 L Y ON TH M . O A NUS F L ORI B UNDUS . N ot i n pairs ; seed suspended by a funiculus . 106 X N UM — . THOX L A Y CLAVA HERCULIS . 9 - o Cea n thu s 6 . Three l bed capsules dividing into three dehiscent cocci ; ( o ) leaves d 3- . ribbed and length — 1 i n h 2 02 C . SOREDI ATUS 3 ovate ; branc lets terete . . 1— 9 i n b 15 1 C T o long ; branchlets angular . . HYRSIFLORUS . g d S - b . ingle rib ed ,
1 i n . . 201 C long , branchlets terete coriaceous . . SPINOSUS . 2— 4 i n h y 1 77. . C . . . long , branc lets slightl angled ARBOREUS - i n . Top shaped capsule , . in diam cells dehiscent at summits .
18 3. E G OB UCALYPTUS L ULUS . 1 i n H l i n . . emispheric capsu e , 3 diam . cells dehiscent at summits . 211 E T . UCALYPTUS ROSTRA A . ” c - 2 - . Oblong ovoid valved capsule closely invested by persistent calyx . 1 8 I TI ANA 8 . N CO GLAUCA . — . A r e a e P r i a nd gg g t d u t composed of many carpels , either closed or opened o cohering or cl sely massed together , forming a b C . . one C S O Coni ercc cales of the cone pen carpels ( f ). d S m s rea d m m . cales any and p g at aturity .
e . I ; 2 i mbricated and each subtended by a bract ovules , nverted , and t flo w eri n P i nu s f . Ma uring the year after g ( ); cones Su bter mi na 1 a nd g . scales a nd a s u b c li ndi I h . Thin at tip un rmed ; cones y C and — 4 6 111. 49 T . P . long . S ROBUS 5 — 11 h . 221 P T i long . MON ICOLA . — 12 18 m. 1 4 P . 6 . long LAMBERTIANA . Q i a n d h . Thickened at t p i A m . r ed with a recurved prickle . 1— 3 i h c li nd 1 i c P T T 148 . long , y ovoid , oblique . CON OR A . — 3 6 i n . . long , glossy brown 16 E c o nic al s e a ra t1n . longated . p g from the tree by a fracture
h u ” P CUB ENS I S . Wit in the ped ncle .
14 . P . Within the base of cone 7 PONDEROSA . 9 - 76 . 19 P T 7. Broad ovoid . ORREYANA . 0 — . 6 10 . 12 P T 4 . ih long . PALUS RIS . Unarrn e d b 2 i n . i n . cones a out length , seeds
m . a bou t ” 19 P Winged , g; long . . RESINOSA . 3 i n n 196 P MO O H LL Wingless , about ; lo g . . N P Y A , L g ateral and scales thickened at tip , cones h S n o t . lightly or at all oblique
i . 3 5 i n Ovoid oblong ; leaves . long ; scales armed with a weak prickle directed At about right angles from the axis of the closed cone . P 75 . T . MI IS . 45 ° B 123. P . Forward . at about or less from the axis . . GLA RA . 9 r mi l . i . Ovoid pv a d a i P 2 n . j . rickles strong ; cones or — R n 1 3 h . ather less in le gth ; leaves 4 i long ; branchlets purple . 8 9 P . INOPS .
R m 3 . 5 i n 50. P ather ore leaves . long . RIGIDA 15 K E Y B ED UP ON F UIT . , AS R
’ — P ; 2 3 . , j . rickles weak cones ih long and ’ T A - P . 21. Wide pyramidal ; leaves in 3 s 1 SERO IN '
N - i n 122 . P . . arrow pyramidal ; lea ves 2 s . CLAUSA “ r b h . Ma kedly o lique
99 P . N . - i n . B 2 i n . or less length , scales unarmed ANKSIA A
0 P . 17 . - i n l t . . T 3 . 2 4 long . sca es armed with s rong prickles MURICA A - b i 3 5 i n . ; long , outer scales very gibbous o l que
t a nd P . D T . Ovoid , prickles minu e weak RA IA A
2 32 P . . TT T ind r i c a l . Cy ll ovoid , prickles stouter A ENUA A
. A 198 . P . - i n : . . 4 8 . long scales very strongly armed SABINI NA
- r tr . i n . , 10 15 long , armed with very la ge s ong prickles
169 . P T . . COUL ERI
fi rs t s t . f . Maturing the eason the autumn af er blossoming t 1nc o ns 1c u o u s ; i n . : p g . Ovoid or oblong , 4 long , pendent brac s scales per o n o 20. PI . sistent the axis , thin and with er ded tip CEA NIGRA 9 : a nd . 9 . Ovoid , pendent scales thin entire at tip i a b P . edunculate , g long ; cone scales orbicular oblong racts
2 1 TSUG A CANADENS IS .
— - S i n b t . e i l . ss le , long ; cone scales o long ; brac s cuspidate 23 T 2 TSUGA HE EROPHYLLA . " m l 8 i u . g . Ovoid , s a l ( l nes or less), pendent , scales ro nded and entire at tip
2 1 A . . TSUGA CAN DENSIS 3 S g . ubcylindrical E e Abi es h . rect scales deciduous from the p rsistent axis ( ); bracts fi S - ; . horter than cone scales leaves with resin ducts ¥Vi thi n j . the parenchyma 2 — i h C 4 . . 22 . A ones 5 long . purple . BALSAMEA ’ C n j . lose to epidermis of lower side ; co es 2—5 i n 16 . . long ; leaves - r r o flat flex ible . Da k g een ab ve , , and conspicuously emarg inate
224. A . GRANDIS . - fi a x t . Blue green above , , rounded or acuminate at ape
mn. 173 A . c o x c o .
— - - W 6 9 i n 4 1 4 I . . . A 7 . . long ; leaves blue green . side MAGN FICA 9 i L al r e fi e x ed nd y i . onger than the cone sc es a nearl cover ng them ; - 6 8 i n . roo v d 22 AB IES I IS . 5 . cones long ; leaves g e . NOB L ’ h . N i 2 i n o n odd ng , small (about . long), scales persisting the axis and
ti . 100 PI . entire at p . CEA ALBA 3 — P 11 3 i h 11 1 . . . endent , 1 long , scales incisely denticulate 149 P . ICEA SITCHENSIS “ C s r Ps eu d ts u a g . ylindrical oblong ; bracts much ex e ted ( o g ) cones — 0 2 3 i n . 15 P T XI . long . A FOLIA — 1 2 . in . 7 P 5 8 long . . MACROCARPA 5 l i i n o n 9 . 0 . Ovoid or roundish , sma l , l nes or less length scales persistent
the axis at matu rity 23. LARIX AMERICANA . ’ e - 3— 7 r . Valvate , bractless , wedge shaped . spreading , each with inve ted
ovules ; cone woody , oval and — — 2 3 i n . u y 2 142 S OI T . 5 3 . 0 . long , scales suall EQ U A GIGAN EA i n S 1 2 4 . . a 1 S I 0 3. or less , sc les short . EQ UO A SEMPERVIREN ” d S fe w e rs i stent . cales . p . bractless ; cone
Oblong and erect . with scales more or less thickened at tip , — . o 8 12 f L osely imbricated , . thinnish . E Four scales only fertile 24. THUJ A OCCID NTALIS .
t . S e H J T . ix fer il 220. T U A GIGAN EA 4—6 l i f . Valvate , , thick , on y two scales fert le .
141 LI ED D C . . BOC RUS E URRENS e ’ b s . Globose or subglo o e , maturing the i n i . n T . CHAM Y P ARI S . 74. C f First season , 4 length HYOIDES ’ S f . econd season and ln i n 1; . length ; leaves conspicuously glandular . 19 C PRESSU MA AB I ANA 2 U S CN . .
i n . b y RE yE I ANA . . 66 C P G o N . ; leaves o scurel glandular 1 . U SSUS
- - 1 1 i n . 195 CUPRESSUS R . 1 leaves obscurely glandular . . MACROCA PA 16 K E Y B ED UPON F IT , AS RU .
3 (I . S cales several , breaking apart at maturity ; cones subglobose . 119 DI I T H . . 9 TAXO UM D S IC UM 0 . Scales . - d . 3 , d s a ma rae B etu la Thin lobed and deci uous , subtending very small ( ). e C . ones erect , S - 1 i n i n T , , . 17 B essile ovoid oblong length . . LU EA .
, 95 B , . . . 9 With downy peduncle ovoid smaller NIGRA - 6 . C b b nd ones su erect , ovoid o long ; scales thicker a with short d ivergent ; b 4 T 4 B . lobes wing of nutlet not roader than the body . LEN A . 3 6 . C a nd ones pendent . cy lindrical about 1 1 1 1 1 . 0 7 . B 1 1 length . POPULIFOLIA . 1 111 10 3 . 4 B 3 . length . . i PAPYRACEA d k a nd - . Thic , woody persistent , ovoid oblong 1 — - i n . ; e u 163 AL U .. . é long l aves pale puberulo s beneath N S RHOMBIFOLIA . — 1 h . 217 AL U ; . . 4 i long leaves rusty pubescent beneath N S OREGONA . 3 0 . S a n n a n d cales closed carpels , growing from elo gated receptacle consoli
dated .
d . a the ou t Dehiscent at maturity long medium line of the back , and letting ' ea ch 1- 2 berry -like seed s suspended by extensile threa d s (Ma gnolt a ) cone — 1 T . i n . C c 2 3 . ylindrical . urved , long MAGNOLIA ACUMINA A — 5 1. I i n . 1 1 . Oblong , 4 long MAGNOL A GLAUCA — M OLI 4 i n . Oval 3 long AGN A GRANDIFLORA . ’ i m r d I a n d l a w a s a a ae . . ndehiscent at maturity fa ling y as 2 I D D . LIR O EN RON TULIPIFERA . ‘ z - b S a nd 2 . . pherical head , hardened bristling with beaked capsules I ID A T 60. L Q U AMB R S YRACIFLUA . 3 b S — a - a n d s a c c u lent . orosis spike with bracts and calyx lobes all thickened . 63 MORUS UB . R RA . 3 a A N a ke d S e d nd fl d i k . e , subtended or surrou ed by a esby s . b - fles h - . Drupe like , with y covering , sessile , scaly bracted beneath and about 1 i n v l 1 0 h . 0 a . . 2 . i leng th , TORREYA TAXIFOLIA . 1 i n 145 . O I 4 . length , obovoid T RREYA CAL FORNICA . 3 fl b b 144. B . T . Bony seed , subtended by a es y cup AXUS REVIFOLIA
’ 18 HOUG H S AMERICAN Woons .
A second class of Floweri ng P la nts and comprising the rest of the group is the End o en u s M n t led n u s P la nts i n g o or o oco y o o , characterized by having stems which - e the wood occurs as threads or bundles running through a cellular , pith like tissu d i n r so that a transverse section exhibits the wood as ots and not concent ic rings . - E tw o Leaves mostly parallel veined . mbryo with single cotyledon , or rarely , ' P flo w er I n and then alternate and unequal . arts of the generally in threes . U S i n southern nited tates and elsewhere or near the tropics trees are found , such P as the alms , etc . , which belong to this class .
Ex ogenou s plants are su bdivided into two well - marked grou ps or — u - An i s er mae and n er m n lu s s b classes g o p Gym osp az. The former i c de F n P n and t the by far the greater part of the loweri g la ts , mos of n in A n W n v it species represe ted merica oods are represe tati es of .
I PERMZE ANG OS .
Fl n x n u l n i n l t l oweri g , e oge o s p a ts which there is a comp e e pisti with stigma and closed o v ary containing o vu les which dev elop into
u T su - l n u l n seeds at mat rity . his b c ass comprises ma y gro ps of p a ts n n Order s and u n l n n k ow as , s ch as are represe ted by p a ts which attai
“ n n n the l the Un S w e the dime sio s of trees , withi imits of ited tates , propose to consider in the following pages :
D RHAM N ACE E : K F M OR ER BUC THORN A ILY .
ea ves m lo wers L simple , mostly alternate and with stipules s all or wanting . F a nd t small , often polygamous sometimes dioecious sepals valvate in aes ivation , a nd i n small , distinct , concave involute the bud or wanting ; stamens as many l a nd the as the peta s opposite them , inserted with them in edge of a perigynous - a n d disk lining the calyx tube , short sometimes connected with the lower part of y 2 - 5 w the ovary ; pistil solitary , with mostly superior ovar , celled , each cell ith 2 -5 ru i t a single erect anatropous ovule ; stigmas . F a drupe or pod with one seed i n each cell a nd not arilled embryo large with broad cotyledons and sparing fles h y albumen . t tr a nd a nd Order represen ed by small ees shrubs of warm temperate countries , a nd u with slightly bitter juice often nauseous or p rgative fruits .
C N HUS L EA . GENUS OT , INNAEUS
ea ves l s o L mostly alternate , petio ed . coriaceous or somewhat , glabrous or vari o u s l v d pubescent , eciduous or persistent . with slender stipules falling away early . lowers i n i y m e F perfect . showy terminal or ax llary th rsoid or cy ose clusters . blu a nd d 5 - w or white with colore pedicels ; calyx colored , lobed , cohering ith the a la a nd ovary below , the tri ngu r lobes incurved deciduous petals much exserted , h d 5 O he a nd oo ed . spreading , with long slender claws ; stamens , pposite t petals n o fi la me nts i serted with them . spreading and often persistent , with l ng and introrse 2 - celled a nthers lo ngitud inally dehiscent ; pistil With three s hort styles u nited below and single 3- celled and usually 3 lobed ovary su rrounded with a fles hy p ers istent disk and containing a single erect WFthOtl ‘ OpOl l S ovule in each i - - fi rs t a - . ru t b 3 b cell F su g lobose . lo ed . drupe like at with persistent c lyx tube fi na ll a nd 2 - adnate at base , y becoming dry separating mto three valved dehiscent - cocci each liberatin g a sin g le obovate lenticular seed with thin crustaceous testa , a nd fles hy ventral raphe albumen . u m c onfi n ed The g en s is composed of about thirty species , ainly of shrubs . and is N A b b C to orth merica . the greater num er eing found in alifornia where some natural hybrids seem to occur . The name is of classical Greek origin and of rather obscure application . TH ' — 2 N U RED LAT 19 L s mx s 02 C A SO US . 201 CEANO S o U . . s E OTH S
‘ ‘ N 2 0 1 . E A I H S S P I N O S U S U . C NO U , T T
O E PI Y M RED W OD MY RT L S L . , N YRT E
' i neu S M r n en D orni e M r te FL M r te es se . to es i osa . G , g y , y p p , y p
P C C — l 1 i n S I F I CHARACTERs z L ea ves . E alternate , el iptical to ovate , 4 to } long , t i t n inna ely veined , entire , rounded or emarg nate at apex , somewha cu eate at o 2 to 4 d glabrous , coriace us , With slender petioles lines in length , ry ing to a bro w nish above a nd a clear green beneath ; branchlets glabrous a nd somewhat 6 i n i n S . l wers an . piny F o blue , fragr t , in large thyrses sometimes length , the re 1 3 lower peduncles of which ‘a sometimes to inches long , springing from the 3 t d . u i t axles of leaves Fr capsules about lines in diame er , depresse , scarcely - lobed , resin coated , crestless . The s ec i fi c s i n su s La i s i n of ( p name , p o , t n for p y , refers to the fact that many - the branchlets terminate in leafless spur like points . )
m i n l 3 ft 9 . A ll s n 0 . sma tree occa io al y ( ) height , with rather broad n 12 in in n v n and u n . Ope head , di aricate bra ches tr k occasio ally
m v i n nn n - n u dia eter . This is ested a ci amo brow bark which is abo t l n firm r ul in and final . i . thick y checked i to i reg ar low ridges It is often only a shr u b bu t i n fav orable situ ations assu mes the statu re and
habit of a tree . H B Am n l n un n Los A ITAT . o g the Ca ifor ia coast mo tai s from An l P n C n n a n n l n ns n the ge es to oi t o ceptio , att i i g its argest dime sio ear u s n n hi n n mo th of ca o s w ch ope alo g the coast .
P P PE TI S — W v n l s r n HYSICA L RO R E . ood hea y , hard , stro g , of c o e g ai and red al n l n - l of a light or s mo co or ; the arrow sap wood ighter .
ifi v v n t n n s ec c . o The p gra ity , etc , ha e bee determi ed . n L l u se n in Us s . itt e is made of this wood owi g to its scarcity size l n u v u ul u arge e o gh to be of ser ice , tho gh its properties wo d s ggest its
v u in u n l n al e t r ery , for too ha dles , etc . l v n and u u The g ossy e ergree foliage of the tree its ample , bea tif l cl usters of bright blu e flow ers giv e it an orname ntal val u e well worthy n n of co sideratio . MEDICINAL PROP ERTIES we believ e hav e ne v er been as cribed to this
i spec es .
H A . T 8: O H . 2 02 E AN U R T . C S S O E DI A US ,
D - V MY RTL E S B E B L OSSOM G REEN TH N ARK LEA ED , OUTH ERN LU , OR .
' i e Fr 3 n uder F l ed r . £2 mer i i na l S L i G e S 10 3 d o . la c mefi dzona l . , , p ,
— - S I I CHARACTERs z ea ves 1 17 PEC F C L alternate . ovate to elliptic lanceolate , } to } i n . long , with three primary veins , rounded or acute at base , acute or obtuse at fi nel - apex . with y glandular serrate margin , dull glabrous above at maturity , g ray ish a nd with minute appressed silky hai rs beneath : petioles short and fi nely b fi rs t e r a nd - fi na ll pu escent ; branchlets , at pub ulous olive colored , become y pur l n fi n l - l wers is h a d e . p y red warty , rigid F o deep blue , in small simple pubescent ’ N l v UD 20 Ho uo n s AMERICA O S .
‘ ‘ 2 i n r u i t ul 2 i n o r racemes , é to . long . F caps es lines diameter , smooth some n what wrinkled a d n either crested nor deeply lobed . - s ec ifi c o w bs a hea the u (The p name is from the Greek p , p , alluding to min te r o b ughness of the ranchlets . )
C n u n l n d n n u This ea oth s is ge eral y co si ered a de sely bra ched shr b , v n bu t I v n i n Mo n as it really is o er a large part of its ra ge , ha e see it tere C u nt u n a nd u 20 ft y o y ass mi g the habit stat re of a tree or 25 . m i 7 . n l un d and un 10 ( ) height , with symmetrica , ro de , twiggy top , tr k ,
12 n i n v i n u m. or i ches ) diameter , ested q ite smooth grayish n l m fissu red n l fi rm fina l o w . brow bark , which y beco es i to ridg es
n C n M n n Co . HABITAT . The coast regio of alifor ia from e doci o to S an Diego and seemingly attai ning its greatest dimensions i n canons i n v n the ici ity of P aso Robles .
P P — W v n v fine P . HYSICAL RO ERTIES ood hea y , hard , stro g , of ery s u u n n u u u and u tr ct re with i co spic o s med llary rays , s sceptible of a
u u l n l - o and bea tif l po ish . It is of a rich brow color with ighter sap w od i s n l an n u u ofte marked wi th smal dots d streaks of pare chymato s tiss e .
ifi v v n n n S e c o t . c . p gra ity , etc , ha e bee determi ed u n n an artic u USES . This is too commo a wood to be applied to y p lar u se u l fi ne u u u l u , tho gh its c ose , str ct re wo d s ggest its appropri ateness u i n u n for se t r ery . T n n l v lu i n v m he tree is of or ame ta a e , which respect it deser es ore general recog nition than it has heretofore receiv ed .
ORDER SAP IN D ACE E : SOAPBERRY FAMILY .
ea ves . l wers a nd L simple or compound F o polypetalous , often irregular mostly a nd i n n t symmetrical ; sepals petals each imbricated the bud , the petals i ser ed — — with the 5 10 stamens o n a perigynous or hypogynous disk : ovary 2 3- celled a n d — 2 . i n u 1 ; : . lobed , sually ovules each cell embryo mostly convoluted no albumen r u i t b n u i n fla ted nu t F a mem ra eo s . pod , a leathery thick subspherical pod with like seeds , or a winged samara .
ACER . GENUS , TOURNEFORT
Lea ves - 5 3- ; opposite , simple , palmately veined , or occasionally lobed stipules lower s i n o l a mo n . , . one F small , axillary racemes or corymbs regular p y g d 5 ioecious . usually unsymmetrical ; pedicels not j ointed ; sepals more or 5 o r 4 less united , colored ; petals sometimes wanting , but , when present , ( e a n d m 8 ; 2- qual furnished with short claws; stamens com only ovary lobed , 2 2 o ne formed of united carpels , each bearing ovules . only of which commonly a t 2 10 n a n d . a nd ttains maturity ; s yles . g slender united only below stigmatic ru i t b finall a nd d . own the inside F a dou le samara , y separating when mature a a o ne ; re dy to f ll , the wings strengthened by a rib along margin cotyledons long a nd thin .
Acer L . (The generic name , , is the ancient atin name of the Maple ) — 2 1 203 A NA UM V1N E MA E . . CER CIRCI T PL
2 A E R I R I NAT U M P H . 03. C C C , URS
P E VIN E MA L .
i ne a e v A e vi d . e h r Embl d S . m de Gen R bena or n F . , , g p ,
— i n i n S P CI FI C C E " ea ves 2 7 . E HARACT R L nearly circular outline , to across , b m t o l 7 9 palmately lo ed . someti es nearly the midd e , with to acute irregularly b - l e u be r u dou ly serrate lobes , cordate at base with broad sha low sinus s , thin , p lous at fi rs t but gla brous a t mat u rity with the exception of a tuft of pale hairs at a b a nd i n the base above , dark green above , p ler eneath autumn changing to
r a n d 1 to 2 i n . n s at o ange scarlet tints ; petioles long , stout , e larged and cla ping b t c o ns i c u base ; winter buds about g i n . long and su tended by a s out scale with p o u sl i b a nd o r y c liate margin ; branchlets gla rous somewhat glaucous , pale green F l wers t i n 10 reddish . o appear when leaves are abou half grown , loose drooping to 12- fi o w ered b 2 - d l e corym s terminating slender leave branch ets , the staminat a nd t 2 3 pistillate ogether ; sepals red or purple , villous , to lines long ; petals much y t . e ; t s shorter greenish white , broadl cordate at base and involu ed at ap x s amen 6 to 8 with slender fi l a me nt s villous at base a n d much longer than the petals i n t flo w ers i n flo w e rs the s erile , but shorter the fertile ; pistil with glabrous ovary ife d ru i t a b s . be ring two wide spreading lobes . style and long exserted stigma F i n 1 i n tri fle i n ri pens late autumn , the samaras glabrous , each about . or a more t d i n a nd o i to leng h , re dish color spreading at ab ut r ght angles the pedicel ; e d s e ovate , pale brown . s e c ifi c cerc i na tu m L t ma de r u nd (The p name , , is a a in word meaning o and refer r ing to the circular outline of the leaves . )
The Vine Maple occas ionally attains the height of 30 or 40 feet (10 bu t being generally more or less procu mbe nt and vine - like its
n ten u n a n l 12 14: n real le gth is of greater . Its tr k is occ sio al y or i ches
in i n n and v i n - n 0 30 . o ( . ) thick ess co ered with a th smo thish gray brow n and fissur e d v s bark , somewhat striated le gthwise with shallow groo e and finall x l n i n nn y e fo iati g thi ish brittle scales . I n this c uriou s tree we see a habit of growth which is qu ite u niqu e i n o ur A n Wh not V n - l t t . o merica fores s ile strictly i e ike , it seems v to n l u n ur un n u n n ha e recli e more or ess po s ro di g objects , its tr k bei g v o n u n a nd n n u perhaps for se eral feet prostrate the gro d , the risi g p to sprawl its branches across the wreck of an old cedar st ub or other u a nd v n n l v and s pport , ele ate its bra chlets with ha dsome ea es showy wi nged fr uit to su ch light as the taller s urro undi ng forest may permit
v n un n n n - it to ha e . Its e tir e tr k a d bra ches to the fi al leaf bearing w ma l lu x u u and l n bu r t igs , y be oaded with the rio s moss iche s which
den v t n i n s n i n v e ery hi g the damp fore ts of the regio s which it thri es .
O n n u v the and in l u v l fte it se ds p se eral stems from same base , a l ia
- l n x u v and n s bottom a ds forms e cl si e almost impe etrable thickets , acre i n xt n n n v u u n e e t, the bra ches taki g root where er they to ch the gro d and n n n n the de se shade prohibiti g the g rowth of all other pla ts be eath .
A - n B r C lu a nd u H BITAT . The coast regio of itish o mbia so thward u W n n O n and to Men n n Co . C thro gh ashi gto , rego doci o , alifor ia , ’ 22 Ho u A N W n ue s MERICA oo s .
being v ery abu ndant and well dev eloped i n western Washington and n n u and n n Orego . It is less commo to the so thward ofte o more than u fl u rishes in l w n an n a shr b . It o the o la ds d to a altitu de of abo ut
ft . ut n n and n n l , bea ifyi g the ba ks of streams ador i g the state y v n i n e ergree forests which it makes its home . P — h H L P PE TI . t e V n M l v YSICA RO R ES The wood of i e ap e is hea y ,
not v n l - n and n n n v fin hard , ery stro g , c ose grai ed co tai i g ery e med a l l I t - w n l . u n n l ary rays is of a light bro co or with ab da t ight bu ff. sa p - n n n i n v old wood , the heart wood , i deed , o ly appeari g ery trees .
S ec z o Gr a vi t P er centa e o As h Rela ti ve A r om p fi y , g f , pp ma te F u el Va lu e Ooe i oi ent o E la sti c i t 718 10 M odu lu s , j f y , ; o R u tu re 76 6 Res i s ta nce to L on i tu d in a l P ress u re 45 9 Res i st f p , ; g , ; a nce to I ndenta tion 200 o a Cu bi c F oot i n P o u nds , ; f , U ES u u l and in nu u l n l S . It is sed for f e the ma fact re of too ha d es ,
fish- n t and n n n . T by the I dia s for the hor s of their e s , etc he tree has
n n u n u v n n n l u bee i trod ced i to c lti atio for or ame ta p rposes , which the u t flo w ers and u l v and bea y of its foliage , fr it wel deser es , is said to adapt itself -better to ou r eastern conditions of climate than any other a ifi P c c coast tree . N ORDER L B G U M I OSE : PULSE FAMI LY .
L e a ves u . l wers alternate , usually compound , entire and furnished with stip les F o 5 5 with sepals more or less united at the base ; petals , papilionaceous or regular ; stamens diadelphous . monadelphous or distinct and with versatile anthers ; pis r u i t a lbu menless tils single , simple and free . F a legume (pod) with mostly seeds .
P RK INS NIA L G N A . E US O , INNAEUS
ea ves or L alternate or fascicled , with short spinescent persistent cadu e cous stipules , evenly bipinnate with short obsolete or spin scent rachis , the one or two pairs of pinn ae bearing numerous minute opposite entire lea flets with i n . lo wers : n out stipels F perfect slender axillary racemes calyx campa ulate , fi v e r efi ex ed v i n with narrow lobes at maturity . deciduous , alvate the bud ; pet a l s fi v e u a nd , , yellow , nguiculate , spreading , the upper broader , within the others c ten fi la ments glandular a base of law ; stamens , free , slightly declinate . pilose o ne o n : below the middle and the upper gibbous the outside anthers uniform , ver s a tile ; , with two cells longitudinally dehiscent pistil inserted at base of calyx tube , w fi lifo rm i y ith minute terminal stigma , slender ncurved st le and shortly stipi t ate ovary containing several anatropous ovules suspended in two ranks from its u i t n h . r t e inner angle F a li ear torulose legume . somewhat contracted between mi n t s a c c u a e . eeds , at both ends , longitudinally striated with two , thin coriaceous valves and containing light- brown oblong seeds with slender funicle thin testa and horny albumen . A genus of three species of trees or shrubs often armed with spines, and dedi c a ted J P a n E t e to ohn arkinson , nglish botanis and horticulturist of the s venteenth century . — 04 PA I NS N A MI P H LLA M UNTA N PALO VERDE . 23 2 . RK O I CRO Y O I
To m 2 P RK I NS NI A MI CROP H Y L L A . 04. A O ,
- M UN N P AL O V SM L AF B E N . O TAI ERDE , A L LE HORSE A
Fr P a lo Ver de de mo nta ne S . P alo Gen Gabi r s a lo verde . , g p ; g ; p ,
Verde de monta fi a .
SPECI F I C CHARACTERS — Lea ves deciduous within a few weeks afte r their
a 1 i n . a , appe rance , with common petiole very short or wanting the pinn e about c te rete a c hises 4— 6 ll s i e long , pubes ent , with g and pairs of sma glaucous ess l entire - w b o blong orbicular l ea fle ts which are obtuse or some hat acute at apex , o lique at 1D u 5 i n a nd mi i i . a nd b t . base a ou 1 long branchlets stout , rigid ter nat ng sto t sp nes e x a nc ed lo wers J u ne t l p , F May to , before the leaves , abou a ha f inch across when i re w o u s i n 1 i n . i n slender racemes or less length , from the axils of leaves of the p b w flo w e r l y l s a i , e son , the pedicels jointed a l ttle elo the ; peta s el ow the upper o ne - ; a e whitish ; stamens exserted , with orange colored anthers ovary ppr ssed — — n a t i t - 2 3 i n b . a tte u a te i . r u 1 3 . . s lky F seeded legumes long slightly pu erulent o w i th o n i n . i n , b th ends , co tracted between the seeds , which are about 4 length
a nd . pale brown testa . horny albumen bright green embryo (Tb e s pec i fi c name is from two Gree k words meaning s ma ll lea ves . ) 6 m ft . A low tree sometimes attaining the height of 20 . ( ) with 1 m i n a and h v n un v ft . short tr k rarely o er . ) di meter , t is di idi g n u n n l n n l ear the gro d i to arge crooked s prawli g bra ches , c othed with
ll n - smooth light ye owis h gree bark . It forms a wide dome shaped top close to the grou nd with a profusion of fi ne pea -green branchlets and n l u u I n n is nl n n as sca t g a co s foliage . ma y localities it o y k ow a
r u stu dy shr b . — l n n l . n u as n C HABITAT The desert regio s of so the ter a ifor ia , ce tra and sou thern Arizona and sou thward into northern Me x ico . It is
n n nl i n n A n n u n n k ow as a tree o y ce tral rizo a , its at re seemi g to dema d the heat and conditions of those arid regions whi ch few other trees
i n n u u c e d re witho t irrigatio n . P P PE TI E — T i r HYSICAL RO R S . he wood of th s t ee is rather hard ,
l - n v defined nnu n and u c ose grai ed , hea y, with poorly a al ri gs d cts mostly filled with some orange - colored su bstance making fine ' di d n h h red sh ots a d streaks i n the s u rface of t e finis ed wood . The hea rt - wood is of a pale bro wn color a nd the abu ndant sap - wood c on i u ou sl l e i c Gra vi t ercen e s c . S c P ta o P y ight yellow p fi y , g f Ash Rela ti ve A r ox ima te F uel Va Zu e Wei lzt , pp , g of
(2 Cubi c fi bot i n P o u nd s ,
— P a a n x Us ns . us e u l oorly dapted to y e cept f e , for which it is
l i n ni n n o f A n and u n g n emp oyed the mi g regio s rizo a , its yo bra ches ,
v n v u n h r u nc herbi v ero us ser i g as ery good browse , f r is pa tial s bsiste e to n l in n a ima s with its arid ra ge .
P G EN R S PIS LI NNACUS . US O O ,
ea ves t a L bipinnate wi h one or two (sometimes more) pairs of pinn , each with s a l lea flet s ; a n d u s u all v everal sm l , entire , rather rigid stipules none petioles . etc 24 ’ A W n Hou o n s AMERIC N oo s .
l l wers s furnished with minute g ands . F o regular , mall , greenish , and usually i n u l sessile cylindrical or g lobose , axillary , pedunc late spikes or heads ; ca yx 5 h i n a i 5 n campanulate , with very short teet valvate est vation ; petals , con ate at fi rs t b i n h elow , at length free , distinct , tomentose within ( our species), ypogynous , te i n a 10 - valva estivation ; stamens , free , exserted , those opposite the calyx lobes h i nt ro se 2 - rat er the longer , with oblong , versatile , , celled anthers , dehiscent by d a nd c e u lateral longitu inal slits , onn ctive us ally tipped with a minute deciduous t li a nd i n A gland ; pistil wi h liform style , minute stigma villose ( the merican species) i n 2 ovary containing many anatropous , suspended ovules ranks , from the inner r u i t angle of the ovary . F a linear coriaceous legume . compressed or nearly terete , straight , falcate or twisted into a spiral , indehiscent , with usually thick spongy a nd w - on mesocarp partitions bet een the numerous compressed ovate obl g seeds , i a n d b wh ch have a crustaceous testa contain horny al umen , an embry o with short , a n d fl straight r dicle a at coty ledons . G enus represented i n the United Sta tes by small trees and shrubs i n the arid ' P r regions of the Southwest . (The name os op zs is the ancient Greek name of the bu r doc k and is of obscure application here
T m * 2 0 . R T o FREM O S O S O O R . P P I D A . 5 A,
SCREWB EAN Sc REw - P on M U , ESQ ITE .
' hu r 6 hmu ben lse F . 008 8 ole M s S . Tr ni Gen Sc o llo . , ; , ; p ,
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS 1 Lea ves alternate o n the new shoots and i n fascicles in c a nes c entl u 2- 3 the axils of the leaves of previous years . y p berulent , deciduous , i n i n . s . ih long , with lender petiole about {7 long terminating a slender spine , and a 5 — 8 le a fle ts a pair of pinn e , each furnished with pairs of oblong , acute , subsessile i n i n r ec tic u la te - about 1} . long by 4 . broad and conspicuously veined ; stipules fi r ; h , s t , spinescent and deciduous branc lets terete ‘ somewhat pubescent the year - l wers i n armed with rigid supra axillary S pines arranged in pairs . F o early spring i n a nd l i n . ed u n continuing ater), greenish white about 4 long dense cylindrical p - y 5 - 2 3 i n . culate spikes in length ; cal x obscurely lobed . pubescent outside , about e one quarter as long as the petals . which are narrow , acute , puberulous outsid aud white tomentose within near apex ; stamens exserted ; ovary very villous . ru i t w 12— 20 F a narro yellowish pod which is twisted in to a close spiral of turns , — l i n m 1 2 i n i n . i n from . length and fi ih diameter and subsessi e race ose clusters . The p od contains a sweet pulp (mesocarp) which invests the small obovate seeds 1 ‘ m t i n . . abou i s long with horney albu en s ec i fi c od ora ta L ra r a nt to r (The p name , , the atin for f g , alludes the frag ance of flo w ers the . )
The Screw - pod is a small tree occasionally attaining the height of f n l 1 m 30 t 9 m t0 and u n ft. in . ( . ) with wide p a tr k occasio a ly . ) diameter v ested in a rather thin cinnamon - brown bark which e xfoli i n l n n l and t v n old u n ates o g , thi , papery sca es s rips , gi i g to tr ks a
' l - v n t n shaggy appearance simi ar to that of ah old grape i e . It is of e u in bu t u n shr bby habit of growth , is always q ickly recog izable by its
u u n l - l c rio s ri g et ike pods . — v Ri o G n i n n x and HABITAT . The alley of the ra de wester Te as westward throu gh New Me x ico and Arizona to the Colorado desert i n sou theastern Californi a occu pying mainly moist bottom -lands and attaining its best de v elopment i n the v allies of the Gila and lower
Colorado riv ers .
n . P r osop i s p u b es c ens . B e th
H ’ A A W n 26 HOUG s MERIC N oo s .
i h fi ne a nd h l l u . el v which is abo t 4 thick , smoot or with s ight y e ated
n l - wn l ridges a d o f a choco ate bro co or .
- A n u n v u l i n l HABITAT . at ralized species growi g igoro s y at east the central coast regio n of California a nd often thri ving i n v ery poor
l n v i n n u n u u n soi . Its ati e home is the ope forest co try of so th Q ee s T l n N ew S u “ l S u Au V and n . a d ; o th a es , o th stralia , ictoria Tasma ia P L P P W l h and v u HYSICA RO ERTIES . ood moderate y ard hea y, to gh ,
nu u fine u l u u n u du with mero s med l ary rays , q ite iformly distrib ted cts
and n n nnu n ll - b n l w i disti ct a al ri gs . It is of a ye owish row co or ith
u n n l - u ab da t ighter sap wood . The weight of a c bic foot of dry wood ,
n Von Mu l 45 48 un . accordi g to el er , is from to po ds s n — o l n l n U s . The wo d has hard y attai ed commercia importa ce as i n u n bu t x ll n u l and i n Au u yet this co try , is e ce e t for f e , stralia is sed i n c oo ) era e for t l n v v u l tan ] g , oo ha dles , etc . The bark is ery al ab e for
- n Ah ning p u rposes and its fiber is adapted to paper in aki g . amber like g u m which is Copiou sly e x u ded from the tree has been fou nd u se ful i n n l and n x lu l maki g jel ies , whe mi ed with g e , a size for eather The c u t flow ers find a ready sale i n the cities of Californi a as
an mimosas d are deserv edly popu lar . ' The v al u e of the tree for ornamental pu rposes is well worthy of n n u l i n u f l u uln i n o . me tio , as few trees eq a it bea ty fo iage Its sef ess l n l n i n n c an v rec aimi g waste a ds the arid regio s hardly be o erestimated , as it adapts itself so well to almost all kinds of soils and thriv es v igor o u sly i n many localities where few other trees c an m aintain an x n e iste ce . MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are fou nd in the astringency of thebark and i n x ll n u m u th the e ce e t g arabic prod ced by e tree .
D ROSAC E E RO OR ER SE FAMI LY . Lea ves alternate a nd with stipules which sometimes fall early or are rarely l w rs . o e 5 y d wanting F regular ; sepals or rarel fewer . unite at the base and often furnished outside wit h bractlets resembling the sepals ; petals as many as the o r a nd o n the sepals , , rarely , wanting , distinct inserted a disk which lines calyx a nd tube ; stamens distinct , numerous with rare exceptions) inserted with the - b 1— a n d petals on the disk of the calyx tu e ; pistils many , distinct or united often h - t e . ru i t h combined with calyx tube F various . as drupe , pome , ac enium , etc a lbu menles s i seeds solitary or few , mostly , w th straight embryo and large thick cotyledons . a nd r a u of Trees , shrubs herbs , many of g eat economic v lue in the prod ction m flo w ers ost useful fruits, beautiful , choice perfumes , etc .
G N PRUNUS E US , TOURNEFORT .
ea ves : a nd . l wer s L simple stipules free commonly deciduous F o perfect , with u a nd flo w eri n calyx reg lar , free falling away after g ; petals widely spreading ; 15 —30 s o stamens ; pistil solitary with style terminal or nearly . and ovary contain 2 - . ru i t fles h l ing pendulous ovules F a drupe , y , with a smooth seeded (rarely - 2 seeded) pit . - r . P r u m r T ees and shrubs ( u nu s is the ancient Latin name of the p l t ee. ) — P U US U P F P L UM WI LD P UM . 2 7 207. R N S BCORDATA ACI IC , L
B RDA A B E T H . 2 0 7 PRU N U S S U CO T , N
P F P UM WI LD P UM . ACI IC L , L
r mme sa u va e (Ze Ca li G en Ca l or ni sclze Wi kle P a u me F . P , gf fl , g
Cir ctelo s al ves tre de Ca li orn i a . r ni e S . f o p , f
S I C a ves d 1 3 i n PEC FIC HARACTERS : Le broa ly ovate to orbicular , to inches b nd t e u a ( ) , length , usually o tuse at a ex , corda or tr ncate rarely cuneate at base meti e s u b w u b fi rs t b t sharply a nd fi nely (s o do ly) serrate , some hat p escent at ut a b a nd s l e t h maturity gla rous , dark green above , paler omewhat puberu ous b nea a nd n ; ; coriaceous , with broad midribs co spicuous veins stipules caducous Winter
- t i n . c t , buds abou 4 long , a u e , with chestnut brown scarious margined scales those
e fi nel n a t fi rs t fi nall . of the inner rows accresc nt ; branchlets y pubesce t , y glabrous
l wers A a l n . F o appear before the leaves (March or pril) from later l buds . about 4 a i n - flo w ere d be l h cross , two to four subsessile um s wit slender pedicels from 4 to
i n . i n c a n a n u la te b b 4 length ; calyx p , with lo es rounded at apex , pu escent outside a nd furnished with pale hairs o n inner surface ; petals about twice as long as
calyx lobes , rounded above and contracted into a short claw at base ; stamens d a b r ui t A g labrous ; pistil with slender style a n gl rous ovary . F ripens in ugust or 3 . i S 1 i n . b eptember . oblong , to 4 long . gla rous , varying from dark red to l ght yel fles h l t fla v o r a n d low, succulent . of exce len subacid adhering to the pit . which is fi a ttis h a t y o n o ne a n d o n . , acute both ends , acutel edged side grooved the other The s ec i fi c s ub r d a ta a s mewha t hea r t-sha ed ( p name . co , L tin for o p , refers to the s a h pe of the leaves . )
A l ft n n 20 25 . 7 sma l tree , sometimes attai i g the height of or (
and l 10 12 i h m i n o f u n bu t u u ll rare y or . . ) diameter tr k , it is s a y n ll n n u W n a co siderably sma er tree a d often o ly a scraggy shr b . he a tree it de v elops a wide top of ash - gray scraggy branches and the bark
u n d - fissu red n n l of tr k , of a ark gray color , becomes le gthwise i to sca y
and n u ridges thi irreg lar plates .
— ac ifi P u u n n l l n HABITAT . The P c l m is fo d from ce tra Ca ifor ia to sou thern Oregon i n the region west of the Sierra Ne vadas and Gas
d n n n l - s i n n u n n ca e ra ges , i habiti g dry rocky hi l ides co siderable ab da ce and n n n d v n and alo g the ba ks of streams , reachi g its greatest e elopme t u n n prod ci g its best fru it i n the northern part of i ts ra ge .
P TI E — W v - n P ROP ER s . HYSICAL ood hard , hea y, close grai ed , with
nu u fi ne m u s n s n u n mero s ed llary ray , showi g a ati y s rface whe polished . It is of a palc - brown color mottled i n places with reddish and hav ing
n l - thi ighter sap wood .
— USES . The fruit of this tree i s gathered and u sed i n large qu an . u and v u v ties both as a fresh fr it ario sly preser ed or dried . It has been fou nd that the qu ality of the frui t and produ ctiv eness of the tree c an v u l v n and n be materially impro ed by c ti atio selectio . ’ H u n M AN n o o s A ERIC Woo s .
W * 2 P RUN S M O L L I S . 08 . U , A LP
W L - F B H Y OO LY LEA ITTER C ERR .
’ ' ' i r he r i e G en Ha a m bla ttr i e K sc F . Cems r d feu i lles valu es S , g g , p . , de f w a j s p elos a s .
S C Lea ves 1- - - 3 . t PECIFIC HARACTERS ih long , obovate oblong o oblong lanc eo - late , mostly acutish at apex , crenate serrulate , gradually narrowing to the short d pubescent petiole a n usually furnished at base with one or more pairs of c o nspi c u a nd ous dark glands , dark green nearly glabrous above at maturity , paler and l - b t wool y pu escent benea h stipules pectinate branchlets slender , pale pubescent , d h lowers . i n . i n red is F opening when the leaves are about half grown , 4 or less d i n t 5 — 10-fi o w ered 1 i h m i n iameter, pubescen corymbs . or somewhat ore length , t y i wi h slender pedicels cal x pubescent , turb nate , lobes short , entire , obtuse at a r efle x ed b 2 1 pex , ; petals white , o ovate , concave , with short claws about ines in length stamens with glabrous fi la ments ; pistil with glabrou s and sometimes r u J A glandular style and capitate stigma . F i t (ripening from une to ugust) is a i n red i subglobose drupe , 4 ih . or more diameter , dark when ripe , w th very bitter fl h o n es a nd ovoid doubly pointed pit carinate one edge . s ec i fi c m lli s s t e u (The p name , o . the Latin for of , r fers to the soft p bescence n w which covers the e growths and under surface of the leaves . )
The Woolly - leaf Cherry is a tree sometimes attaining the height of
‘ 4 f 1 i n v l r u n 12 - 1 3 t . m 8 0 0 0 . or ( ) most fa orab e forest g owth , with tr k in m i n v i n n . . ) diameter ; ested a smooth dark brow bark marked with light gray horizo ntal bands and patches and finally peeling u p n i n ll and u l and n u n un horizo tally ro s c r s teari g off aro d the tr k .
— T W l - C u n in n HABITAT . he ool y leaf herry is fo d the coast regio B C lu m i n n W n n and O n and l of ritish o bia , wester ashi gto rego at east on the Santa Lu cia and San Bernardino mou ntains of sou thern Cali fornia v l n on V n u v l n n . It reaches its greatest de e opme t a co er Is a d a d
i n u un n the P get So d regio . P H A P W l and n P . ot n YSIC L RO ERTIES ood rather ight hard , stro g , l s n fi ne u l and u of c o e grai , with med l ary rays s sceptible of a smooth
n l - n l - sati y polish . It is of a ye low brow color with a ighter sap wood u n u t n nnu n e z r a i t e . S c c G v P er occ pyi g abo t a al ri gs p fi y ,
c enta e o Ash Rela tive A rox ima te F uel V alu e g f , pp ,
Oo c i ent o E la s ti c it 8 605 5 M od u lu s o R a tu re 6 9 Re i efi f y , ; f p , 7 ; s st
( mc e to L on itu di na l P ress u re 460 Res is ta nc e to I ndenta tion 8 0 g , ; , ; Wei /zt o a Cu bi c F oot i n P ou nds g f , n — We l v l l Us s . be ie e itt e u se is made of this tree as it is u ncommon in size large e nou gh to be of commercial importance tho ugh its wood x ll n u l . n n an n possesses e ce e t q alities It is occasio a ly pla ted as . or a n r in n w n u me tal shade t ee orth ester cities . Its bitter fr it was formerly an l the n n artic e of food with I dia s .
’ Pru n u s ema r i na ta v a r mo ll i s re w g , . . B e r. P ru nu s e ma i na t ll s u w r h rg a, vi o a . S d o t . 29 209 P U V O REG ON C B . . YR S RI ULARIS RA
MEDICINAL P RO P ERTIES we belie v e are n ot recorded of this species tho u gh it wo uld probably be fo und to possess tonic and sedati v e
the n B C and properties , as is case with the allied easter lack herry 18 i n P . . recorded of that species art II , p
* G N P Y RUS L . E US ,
l w er s - ea ves : . cor L simple or pinnate stipules free F o white or rose colored . ih - b - b t a nd fle s h l n h ul b mbe d u rn . y cymes ; calyx tu e shaped , ecoming hick y the fruit 5 - l 5 b ; c eft ; petals , o ovate or roundish , stamens numerous styles ' 2- i 2 a nd o t e , carpels ( .the sam number) seeded with papery or cartilag nous endo - - r u i t fles h b nke . carp a n d united with the calyx tube . F a closed pome , y or erry - b P ru t ea r tr ee . Trees or shru s . y s is the ancien Latin name of the p )
P Y RU S RI VU L ARI S D G . 2 09 . , O U L
O R AP P O REG N CRAB O CRAB LE .
’
Fr . mmi er sa u e e G en Ore oni s cher ff olza el P o s a d Or on S . , g pf ; , g g ; p ,
r 6 r e Ma nam a si lves t e (1 O gon .
S I I 8 1 — ea ves - 1— 3 i n C . PEC F C HARACTER L simple , ovate lanceolate , long , acute or u m - u ac inate at apex , wedge shaped or ro nded at base , sharply serrate . or occa i o na ll o n - - r i b s y vigorous shoots somewhat three lobed , with prominent mid r s e a nd u i b de p es ed abov conspic ously ret culated veins and veinlets . pu escent at fi rs t b u t fi na ll b ree ma bo v e r a nd y gla rous , dark g , pale slightly pubescent beneath , s — 1 t 1 h . u b with rigid pube cent pe ioles 4i long ; stip les caducous ; winter uds small , 1 i h w n a nd a i i i h . n about 4 4 lengt , bro . sc les w th c liate margins , the accrescent nd b h h f u : b s inner most scales red a a out 4i . lon g w en lly grown branchlets pu e cent fi rs t a nd fi rs t fi na ll y at more or less so during the summer , but lustrous reddish i n l wer s . i n and then brown . F o 4to 4 across . short racemose cymes terminating a nd u i n lateral leafy spurs with slender p bescent pedicels about 4 . long and b a i e y b a igl ndular near the m ddle ; calyx gen rall pubescent , the lo es cute , pale in a nd fi na ll : tomentose with y deciduous petals white . nearly orbicular , with — a ; 2 4 . r u i t short cl ws stamens somewhat shorter than petals ; styles , glabrous F ripens i n Sept ember a nd Octo ber a nd persists o n the trees long: after the leaves n i n i n i n c have fallen , obovoid to oblo g , 4to 4 . length . varying olor from greenish w b l fle sh yello to red when ripe , with thin su acid edib e and comparatively large
seeds . s ec i fi c n i s r i vu s a br k t (The p ame from the Latin , . oo , alluding to the fact tha the tree is found along the banks of streams . )
n 40 f 10 m A ll n n 30 t . tree occasio a y attai i g the height of or ( . ) with 1 i h m i n n n n 8 . . and u . G rigid , sle der bra ches , tr k ) diameter row i n u u a i n u u l g as it s lly does the shade of lofty forest trees , it s a ly v l n n u n and n u n t u l de elops a ea i g tr k a g lar bra ches wi h irreg ar top , as x n r e ui re and n u the e ige cies of the light q h owi g to the h midity of the n n h and n forests of the orthwest , are ofte loaded wit moss liche s to the n v and u T un v ery bra chlets which bear the lea es fr it . he bark of tr k
i h i n n a - u n s . n n o and is q ite thi , carcely 4 thick ess , of amber brow c lor , r i n nn u n e x foli ati ng thi ish irreg lar scales . Ofte the Oregon Crab is n u n n no n u i n fo u d fr iti g whe more tha a shr b statu re .
o me t imes w r tte n i s S i P n t . ’ n 30 HOUG H S AMERICAN Woo s .
F n al n i n llu A A S Co . C . v l . and H BIT T rom o oma , , orthward rich a ia lowl n l n n i n v n a ds a o g the ba ks of streams the ici ity of the coast , to
A and the A u n l n n i n l x n v and laska le tia Is a ds , formi g p aces e te si e l n t lu x u n n a most impe etrable thickets . It is mos ria t i the v alleys of s n O n and W n n we ter rego ashi gto . — P A P R . T v HYSIC L ROPE TIES he wood of this species is hea y , hard a nd n v hu e l n a nd ull a nd n stro g, with ery , c ose grai med ary rays , ofte w n u and marked ith pare chymato s dots streaks . It is of a reddish
’ wn l u n n l - S ec c Grew bro co or with ab da t ye lowish white sap wood . p ifi i t P er c enta e o AS/L Rela ti ve A r ox ima te F u el y , g f , pp Va lu e lVei ht o a Cubi c F oot i n P o u nds , g f , ES — l in nu u US . The wood of this tree is emp oyed the ma fact re of
n l ll x l n u tool ha d es , ma ets , etc for which it is e ce le tly s ited . The
u n ll u un l i n n d and fr it is occasio a y sed by co try fo k the maki g of ci er, d l by the In ians as an artic e of food .
CRA AE US L GENUS T G , INNAEUS .
L ea ves and a w l - simple g enerally lobed ; stipules free , and , as with the shaped l wers i n - bracts , deciduous . F o mostly corymbs , white or rarely rose colored ; u r n - 5 ~ : u d 1— 5 calyx shaped with limb cleft . persistent petals ro n ish ; ovaries , fl - . r u i t es h inferior styles as many as the ovaries F a y , drupe like pome contain i ng 1— 5 b ard 1- seeded carpels and bearing o n the summit the persistent caly x lobes . S a nd - mall trees and shrubs armed with thorns , petioles , calyx teeth , etc often beset with glands . — Cra ta e u s K é ro s s tren th i n o u ( g is from the Greek p , g , allusi n to the nat re of the wood . )
L nd] RA T AE G S DO G L AS . 2 10 . C U U II , i
W B H WESTERN HA . B L AW T . A . L CK ORN ACK ‘ H
' Fr Au e zne n i s e w a r e [I a edor n . b o S . ne G en Sch ro . , z g ; ; , p ; p , g
— - — S I I C z ea ves - 1 4 i R n . PEC F C HARACTE S L broad ovate to ovate oblong , in length , fi nel y - t acute at apex . cuneate at base , glandular serrate excep ing at base , often - a l fi rs t m incised or three lobed tow rds the apex , puberu ous at but at aturity n r ; a nd b g labrous , dark gree above , pale beneath petioles short road branchlets y 1 i n glabrous a n d usuall bearing stout thorns 4 to . long (but sometimes fi rs t a nd fi na ll b u e ) ; i n . narm d . reddish at y gray winter buds a out 4 long , l - l w r i n lustrous brown a n d sca es ciliate margined . F o e s appear l a te spring when i n - flo w ered the leaves are nearly full grown , many cymes with caducous bracts — a n d h . ; bractlets , from 4 4 i across calyx more or less pubescent , with a b a nd Or fi nel l nceolate lobes a out as long as the tube having entire , ciliate y a t glandular serr te margins ; petals white , wi h nearly circular limb and short l claw ; stamens rather shorter than the peta s with stout fi la ments and pale — anthers : pistil with from 2 5 sty les about as long as the stamens and generally s . r u i t A g S with pale hairs at the base F , u u t to eptember , subglobose , about 4 i n i n fle s h a nd . diameter , lustrous purple black , with sweet edible but thin thin walled nutlets grooved on the back . i vu la r i s u la s i i . r S Cr a ta eg u s Do g var . arg ent) is the name given to a form more y n y i n shrubb in stature , fou d mainl the dry interior parts of the continent ,
i vu r i s ra ta e u s r la Nu tt . C g , — 1 0 U B T 3 2 . 1 CRATAEG S DOUG LASII LACK HORN .
l having pa er , narrower , ovate lanceolate leaves , simply serrate membranaceous w rs w a s leaves and somewhat smaller flo e . It originally described by N utta ll as
a distinct species a nd is still so considered by some botanists . i n s ec ifi c Mr . (The p name Douglasii , is given compliment to David Douglas , w ho discovered this species and by whom it w as introdu ced into cultivation i n
England . )
G n ll lo w un - h nu u r n e era y a , ro d eaded tree with mero s rigid b a ches , n n u but s n ll in n 30 or ofte o ly a shr b , occa io a y atta i g the height of or m v n 0 n . i n 1 i . d 4 ft 1 m un 8 . 0 . . ( ) with tr k ) or e e more iameter i h i n n n The u n o u . bark of tr k is ab t 4 thick ess , of a grayish brow color , a nd fiss u red lengthwise into narrow ridges which e x foliate in elongated l thickish sca es . B lu and u u W n n HAB ITAT . ritish Co mbia so thward thro gh ashi gto and Orego n into northern California and eastward into western Mon n t he the R M un a n r n n nk ta a to base of ocky o t i s , g owi g alo g the ba s of n l n and n streams , sometimes formi g a most impe etrable thickets , reachi g
v n n n and n n l n its best de elopme t in wester Orego orther Ca ifor ia .
’ I n the v ariety mvu la ri s it e x te nds eastward throu gho ut Colorado n u n N xi a d so thward i to ew Me co . H L P P W v n v P . YSICA RO ERTIES ood hea y , hard , stro g , ery close
r n n ur and v n num u v fine medu l g ai ed , with a sati y s face ha i g ero s ery
l - l u n n lary rays . It is of a ight reddish brown co or with ab da t
ll - sa - S ec i c Gra vi t P er cen ta e o y e owish white p wood . p fi y , g f Ash Rela ti ve A rox ima te F awl Va lue Wei /zt o a , pp , g f 12 50 F oot i n P o u nds 0 ,
' n — u nu t u Us s . The wood is sed to some e xt ent in the ma fac re of
l n i t x ll n n u x n v . a d too ha dles, etc , for which is e ce e t , the fr it is e te si ely
n n n The l n n l n n eate by the I dia s . tree is p a ted occasio a ly for or ame tal
u and t v ll i n ou r E t n S a p rposes hri es we as er t tes .
TA ORDER M Y R CE E MYRTLE FAMILY .
ea ves O - L simple , pposite or alternate . without stipules , often pellucid punctate , c or i a c io u s l w er s - b t and with marginal vein . F o usually perfect ; calyx lo es valva e or imbricate or consolidated into a lid ; petals 4 or 5 (rarely 6 or wanting) e pig y a nous ; st mens nu merous ovary usually inferior (rarely free) 2 - many - celled L c elle d n r u i t i 2 . (rarely ). styles u d vided ; ovules or many amphitropous F a cap sule or berry ; seeds without albumen . A t a 18 00 a nd large and importan order of bout species , mostly of trees shrubs w i of arm cl mates , generally pervaded with a fragrant and pungent volatile oil i and producing various spices , ed ble fruits , etc .
’ E E Y P L HERI TI ER UC A US . G NUS L T ,
a ves i i u y a Le . c o r a c o s o n u thick , smooth . mostl lternate though yo ng shoots O s o generally pposite . entire or nearly . with thick margin . opposite sides generally a n d b i n - a n d alike arranged vertically y a twist the petiole , g landular punctate of fla v n i l wers 3- 15 - flo w er d marked o r a d odor when bru sed . F o in e umbels or soli in h fi r m - y tary the axils of the leaves . wit cup like cal x which opens with a decid a l fi lifo rm fi la ments nous lid ; pet s wanting ; stamens very numerous , with slender ’ H n 32 HOUG S AMERICAN Woo s .
incurved in aestivation and conspicuously crowning a nd radiating from the edge lid a nd i nto rs e t of the cup after the falls away , with small anthers ; ovary in erior n ru i t fi r m with s everal cells containing numerous ovules o axial placentae . F a - lo c u li c id all d a t a nd woody cup like . capsule y ehiscent the top when mature liber ating many abortive a nd perfect seeds . A a nd 150 c o nfi ned very interesting important genus of nearly species of trees , i n A l a n d a native state to ustra ia the neighboring islands , some of great economic nd 4 f a nd value a among them there are giants attaining the great height of 00 t . u — t he S E u c a l tu s pwards only rivals of our g reat equoias in size . The name yp ’ et w ll Ka kfi'rr'r w to c o ver . e b is from the Greek , , and , , , alluding to the stamens eing lid well covered by the .
S C 2 11 E AL Y P T RO T RAT A H T . . U C U S S , C LE H
ED M B I AL L R G U . .
G en R tb u i Fr mmi er u e m r a a lo d . o m Go r o S . Go a c o , g ; . , g ; p ,
e e - i n i n S I C a v s 3 6 . PEC FIC HARACTERS L scattered , or more length , lanceolate - t - sickle shaped (excep ionally oval lanceolate) opposite sides colored alike , with ra ther obscure pinnately spreading lateral veins terminating i n a marginal vein m ] d which is somewhat remote fro the edge , oi ots scanty or obscure ; branchlets lo wer s i n 4— 14- flo w ered u t n . sle der F axillary mbels , wi h slender terete or slightly compressed peduncles and thin pedicels somewhat shorter than the c a ly x ; c a 1y x ~ - 2 2 e tube semi globular , 4; lines in diameter lid somewhat longer than the tub , he mi s phei i c at base and contracting into a sharp or beak like blunt point ; stamens 2 n i n flec t ed i n n 1 o v a te all fertile . about lines lo g , the bud and with ea ly anthers n r u t Opening b y almost parallel longitudinal slits : stigma o t dilated . F i cup i n ri m u l shaped , scarcely 4inch diameter , with broad protruding and sua ly four 3 5 h (less commonly or ) hig ly exserted deltoid valves , and containing small seeds n d nd destitute of a pe ag es a very narrow sterile seeds . s e c ifi c r os tr a ta L ha vi n a ea k The p name , , is the atin for g b , referring to the shape of the calyx lid .
I n n v land t he Red G u m n t n 100 ft its ati e ofte a tai s the height of .
3 m an o as nall t u n 0 . d c c m u ( ) y twice that height or more , wi h a sto t tr k
m i n - 14 ft . 4 v i n sometimes ( . ) diameter , ested a smooth , ashy gray or
n x in u - B n brow ish bark which e foliates irreg lar plate like layers . ei g a tree i ntrodu ced i n recent years i nto California it has not had time to
v n n attai n ery large dime sio s here . BIT T n u l r e i n a n HA A . at ra ized t e C lifor ia where it
n u a u n n l l - n n v i n spri gs p b da t y from se f sow seeds . Its ati e home is
Au u n i n l n the v n i n stralia , where it is fo d moist soi alo g ri er ba ks or
l u v v l e u u n l l n n n b u t not n a l ial a l ys thro gho t ear y the who e co ti e t , asce d
n n ll u n n n i ng to high altitu des a d ge era y ab da t ear the coast . — W n v n P P TIES . HYSICAL ROPER ood de se , hard , hea y , stro g , of
flexu ou s i n u l n x n u g ai , s sceptib e of a ha dsome polish , e ceedi gly d rable i n n t l and n x A u l n J co tac with the soi , said to be e t to the stra ia arrah
tei edo a nd n n wood i n resisting the attacks of the bori g i sects . The wood is of a brick -red color (whence the name Red G u m) with rather
- : Gr a vit Wei ht o n . 8 0 6 c 1 sca t lighter sap wood , y , to g f
- u i o t i n P ou nds 5 3 62 . a G b o F o , 4 4
’ 34 HOU H N W n G s AMERICA oo s .
paler beneath , prominent veins arcuate near the margin branchlets terete and fi r - lo wer s at s t pale pubescent or more or less densely tomentose . F appear when i n i n t he the leaves unfold short compact panicles , from buds the axils of leaves a n d o n f c u of the previous year , the staminate pistillate di ferent trees calyx p i n t he flo w er i n shaped , larger pistillate than the staminate corolla absent t fi lamen ts a nd th ru i t s a ma rae stamens two , with shor oblong apiculate an ers F , i n - 1 i n maturing by early autumn , paniculate bunches , spatulate oblong , about . i n t — the - i length , subtended by the persis ent caly x , terete at base seed bear ng i n d portion and expanded above into a wing from 4 to 4 . wi e , varying from n d y acute to emarginate at apex a tipped with the remnants of the st le . s ec i fi c velu ti na velvet u bes The p name , , is from a Latin root designating the y p enc e o ne c of under side of leaves , but applicable to only of the extensive forms of the species .
A n t n n 60 0 ft 2 in 0 . tree occasio ally a tai i g the height of or 7 . ( ) with u n 18 in m i n u t u u n 2 ft . b a tr k . to . ) diameter , s ally co siderably l u n l an smal er . The bark of the tr k is of a light g ray co or d becomes fis su red with age into rather fi rm longitu dinal and obliqu ely connecting W t Ash ridges similar to the bark of the hi e .
H — W n x an u n w ABITAT . ester Te as d westward across so ther N e
M x and A n u n N v and P etain i nt M u n n e ico rizo a, so ther e ada the o tai s i n u n C n c onfined n n so theaster alifor ia , mai ly to the eighborhood of
u n n u t n n mo tai streams b occasio ally o dry mesas .
— W v n t n an P P . o d HYSICAL ROPERTIES ood hea y, stro g , rather soft l - n n fine ull and nnu l n ll c ose grai ed , with ma y med ary rays a a ri gs we d efined n n n u It l by the arra geme t of the large ope d cts . is of a ight brown color with abu ndant lighter sap - wood occu pying forty or fi fty
S ec i c ra i e a i r i a e l . G v t R l t ve A ox m t ayers of growth p fi y , pp F uel Va l ue P er c enta e o As h Ooe i c i ent o E la s , g f , fi f ti c i t 60119 Mod ul us o Ru tu re 622 Resi sta nc e to L on i tu di na l y , ; f p , ; g
’ P r ess u r e 38 5 Res ista nce to f nclenmti on 210 Wei ht o a Cu bi c , ; , ; g f oot i n P o u nds F ,
— A u u W r x a n USES . sef l ood i n the local m anu factu e of a d other
n l n l W v n n . e tool ha d es , wago whee s , etc ha e see the tree growi g for shade and ornamental pu rposes alo ng the streets of the larger towns i n A n for u s l e be . rizo a , which it seems to admirab y adapted
D P ROTE AC E E : P F OR ER ROTEA AMILY .
L ea ves a a u persistent , lternate or sc ttered (rarely opposite), entire or vario sly l wers pinnate , exstipulate . F o usually perfect , terminal or axillary , variously s 4 a clustered or rarely olitary ; perianth inferior , of usually regular or irregul r 4 ' valvate segments ; stamens , inserted on and shorter than the segments of the : u - fi la ments perianth introrse , the connective contin ous with the , if any ; pistil filifo r m a nd l - solitary , free , with terminal style , celled ovary containing from n i t i n 1- a nd ex a l o e u . ru to several ov les F very variable form , but celled with b u mi no u s seeds . 950 Order represented by about species of trees and shrubs , rarely perennial
s .o f t he a nd u e i n herb , tropical so th temperate regions , and largely represent d he d Australia a n d South Africa . T or er is more noted for the richness a nd elegance of i ts flo w ers th a n for useful properties . — 35 2 13 G V U S OAK G E I E . . RE ILLEA ROB STA ILKY , R V LL A
U R I LEA R B R E . . GEN S G V L ,
L ea ves a nd . lo wer s i n . i n alternate of many forms F perfect , mostly pairs r - acemes or umbel like clusters , rarely reduced to a single pair ; calyx with four recurved sepals ; pe tals wanting ; stamens co nsist of four anthers sessile u po n the l t i 2 - o v u led se pals ; pisti soli ary with generally stip tate , ovary and a single long fi li fo r ln w e d i n b u d oo d fi rs t style hich is curv d ownward the , the l p protru ing a nd b from a s li t between two of the se p als . the dilated summit eing released af e r u i t e u s r l o y a nd b t rwards . F a coriac o ( are y wo d ) usually oblique follicle , de is
n : o ne . cent along the upper margi seeds or two . often winged A genus of nearly 200 s pecies of trees a n d shrubs c o nfi n e d almost exclusively n F The a n C. . A . to ustralia n me is give in complime t to Greville , a patron of o bo ta ny .
N RE I L L E A RO B S TA C . 2 1 G V U . 3. UN
AK E S O G . ILKY , R VILLEA
r re il ea r u ‘ u l ob ste re il a ta . G en Séa rke Grevillea F . G v S G v le mb s , ; , , p
— — S I C : ea ves 6 12 i n . 11 21 lea flets PECIF C HARACTERS L pinnate , long , with . w a nd n a i a nd hich are deeply irregularly i cisely lobed , h v ng incurved margins , a v e r n are glabrous or nearly so above nd sil ry pu be sc ent beneath . Flowe s (i early spring) bright orange a nd turning to o ne side of t he a xis i n gla brous racemes — a nd o n l fle which a re 3 5 in . long solitary or clustered short ea s s branchlets ; pedi i n o . ; cels ab ut 4 long ; stipe somewhat oblique sepals four , long spatulate , bearing the anthers near their summi ts and fi nall y falling awa y after liberating the reta ined m m i ; i n . su m t of the style style about 4 long , with s all stig matic disk somewhat r ui t 3 i n . . i oblique F a very oblique follicle about long , tipped with the long ta l a lI d like style and containing two seeds winged roun . ifi n r b ta s ec c . us robu s t o f The p ame o . is from the Latin . descriptive of the habit it the tree as compared w h other representatives of the genus .
A highly ornamental and gracef ul tree of v ery rapid growth and
l - and n n i n S u I n we l adapted to street side park ador me t the o thwest .
n iv l n it n 1 1) f 30 ln 0 t. bu t its at e a d attai s the height of ( . ) or more ,
n ll i n edi u i n - u n in u n o ly sma or size trees are yet to be fo d this co try . — n n u u t n n HABITAT . I dige o s to the s b ropical regio s of easter Aus trali a Ne w S u W and u n n a nd n u l u , o th ales Q ee sla d , at ra ized abo t some and V u n a n of the cities illag es of so ther C lifor ia .
W s P H P . e a a YSICAL ROPERTIES ood rath r light, soft , el stic , e ily
l n u h nu us n u u s u l u sp itti g , d rable , wit mero co spic o med l ary rays , q ite u ni u u and nnu n no t nn formly distrib ted d cts a al ri gs well de ed . It is of a light reddish color wi t h lighter sap - wood and of pecu liar beau ty owing to the co nspicu ou s medu llary rays — the silv er grai n of
- o n u n n u u wood workers . It is acco t of these co spic o s med ullary rays t na O n n hat the me ak has bee wro gly applied to this tree . Sp ec zfic i t lVei /w er Cu bi c F oot ab o u t 36 Gra v lbs . y , g p ,
SE — i n n i n Au U S . The wood is dema d stralia for the manu factu re
and i n n - u x . n of casks , b tter bo es , etc , cabi et maki g . The tree inCalifornia as yet is mainly importa nt as a handsome and rac eful ’ ornarnental l t n n g tree , we l adap ed to arid regio s owi g to i ts ’ HOUG H s A AN W n 36 MERIC oo s .
u n fl power to resist dro th . Its rich golde tresses of ow ers yield an
- un n e n . v v to v i ab da c of ho ey It pro es , howe er, be a short li ed tree n n henominall this its ad0pted la d . Its p y rapid growth of the first few s v b e i n e u u u n nt year pro es to a m as re a bea tif l disappoi tme , for its limbs easily break with the forc e of the winds a nd it commences its n u n w n v easil and l . o c c u dec i e This fa lt k o , howe er, is y met the tree n l v u pies a promisi g p ace of al e .
D C U P U LI P E RE } : OAK F OR ER AMILY .
- ea ves t ; , bu d L al ernate , simple , straight veined the stipules forming the scales , l wers o r l . S te i e o wer i . s n deciduous F o mon ecious , apetalous fl clustered or racemed catkins (o r i n simple clusters i n the Beech) ; calyx regular or scale -l ike ; — 2 r l r s 5 0. e ti le o we a n stamens F f solitary . clustered or spiked , and furnished with involucre which forms a cup or covering to the n u t calyx -tu be adherent to the y a nd 2— 7- 1—2 ovar , its teeth minute crowning the summit ; ovary celled with d l i n a nd d i sa pen u ous ovules each cell , but all of the cells ovules , except one , p i t 1- - . ru 1 n u t pearing before maturity stigmas sessile F a celled , seeded . solitary or several together a nd partly or wholly covered by the scaly (ih some cases a lb u m en less a n a na tra ou s echinate) involucral cup or covering ; seed , with p , h a nd fle s . often edible , embryo cotyledons thick y a nd u Order is represented by trees shr bs of wide geographic distribution .
G N UERCUS E US Q , LINNAEUS .
S ter i le wer i n Flo wers . o s n greenish or yellowish fl loose , slender , aked catkins , w hich spring singly or severa l together from axillary bud s ; calyx 2—8 - parted or - 2- er ti le o wers - cleft stamens 3 12 : anthers celled . F fl with ovary nea rly 3 celled a n d 6 - o v u led the a n d 5 b t 3- , two of cells of the ovules being a or ive stigma lobed involucre developing into a hard , scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn . - l - 1 . which is celled , seeded u er c u s e n C (Q is the anci t Latin name for the Oak , supposed to be from the eltic
u er ne c u ez tree. q , fi , and , )
H A U E R U S DO L AS I I . . 1 . C U G 2 4 Q ,
B LU E O . C F N A RO CK O AK ALI OR I AK .
Fr lténe leu ‘ i he . R le u zw c U b S . b a G en B la o l . , ; , , p , z
— SPECIFIC CHARACTERS Lea ves extremely variable i n form but alike i n be ing d - a n d deciduous , of a istinctly blue green color, pubescent at least beneath , they
1 3 . d are from to ih long , mostly oblong or obovate . from acute to roun ed or - a u subcordate at base , acute or rounded at apex , sinuate dentate with c te rigid u - n l a nd spinescent teeth or sin ate lobed with rou ded obes sinuses , or sometimes - b i h . ; , ; u i n . entire , reticulate veined pet oles stout a out 4 i long leaf b ds 4 to 4
: . l wer a a i n long , pubescent branchlets stout , hoary tomentose F o s ppe r early i n t t h - t a spring , the staminate hairy amen s wi linear lanceolate brac s c lyx with la s i ni a te ; d fi la ment s a n d y w hairy lobes , pale yellow stamens with slen er ello ' flo w ers F r m n m n t . t a exserted anthers , pistillate hoary omentose cor s aturi g the ‘ fi rs t s o i n o w year . sessile or nearly , arranged singly or pairs , cup light g reen , shall , g the thin , with small acute thin pointed scales and envelopin ; only base of the l n - 1 i n . n l i n . a g nut , which is 4 to 4 ong and from 4to ear y 4 broad . ov l to lo oblong a nd fi rst d often ventricose with narrow base , shining green at but rying to a d ark brown . s ec i fi c d ou la sn m of its the The p name , g , commemorates the na e discoverer , r indefatigable botanical explorer M David Dou glas .
l n n 5 ft 25 This beau tifu l oak se dom attai s a g reater height tha 7 . ( n n 3 r 4 f 1 n or its trunk a greater thick ess tha o t . ( Its tru k is — 215 . U ERCUS NG M E G M N O Q E EL AN NI N EL AN AK . 37
n ll i t di v n u n n ge era y short , as ides withi a few feet of the gro d i to two l a nd n d v u n l or a few arge limbs , the e elops a wide ro ded symmetrica
n i n n W h n - top ge erally depressed the ce ter . it its de se blu e green foliage and its branches generally festoo ned with the interesting gray ' n n Ra ma lza r et'ic ula ta un n i n n in gree liche ( ), so ab da t the regio which n u u l T n . u n it grows , this is i deed a bea tif tree he bark of tr k is ge er
- b u t on i n v ally of a pale gray color , darker trees shaded alleys . It becomes fissu red w i tha g e into shallow ridges and e x foliates i n long i fr able scales .
' T B u O v t and l HABITAT . he l e ak is scattered o er the foo hills s opes
n C n n v n s u ffic ientl of ce tral alifor ia, e er seemi g to crowd each other y n and i n n h to i terfere with characteristic habit of growth , compa y wit
’ a and a m oli a m n n l n the Q . lo b ta g f i parti g to ma y a a dscape appear ul and l n l n ance of bea utif parks arge Ope app e orchards . It ra ges as far north as the u pper v alley of the Sacramento riv er and sou thward
M v n n n l es S to the oha e desert , asce di g the wester p of the ierra n n u ft l l n N v u . u and n e ada mo tai s to abo t a tit de , probab y attai i g l n n i n S li n v ll its argest dime sio s the a as a ey . — W v v P H AL P P E TIE . and n YSIC RO R S ood ery hea y , hard stro g , with nu u and an ll u and i n mero s (for oak) rather sma med llary rays , ow g to qu ite e v en distribu tion of open du cts the annu al rings are not well n in u u n d efi ed these two feat res q ite differe t from most of the oaks .
- wn C and - l The wood is of a dark bro olor sap wood yel owish white .
' S ec i c Gra v it P er cen ta e o A8 5 Rela ti ve A r owi p fi y , g f , pp ‘ ma te F u el Va lu e Coe i c i ent o E las ti ci t 77166 Mod ulu s , fi f y , ; ’ tzcre 993 Res ista nc e to L on itud in a l P ress u re 5 67 Res i st of p , ; g , ; a nc e to I ndenta tio n 374 Wei ht o 61 0110750 F oot i n P ou nds , ; g f , S — The t un U ES . shor tr ks of this tree are poorly adapted to com merc i al u x n u l hi x ell n . p rposes , e cepti g for f e ; for w ch they are e c e t
R G E 2 1 U E C U S E NG E L M ANNI . 5 Q , REEN
E G LM N N E A N OAK .
’ 5 0 11 11 E / L elma nn r 710710 E50 0 F . 6 (Z En elma n n G en S . Roble , y , g p , (10 E 71 elma nn g , SPECIFIC CH xRACTERS : Lea ves pe rsistent until the ne w leaves of the follow b i , . n . a ing spring oblong to o ovate 4 long . mostly rounded or cordate at b se and a nd obtuse or rounded at apex , with entire (though occasionally with coarsely - - ) fi rs t fi na l] - n serrate dentate margins , rufous tomentose at but y glabrous . blue gree above . paler and sometimes puberulous beneath . thick coriaceous and with rather b s c u re i n - o . b ; g ; i n . veinlets petioles about 4 lon leaf buds a out 4 long , puberulous ; y fi rs t l w r . e s e branchlets stout , hoar pubescent during the year F o app ar in early n i n g , , i n ; spri the staminate slender aments 4 length calyx light yellow . pilose o utside ; stamens with slender fi la me nts and exserted anthers ; pistil late flo w e rs ’ 8 W n 3 HO UG H s AMERICAN oo s .
ru i t m pale tomentose and with short . slender peduncles . F acorns aturing the fi rs t i t h n d year , generally w slender pedu cles but sometimes sessile , a eep saucer b w m u b e u u shaped light ro n cup with pale to entose scales t rc late at base , abo t 4 nu t 1 i n i n enveloping the oblong or ovoid which is . or less length and about 4i h . w a n d a fi rs t b u t fi na ll a broad , dark bro n longitudin lly striated at , y drying to light brown ; cotyledons yellow . s e c i fi c E n elma nni i n a a nd The p name . g , is given compliment to the physici n Dr . E . botanist , Geo . ngelmann
The Engelmann Oak does no t often attain a greater height than 5 0 60 ft 1 3 ft or . ( 6 Its tru nk is rarely thicker than 2 or . and this div ides qu ite regu larly a fe w feet abov e the grou nd into two l v n n h u n i n arge , widely di ergi g bra c es which , by repeated bif rcatio this
- u n tc . u n way, form a ro ded dome shaped p The bark of tr k is of a l - l fissured n n u n l and x l n i n ight gray co or, i to lo git di a ridges , e fo iati g el n e l l l n u u l u . a o gat d friab e sca es Its fo iag e is of a co spic o s y bl ish c st .
. A v l m u n n c onfined HABITAT tree of ery i ited distrib tio , bei g nl a n n mai y to . the se ward slopes of the Sierra Madre a d Sa ta Ana u n n u n C l n n u mo tai s of so thwester a ifor ia , easily disti g ished from the trees with which it grows by its bifu rcate branching and the distinctly u l bl ish cast of its fo iage .
P P P - l . W v v n and HYSICAL RO ERTIES ood ery hea y , hard , stro g , c ose
n bu t l v - n - and grai ed , rather britt e , with ery dark brow heart wood l - u n n . 8 76 6 66 Gra vi t P er c en ta e o ighter ab da t sap wood 1 47 y , g f ' A8 71 Rela ti ve A rox i ma w F u el Va l ue 006 2026 n t o , p p , j f E la s ti c i t 8 5739 M Od u lu s o i u m 719 Res i s ta nw to L on i y , ; f p , ; g tu d i na l P ‘r6 ss u r6 434 136 8 11960 716 6 to [nd mta ti o 439 W6 i ltt a , ; m ; g of Cubi c F oot i n P ou nds ,
e — h U . a an x l n u l nl u se s s T is wood m kes e cel e t f e , which is the o y ’ l d win to l u n an u n n o d . to which it is app ie , g its imited distrib tio ab da ce
R 2 16 U E R U S A G . . C M CD ONAL D I Q , EEN E
M' DONALD O AC AK .
E56 06 e on M a c n Fr 06716 626 M a c D na l en D o a ld . 13 26 G 0 o d S . 00 , ; , ; p , D 626 M a c ona ld .
S C : — b v a te i n 1 ea v68 o o . PECIFIC HARACTERS L deciduous , oblong to outline , 4 4 - * h b w i .h n r a nd b 3 . t a row i long , sinuate lo ed . and rounded or acute sinuses road d a nd - fi nel roun ed or acutish mucronulate lobes , wedge shaped or rounded at base , y pubescent at fi rs t b u t fi n ally glabrous above and stellate - pubescent beneath : peti h h n s fe rr u i n ole rather slender . pubescent . 4 i . or less i . le gth ; branchlets lender , g l o b fi rs t i n i n c ili o u la te . u s . pu escent the year : winter buds 4 or less length , scales — l wer i n A i n 1 2 i h . i n l F o s appear pril , the staminate pubescent aments ength
- calyx lobes ciliate with pale silky hairs ; pi stillate flo w ers sessile or nearly s o . r u i t m fi rs t i n i w - F acorns aturing the year , single or pairs . sess le , ith ovoid oblong i n l u e a nib nu t 1 . . 4 to 4 ong . ac te or obtuse at ap x , with a prominent termin l , nar r o w at base a nd about 4enveloped i n the deep hemispherical cup which is of a 16 UER U MA NALDI — M D L 2 . C S CDO O 9 Q AC ON A D AK . 3
- l c u esc e a nd i y ellow brown co or, onspicuously tuberc late , pub nt , the th n pointed tips of the scales closely appressed . i fi c e ma c d ona ldi H s e c . J M. The p nam , , is given in compliment to on ames Mac a C Donald , a promoter of bot nical research in alifornia .
The Mac Do nald Oak is ge nerally considered a small tree and ra rely t m i n 1 ft i n 0 f . 6 . n s u rpassi g 2 ( . ) height or diameter of tru nk and su ch we u nderstand to be its habit o n the islan d of Santa
C u v bu t on n S n C n r z where it was disco ered , the isla d of a ta atali a I m i n v ft . u n ha e seen a tree of the species 5 . ) diameter of tr k n s n an 5 ft with wide top of long horizontal bra ches hadi g area 7 .
t o n n . across . It is the largest ree the isla d B — T n C u and S n C l n 0 11 . n S HA ITAT he isla ds of a ta r z a ta ata i a , the
u n C n v e y 6 l6 7t a 'nwla a coast of so ther alifor ia , with a ari t ( g ) of r ther
u ul n n do btf tenu re on the adjacent mai la d . P P — W Mac Donald O v HYSICAL ROPERTIES . ood of the ak is hea y , n t l ull and nnu l n l defined hard , stro g , wi h arge med ary rays a a ri gs we l b n n l n u - y the arra geme t of arge Ope d cts . The heart wood is of a rich n b u t nl un i n u n n l and brow color , o y fo d tr ks of co siderab e age , the
u n n - ab da t sap wood is creamy white . E n l l l an ar US S . This oak is too rare a d oca to be app ied to y p ti c u lar u se .
r n No . There is a dis position with some botanists to co nsider this t 176 76 778 (1177710 8 8 bu t f u ree as merely a form of the (2 , a ter a caref l stu dy of the tree o n Santa Catalina island I canno t agree with that
n n: u u n u and t n opi io Its decid o s at re stately form , as here see , with
v u n v n W larger lea es , some almost s ggesti g the lea es of the easter hite O n ou t n n u ak , at o ce impress y with its dis i ct ess from the h mble per
i n - l v and u - 74771 v the n n s ste t ea ed shr b like Q . (2 08 61 which co ers eighbori g slopes . It is tru e that some of its smallest leav es do approximate i n
n v h 27771 u t e . (1 0 8 8 b t appeara ce some of the larger lea es of Q , the resemblance is no more marked here than we see between the lea ves o f v u n n n ario s other trees k ow to be disti ct .
O D B E TU L AC E E I F I R ER B RCH AM LY .
ea ves r ~ , . s t ra i a n d n L simple alternate g, veined fur ished with stipules which l . l wers y ed . o n d i n 2 3 fa l away early F o mostl na monoecious . b th ki s catkins or 3- e together under a lob d bract or scale . Steri le flo w er s with distinct stamens - a nd 2 l - . F er ti le o w p rs l 2 - cel ed anthers fl with two thread ike stig mas . and a celled a , a n 2 d b m . a o i n r u i t ovary e ch cell cont i ing pen ulous ovules eco ing by b rtion F , a 1- l - , . l d w i b small cel ed , n s ; a u g , o see ed nutlet often th mem ra ous win seed an tropo s a lb u t e nl e s s w , i th fi a ttis h d i n n , oblong cotyle ons which become foliaceous germination .
r , l Trees or sh ubs with bark which separates more or less easi y into thin layers .
G ENUS ALNUS , TOURNEFORT . ea ves d , , g . n L eciduous alternate enerally serrate pin ately veined , furnished with c i n b u d i n u aducous stipules which inclose them the , fall aut mn While sti ll green ’ u n A W n 40 Ho o s MERICAN oo s .
F 1 10 7 8 111 ea i l s l i n b e f0 1 e e r in color . 0 6 expand y p g with or the l aves (o rarely i n i n nn d 1 1 t he s u mmei the autumn) pedunculate aments , fo ed u ng or autumn of v a nd k a n d previous season , from the axils of lea es or bracts remaining na ed erect , t - s ta lketl monoecious , ape alous , sessile , one to six together beneath the peltate short S i n scales of the ament . taminate aments long , pendulous and generally pani 2— 4—fi o w ere d t he flo w e rs u cles , the scales of the ament usually , s btended by minute bractlets adnate to the base of the scale calyx usu a lly 4- parted ; stamens of the same number or exceptionally half a s many as the calyx -lo bes a n d fi laments 2- opposite them , erect with introrse celled anthers longitudinally P dehiscent . istillate aments erect from axils below those producing the staminate fle s h a nd flo w ers aments , ovoid or oblong , scales y beneath each are usually two i n F r u i t subtended by minute bractlets , these aments becoming ovoid , oblong or a nd subglobose strobiles with scales thickened at apex , woody closely imbricated i mi 0 1 a ll ove the nute brown compressed nutlets slightly not at winged , tipped w ith the remnants o f the style a n d conta ining a single suspended exalbuminous h £ 1 . T e 0 seed strobiles persist a time after liberating the seed , with truncate i th ckened scales divergent . a nd t Genus consists of trees shrubs with astringen bark , watery juice and soft
i n . Alnu s L Al wood very durable water is the ancient atin name of the der .
s 2 1 . AL N U S O RE G O NA Nu n 7 ,
O G N A D E RED A D E RE O L R , L R .
’ ' 716 Erle Fr 1 411716 77 6 71 d 0 S Al18 76 71 . 6 711 . 0 k 0 0 G en 07 0 8 6 . 0 C , 9 9 ; p , 9
S S : ea 3—5 i n C ves . PECIFIC HARACTER L from long , ovate or elliptical , acute at - a apex , abruptly wedge shaped or rounded at b se , crenately lobed , the lobes min u tel y glandular dentate , dark green and glabrous or nearly so and with impressed i o minent a nd veins above , rusty pubescent and with p veins veinlets beneath ; — li hl v i n . i n s i o o ed petioles 4 4 length , orange colored and g y g ; branchlets moi e or 1 n less hoai y tomentose ; winter buds about 4 ih . lo g . dark red , scurfy pubescent . O l wers l ea i l n s ta mena te l n ts F o open in ve y y spri g , before the leaves . the amen from — - 4 6 i n a d i n stemrned . long when fully exp nded , arrange terminal racemes , red a nd i h They appear the previous summer remain dormant dur ng the winter , t en
1 i h a nd i n . about 4 . long 4 thick , covered with closely appressed dark reddish
. S h i n flo w er l brown lustrous scales cales of ament w en reddish ye low , ovate , e acute , g labrous ; calyx y llow and with four rounded lobes ; stamens four , rather 1e a nd P - nger than the calyx lobes with yellow anthers . istillate aments from 44 - 1 i n . i n d t . i n . a n long fT4 thick , stout racemes . and wi h dark red scales ; styles red - r u i t c o nes 1 in . w o n F 4 long , round ovoid to oblong ith stout ra ge colored 1 h . a o t peduncles about 4I i long and truncate scales thickened at pex ; nutlets ob va e w ith w or orbicular narro membranaceous wings . m ft 22 . The Red Alder occasional] y attains the height of 70 or 8 0 . ( ) n 3 ft in d u n bu t n n l a d . iameter of tr k , ge erally is a co siderab y W n n v smaller tree . he growi g apart from other trees it de elopes a u n narro w o v oid head of rather slender branches . The bark of tr k is
i h i n n x n ver h n n . t i . scarcely more tha 4 thick ess , smooth e cepti g for y slight tra nsv erse ridges and e x crescences and is of a more or less mottled pale gray color or often n early white . H — T Red A n v n S i n ABITAT . he lder ra ges from the ici ity of itka i n Alaska sou thward in the coast region to the Santa Inez mo u ntains l f n n l n u and Ca i or ia , preferri g the moist soi alo g the co rses of streams
nd W n n . reachi ng its best dev elopment i n western Oregon a ashi gto
lnu s r u hm o ng a r d . A . B
’ n 42 Ho u o n s AMERICAN Woo s .
n w t he ; 20- 60 glabrous , and falli g a ay before the ripening of fruit stamens , inserted o n s k m a nd i a broad glabrous di ; ovary subglobose , hoary to entose , W th three broadly d ilated a nd lobed nearly sessile stigm a s a nd inclosed at base with cup i a b k. ru t c b b sh ped gla rous dis F , apsules nearly sessile , subglo ose , pubescent , a out e 3- e b 1 a nd 3 i n . lines diam ter . valved ; se d a out line long light brown , furnished t u with a ft of white hairs . s e c ifi c m tr i h c a r a o ha i r ru i t The p na e , c o p , is fr m Greek roots indicating y f , and u referring here to the hairy caps les .
One the l nu C n n of argest of the g e s , this otto wood sometimes attai s n l 200 ft 60 m . . u n the height of ear y ( ) with stu rdy tr k 6 or 8 ft. W n n 2 m i n . t t u n ( . ) diameter he growi g apart from o her rees its tr k d v n l n h n n i ides i to few arge bra ches whic ramify i to a broad Ope top .
old un - n l u r The bark of the tr k is of a grayish brow co or, f rowed le ngthwise by deep clefts which enter nearly to its cambiu m layer and
n l n un r 2 i h fi m . betwee which the o g , ro ded , ridges may become or i n more n thick ess . B TA — P o u lu s n Al u HA I T . The p ra ges from aska so th ward along the banks of streams and in lo w -lands throu ghou t all the n n n C li n and in l l n coast regio to orther a for ia , these oca ities attai s its
d n n n l -l v greatest ime sio s , bei g here the argest of the broad ea ed trees . It is f ound as a smaller tree to the sou thward among the mou ntai ns of California ascending the cati ons of the Sierra Nev adas to an altitu de u ft b u t n u n l in of abo t . reachi g its so ther most imit the San Ber
n n u n n l u n . on l l n l n ardi o mo tai s . It is a so fo d the arger is a ds yi g 011 n the coast of Califor ia .
P H A P - W l not n l P . YSIC L RO ERTIES ood soft , ight , stro g , easi y worked ,
‘ e x cepting for the tendency of the heart - wood to dull tools — a trait n m n v nu l commo to ost of the represe tati es of the ge s . It is of a ight
n tl and the sa - brow color , mot ed or streaked with darker, p wood is n l S 6 6 7 6 ra v i t P 6 r6 6 nta 6 A8 71 . G ear y white p §fi y , g of ,
' ° R ° 6 o 6 Za t16 6 A 707617711116 F wd Va lu e 00 £6 736 711 E 0118 116 11 pp , j f 3/ 111694 M od u lu s o Ru tu m 665 [36 8 18 1017166 to [ 071 11511d ; f p , ; 9
' ° 390 1968 18 111716 6 10 I 71d 6 71ta t1071 63 W6 1 711 o 11 0 11016 ; , ; g f F 001 P 01171d8 ,
“ sns — I n W n n n n u u U . ashi gto a d Orego this wood is sed q ite e x ten si vel in nu u and n l n y the ma fact re of bowls ge era woode ware , the v u and n n B sta es of s gar barrels , etc . , it is said that the I dia s of ritish C lu u se n n and n n l o mbia it for maki g their ca oes , those of orther Ca i formia and Orego n formerly u sed the to ugh roots i n the manufactu re
h n 1 of ats a d baskets .
' ME P u l x u n - DICINAL P RO ERTIES . The pec iar e datio of the leaf bu ds
u not s ec ific all n n i n n u of this species , tho gh p y me tio ed medici e , do bt less possesses the same properties that are common to other representa 2 19 U P R ESS U S ACNAB IA NA — M N P M C . 4 . C AC AB Y RESS 3
’ y nu and n n u nd P o u l u s 0a lsa m1 era P t i es of the ge s me tio ed er p f . art 3 9 . II , p . M G Y MNOSPER EE .
F lea ves c hie fl y - a nd lowering , exogenous plants with parallel veined cotyledons F l wers d 1c li no us a nd r e r e re frequently more than two . o ve y incompl te ; pistil p b a n s e u d sented y open cale or leaf , or altogeth r wanting , with ov les nake , a nd e — fer tilized by direct contact with the pollen , s eds at maturity naked with o u t a true pericarp . E N I F B RE P ORD R C O : INE FAMILY .
ea ves a d - l L mostly awl sh ped or nee le shaped , evergreen , entire and para lel l wer s l o i i n o r d e s t1t u t e veined . F o monoecious , or rare y di ec ous catkins cones , o f y a nd o ne r both cal x corolla ; stamens or seve al (usually united) ; ovary , style a nd o ne stigma wanting ovules or several at the base of a scale , which serves as o n r u i t a n d a carpel , or an open disk . F a cone , woody with distinct scales , or h - a n d fles hy e o somew at berry like , with coherent scales , s eds orthotrop us , embryo i n the axis of the albumen . Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice .
G CU PRESSUS . ENUS , TOURNEFORT
ea ves t - L persis ent . small , scale like , decussately opposite . thick , rounded or k a nd y - o n eeled . adnate to decurrent upon the stem , usuall glandular pitted the back , appressed or slightly spreading at the pointed or rounded apex . margin e ntire or denticulate ; leaves o n vigorous y oung shoots commonly awl -shaped or li nea r o la nc eo la t nd fl a l wers e a spreading ; branchlets not forming a t spr ys . F o a i n o i n s n a ppear early spring , mon ecious , mall catkins terminati g the le fy y s branchlets the staminate aments oblong or c lindrical , con isting of a few pairs o f a b decussately opposite , yellowish ov te or or icular subpeltate scales attached to the under sides of each of which are two to six subglobose pendulous a nther-cells - flo w ers opening by a longitudinal slit : pollen grains simple . The pistillate b : . a terminate short branchlets . subg lo ose scales thick ovate cute and bearing a o n o r tho tro ttached to their bases the inner surface generally numerous , erect , bo ttle ~ s ha ed F r ui t b o - pous p ovules . a subglo se , short stalked . rugose . woody cone , y i n generally maturing the second ear , scales closely valvate , peltate , polygonal flat t ened e outline at apex , and b aring more or less prominent central bosses , at maturity Opening along their margins and persisting after liberating their - a d numerous irregularly compressed acutely angled thick co ted see s , which are o i n o n fles h b rne several rows the base of the scale embryo erect in y albumen , cotyledons usually two . Genus consists of resinous trees with genera ll y fra grant wood of considerable i n A e i n J . economic value . especially apan bout a half dozen sp cies are found the U t S P i fi ni ed tates along the a c c slope . 1 11 8 11 C (0 4 68 8 is the classical Latin name of the ypress tree . )
M R 2 1 UP RE S S U S M ACNAB I ANA . . C 9 , U R
M N C P AC AB Y RESS .
11 11 Fr . 1 76 8 G en 0 r68 8 6 71071 111 6 71 0 0 (06 S . 0 0 , yp , g p , 1 (16 1110 710 0 6 .
S I C — L6 a 1163 y - n . PECIF C HARACTERS conspicuousl glaucous and , white gla dular o n pitted the back , ovate , acute or rounded at apex , closely appressed , long o 1 i n n a nd S . pointed preading on young sho ts . 4 4 or less in length ; bra chlets - F l wer s e A i e slender and numerous . o app ar in March or pril the stam nat nearly 1 i n . cylindrical and about 44 long with rounded scales (connectives) ; the pistillate b r ui t a out the same size but scales more pointed and s preading . F , cones small .
i n . i n y or ) subglobose , 4 diameter or slightl more . rich brown ( grayish with age composed of 6 or rarely 8 scales each furnished with a rather thin but wide - based ’ 44 Ho uG H s A N W n M ERICA oo s .
, a nd u boss the lowermost recurved those at the apex incurved seeds n merous , 2 i n t i u brown , about lines leng h , rregular by mut al compression . ( s ec i fi c Ma c na bi a na I S i p , , n J Ma c Na b . The name given compliment to ames , a S t a nd distinguished cotch bo anist horticulturist . )
A low t l f n 30 t 9 i . in ree rare y . ( ) height with bu shy top and trunk h n n m. i n 15 i . v n rarely more t a ) diameter , co ered with rather thi ,
- n fi ss ured nt fiat l n u reddish brow bark , which becomes i o , o git dinal and
l u nn n and xf l i n l n -l l ob iq ely co ecti g ridg es e o iates o g strip ike sca es .
O n n u i n t tu n n fte it is hardly more tha a shr b s a re , bra chi g from
n r u n . n n u n l i n u bu t ea the gro d The agai trees are fo d , smal stat re ,
v n n i n h n n l a nd u n ha i g the appeara ce of age t i , g ar ed distorted tr ks a n similar to the trees dw rfed by the Japa ese . It is a tree of striking appearance owing to its n umerou s slender branchlets and the peculiar grayish tint imparted to its foliage by the many white glands with u l n l v n u n to which it is s pp ied . Upo c oser obser atio the foliage is fo d u l u n M s Al e E possess a pec liar y delicio s fragra ce , described by i s ic ast * w l k n - o bu t not n and wood as some hat i e sa dal wo d sweeter , so stro g ” w fla v n l nl e v l n the ith a o r of pi eapp e . This odor is o y obs r ab e whe l v ea es are fresh . — and v l l n n ll n n HABITAT . A rare ery oca tree bei g ge era y k ow as i n La an M n n u n nl .i n l l N d o occ rri g o y a few oca ities ke , apa e doci C un C n u n ll m ns o ties , alifor ia , tho gh origi a y described from speci e t S i n l u n M . collected at the so ther base of hasta , which loca ity it has not n u n n v dr l - and n its bee fo d si ce . It is scattered o er y hil sides attai s l l n n m argest dimensions a ong the ba ks of the adjace t strea s . P A “ W v l not n v P P . HYSIC L RO ERTIES ood ery ight , soft , stro g, of ery fine n u n l and l n . a grai , easi y worked yie di g a sati y s rface It is of l - - ec i i t n u n n l . S c Gr a v ight brow color with ab da t ighter sap wood p fi y ,
P er cen ta e ( Ash Rela ti ve A r oxima te F u el Va lu e g f , pp , Wei ht o a Cu bi c F oot i n P ou nd s g f , — n l n v l USES . The Macnab Cypress has bee p a ted to a ery imited e xtent for ornamental p urposes i n Eu rope and for this u se it deser v es un and t ul n now i n . far grea er pop arity tha it has , both this co try abroad
G N TH UJA E US ,
Lea ves O o ; , persistent , small , pp site and of two sorts those of young seedling - the i a w l a nd S , shoots being shaped preading ; other are decussate imbr cated , and n a nd adnate closely appressed , rou ded or keeled sometimes , but not always , F r d o n a nd g fla t . l we s glan ular the back , compressed formin a very branchlet o i n n i n monoecious , appearing b very early spri g . solitary , very small oblong cat : . kins , terminatin g the ranchlets staminate catkins oblong subsessile and of 4— n - a nd e o n from 6 decussatel y apposite a ther scales . which are peltate b arin g h d u o a - O i n their inn er faces eac pen l us nther cells pen g downward , pollen . nd grains simple ; pistillate flo w e rs of about the same S ize a terminating stronger
* ‘ Thu l s o s e ll ed a . V 13. r Z o e . p y . p A — 45 220. UJA G N G A C TH GI A TEA I NT EDAR . m 8 - 12 e fi x ed ain branchlets , and with from er ct scales by the base and each — - h i - i 2 4 b e . r u t a bear ng ottle s aped ovul s F , cones sm ll , ovoid oblong , erect , pale a nd i n brown with few ( our species) thin , leathery , pointed oblong mucronate s t cales , spreading at maturi y , the two or three middle pairs larger than the others w t ; i n A and fertile , i h generally two erect seeds at their bases seeds the merican b species light brown with road lateral wings distinct at apex , axile embryo and
fles hy albumen . A N A o ne t he genus of four species of trees , two of which are orth merican , of N o ne n . northeastern and of the orthwestern regions ( ame , from Greek ,
I bu r n er u mes i n m i . p f , allusion to the fragrance of the s oke of the burn ng wood )
N * T H U A G I G AN T E A . 2 2 . 0 J , UT T
G CEDAR NO RTH W ESTE RN RED C ED P F A V ITE IANT , AR , ACI IC RBOR ,
- W SHIN G LE OOD .
e r r T/ m a i a ntes ue a i n i he Z de F . m G en G a t s c S . 0 c , g , y g g q ; p , i n g ga teo .
S I I C : ea ves t d 1i h PEC F C HARACTERS L decussate , ovate , apicula e , a nate , about . o n s y - long (longer leading shoots) with free tips , ob curel glandular pitted i n a nd fla t or eglandular , adnate and imbricated four rows forming a branch i i n e n . l wers 1 i n b . let a out 4 or a littl less width F o about line length , dark i flo w ers a nd c o nfi ne d m brown , the fert le less numerous more to the extre ities of r u i t i n .the branchlets . F . cones (mature early autumn) generally clustered near d r i h reflex e d t l the en s of the b anchlets , about g. . long , strongly , wi h the eathery f ur ni she d ni u c ro s a nd c e n scales . which are with stout each of the two or three z o r 3 i n tral pairs of scales bears seeds which are about g; . long and rather t shor er than the wings . s ec i fi c L i a ntic (The p name is the atin for g g , appropriately applying to the stat
u re of the tree . )
the a l t n v nu a n This tree , by far st te ies represe tati e of the ge s , att i s f 6 m n an 0 . n n i 200 t . u the height of ( ) with a co f sio of short , horizo tal n n n d d S n u geotropic bra ches formi g a arrow pyrami al hea . eemi g q ite ou t n un m v u n of proportio to the amo t of its foliage is its assi e tr k ,
15 18 f i n i n d t n u 50 . a sometimes or t. ( ) iameter its stro gly b ttressed
an n -l u T base d taperi g gradually to its steeple ike s mmit . he bark of
u n n - n and fissure d n n tr k is thi , of a reddish brow color i to lo g strips and fi r b ous ridges . h HABITAT . T is tree is distribu ted from sou thern Alaska sou th ward n Mendo c ino C n and n alo g the coast to , alifor ia , eastward to the wester
‘ l n n n d v r v n o n the low b oi to rn - l n s opes of the co ti e tal i ide , th i i g best a ds near the coast a nd attaini ng its largest size i n western Washington and
O r n . B n n x us v e ego ei g scattered amo g other trees , it rarely forms e cl i e tracts of for st .
P P P — W v H . n ot r n YSICAL RO ERTIES ood ery light , soft , st o g , of n l t n x n u l i n c on rather coarse grai , sp it i g with facility , e ceedi gly d rab e t l a r and i n f u a . tact wi h the soi , e sily wo ked , yield g a smooth s r ce It
Thuj a p l ica ta , Don. ’ ‘ lVoo ns 46 HOUG H s AMERICAN .
- is of a rich reddish brown color with nearly w hite sapwood . Sp ec ifi c s h 1 ela ti e Gr avi t P er c enta e o A 0. 7 R v A r owi ma te y , g f , ; pp
F u el Va lu e Ooe i ei ent o E la s ti c i t 103372 Modu lées o , fi f y , ; f
R u t u re 749 Resi s ta nc e to L o n i tu di n a l P res s u re 450 Resi s ta nce p , ; g , ; to I ndenta ti on 70 Wei ht o a Cu bi c Foot i n P ou n ds , ; g f , e n fi ni hi n n U . A v u s s s al able wood for i terior g , for doors , wi dow
li l n u n u bu t sas es . n and n , etc , for fe ces ge era co str ctio p rposes ; the u s e it nu u h n l chief to which is applied is the ma fact re of s i g es , for
n ul u t v l v lu which its wo derf d rabili y gi es it specia a e . — in 18 99 I N . W i n S W n n D OTE hile the tate of ashi gto ecember , , was told that there were at that time one h undred and fifty - eight shingle mills in that state in operatio n making shingles of this wood
a nd u n n ou t u n - l nn ll t r i g tho sa ds of car oads a u a y . It is not entirely the standing timber which is being u sed in this ndu bu t l l u n ll n n h ma i stry , arge y the tr ks of the fa e mo archs w ich y
v l n n o n un n n l e ha e ai ma y decades the gro d , i deed , some so lo g that arg
v n o v forest trees ha e grow ab e them . I pho tographed o ne of these prostrate tru nks on top of which a
’ Tsu ar, her e fi lla n un t i n hemlock tree ( g top y ) was growi g with tr k 2 f . diameter and its great roots e x tended do wn o n both sides of the cedar l n d n l ha n o . d y g The to etermi e the age of the hem ock , which rece tl d ul fi res c u t n and u n nnu l ied as the res t of forest , we i to it co ted its a a
n We u n ne hu n re n hi r n n l n ri gs . fo d o d d a d t ty . No k owi g how o g the cedar may hav e lain there before the hemlock seed fell u pon it an n n n n all l d u h v e d comme ced germi atio . I probabi ity the ce ar m st a falle n abo u t one hu ndred and fifty years ag o and yet its tru nk is i n s u ch
u n n n m s t o i t ha r ecentl een m e i n hi n le so d co ditio that o f s y b a d to s g s .
G ENUS P INUS . ; TOURNEFORT
- — ea ves i n 2 5 g , L evergreen , needle shaped , from slender buds , clusters of to ether m m r n l wer s e b a ou s . each cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin , scales F o i n S teri le o w er s i n e appearing spring , monoecious . fl catkins , clustered at the bas m n of the shoots of the season ; stamens numerous with very short fi la e ts and a
- e e 2 n . scale lik connectiv anther cells . . opening le gthwise ; pollen grains triple er ti le ow ers i n n n F fl conical or cylindrical spikes co es co sisting of imbricated , a i n a nd h carp ellary sc les , each the axil of a persistent bract earing at its base n l s r u i t m i n c withi a pair of inverted ovu e . F aturing the autumn of the se ond o t he m l year . a c ne formed of i bricated carpel ary scales , which are woody , often d thickened or awne at the apex , persistent , when ripe dry and spreading each to - — n u t a nd 3 12 . liberate two like usuall y wing ed seeds ; cotyledons , linear
P i nu s L o m C i n en a c ra . ( is a atin word fr eltic p or p , g ) INU S M N LA — M UN A N WH P N 47 1 P . 22 . O TICO O T I ITE I E
D 1 P I N S M O N T I CO L A U G . 2 2 . U , O L
E MOUNTAIN WHITE P IN .
r P i n bla me m e F . de n ne S n Gebi r i e w ei ss e F i ch o ta . G e , g g ; , g ; p ,
P i ne bla nco de 508 monies .
S I I s i n u 5 fi rs t i n PEC F C CHARACTERS L ea ve cl sters of each , vested at a sheath m i u 1 4 i n. f c a h d , , , , 4 o s les , but whic is soon ec duo s thick rigid glaucous fro to l w a nd m l d o r sa l s t o ni a ta a nd c o n ong , serrulate , with ro s of central someti es a so
- d l 2 n t t aining a single fi bro vascular b u ndle a n usual y dorsal resi duc s ; branch fi r n fi n ll b t t a nd u u b s t a y gla rous . , , lets ra her stout ough r sty p escent the seaso .but 1 i a nd b i i n v o l u c a l M wer s s ta mina te o v a l t n . ; o , abou 3 long surrounded y e ght scales fl w i n ti s t nt kno b ed o r ; o e rs clusters at the p b a hers crested pistillate erect and . i a nd h o blo n c lind ri c n . i n branchlets , g y , about 4 length wit stout peduncles which b - u ] i i . ear long pointed , conspic ous y keeled scales pers sting dur ng the season — 11 l n 5 . ru i t a nd y , F cones cylindrical , pointed generall curved , from long light — 1 a nd u t he d d 1 17 l n . green pendulo s secon season , with stout incurve peduncles 2 — i d 1 n b i n . i n 1 i n . long ; scales thin , from 4 lo g y about 4 width , slightly th ckene and
m . s ooth towards the small darker colored umbo at the apex The cones , after hav i n a nd t i n t he t u o t t h e s e d s e a s o n fa ll g , , opened libera ed their seeds au mn con _ n i during the following winter , the exposed portio of the scales being then l ght 1 b w a nd i n . brown the rest dark reddish brown seeds about 3; long , pale ro n , 3 — w i n i n 6 9 . somewhat pointed a nd furnished with a mg to 1 . length ; cotyledons s ec i fi c mo nti c olrz i a ti n m ns mou nta i n a nd (The p name , , is from two words , o , , c olo I d well m u nta i n d weller . , , designating the tree as a o
o 5 f The Mou ntain White P ine occasionall y attains the height of 1 0 t . 45 m n 6 ft m i n t . lu n u 8 . 2 . ( ) with a straight co m ar tr k or ( ) diame er ,
v i n a fissu red n w n fi rm ested a d rk bark le gth ise i to , scaly ridges more
l n fi u r or ess broke by cross ss es .
A A — F n1 l u w n n Mon H BIT T . ro British Co u mbia so th ard to orther
tan and u u n nt n u a n a Idaho , where it is q ite ab da , the ce so thward lo g the Cascade and coast ra nges of Washingto n and Orego n and both s S N v un n t n t lopes of the ierra e ada mo tai s , where it a tai s its greates d n n an u ut ft and finds u n ime sio s at altit de of abo , its so ther m n n n al u i u o . C C . ost poi t of distrib tio T lare ,
P P R P E TI E — V l not n not O R s . W HYSICAL ood ery ight , soft, stro g ,
‘ u l i n n t l l n not v n u d rab e co tac with the soi , with c ose grai , ery resi o s l n u l w easi y worked . It is of a light reddish or brow ish b ff co or ith l - S e ra v it P er c enta e o Ash . c c G ighter sap wood p ifi y , g f , Rela tive A rox ima te F uel Valu e Oo ezien t o pp , fi f
E la sti c i t 9 5 00 8 Mod u lu s o R a tu re 609 Res ista nc e to L on i y , ; f p , ; g tu di n a l P ress u re 334 Res i sta nce to I n denta ti on 67 Wei /Lt o a , ; , ; g f Cu bi c F oot i n P ou nds , e — Us s . This tree y i elds a v alu able lu mber of s u perior working u l u l v u u w n Wh q a ities , s itab e for the ario s ses to hich the easter ite P n l ou g not n v lu l as i e is app ied , th h co sidered as a ab e a timber that of n the easter species . ’ Ho UGH s AM AN W n ERIC oo s .
I T T N A T A L 2 2 2 P NUS A E U MM N . . , E O
K N B - N P IN E N R W- N P N O CO E , A RO CO E I E .
' r G en E ehte mi t en en Z a fen F . P i n de c ones etr i o tes S . , g p ; , ; p , i n e cm osto P e d g s .
— S I I CH ARACTERs z ea ves i n 3— 5 i n i PEC F C L clusters of three each , usually . n 1e n t h r a ther t i o n , , , , g s out r g id stomatiferous all sides with sharp callous tips , a nd t fi b ro - u a nd serrate edges , con aining two vascular b ndles two to fi v e paren c h ma to u s u ; d h e y resin d cts each fascicle investe at its base with a close sheat , Whit 1 a n d a b i n h . fi rs t loose at margin , out 3; i length at but gradually shorter . Flo wer s i n - — 8 h . n a n d staminate elongated cylindrical orange brown spikes , 4 i lo g sur ° li li l ro unded at base by S I X s g t y fri ng ed i n v o lu c a l bracts ; pistil ate in oblo ng s pikes i n i — n i n . 4 . o f fro n1 2 6 a nd about length verticils about the shoot of the year , raised o n short peduncles which are covere d with brown fi mb ri c a ted scarious n i n o ; . Er a t fi rs t bracts the scales of the catki terminate long , slender p ints ect , these young cones gradually incli ne outwards a nd fi na lly at maturity down — — a i t 4 i n . r u 3 6 h 1 2 . w rds F , cones , i . long , 71 thick , of a pale brown color at fi rst - a — a nd e i n h , elongated conical , t per pointed , very oblique strongly r clined w orls about the stem ; {he scales of the inner side be ing quit e fla t a n d armed With a w h eak incurved prickle . while t ose of the outer side are furnished with prominent - a transversely ridged knobs which are tipped with a wide b sed incurved prickle . e a nd a n d a fi na ll The cones are clos d adhere to the trunk branches many ye rs , y o o w becoming g ray i n col r . The narr tapering bases enables the newly forming wood to gradually encroac h upon the co nes and some fi nally become entire ly
d d . 3 i n enveloped by the woo The see s are black , compressed about lines length 1— 1 t h . and furnished wi h lustrous light brown wings 51 7} i long , widest above the d mi dle . s ec ifi c n a ttenu a ta L n for ma d e thi n (The p ame , , is the ati , and refers to the n arrow cones . )
- . K n n P n n ll ll e n ll n n The ob co e i e is ge era y a sma tr e , occasio a y attai i g
f . m. an u n 2 t m n 6 0 f . 0 i the height of 0 or 7 t (2 ) d with a tr k . ) b ut n ll not m n l v n n and diameter , ge era y ore tha ha f the abo e dime sio s
’ i n n n u o r hy e ft . ofte fru iting when not more tha fo r height . It has a n and u l l l rather arrow irreg ar y pyramidal head of sparse fo iage , the main branches being scattered and irregular and the main stem some times di viding near the su mmit into two or three perpendicular
n l u n u - n l . o d bra ches The bark of tr ks is of a p rple brow co or , n o n u and l fissu red n weatheri g to grayish the s rface , deep y i to thick , u l l and x i n ll l l irreg ar p ates ridges which e foliate sma friab e sca es .
n u u n l n and Its most striki g pec liarity , is the great q a tity of o g narrow cones which persist for many years i n whorls abou t its n n bra ches and scattered along its tru k . I TAB I TAT S u n O n and u l n n . o thwester rego so thward a o g the wester l pes of the Sierra Ne v ada mou ntains and the coast ranges to the
San B n n un n n u n n i n and n er ardi o mo tai s , o ly ab da t places seemi g to lov e the su n- baked slopes where few if any other trees c an maintain an x n un n and n l i n e iste ce . It is most ab da t attai s its argest size the n n n t r eu orther part of its ra ge where i fo ms some tracts of 0p forest .
H ’ A W n 5 0 HOUG s MERICAN oo s .
s 2 2 T S U G A H E T E RO P H Y L L A Su m 3. ,
W N H ESTER EMLOCK .
' r lVestlzc/Le T(mne F in P er u e/Le oc c iden ta l S . A e G e . b to , p , i l oc c denta .
S I I S ea ves fi a t fro m i n l C . PEC F C HARACTER L , linear , , H long , ather less than a i n t o line width , rounded at apex . abruptly tapering at the base a slender petiole , - a nd entire or spinulose serrulate towards the tip , grooved lustrous dark green t above and with white bands of stoma a beneath ; branchlets pale brown , very a nd w I - slender rough ith the persistent bases of the petioles ; eaf buds small ,
i n n . F l wers about 37; . lo g , bright brown . puberulous o staminate yellow , about 1 i n . i n a nd 5, length rather shorter than the slender stipe , pollen grains discoidal i h flo w e rs . pistillate purple , about 4 long and terminating the small branchlets . - — i n i n ru i t b d 1 . F cones sessile , o long cylindrical when close , length and with thin scales slightly puberulous outside and light reddish brown at maturity a t l branchlets small . rounded or acute apex , dark purple . puberu ous ; seeds 1 i n w w a nd about 3; . long , ith narro wing two or three times as long occasional oil vesicles ; cotyledons g.
W n l n v nu The ester Hemlock is the argest represe tati e of its ge s , 200 ft 60 and sometimes attaining the height of . ( a diameter of
u n 8 10 ft 3 n l to tr k of or . ( It forms a rather arrow pyramida p ul n n a nd l n d n n of gracef ly sweepi g b ra ches s e der roopi g bra chlets .
T v n n on he bark is ery similar to that of the easter species , bei g old
u n - n fissu red n n n tr ks of a chocolate brow color , deeply i to promi e t longit udinal and obliqu ely connecting ridges and e x foliating i n thick ish irregu lar scales . A — F u n A u all H BITAT . rom so theaster laska , where it s rpasses other i n u n l San F n a nd forest trees size , so thward ear y to ra cisco eastward he n n n v to the western slopes of t co ti e tal di ide . It is most abu ndant and l uxu riou s i n the hu mid region along the coast from sea - lev el u p u f n n n i n an u t . u n to altit de of abo t , bei g most ab da t wester
Wa n n O n and B C lu . F n n n shi gto , rego ritish o mbia arther i la d it asce ds
e ft on v l . to an altitu d of . fa orab e slopes H P W and P P . u l YSICAL RO ERTIES ood light , rather hard to gh , c ose
n u l l l - n l grai ed , s sceptib e of a g ood po ish , of a pale , ye lowish brow co or
- S ec c Gra vi t P er c enta l . e ( A311 with ighter sap wood p ifi y , g f , Rela ti ve A r oxi ma te F u el V alu e Coe fic i en t o E la s pp , f f ti c i t 13748 3 M odu lu s o R u tu r e 909 Res i s ta nce to L on itu di y , ; f p , ; g
na l P r ess ur e 547 Resi sta nc e to I ndenta ti on 101 Wei /t t o ( 1 . , ; g f
u i i n P ou nds C b c F oot ,
U Lu l n SES . mber made from this tree is more easi y worked , stro ger and u n u rn ou r n and more d rable tha that f ished by easter Hemlock , it is u sed to considerable e x tent in ho use - bu ilding and for general c o n
Ts u a mer tens i a na a u ho rs not a rr. g , t , C — 5 1 4 AB G N G SI VER F . 22 . IES RA DIS REAT L IR
” n u u not n l s tru ctio p rposes , tho gh its merits do seem to be ge era ly appreciated — probably on acco u nt of the poor repu tation of its east
v i l u n n n ern relati e . It w l do btless come i to far greater promi e ce as
u ur n the su pply of firs and redwoods becomes more red ced . It f ishes
- n and i n a v ery good p ulp for paper maki g its bark , which is richer as t n n tanni n than that of the e er species , is co sidered the best bark for i n O n W n n and t anning pu rposes produ ced the forests of rego , ashi gto
B he nn i nu t v v u . ritish Colu mbia . T i er bark of th s tree possesses tri i e al e
G ENU A IES K . S B , LIN
ea ves flattened L sessile , short , solitary , usually more or less and entire , with a nd n o t m - circular pro inent bases , often emarginate , more or less two ranked o n especially the horizontal branches and young trees by a twist near the base , n w bearing stomata usually o ly belo , with two resin ducts ; branchlets smooth , bearing the more or less circular no t prominent leaf scars F lowers from the ’ axils of last year s leaves ; the staminate borne i n abundance along the under b n side of the ranchlets , oblong or cyli drical , with short stipes surrounded by - ; - t r a ns v ers l numerous bud scales anther cells two , extrorse , opening y , the con n ec ti v e terminati ng i n a knob poll en grains large with two air sacs pistillate flo w ers erect , with bracts larger than the scales ovules two , adnate to the inner C nes side of each scale near the base . o erect upon the upper branches and matur i n fi rs t g the year . sessile . nearly cylindrical . with numerous spirally arranged , b l i n im ricated , carpel ary scales , each the axil of a thin membranous bract which with the scale falls a w ay at maturity from the persist ent axis seed covered with ’ - a nd c resin vesicles ea h bearing a membranous wing , the base of which covers a nd s 4 10 the outer laps over upon the inner surface cotyledon to .
Trees of about sixteen or eighteen species , generally of remarkable pyramidal w c onfi ned nd gro th . to the northern hemisphere of both continents a represented U S P ifi S Abi es is in the nited tates by nine species mostly on the a c c lope . ( the a ncient Latin name of the Fir . )
2 2 A L . S N B I E G RAND I S . 4 , I DL
G A S LV FIR RE T I ER .
n n r i G en Gros e Ta e F . S a n r n a d S . A ra n e beto d . , z , p g p , g
S I C L ea ves w o PECIF C HARACTERS lustrous dark green , ith deep central gro ve a nd a n a nd flex ible above , two silvery white stom tose ba ds beneath , rather thin , - . b i n those of the sterile branches 4 ih long and a out 4 . broad , widely two ranked , conspicuously emarginate at apex ; leaves of the cone - bearing branchlets more w m t o n cro ded , so ewhat shor er , rather erect the upper side of the branchlet h - a nd o n t an two ranked . notched or bluntly pointed at apex those youn g shoots
u ; t i n . t ac te at apex win er buds globose , 4 or less in leng h and copiousl y resin b fi r l wers coated ; branchlets rather slender and pu erulous the s t season . F o — i i n . n c li nd r i staminate oblong , 4 4 length with pale yellow anthers ; pistillate y - 1 i n . n . i n l cal . sle der , 4 long and 4 thick , with ight yellowish green scales having r e fi e x e d r ui t — — . 2 4 a n d 1 1 h ti ps F , cones . cylindrical , from ih . long 4 i . thick , rou nded a nd often retuse at apex with bright green a nd pu berulous scales aver 1 i n i n a n d - aging about . . width two thirds as wide . abruptly narrowing from ; the broad apex bracts included , scarcely half as long as the scale . obcordate , a nd i n w h laciniate generally with a short mucro : seeds 4 . long . bro n , wit pale w — i n a nd . brown ings 4 4 long . nearly as broad near the rounded end . s ec ifi c m ra nd is L rea t The p na e , g , the atin for g , is descriptive of the grand stature of the tree .
’ * F o r a n i nte res ting ac c o u nt o f this c u rio us food a nd t he p roc e ss o f p rep a r a ti o n s ee S a rg ent s 9 l No te . a XI 3. S i v . p . ’ 5 2 Ho UG H s A N “ 70 0 11 MERICA 8 .
‘ This beau tiful and stately tree sometimes attains the height o f 300 9 m an 0 . d m n u n ft . ( ) with short someti es pe d lo u s bra ches forming a
n w u y e . u mn r un arro irreg lar p ramidal h ad It has a straight, col a tr k ,
f - 4 6 t . i n . i n v d i n darlz n from to ) diameter , este a brow bark , fissu red n i n u u firm W le gthw se i to q ite reg lar , ridges hich break away in ul m n b . u n thick , irreg ar frag e ts The ark of yo ger tr unks is mu ch
nn - r and n nu u n - thi er , of a pale g ay color beari g mero s resi blisters . — l A . Fr u u . B C M n n Co . HABIT T om ritish o mbia so thward to e doci o , al n n n n l C . a d n v in , eastward to the wester slopes of the co ti e ta di ide
M n n bu t i n u n O n and n n C n not x n o ta a, so ther rego orther alifor ia e te d n im n ing many miles i nlan d from the coast . It attai s its greatest d e
n i n u v l - n n bu t u n l n sio s the all ia bottom la ds ear the coast , is fo d a o g 1 t a n u and o n 0 o ft . streams moist s pes altit de of from to , ne v er anywhere forming e x cl usiv e forests bu t scattere d among the G n C D u and l n S u R and ia t edars , o glas Tide a d pr ces , edwoods other
trees of its ra nge . — W v l no t n du r A R E . P HYSIC L P ROPE TI S ood ery ight , soft , stro g or l n and n v n ab e , coarse grai ; easily worked yieldi g a ery smooth , sati y u v l ll — n w t l s rface . It is of a ery ight , ye owish brow color , i h ighter ' - S ec c Gr a v it P er c enta e q As/z Rela sap wood . p ifi y , g f , ' ti ve A r ox ima te F ue l Va lu e Co fic i ent o E la s ti ei t pp , ef f y , 8 38 Mod ul u s o 13m t u re 494 Res i sta n c e to L on it u d i n a l P r es 95 ; f p , ; g
s u r e 39 1 Res i s ta n ce to I ndenta ti on : 5 1 Wei ht o a Cubic F oot i n , ; ; g f
P ou n ds ,
U e — n n u u d n o s s . The wood of this tree is occasio ally ma fact re i t bu t h n lu n fi nishi n x . mber for i terior g , bo es , casks , etc , itherto has bee D u a S u G nt C l v . ittle alu ed as compared with the o gl s pr ce , ia edar , etc i t which grow i n a bu ndance with . EDI INA P OPE RTI E n n nl the M C L R S so far as k ow , are o y those of balsam which may be gathered from the blisters i n the bark of the
u n un yo ger tr ks .
L D 2 2 AB I E S NO B I L I S I . 5 . , N L
“
NO B E FI R OREG ON L . L , ARCH
Fr c in n ble S A n e S o . be u c/t te T(m . to n oble er Er la . G . ; , tp ; p
S CHARACTERs z— ea ves - ‘ o n e PECIFIC L glaucous blue green , the f rtile upper a l 4- s ide t l nd I ' U W r d , y a C d e d u branches thick , incu ve , erect ne rl equal y pon the b u S b y a i a nd a t upper side of the ranchlets . those of the nder ide tw st curve their v e a s t0 111a t 1fe ro u b s t . s base , wi h a distinct central groove abo e , keeled b ne th oth s fi br o va s c u la r a a nd d t he d m side , with bundle centr l resin ucts close to epi er is of
t b r he s fi a t tis h s n o e t. a h . , a t e lower side the leaves of the s erile anc lightly tch d pex , ’ — w h t ha s ~ e b 1 1 i n . n ; from 4 lo g , less cro ded t an of the fertile branchlets wint r uds h dd s b ro w s a nd - a b . , ; a out 4 i long , with acute re i h n cales thickly resin co ted ” E 53 NO B I IS NO B E FIR OREG ON L G . ABIES L L , AR
— l wer s al 1 i n . r c l . b an hlets rather slender , puberu ous F o staminate cylindric , 4
s fi rs t fi nal l s u s e nd e d o n u m . ; long , se sile at . but y p slender pedicels abo t 4 long - il flo w ers s , 1 1 m . o pist late cylindrical , erect upon the branchlet 4 long and ab ut s l t t W t h r efi ex ed a nd 4 ih . thick , with cales much sma ler than heir brac s are , - - n — ru it o 6 8 i n . a d 2 3 with long slender tips . F cones cylindrical oblong , fr m long a nd ih . thick , rounded at apex and almost covered by the large , much exserted fi n1br1a t ed n1a r 1n stro ngly re flex ed pale gree n brac ts which are spatulate with g w a nd bro ad midr ib ex tended into a lo ng point ; scales some hat broader than long , a nd w 1th rounded at apex ; seeds about 4 ih . in length . slender furnished a - h i n . i n cunea te tri angular wing about 4 lengt : y m allus 1o n s ec ifi c nobil i s L t n ble, 1S 1 (The p name , , a in for o g e in apt to the noble ti fi r sta tu re of this maj es a . )
- N Fi r un v n n ns The oble , der fa orable co ditio s , attai the height of 25 0 2 5 ft 8 0 v n and ve or 7 . ( with comparati ely short bra ches massi l n m i n m l s u 6 8 ft 2 . un . co m ar tr k or ( ) dia eter , c othed with a reddi h flat u n n fis sur ed n n . brow bark , le gthwise i to , scaly ridges The yo g 5 1 ft i n v u ul r u n 7 00 . trees , der or height , ha e a habit of q ite reg a pyramidal growth with branches longest at the grou nd and su ccessi vely n u shorter to the poi ted s mmit . T n n n t n W n HABITAT . he Cascade a d Coast ra ges from or her ashi g ton u v ll Mc K inzi e R v in O n v so thward to the a ey of the i er rego , ery abu ndant and attaining its largest size i n northwestern Oreg on between f n in l the n l u and t . the altit des of , there bei g p aces pri cipa forest tree . Fi r i s l n P P P . N HYSICAL RO ERTIES The oble wood ight, stro g ,
l n a nd v l l - n rather hard , of c ose grai , of a ery ight yel ow brow color
- e i c r i erc enta e o A sfi . S c G a v t P with lighter sap wood p fi y , g f , Rela ti ve A rox i ma te F uel Va l ue Coe c i ent la s pp , ffi q
ti eit 127660 M od ul u s o R u t u re 8 62 Res i s ta n c e to Lon i tu di y , ; f p , ; g n a l P ress u re 45 3 Res is ta nc e to I ndenta ti on 120 Wei ht o a , ; , ; g f
Cubi c F oot i n P o u nds ,
— u x n v u in nu u u USES . Q ite e te si ely sed the ma fact re of l mber for
fi n hin n x x ll n n is . i terior g , ceili gs , bo es , etc . , for which it is e ce e t It is v u n n ur and n u a tree of marked al e for or ame tal p poses , is bei g s ccess
u a nd ui x n v l n in u not f lly q te e te si e y pla ted E rope . It is as well
l o ur n u n l adapted to the c imate of easter states , tho gh it is occasio a ly n grow .
— u n l NOTE . Those fami iar with the magnific ent stately firs of the P ac ifi c l h i n n t v n s ope , as we see t em their a i e forests , may be i terested in knowing the dimensions of the partic ular tree from which ou r wood t n n and sec io s were take , what became of the rest of the tree . It grew o n lu c t B d V L u B l Co . the mber tra of the ri al eil mber , located at rida V O n and n v n n and n n s eil , rego , for co e ie ce eco omy of operatio s thi n u compa y has few eq als . ’ n 54 Hou e n s AMERICAN Woo s .
Our not an n one l n bu t tree was by y mea s of the argest of its ki d , it
n lu i nb ermen x w as co sidered by the as a fair tree . Its e treme 2 4 ft l n 1 6 ft 5 . 7 un height was ; owest bra ches , from the gro d ; diame 63 i h n 4 ft un . u n t er u . l of tr k , from the gro d , This tr k was as c ear a nd and l xt n l n n shapely as a mast, from it eight ogs si ee feet o g a d
- u u - o ne thirty two feet long were c t. The pper end of the top most 35 i n in 16 ft u n . 0 . and u log ( from the gro d) was diameter , j st abov e
ou r - n n t his the material for wood sectio s was take .
A u n n n ul the l u powerf l do key e gi e ha ed ogs thro gh the forest , w u h u nn s u n l ith s c power that a road for them was ece sary ; ti they
h u -l u t w ere deposited at t e head of a tro gh ike ch e . They were then r olled into it and down it they slid with awful momentu m and plu nge h n n w . nu on one i to a po d belo Here t ey were de ded of bark side , floated to the logging railroad which terminated on the bank of the end nd l n and e . A m v po d , were dogged together to oco oti e was then cou pled to them a chain of logs to drag them to the saw - mill u u some miles below . They were promptly ha led o t of the water and al n v the ten v u l o g o er ties at the rate of or twel e miles per ho r, the rai s
n t m l v n the - l of the road keepi g he from ea i g track , to the saw mi l . n l n n u f There the ni e ogs were saw i to j st t . of magnific ent clear lu and floated i n flu me the l n n ll mber , the boards were a to p a i g mi s n l n i n v ll A a nd kil s at the rai road statio the a ey below . fter treatment t lu r i n n ln — l n an here the mbe , the form of the icest ki dried p a ed d l n l n and d * m . atched cei i g , was oaded o to the cars shippe to market
* nd f u rnished t o me b Mr a rr r t a L . a Thi s re c o rd w a s kind ly kep y . H y B d ley o f the B ridal Veil m n h r ra t f l whose c ou rtes a nd k d ess I e eb e ul a c knowled e , L u mbe r Co . , y y g y g I N D E X .
Abeto grande noble occidental Abi es
ma c na bi a na CUP ULI FERZE d ec urr ens Cypres de Ma c Nab v C ress e Ma c Nab erda . y p von C Ma c Na b vert . ypress , i m Acac ie gr e . Acer Eiche von Engelmann c i r c i r na tu m Ma c Do nal d Alamo negro Era ble de Vigne A E Ore oni s c he lder , Oregon rle , g R E L ed erblatt r i e ed sche , g Aliso de Oregon Eu ca lyp tu s Alnu s r os tra ta o regona i r i w i z r u br a G eb e e e s e . Fichte , g g A a P a c ifi c Z rbor Vit e , mit engen apfen A S rce de vid Fir, Great ilver ’ Anue d Oreg o n . Noble As h - S li , Leather leaf Flieder , der Fr ax i nu s B ETUL ACEZE vel u ti na Bial Fréne a feuilles de cuir Birch Family Fresno de hojas de cuero Blau s iebe S u G ebi r s a lo v erd e Blueblossom , o thern g p Buckthorn Family Goma colorada Gommier rouge ’ ea n thu s C o . G r emllea s or edi a tu s r obu sta robuste C S edar , Giant tarke N R R orthwestern ed Gum , ed Cedro giganteo Gymnospermae Cerezo de hoj as pelosas C a H a erisier feuilles velues aw , Bl ck Chéne blau W estern E H W ngelmann emlock , estern
Ma c Do nald . H Ore o ni s c he de olzapfel , g C y - H S - herry , Wooll leaf orse Bean , mall leaf Cipres de Ma c Na b Ciruelo silvestre de California K ey based upon Fruit Leaves C K Ha a ri blattri e osse de vis irsche , g g C o w o d ott n o , Black ” C a A 225 52 r b pple , Oregon Larch , Oregon 5 6 INDEX .
Protea Family Prun e sauvage de Californie P r u nu s a r i na a v r i em t a . mo ll s g , a vi llosa Manz no silvestre de Oregon , m llis Maple , Vine o S - s u bc r d a ta Mesquite . crew pod o MY RTACEJE P ulse Family P r u s Myrte , Dornige y es pineu s e r i vu la r i s - Myrtle , Dark leaf Family . Redwood Spiny Myrto espinosa
214 36 , R enaho rn 20 Oak Blue e b . 203 Ca ROCk 214 36 RHAMNA EZ 1 lifornia C E 0 8 Engelmann 215 37 Roble azul 214 36 Fa ml l 36 y de Eng elman n 215 37 Ma c Don ald 216 38 Ma c Do n a ld 216 S 213 27 R E . 26 ilky OSACE . OP EACEJE 33 Rose Family 26 Oh ve Fa ml l 33 mi 0 y Ro th u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 211 32 g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P m alo Verde de ontagne SALI CACEZE m n onta a SAPI NDACEJE Mountain , S P S apin grand appel , chwarze . P a rki ns ni a noble o Sc hr a u be nhii lse mi r h lla c op y S e P crewb an eruche occidental Shingle-wood P eu plier noir S m lif rni h oapberry Family Pfla u e , Ca o s c e Pi n blanc de montagne Pi n de cones e tro ites Tanne , Grosze Pine Family Erlauchte W es thc he K nob - cone Mountain White Thorn , Black . Narrow-cone Green P ino blanco de los montes de conos angostos g i ga ntea Pi nu s i a ntes u a ttenu a ta Thu ya g g q To rmll monti cola su a P P a c ifi c T g lum , heterop l ylla Wild . 0 0 t ’ mer tensza na o mi r d Or e o n P e sauvage g 0 P op u lu s tri c hoc a rp a P r os op i s odora ta p u bes cens P ROTEACEZE Z s 220 45 eder , Giganti che
accompanying order blank and the work will be su pplied to them s l u erially as prom pt y as iss ed . TRE E STUDIES will be brou ght ou t i n two series as follows
S ERIES A z— T REES AND T HEIR ARKS B .
The trees selected for these pictu res are as far as possible isolated
n v u l h v n u n n l on all v i di id a s , which , a i g had ab da t ight sides , ha e there un n nn t n n fore had free opport ity of growth accordi g to i a e te de cy . Care is taken to select su ch trees as are f ully matu re and yet not old
n u v l n e o gh to ha e become decrepit by the oss of bra ches or otherwise . Su ch trees show a more or less regular and characteristic symmetry of i n n n u ramific at o . u ll co to r , of bra ches , etc , which feat res are we brought u t n o i these pictu res . To conv ey an idea as to size care is taken to hav e an object of
v l n n i n fi eld — n ll man bu t comparati e y k ow size appear the ge era y a , l u n n l v u sometimes o gi g catt e or other objects ser e the p rpose . The
u u n l n e u one decid o s trees ge era ly represe ted ach by two pict res, , are l showing it i n leaf and the other withou t eav es . The e vergree n trees n ll n n l u b ut are ge era y show each by a si g e pict re , sometimes by two , one showing a forest -gro wn tree and the other a tree growing i n the n ope . W il u r l nl n h e these pict res portray the t ee as p ai y the mai object , l n n u l u u n n and they a so show somethi g of its at ra s rro di gs , rare bits of
' n 11] un W n sce ery are sometimes shown the backgro d . he these settings are of importance they are mentioned in the labeling ; thu s adding no t l l n u a itt e of geographic i terest to the pict res . The bark pictu res are made with the camera placed near the tru nk l ll l and n of the tree so as to show detai as we as possib e , for a sta dard
u n one - ul n u n u n of meas reme t a foot r e is faste ed po the tr k . E l a u one or u ach p ate is m de p of the , two pict res of the tree , as the an V u ll l h be d . case may , the iew of the bark It is f y labe ed wit n l and n n n i n l l tech ica commo ames , me t o of the oca ity where the tree w as n i n n and u photographed , objects of importa ce the sce e s ch other n data as may be of i terest .
' — TS AND B DS S E S B z LEAVES L S FRUI U . RIE , F OWER ,
I n u v l u and ex eri these pict res we ha e , after a great dea of st dy p
n u u ou r o fondest x n and v eli c ted me t , q ite s rpassed e p ectatio s , they ha e Su d l n x n v l . the stro gest e pressio s of appro a from their critics ch etai ,
n u u s n ma nifier n un as of at re of s rface , etc . , is how that a g is ofte fo d v i n x n n u u x n n of ser ice e ami i g them , q ite as tho gh we were e ami i g the l and s ec ific d n n u l v rea objects , p isti ctio s are j st as perfect y obser able i n a re m n v n them . They ade from freshly gathered specime s , e e t l n and n ll n n u before heir wi ti g , the e tire co ectio represe ts the s bjects as we see them i n nature far better than do pressed herbari u m n specime s . A u niqu e and original standard of comparison is made use of in u s n one l l n the these pict re , which e ables to te l at a g a ce the size of
v u nl u in u object , howe er m ch it may be e arged or red ced the pict re . h is n l u v v al u tu as Tis esse tia for the greatest ed cati e e of the pic re , all i u n l t un objects of s zes are bro g ht together i to p a es of iform size , bu t the natu ral size of the object is at once apparent by the back i e v u n an u n u n . gro d , wh ch s r es as a iform st dard of meas reme t I n showing the flo wers an entire flow er clu ster is represented i n si tu
u n n and a u u s po the bra chlet, the s me is tr e of the fr it , part of both being shown enlarged when necessary to bring ou t characters of n n l v n spec ific disti ctio . The ea es are show attached to the brac hlets in both of the abov e pictu res if to be foun d at the seasons when they u nu u l m n n are made , the more s a for s bei g show by detached speci m n an n l n v in a u l v not e s , or by additio a egati e c se of s ch ea es as do n ull t un i l u ui n attai f grow h t after the mat rity of the fr t . The wi ter u l to is n u t our t in nt b ds , by which we are ab e d ti g ish mos of rees wi er , ’ n on n hl t n ll n r v u n are show bra c e s , ge era y of the e ti e pre io s seaso s n a v i . growth , by a separate eg t e P rints from all the abo v e negativ es pertaini ng to a species are i n -u n l l hi l gathered together the make p of a si g e p ate , w ch is abeled
n l and n n n l n and with tech ica commo ames, the seaso of b ossomi g t u n u and u t n ma ri g of fr it , s ch other data as may be of impor a ce . With the aid of these plates the po siti v e identific ation of our v u t a v t v n ario s rees is m de a ery easy mat er, e e for a bright school i l u u se n l n ch d , witho t the of bota ica descriptio s .
1111: P ICE F T EE 5 11111 ” R O R 15 5 IS AS rouows .
I n C l o t h B i n d i n g , p e r P a r t . I n H a l f M o r o c c o B i n d i n g , p e r P a r t .
a o un in v lu in l It is the s me whether b d o mes or portfo ios . When bo th Series A and B are ordered a disc ou nt of 1072 is l n a lowed o both . We are prepared to furnish stereopticon v iews of any of the su b
ec ts our l 5 0 n s in u n n -fiv e j of p ates at ce t each , or q a tities of twe ty or
40 - n e . P n c n n more at ce ts ach rices of co tra t pri t photographs , tra s ar n — p e ci es and enlargements especially appropriate for school - room l u on u n disp ay q oted req est with stateme t of the size d esi red . A ROMEYN B OU . G ddress , H H ,
I i o w v n i n N , . Y .